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Abstract Objective: The study examined psychological capital’s (PsyCap) role in the relations between anxiety-related patterns of thinking (rumination, obsessive-compulsive disorder, test anxiety) and students’ academic adjustment. It argued the relations are not direct but are mediated by PsyCap. Participants: Participants were 250 s-year or higher university undergraduates in Israel; 60.4% in second year, 35.6% in third, 4% in fourth; 111 men (44%), 139 women (56%); age 18–40 years (mean age = 25, SD = 2.52). Participants were recruited through flyers distributed on campus. Methods: Six questionnaires tested study hypotheses: one gathered demographic information; five assessed anxiety-related patterns of thinking, PsyCap, and academic adjustment. Results: Findings showed PsyCap mediated relations between anxiety-related patterns of thinking (rumination, obsessive-compulsive disorder, test anxiety) and academic adjustment and was a crucial factor in explaining variance in academic adjustment. Conclusions: University policymakers may consider developing short-term intervention programs to foster PsyCap and thus possibly promote students’ academic adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long line of research in Positive Psychology highlights Psychological Capital (PsyCap) as a key factor in forecasting post-secondary students' academic adjustment. Such work, however, focuses on the adaptation of typical students. Studies with a focus on exceptional students, such as those with learning difficulties, pinpoint their marked disadvantages but have not considered PsyCap as a positive construct in their academic adjustment. This study compared the PsyCap and academic adjustment of 251 students with learning disabilities (LD, 40 males and 83 females, mean age 26), or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, 31 males and 97 females, mean age 27) to 250 typical counterparts (83 males and 167 females, mean age 25). It was designed to clarify whether PsyCap mediated the relationship between participant group and academic adjustment. Findings suggested LD/ADHD students manifest lower levels of PsyCap and academic adjustment. PsyCap was a significant mediator in the relationship between participant group and academic adjustment. Findings also pointed to a strong, positive relationship between PsyCap and academic adjustment, with a uniform magnitude for the two groups. The importance of the findings are discussed with direct reference to PysCap's role in post-secondary academic adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to identify parameters at initial contact that would predict the subsequent maximum ankle inversion angle during cutting movements. We conducted a secondary data analysis and calculated kinematics of 1,400 cuttings performed by 46 male soccer athletes. The movement task consisted of an approach run, followed by a pre-planned cutting movement. A linear mixed regression model was applied to predict the maximum ankle inversion angle during the first 100 ms of ground contact. The prediction was made based on six predictors that describe change-of-direction intensity and foot placement as found to be relevant in the literature. The model explained 62% of the variance of maximum ankle inversion angles. A change of the main predictors (foot rotation, cutting angle and initial ankle inversion) by 1 SD caused a reduction of the subsequent maximum ankle inversion angle by 2.6–4.4°. Regarding the intensity of a change-of-direction movement, cutting angle seems to have a higher influence on maximum ankle inversion angle than approach velocity. With respect to the individual foot positioning, the maximum ankle inversion angle can be reduced by increasing exorotation and eversion of the foot while shifting towards forefoot landing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School leaders in England have a huge task to mediate factors in a school's environment (regulatory/legal and institutional). Rapid and sometimes conflicting policy agendas for improved performance have become a main preoccupation of school leaders as they jostle to keep their jobs as they wrestle to implement the latest government mandate. As a result, many school leaders ignore, at best, or are unprepared for, at worse, how to deal with institutional impacts and challenges associated with unprecedented levels of migration, and race discrimination. This is compounded by school leaders' lack of understanding of, for example, personal and structural racism, and how these collude against attempts to build racially inclusive school environments. Through an ecological model this paper argues that in spite of performativity pressures, school leaders should develop skills, attributes and knowledge in areas of curriculum diversity, recruitment and career progression, leading change for race diversity that (i) reflects the contexts within which they live and work, and that (ii) empowers them to more effectively serve their institutions. The paper asserts that 'anti-racist' training for school leaders should be central to ongoing professional development efforts, especially in multi-cultural, multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies/educational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractures due to osteoporosis represent a serious burden on patients and healthcare systems. