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Presents an invitation for interested authors to submit research papers to be published in the "Caribbean Studies."

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses an autoethnographic approach to documenting some of the impacts of Hurricane Dorian on Abaco and the fallout. Within this approach, the paper employs concepts such as spatial and climate (in)justice, structural, and slow violence to explore disaster capitalism that results from a neoliberal state and its desire to dispose of those 'less worthy'. The work builds on other disasters in the region and attempts to draw parallels between Dorian, The Bahamian government's response, and the similarity it shares with other regional responses, though the groundwork had already been laid for a slow and silent dispossession and green gentrification. Este artículo utiliza un enfoque autoetnográfico para documentar algunos de los impactos del huracán Dorian en Ábaco y sus consecuencias. Dentro de este enfoque, el documento emplea conceptos como la (in)justicia espacial y climática, y la violencia estructural y lenta para explorar el capitalismo del desastre que resulta de un estado neoliberal y su deseo de deshacerse de los "menos dignos". El trabajo se basa en otros desastres en la región e intenta establecer paralelos entre Dorian, la respuesta del gobierno de las Bahamas y la similitud que comparte con otras respuestas regionales, aunque ya se habían sentado las bases para un despojo lento y silencioso y una gentrificación verde. Cet article utilise une approche autoethnographique pour documenter certains des impacts de l'ouragan Dorian sur Abaco et les retombées. Dans le cadre de cette approche, l'article utilise des concepts tels que l'(in)justice spatiale et climatique, la violence structurelle et lente pour explorer le capitalisme de catastrophe qui résulte d'un État néolibéral et de son désir de se débarrasser de ceux qui en sont ≪ moins méritants ≫. Le travail s'appuie sur d'autres catastrophes dans la région et tente d'établir des parallèles entre Dorian, la réponse du gouvernement des Bahamas, et la similitude qu'il partage avec d'autres réponses régionales, bien que les bases aient déjà été jetées pour une dépossession lente et silencieuse et une gentrification verte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyzes nationalism as a feature of public discourse in Barbados during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, nationalism has resurfaced over the last decade as a focus of heated debates within diverse arenas, including academia, politics, and popular culture. The COVID-19 pandemic also brought to the surface latent tensions around nationhood and the relations between the local and international. Official invocations of nationalist discourses have thus been apparent in a number of Caribbean nation-states, as elsewhere, during COVID-19. Such invocations of nationhood are of particular interest in the case of Caribbean states because they both exemplify uncritical appeals to a homogenous grouping, but also because they often simultaneously acknowledge the importance of ongoing connectivity with the broader regional and international communities and assert the renewed relevance of multilateralism or internationalism, more broadly. This paper examines the ways in which various nationalist discourses or sentiments were strategically deployed in the Barbadian state's communication to the people in this specific moment of crisis, exploring the implications of these deployments for the national, regional, and international self-positionings of Caribbean Small Island States. Este artículo analiza críticamente el nacionalismo como una característica del discurso público en Barbados durante la primera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial, el nacionalismo ha resurgido durante la última década como foco de acalorados debates en diversos ámbitos, incluidos el mundo académico, la política y la cultura popular. La pandemia de COVID-19 también sacó a la luz tensiones latentes en torno a la nacionalidad y las relaciones entre lo local y lo internacional. Por lo tanto, las invocaciones oficiales de discursos nacionalistas han sido evidentes en varios estados-nación del Caribe, como en otros lugares, durante el COVID-19. Tales invocaciones de nación son de particular interés en el caso de los estados del Caribe porque ejemplifican llamamientos acríticos a un grupo homogéneo, pero también porque a menudo reconocen simultáneamente la importancia de la conectividad continua con las comunidades regionales e internacionales más amplias y afirman la relevancia renovada de multilateralismo o internacionalismo, más ampliamente. Este documento examina las formas en que varios discursos o sentimientos