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the anabolic agent abaloparatide (ABL) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify articles focused on ABL published prior to February 10, 2020, using the search term "abaloparatide". ABL, a synthetic analog of human parathyroid hormone-related protein, increased bone mineral density (BMD), improved bone microarchitecture, and increased bone strength in preclinical and clinical studies. The pivotal phase 3 trial ACTIVE and its extension (ACTIVExtend) demonstrated the efficacy of initial treatment with ABL for 18 months followed by sequential treatment with alendronate (ALN) for an additional 24 months to reduce the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, clinical, and major osteoporotic fractures and to increase BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Discontinuations from ACTIVE were slightly more common in ABL-treated patients due to dizziness, palpitations, nausea, and headache. Post hoc analyses of ACTIVE and ACTIVExtend support the efficacy and safety of ABL in relevant subpopulations including postmenopausal women with various baseline risk factors, women ≥80 years, women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and women with renal impairment. ABL is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Its therapeutic effects are sustained with subsequent ALN therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored differences between the two hemispheres in processing written words among deaf readers. The main hypothesis was that impoverished phonological abilities of deaf readers may lead to atypical patterns of hemispheric involvement. To test this, deaf participants completed a metalinguistic awareness test to evaluate their orthographic and phonological awareness. Additionally, they were asked to read biased or neutral target sentences ending with an ambiguous homograph, with each sentence followed by the request to make a rapid lexical decision on a target word presented either to the left (LH) or right hemisphere (RH). Targets were either related to the more frequent, dominant, meaning of the homograph, to the less frequent, subordinate, meaning of the homograph or were not related at all. An Inverse Efficiency Score based on both response latency and accuracy was calculated and revealed that deaf readers' RH perform better than their LH. In contrast to hearing readers who in previous studies manifested left hemisphere dominance when completed the same research design. The apparent divergence of deaf readers' hemisphere lateralization from that of hearing counterparts seems to validate previous findings suggesting greater reliance on RH involvement among deaf individuals during visual word recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the affordances of a mobile video observation and tagging tool used to evaluate presentation skills in English language classrooms. The data consists of 35 video-recorded presentations in a higher education setting. Using a digital evaluation grid, the students received feedback based on visual analytics generated by the mobile app. The students then were asked to reflect on their performances, and were also asked to comment on the affordances and limitations of the method and the tool. Qualitative data that came from (1) students' written self-evaluations and reflections and (2) their reported perceptions of the affordances of the tool were analyzed using the Constant Comparison Method. Analyses of reflective writings indicated the dominance of negative self-evaluations of language use, while affective factors were also a strong theme. The video-tagging tool was found to be very beneficial by the learners, mainly in enabling them to notice their strengths and weaknesses in presenting in English and facilitating effective feedback. The results show that this data-led reflective presentation model can be beneficial for learners as they can identify points of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recruitment of overseas trained teachers (OTTs) in England is a matter that has received as much attention inside the United Kingdom as outside. Education systems in small island and developing states, especially, were believed to have been placed 'at risk' following the departure of experienced and qualified teachers. Correspondingly, the presence of OTTs in England has contributed to, inter alia, workforce stability, behavioural management solutions and curriculum enhancement. Despite these contributions, however, very little is known about the career progression of OTTs in England. Through a tracer study of OTTs recruited between 2001 and 2008, in the first phase of teacher migration to the UK, this qualitative study explored the perceived factors that facilitate and/or hinder the progression of Caribbean OTTs in England. Drawing on postmodernism, critical and social identity theories, this paper examines how institutional racism and discrimination play a part in restricting the promotion and career progression of OTTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between non-Western liberalism and the liberal international order. A particular focus is given to the views of U.S. President Donald Trump on the democratization of countries that had no experience or interest in becoming a Western democracy. Other topics discussed include the reality of liberalism in the non-western world, the spread of democracy to Eastern Europe following the Cold War and the adoption of enduring liberal institutions by some non-Western states.

It is unlikely a “third party” will arise to threaten the two-party duopoly that has governed American politics since 1828. It is, however, possible that a new politicalmovementwill arise within the Republican Party, stake out new ideological terrain, and make a bid for control of the party apparatus. Movements arise when parties fail to address public challenges, policy entrepreneurs recognize the opportunity, and resources are available to make a bid feasible. Today the two parties have failed to address the increasing fragmentation of American public life. They have, in fact, contributed to fragmentation by appealing to identity politics and by attempting to use the national government as a tool of legal and judicial force against their opponents. A new political movement centered on federalism—the restoration of state and local government and a balance of power between the states and the national government—offers the hope of allowing cultural pluralism to flourish within an overarching political unity. It remains for enterprising candidates to recognize the opportunity and donors to fund them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Decades of scholarship have warned against using historical analogies for policymaking. But the Taliban insurgency appears, on the surface, to confirm the usefulness of historical analogies to the British and Soviet wars in Afghanistan. I review the use of analogies for the war in Afghanistan and argue the analogies were historically unsound and strategically unhelpful. In fact, their effect on policy helped create the conditions for the very insurgency policymakers most hoped to avoid. The Taliban insurgency did not occur because of the presence of too many foreign troops and aid workers, but because there were too few. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although an increasing number of studies have examined students’ participation in undergraduate research (UR), little is known about faculty perceptions of mentoring in this context. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate four aspects of mentoring UR, including how faculty define high-quality UR mentoring and operationalize it in practice; what the perceived benefits and challenges of UR participation are for mentors and students; how mentoring relates to faculty perceptions of their other roles (teachers, advisors, and scholars); and how participation in various communities of practice influences UR mentoring. Sixty faculty respondents at a private, midsized comprehensive institution completed an online survey. In a series of qualitative analyses, responses to open-ended questions were coded as instrumental, psychosocial, or blended. Analyses revealed that faculty perceptions of UR mentoring were impacted by faculty approach to UR mentoring and faculty rank. These findings may be helpful in the development of UR programs and faculty support programming. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the formulation of a post-traumatic stress syndrome index (PTSDI) for the general population based on factors associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). Additionally, the paper estimates the reduction in the PTSDI subsequent to a clinical intervention such as multimodal group therapy. The relationship between the PTSDI and important psychological and social outcomes such as substance abuse, self-medication, divorce, and suicide is evaluated using correlation and regression analyses. The limitations of this study and avenues for future research are discussed in the concluding remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The current study examined the relationship between separation anxiety in adolescents after their transition to middle school, on the one hand, and differentiation of self and separation anxiety in their parents, on the other hand. The sample included 88 adolescents from northern Israel, together with their biological parents. Adolescents' separation anxiety was found to be negatively associated with maternal I-position (IP). In terms of gender differences, mothers' levels of emotional reactivity and fusion with others were higher than fathers', while fathers' levels of IP and emotional cut-off were higher than mothers'. Furthermore, parents' levels of differentiation of self were negatively correlated with their own levels of separation anxiety. The study found an absence of gender differences in separation anxiety, both for parents and adolescents. Also, parents' separation anxiety was not related to adolescents' separation anxiety. The results indicate that differentiation of self among mothers is a significant characteristic in understanding adolescents' separation anxiety. On a practical level, this study has the potential to increase the awareness of teachers, school counsellors and psychologists of those familial sources that promote and increase adolescents' separation anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Perceptions about teacher progression among Jamaica's primary schoolteachers should force society to stop and ask itself several questions. Are these perceptions accurate? If not, how did these perceptions emerge and what can national leaders and those in positions of authority do to ‘manage’ if not resolve these perceptions? If there is any truth to them, a different set of questions need to be asked. How did things come to be like this? How can the perception of corruption and mistrust be minimised? What will be done differently going forward? Either way, there is a more fundamental question: Do the current perceptions among teachers mirror perceptions in other areas of public service? The answers to these questions are not easy. The main aim of this small-scale qualitative exploratory study was to identify and understand the perceptions of primary schoolteachers in Jamaica as regards progression to the rank of principal. The findings point to a number of perceived barriersincludingreligious affiliation, political affiliation, ministry- and school-level politicking, social connections and predetermined outcomes. This study concludes that promotion on any basis other than merit is problematic and does not promote trust, openness and transparency, nor does it build confidence in those who are part of the system but themselves do not have such connections and/or affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay partially traces the mediation in the work of the Haitian writer René Depestre (b. 1926) between a high culture associated with his poetic vocation and manifestations of and accessibility to popular expression. This issue surfaced spectacularly in a 1950s querelle with Aimé Césaire, who belittled Depestre's commitment to placing his poetry at the service of humanity by following Louis Aragon's precepts about returning to the