nacionalistas se desplegaron estratégicamente en la comunicación del estado de Barbados con la gente en este momento específico de crisis, explorando las implicaciones de estos despliegues para los autoposicionamientos nacionales, regionales e internacionales de los pequeños estados insulares del Caribe. Cet article analyse de manière critique le nationalisme en tant que caractéristique du discours public à la Barbade pendant la première vague de la pandémie de COVID-19. À l'échelle mondiale, le nationalisme a refait surface au cours de la dernière décennie en tant que centre de débats houleux dans diverses arènes, notamment le milieu universitaire, la politique et la culture populaire. La pandémie de COVID-19 a également fait émerger des tensions latentes autour de la nationalité et des relations entre le local et l'international. Des invocations officielles de discours nationalistes se sont ainsi manifestées dans un certain nombre d'États-nations caribéens, comme ailleurs, pendant la COVID-19. De telles invocations de l'identité nationale sont particulièrement intéressantes dans le cas des États des Caraïbes parce qu'elles illustrent à la fois des appels non critiques à un groupe homogène, mais aussi parce qu'elles reconnaissent souvent simultanément l'importance d'une connectivité continue avec les communautés régionales et internationales plus larges et affirment la pertinence renouvelée de multilatéralisme ou internationalisme, plus largement. Cet article examine les manières dont divers discours ou sentiments nationalistes ont été stratégiquement déployés dans la communication de l'État de la Barbade au peuple en ce moment spécifique de crise, en explorant les implications de ces déploiements pour les auto-positionnements nationaux, régionaux et internationaux des Petites États insulaires des Caraïbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article seeks to trace the discursive argument of Caribbean thought and reason, through three important intellectual figures, showing the development and influence of their ideas on each other and the broader community. The paper examines the ideas and influence of the Martinican poet, playwright, and politician, Aimé Césaire on his fellow countryman, Frantz Fanon, and in turn, their influence on the Cuban born, Jamaican raised, Sylvia Wynter. The paper shows how the colonial epistemology dominates the thinking of the colonized mind, engendering contempt and self-loathing, which, essentially has to be unlearned as an act of psychic liberation. In the process, the essay traces the rejection of colonial epistemology, which places the non-Western person outside of humanity, and into a zone of non-being. The culmination of this intellectual disquisition is the de-alienation of black personhood and the affirmation of the human. Este artículo busca rastrear el argumento discursivo del pensamiento y la razón caribeños, a través de tres importantes figuras intelectuales, mostrando el desarrollo y la influencia de sus ideas entre sí y en la comunidad en general. El artículo examina las ideas y la influencia del poeta, dramaturgo y político martiniqués Aimé Césaire sobre su compatriota Frantz Fanon y, a su vez, su influencia sobre Sylvia Wynter, nacida en Cuba y criada en Jamaica. El artículo muestra cómo la epistemología colonial domina el pensamiento de la mente colonizada, engendrando desprecio y autodesprecio, lo que, esencialmente, tiene que ser desaprendido como un acto de liberación psíquica. En el proceso, el ensayo rastrea el rechazo de la epistemología colonial, que coloca a la persona no occidental fuera de la humanidad y en una zona del no ser. La culminación de esta disquisición intelectual es la desalienación de la personalidad negra y la afirmación del ser humano. Cet article cherche à retracer l'argumentation discursive de la pensée et de la raison caribéennes, à travers trois figures intellectuelles importantes, en montrant le développement et l'influence de leurs idées entre elles et dans la communauté en général. L'article examine les idées et l'influence du poète, dramaturge et homme politique martiniquais Aimé Césaire sur son compatriote Frantz Fanon et, à son tour, son influence sur Sylvia Wynter, née à Cuba et élevée en Jamaïque. L'article montre comment l'épistémologie coloniale domine la pensée de l'esprit colonisé, engendrant le mépris et le dégoût de soi, qui doivent essentiellement être désappris comme un acte de libération psychique. Dans la foulée, l'essai retrace le rejet de l'épistémologie coloniale, qui place la personne non occidentale en dehors de l'humanité et dans une zone de non-être. L'aboutissement de cette dissertation intellectuelle est la désaliénation de la personnalité noire et l'affirmation de l'être humain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small