traditional parameters of French rhyme and versification. The essay argues that many of Depestre's ideas expressed in the querelle, such as his recurrent references to Nicolás Guillén, prefigure his fascination with Cuba and the Cuban Revolution and his eventual emigration from Haiti to Cuba. Finally, the essay discusses the numerous ways in which Depestre interacted with the cultural production of Cuba in the 1960s, including collaboration with film, publishing, translation, and of course writing. Analyses of two texts, a poem and a short story, conclude the essay by showing that even in texts marked by different decades and widely divergent ideological commitments, the problematic of a high/popular cultural mediation is a persistent factor that provides a unity to the historical arc of Depestre's production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects on earnings of overeducation, required education, and undereducation (ORU) in the Australian graduate labour market, using data from the 1999–2009 Graduate Destination Surveys. The Vahey [2000. “The Great Canadian Training Robbery: Evidence on the Returns to Educational Mismatch.”Economics of Education Review19 (2): 219–227] dummy variable specification, which permits an assessment of ORU earnings effects at different extents of educational mismatch, is adopted in the analysis. The findings reveal that while ORU earnings effects vary considerably across different extents of mismatch, earnings penalties were especially large in lower job categories. There is a strong tendency for earnings to follow jobs and for the distinction among types of university qualifications to lessen the more extensive the overeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the differences in school (NAPLAN) outcomes between New South Wales and Queensland. It shows that there are pronounced differences in Year 3 NAPLAN results between these states, though these dissipate when later class years are considered. The reasons for these state effects in school outcomes are explored using an empirical framework grounded in the regression discontinuity literature. There is no systematic evidence of school-specific unobservables that are linearly related to the distance of schools from the New South Wales–Queensland border that account for this state effect. In other words, the lower outcomes of schools in Queensland relative to schools in New South Wales appear to be a pure institutional phenomenon. This conclusion carries over to the various sensitivity tests undertaken based on the partition of the sample by school sector and by distance from the border. Accordingly, the border effects are expected to be eroded by the recent reforms to the school starting age in Queensland and by the national curriculum currently proposed for implementation in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 2010 Academies Act was significant in introducing Free Schools to the English education system. Opening up funding to new, non-profit entrants on the basis of demand, the policy has aroused support and controversy on political, philosophical and practical educational grounds with implications for social justice in terms of equity and freedom. Given the ostensible quality and empowerment goals of the enacted new (limited) freedoms, the extent of activity towards them is evaluated alongside the Department for Education application procedure’s fitness for purpose. Opinions and experiences of free school proposers were gathered through four in-depth interviews and a wider questionnaire yielding data from 19 of 55 successful proposers opening schools in September 2012. Wider policy issues are considered, notably concerning concepts of social justice. While successful applicants appeared to meet the policy’s demand and educational quality prerequisites, procedural uncertainties and inefficiencies hampered their progress. Furthermore, political and philosophical opposition and practical limits to time, expertise and resources have constrained the policy’s systemic impact. Regarding social justice, whether Free Schools enhance choice or reduce equity remains largely a moot point given the obstacles to system-wide change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents an analysis of the payments illegal migrants make to traffickers. It covers the total amounts of these payments, the incidence of migration-debt (or shared) contracts, and the value of the deferred payment component under these shared contracts. Data on illegal migrants from three field surveys conducted in Bangladesh from April 2009 to November 2010 are used. The results show that the total payments made to traffickers vary with easily observed characteristics (gender, age, marital status) but do not vary with details of the migration process (training provided, time spent in the trafficker’s queue). These relationships are consistent with exploitation. Migration-debt contracts are more prevalent when the costs of illegal migration are relatively high, which adds empirical support to theoretical models such as Friebel and Guriev (2006). Contrary to existing reports, we document variations in fees for illegal passage across individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

America's Middle East policy has been a haphazard blend of hard-headed realism, idealism and dispensationalist theology. The result has not served US interests well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right of children to be protected from abuse is grounded in international law. Children should be free to enjoy their childhoods and to engage with their physical environment without fear for their safety. In recent years, girls and women in Jamaica have been targeted by men who rape and/or otherwise sexually assault them. This is without doubt, unacceptable. This article presents a qualitative review of girls' sexual molestation occurrence, the response of the Jamaican government and its agents and members of civil society. The article also calls on the government of Jamaica to act decisively in strengthening its legal mechanisms to deal with villains and also to act swiftly in providing support for victims and their families in an attempt to stem the tide of sexual violence and to assure society that they are in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact and implication of international teacher migration and commonwealth protocol in Great Britain. According to the author, the country's organized migration and recruitment have become a recent phenomenon which depicts the shortage of teachers in industrialized states as well as provide valuable remittances in their homeland. It also cites the reasons on the increasing number of immigrant teacher which includes compensation and financial packages as well as benefits and opportunity to travel abroad.

The authors shed light on individuals' development of the ability to use thematic and containment relations to organize concepts hierarchically. The authors used a new paradigm calling for the organization of word concepts into a containment-relation-oriented (CRO) hierarchy to collect data from 120 individuals at varied educational levels (Grade 2 to university). Findings indicate improved ability to map concepts by thematic and containment-oriented relations between Grades 2 and 4. Although there was no evidence of a developmental thematic-to-CRO shift in the organization of concepts, findings suggest that such a shift may be triggered by task-inherent properties. Evidence also strongly suggests that individuals who are otherwise unable to integrate isolated information units into complex knowledge structures may succeed when adequately assisted. The authors discuss findings in terms of their educational implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To license a therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis pharmacological agents must show ability to reduce the incidence of morphometric vertebral fractures versus placebo over a 3-year study period. In Europe, recent registration guidelines require evidence of reduction of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture incidence over a minimum of 2 years compared with placebo. There is much interest in the prevention of non-vertebral fractures. While morphometric vertebral fractures are assessed and statistically powered as the registration primary endpoint in clinical trials, non-vertebral fractures are often measured as secondary endpoints or captured as adverse events, which have selection biases in data capturing.Aim: To describe factors that influence fracture risk and the rate of osteoporotic non-vertebral fractures observed in randomized controlled studies of the oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates licensed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (alendronate, risedronate and ibandronate).Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge and using keywords representing drug names and trial types. Results were screened using selection criteria based on trial type and vertebral fracture endpoint of trials published from 1990 to 2007.Findings and Conclusion: Without comparative head-to-head antifracture studies, current evidence does not support a clear differentiation in fracture reduction among the different bisphosphonates. The rate of fracture in a clinical study is dependent on different factors (e.g., skeletal fragility), which may vary from study to study. Even in trials assessing non-vertebral fractures as a primary endpoint, differences in study design, randomized population and varying definitions of what constitutes a non-vertebral fracture can influence outcomes. In addition, falls and fall-related risk factors have never been controlled for in or between individual studies. Although etidronate, administered with an extended between-dose interval, has demonstrated a significant reduction in fracture risk, this was in a subgroup population, with the addition of phosphate or when only data from weeks 61-150 of the study were included in the analysis. None of the remaining currently registered non-daily oral bisphosphonates have prospective fracture data, and have, therefore, been registered on the basis of non-inferiority (surrogate marker bone mineral density and bone turnover marker) endpoints. However, a lack of evidence, if the appropriately designed studies have not been completed, does not necessarily indicate a lack of efficacy. Such a conclusion can only be drawn if a suitable study has been completed that definitively shows a lack of effect on non-vertebral fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the author elucidated whether reading experience continues to contribute to word recognition skills in readers with well-internalized reading skills. The participants performed consecutive same or different judgments regarding the identicalness of letters, words, and pseudohomophones. For a more detailed examination of how increased reading experience impacts particular stages of the processing of written stimuli, the author manipulated the identity dimension in each stimuli category. Twenty-five 5th-grade students and 22 university students participated in the study. Overall, findings indicated that a significant development occurs in the recognition of written stimuli after 5th grade because of a shift in the strategic allocation of mental resources (attention) within the recognition process. This change in strategy seems to prompt enhanced retrieval of knowledge relevant to the processing of written stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a technology project that enables preservice teachers to have field experiences in diverse settings from a distance. Using the interactive capabilities of video conferencing over the Internet, preservice teachers engage in a "virtual" field experience with a diverse classroom in a distant school. Preservice teachers involved in the program have the opportunity to be involved with students they would not experience in the local area, to work with a teacher with knowledge of diversity, and to use technology in meaningful, productive ways. In this article, three teacher educators explore their goals in implementing the project, and discuss preservice teachers' understandings of diversity based on an analysis of electronic portfolio materials and questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a scalar or quantitative measure of the 'distance' between English and a myriad of other (non-native American) languages. This