island developing states such as those in the Caribbean must constantly seek ways to diversify their economies given their small sizes and in some cases history of exploitation. At times diversification efforts may be perceived as conflicting with environmental goals or protection. Further claims of environmental injustices have also been made of economic diversification efforts. Using the example of the proposed Goat Islands Logistics Hub in Jamaica, W.I. this paper seeks to examine the ways in which economic decisions may or may not perpetuate environmental injustices through the form of procedural injustice. The key thing that the paper highlights is that accounting for procedural justice in economic decisions in developing countries is more complex that simply boiling it down to whether or not participation occurred. Los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo, como los del Caribe, tienen que buscar constantemente formas de diversificar sus economías dado su pequeño tamaño y, en algunos casos, su historial de explotación. En ocasiones, los esfuerzos de diversificación pueden percibirse como incompatibles con los objetivos o la protección del medio ambiente. También se han hecho más reclamos de injusticias ambientales de los esfuerzos de diversificación económica. Usando el ejemplo del Centro Logístico Goat Islands propuesto en Jamaica, W.I. este documento busca examinar las formas en que las decisiones económicas pueden o no perpetuar las injusticias ambientales a través de la injusticia procesal. El punto clave que destaca el documento es que dar cuenta de la justicia procesal en las decisiones económicas en los países en desarrollo es más complejo que simplemente reducirlo a si hubo o no participación. Les petits États insulaires en développement, comme ceux des Caraïbes, doivent constamment chercher des moyens de diversifier leurs économies compte tenu de leur petite taille et, dans certains cas, de leur historique d'exploitation. Parfois, les efforts de diversification peuvent être perçus comme incompatibles avec les objectifs ou la protection de l'environnement. Davantage d'allégations d›'njustices environnementales découlant des efforts de diversification économique ont également été faites. En utilisant l'exemple du projet de centre logistique de Goat Islands en Jamaïque, W.I. cet article cherche à examiner les façons dont les décisions économiques peuvent ou non perpétuer les injustices environnementales par le biais de l'injustice procédurale. Le point clé que le document met en évidence est que la prise en compte de l'équité procédurale dans les décisions économiques dans les pays en développement est plus complexe que de simplement la réduire à la question de savoir s'il y a eu ou non participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the end of the 19th century, under the cloak of hygienic concerns, Puerto Rican elites have devised eugenic practices and methods in order to marginalize, manage, and control certain sectors of the population. Throughout the 20th century, these discourses have been internalized by the Puerto Rican population; reflections of which can be seen in popular culture, including trap and reggaetón. The purpose of this paper is to explore how hygienic practices (rooted in eugenic ideas) have permeated Puerto Rican society and, in turn, are replicated in trap and reggaetón as a way of gendering, racializing, and discriminating against certain groups. In an effort to identify these contemporary eugenic ideas, this article categorizes and analyzes current topics touched upon by trap and reggaetón singers such as Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA, and Bryant Myers, among others. Through categories such as desired body type, prospective partners' 'cleanliness'—in regard to 'feminine' and 'personal' hygiene—, potential contraceptive use, and the usage of racist stereotyping, we illustrate how eugenic ideas slip into contemporary understandings of gender and race in Puerto Rico. By performing an in-depth analysis of selected songs, we explore the ways in which ideas surrounding 'race science' have been normalized in Puerto Rican culture, demonstrating how these ideas connect to broader racializing and gendered processes. Desde finales del siglo XIX, bajo el manto de las preocupaciones higiénicas, las élites puertorriqueñas han ideado prácticas y métodos eugenésicos para marginar, administrar y controlar a ciertos sectores de la población. A lo largo del siglo XX, estos discursos han sido interiorizados por la población puertorriqueña; los cuales se pueden ver reflejados en la cultura popular, incluyendo el trap y el reggaetón. El propósito de este artículo es explorar cómo las prácticas higiénicas (enraizadas en ideas eugenésicas) han permeado la sociedad puertorriqueña