measure is based on the difficulty Americans have learning other languages. The linguistic distance measure is then used in an analysis of the determinants of English language proficiency among adult immigrants in the USA and Canada. It is shown that, when other determinants of English language proficiency are the same, the greater the measure of linguistic distance, the poorer is the respondent's English language proficiency. This measure can be used in research, evaluation and practitioner analyses, and for diagnostic purposes regarding linguistic minorities in English-speaking countries. The methodology can also be applied to develop linguistic distance measures for other languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the location of immigrants in the United States, as reported in the 1990 Census. Where they settle has implications for the economic, social and political impact of immigrants. Immigrants are highly geographically concentrated. Compared to the native born they are more likely to live in the central parts of Metropolitan Areas in "gateway (major international airport) cities" in six states (California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois). The shift away from the east coast metropolitan areas to California reflects the change in the origins of immigrants from Europe/Canada to Asia, Mexico and other parts of Latin America. Differences by linguistic origin and period of arrival are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to invest in education is influenced by a large number of economic, social, family, personal and institutional factors. Many of these changed in Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. Several of the more important of these changes, such as the Equal Pay for Equal Work decision of 1969, the Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value decision of 1972 and the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984, are not expected to have impacted equally on the schooling decisions of males and females. The broader economic environment of this period also seems to have favoured females. Using the Youth in Transition Survey, this paper attempts to explain differences in the schooling decisions of two cohorts, namely individuals born in 1961 and 1970, which would have made their school-leaving decisions during the 1970s and 1980s. The aims are to establish whether the way in which education decisions are made differ across cohorts, and to assess whether any such differences can be related to the institutional reforms and labour market changes that occurred over the 1960-1980 period. The analyses show that females have a higher probability of completing year 12 than males and the gender difference in rates of year 12 completion widened over the decade under review. The increase in the probability of females completing year 12 relative to that of males is due almost entirely to differential rates of change in the characteristics of males and females. Changes in the estimated coefficients play a minor role in explaining the gender difference in school-leaving decisions. This suggests that major changes in the labour market with a focus on females per se during the 1970s and 1980s have had little impact on the difference in school-leaving decisions between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protease supplementation has been shown to attenuate soft tissue injury resulting from intense exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation on muscle soreness and contractile performance after downhill running. Ten matched pairs of male participants ran at a -10% grade for 30 min at 80% of their predicted maximal heart rate. The participants consumed two protease tablets (325 mg pancreatic enzymes, 75 mg trypsin, 50 mg papain, 50 mg bromelain, 10 mg amylase, 10 mg lipase, 10 mg lysozyme, 2 mg chymotrypisn) or a placebo four times a day beginning 1 day before exercise and lasting a total of 4 days. The participants were evaluated for perceived muscle soreness of the front and back of the dominant leg, pressure pain threshold by dolorimetry of the anterior medial, anterior lateral, posterior medial and posterior lateral quadrants of the thigh, and knee extension/flexion torque and power. The experimental group demonstrated superior recovery of contractile function and diminished effects of delayed-onset muscle soreness after downhill running when compared with the placebo group. Our results indicate that protease supplementation may attenuate muscle soreness after downhill running. Protease supplementation may also facilitate muscle healing and allow for faster restoration of contractile function after intense exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been significant increases in female participation in secondary and higher education in Australia over the past 39 years. To account for these changes, models of educational attainment were estimated for all individuals as well as for females from different age groups.The results reveal that family-related characteristics play a major role in the education decision. There is evidence of cohort effects in the process determining female educational attainment. The results suggest that changes in female educational attainment may be linked to the Equal Pay for Equal Work and Equal Pay for Work of EqualValue decisions of 1969 and 1972, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the conflict between the aims of clinical care and research and the research practices in clinical care. Examples of research misconduct committed by physicians; Measures formulated against research misconduct; Description of the concept of beneficence in clinical research.

Presents a case study of an experienced professor's comments on a design report in a first-year engineering class. Comparison to the commenting styles of technical writing teachers; Evidence of a preference for facilitative comments prevalent in composition studies; Differences in genre conventions as an explanation for the discrepancy.

Presents strategies for teachers in helping schoolchildren cope with stress from divorce-related problems. Understanding divorce from the child's perspective; How to provide a supportive, secure environment for the child; Coping skills for children; Divorce-coping resources for teachers and parents.

Advocates and costs a reform package called SuperHECS for the financing of undergraduate education in Australia. Autonomy and incentives offered to institutions under the program; Payment of tuition subsidies; Loan scheme for fee payments; Tax deductions for educational expenditures; Cost of the reform package to the government.

Small slaughterhouses generate biowaste, which for economic reasons, is generally destined for composting. Inoculating appropriate microorganisms can improve biodegradation efficiency and mitigate odor generation during the composting process and can give rise to composts with neutral or pleasant odors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the odor intensity reduction of compost generated with and without a formulated inoculum (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris). A set of experimental data was collected and analyzed according to the German "Verein Deutscher Ingenieure" odor protocol. The results showed that adding microorganisms was effective in reducing unpleasant odors in all three composts generated from swine, cattle, and poultry slaughterhouse by-products during both summer and winter seasons. Additionally, soil odor was predominant in composts that were inoculated in the two tested seasons (i.e., summer and winter). On the other hand, composts without inoculation had odors similar to peat for swine compost, ammonia for cattle compost, and manure for poultry compost, regardless of the season tested. Overall, composting process with appropriate inoculum can help in the correct disposal of slaughterhouse wastes by transforming organic matter into composts, which can have economic and environmental value as a soil conditioner and/or fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies examining visual abilities in individuals with early auditory deprivation have reached mixed conclusions, with some finding congenital auditory deprivation and/or lifelong use of a visuospatial language improves specific visual skills and others failing to find substantial differences. A more consistent finding is enhanced peripheral vision and an increased ability to efficiently distribute attention to the visual periphery following auditory deprivation. However, the extent to which this applies to visual skills in general or to certain conspicuous stimuli, such as faces, in particular is unknown. We examined the perceptual resolution of peripheral vision in the deaf, testing various facial attributes typically associated with high-resolution scrutiny of foveal information processing. We compared performance in face-identification tasks to performance using non-face control stimuli. Although we found no enhanced perceptual representations in face identification, gender categorization, or eye gaze direction recognition tasks, fearful expressions showed greater resilience than happy or neutral ones to increasing eccentricities. In the absence of an alerting sound, the visual system of auditory deprived individuals may develop greater sensitivity to specific conspicuous stimuli as a compensatory mechanism. The results also suggest neural reorganization in the deaf in their opposite advantage of the right visual field in face identification tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English-speaking learners of L2 Spanish who were taking part in a four-week study abroad program in Spain and Japanese-speaking learners of L2 English who were individually studying in year-long abroad experiences participated in the present study. Quantitative and qualitative data from language questionnaires and contact profiles along with open-ended responses revealed details on learners’ engagement with and use of their languages while abroad. We discuss the findings and their implications for programs, educators and learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation design values, which describe precipitation extremes expected within a specified time period, provide critical guidance for public policy and the design of hydrologic infrastructure. Unfortunately, conventional design value calculations are limited by a major assumption: They treat precipitation as a point-based phenomenon, measured at spatially isolated gauges. We argue that because precipitation occurs over areas, design value calculations should be based on an areal conception of precipitation. Using spatially dense Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) Network data in two Colorado cities (Fort Collins and Boulder), we develop a “hyperlocal” design value calculation in which nearby observations within a representative precipitation region (RPR) &#x201c.compete” to capture a single twenty-four-hour