y, a su vez, se replican en el trap y el reggaetón como una forma de generizar, racializar y discriminar a ciertos grupos. En un esfuerzo por identificar estas ideas eugenésicas contemporáneas, este artículo categoriza y analiza temas actuales abordados por cantantes de trap y reggaetón como Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA y Bryant Myers, entre otros. A través de categorías como el tipo de cuerpo deseado, la "limpieza" de las posibles parejas —en lo que respecta a la higiene "femenina" y "personal"—, el uso potencial de anticonceptivos y el uso de estereotipos racistas, ilustramos cómo las ideas eugenésicas se deslizan en la comprensión contemporánea del género y la raza en Puerto Rico. Al realizar un análisis en profundidad de canciones seleccionadas, exploramos las formas en que las ideas en torno a la "ciencia racial" se han normalizado en la cultura puertorriqueña, demostrando cómo estas ideas se conectan con procesos de género y racialización más amplios. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, sous le couvert de préoccupations hygiéniques, les élites portoricaines ont imaginé des pratiques et des méthodes eugéniques afin de marginaliser, gérer et contrôler certains secteurs de la population. Tout au long du XXe siècle, ces discours ont été intériorisés par la population portoricaine ; dont on peut voir des reflets dans la culture populaire, y compris le trap et le reggaetón. Le but de cet article est d'explorer comment les pratiques hygiéniques (enracinées dans les idées eugénistes) ont imprégné la société portoricaine et, à leur tour, sont reproduites dans le trap et le reggaetón comme un moyen de sexuer, de racialiser et de discriminer certains groupes. Dans un effort pour identifier ces idées eugénistes contemporaines, [End Page 78] cet article catégorise et analyse les sujets actuels abordés par les chanteurs de trap et de reggaetón tels que Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA et Bryant Myers, entre autres. À travers des catégories telles que le type de corps souhaité, la « propreté » des partenaires potentiels —en ce qui concerne l'hygiène « féminine » et « personnelle » —, l'utilisation potentielle de contraceptifs et l'utilisation de stéréotypes racistes, nous illustrons comment les idées eugéniques se glissent dans les compréhensions contemporaines du genre et de la race à Porto Rico. En effectuant une analyse approfondie de chansons sélectionnées, nous explorons la manière dont les idées entourant la « science raciale » ont été normalisées dans la culture portoricaine, démontrant comment ces idées se connectent à des processus plus larges de racialisation et de genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aflatoxins in crops pose a risk to food safety and have been detected in samples of Haitian peanuts. Using an interdisciplinary commodity chain approach, this paper examines the factors that increase the likelihood of aflatoxin contamination in the country's peanut supply. The results indicate that contamination risk is influenced by political, organizational, institutional, socio-economic, technological, and environmental constraints. A systemic analysis was performed to examine how such factors affect the quality of peanuts as they pass through the commodity chain. The results of our study offer broad insights into the challenges of preventing aflatoxins and protecting food safety in Haiti. Las aflatoxinas en los cultivos representan un riesgo para la seguridad alimentaria y se han detectado en muestras de maní haitiano. Utilizando un enfoque interdisciplinario de cadena de productos básicos, este documento examina los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de contaminación por aflatoxinas en el suministro de maní del país. Los resultados indican que el riesgo de contaminación está influenciado por restricciones políticas, organizacionales, institucionales, socioeconómicas, tecnológicas y ambientales. Se realizó un análisis sistémico para examinar cómo dichos factores afectan la calidad del maní a medida que pasan por la cadena productiva. Los resultados de nuestro estudio ofrecen amplias perspectivas sobre los desafíos de prevenir las aflatoxinas y proteger la seguridad alimentaria en Haití. Les aflatoxines représentent un danger pour la sécurité alimentaire et leur présence a été signalée dans des échantillons d'arachide en Haïti. Cet article utilise l'approche interdisciplinaire de l'analyse des filières pour examiner les différents facteurs qui participent à l'altération de la qualité des produits du producteur au consommateur final. Les résultats mettent en évidence des contraintes politiques, organisationnelles, institutionnelles, socioéconomiques, technologiques et environnementales. Un schéma systémique montre les liens entre ces