maximum. We find that design values for shorter return periods (one to fifty years) derived from just ten years of hyperlocal data, which we express as probabilistic distributions rather than single values, typically exceed those calculated using single-point records of 100 years or more. Hyperlocal design values for longer return periods (more than fifty years) are generally smaller than those calculated from the single-point data due to the temporally limited CoCoRaHS record. We also find that the dependence of design values on RPR size contrasts between Fort Collins and Boulder, as design values grow markedly larger as the RPR size increases in Fort Collins but not in Boulder. We attribute this behavior to the Boulder Global Historical Climatology Network station's location in a topographically favored area for precipitation and propose that future studies evaluate the hyperlocal design value method in a variety of geographic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composting process is an option for acceptable environmental management of cattle slaughterhouse by-products. The goals of this article were (i) to make a low-cost inoculum using popular supermarket ingredients and microorganisms that are already present in the composting environment, and (ii) to compare the efficiency of the composting process with and without the application of formulated inoculum. Initially, a consortium of microorganisms already present in the composting environment (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris) was prepared in a low-cost culture medium for use as an inoculum for the composting process. The composting process with the addition of the inoculum was more efficient than the composting process without the inoculum, in terms of both the chemical composition and the process efficiency, but mainly in relation to the time required for composting, with the mean times for decay of 50% of the windrows' temperature (taking in to account the difference between internal and external windrow temperatures) being 96 days without inoculum and 65 days with inoculum. Thus, inoculum made with low-cost supermarket products reduced the composting time and yielded compost of better quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have used various theories to explain deaf individuals’ reading skills, including the dual route reading theory, the orthographic depth theory, and the early language access theory. This study tested 4 groups of children—hearing with dyslexia, hearing without dyslexia, deaf early signers, and deaf late signers (N = 857)—from 4 countries using both shallow and deep orthographies (American English, Hebrew, German, and Turkish) to evaluate which of these theories best describes variances in deaf children's reading development. Results showed that deaf participants were unlike participants with dyslexia, suggesting that they do not have a phonological processing deficit. Rather, the early language access theory more readily explained the similarities between hearing and deaf early signer participants, stressing the importance of early access to visual language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and policy-makers in higher education increasingly espouse the view that undergraduate students should have the opportunity to learn about scholarship and research in the context of faculty-mentored research experiences. There is mounting consensus that mentored undergraduate research should be standard pedagogical practice in all undergraduate disciplines. Although high-impact, mentored undergraduate research, scholarship, and creative work (URSCW) requires significant resources, with faculty time and energy foremost among them. This article addresses the current gap between aspiration and effective execution of well-mentored URSCW, including the most prevalent obstacles (e.g. institutional, departmental, individual) to undergraduate mentoring. This article is written for academic leaders and institutional officers. It concludes with several specific recommendations for increasing the frequency of mentored URSCW experiences for undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including mentoring of undergraduate research, incentives in mentoring and social identity development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-efficacy for condom use during distress (SE-Condom Distress), self-efficacy related to general HIV prevention skills (SE-HIV), and HIV risk behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge. Two hundred and twenty two adolescents with psychiatric disorders between 13 and 18 years-old participated. Participants completed measures related to HIV Self-Efficacy, HIV Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors. Self-efficacy for condom use during distress (SE-Condom Distress) was significantly associated with more HIV protective behaviors. Controlling for observed covariates, SE-Condom Distress was the only variable significantly associated with consistent condom use in a multiple logistic regression (OR = 2.43). Self-efficacy regarding condom use during affective arousal is closely associated with HIV-related attitudes and behaviors. Clinicians need to be alert to subtle signs of distress as adolescents contemplate safer sexual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]