facteurs et la manière dont ils contribuent à affecter la qualité des produits dans la filière arachide. Cette étude ouvre ainsi sur une meilleure compréhension des défis relatifs à la prévention des aflatoxines et la préservation de l'innocuité alimentaire en Haïti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the nature of language communication in legal settings in Jamaica. In this Caribbean territory, English is the official language of the legal system, but many Jamaicans who interact with the system are not proficient in it. Their dominant language is a lexically related but structurally discrete vernacular language, Jamaican. Justice system reform experts, while recognising that language barriers impede public understanding of and access to the system, have recommended that plain language solutions be adopted. The paper argues that these recommendations overlook the precise nature of the language problem and thus do not adequately address it. Analysing data from actual legal cases, the study shows how the legal system currently responds to language communication difficulties and how some practices might affect the administration of justice. It suggests that bilingual approaches be institutionalised to enhance understanding of discourse in legal settings by vernacular speakers with limited English proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes lexical phenomena in Palenquero, particularly concerning the following words: ajeno 'poor,' 'alien,' kamino mí/sí/ele 'quietly,' alasonga~lasónga 'unconcernedly,' maloko 'Wow!,' añú 'ouch!,' eleeló 'How sad!,' and kurremplemplem 'be careful,' among others. These words exhibit idiosyncratic features regarding their prosodic structure, morphology, function, meaning, language use, and cultural content. Given that there are few studies of these lexemes, this paper analyses the type of speech acts in which these are used, as well as the semantic, pragmatic, morphological, syntactic rules, and cultural aims underlying their use; for example, the adjective ajeno exhibits no gender distinctions in noun phrases with a noun inflected for masculine gender. On the other hand, a unit such as kamino mí, sí, ele agrees with the sentential subject. Additionally, forms such as eleeeló, añú, maloko, kurremplemplem, and alasonga~lasónga show variation in vowel phonemes and partial reduplication as well. Syntactically, these units have different functions and meaning depending on their position. These features place some of these forms among the class of ideophones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El flujo y reflujo de la migración intracaribeña, particularmente en el contexto del Caribe hispánico, ha sido un tema de investigación que se destaca por importantes lagunas dentro de las ciencias sociales y los estudios literarios. Se deberá, al menos en parte, a su relativa marginación tanto en la literatura caribeña contemporánea como en los ámbitos de las ciencias sociales y de las instituciones gubernamentales que se han dedicado, con empeño y éxito limitados, a documentar las entradas y las salidas de estos migrantes. En las últimas dos décadas, no obstante, se publicaron dos obras literarias destacadas por mujeres puertorriqueñas sobre el tema de la migración intracaribeña: el poemario Boat People de Mayra Santos-Febres y la novela Los documentados de Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro. En este trabajo se explora la representación literaria de la migración dominicana hacia Puerto Rico en las obras de Santos-Febres y Arroyo Pizarro en donde, mediante poderosos recursos narrativos y poéticos, se logra inscribir los desplazamientos y las experiencias de estos migrantes en el contexto de su invisibilidad histórica y política. Se plantea que estas obras representan inscripciones artísticas de múltiples dimensiones de la migración dominicana actual hacia Puerto Rico; entre ellas, entran en foco las raíces históricas y globales de esta migración, su carácter innegablemente racial y predominantemente femenino, así como la continua marginación política, económica y social de los dominicanos en el territorio puertorriqueño. The ebb and flow of intra-Caribbean migration, particularly in the context of the Hispanic Caribbean, has been a research topic marked by significant gaps within social science and literary studies. It will be due, at least in part, to their relative marginalization both in contemporary Caribbean literature and in the social sciences and government institutions that have devoted themselves, with little effort and success, to documenting the inflows and outflows of these migrants. In the last two decades, however, two outstanding literary works by Puerto Rican women have been published about intra-Caribbean migration: the collection of poetry Boat People by Mayra Santos-Febres and the novel Los documentados by Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro. This paper explores the literary representation of Dominican migration to Puerto Rico in the works of Santos-Febres and Arroyo Pizarro where, through powerful narrative and poetic resources, it is possible to inscribe the displacements and experiences of these migrants in the context of its historical and political invisibility. It is argued that these works represent artistic inscriptions of multiple dimensions of the current Dominican migration to Puerto Rico. Among them, the historical and global roots of this migration come into focus, its undeniably racial and predominantly female character, and the continuous political, economic and social marginalization of Dominicans in Puerto Rican territory. Le flux et le reflux de la migration intra-caribéenne, en particulier dans le contexte des Caraïbes hispaniques, a été un sujet de recherche marqué par des lacunes importantes dans les sciences sociales et les études littéraires. Cela sera dû, au moins en partie, à leur marginalisation relative à la fois dans la littérature caribéenne contemporaine et dans les sciences sociales et les institutions gouvernementales qui se sont consacrées, avec un effort et un succès limités, à documenter les entrées et les sorties de ces migrants. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, cependant, deux œuvres littéraires exceptionnelles de femmes portoricaines ont été publiées sur le thème de la migration intra-caribéenne : les recueil des poèmes Boat People de Mayra Santos-Febres et le roman Los documentados de Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro. Cet article explore la représentation littéraire de la migration dominicaine à Porto Rico dans les œuvres de Santos-Febres et Arroyo Pizarro où, à travers de puissantes ressources narratives et poétiques, il est possible d'inscrire les déplacements et les expériences de ces migrants dans le contexte de son histoire et invisibilité politique. Il est avancé que ces œuvres représentent des inscriptions artistiques aux dimensions multiples de la migration dominicaine actuelle vers Porto Rico ; Parmi eux, les racines historiques et mondiales de cette migration sont mises en évidence , son caractère indéniablement racial et à prédominance féminine, ainsi que la marginalisation politique, économique et sociale continue des Dominicains sur le territoire portoricain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a colony of the United States since 1898, Puerto Rico has continuously been pressured to incorporate English as a co-official language along with Spanish, the vernacular of the majority of islanders. This paper presents the historical context of language education policy in Puerto Rico as a case study in order to understand Spanish language maintenance despite more than 115 years of U.S. colonization. After providing a brief review of literature regarding perceptions of language threat and how they have traditionally been viewed, the paper uses the island's context to explore the impact that strong perceptions of threat can have on language maintenance and societal bilingualism. The paper explores the perceptions of threat associated with English in Puerto Rico and ultimately argues that the colonization practices and the on-going political environment have positioned English as a problem, which has consequently led to a primarily monolingual island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters, such as hurricanes, often stimulate moral economic sentiments and behaviors in line with those practiced by artisanal fishers, peasant farmers, and others whom economic anthropologists have been interested in for decades. In some cases, these behaviors are not new following a disaster, but merely more visible, as if they lay dormant between crises. Whether or not such behaviors are sustainable for long periods after disasters or stimulate increased public attention to the uneven and unequal impacts of disasters across different segments of populations, depends on a variety of factors, including predatory capitalist behaviors, state responses, cultural values of affected populations, and, in the case of societies experiencing high levels of migration, the involvement of people of diasporas in the crisis. This paper explores these issues in the context of recovery efforts from Hurricanes Irma and María in Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Los desastres, como los huracanes, a menudo estimulan sentimientos y comportamientos económicos morales en línea con los practicados por pescadores artesanales, agricultores campesinos y otras personas en las que los antropólogos económicos se han interesado durante décadas. [End Page 3] En algunos casos, estos comportamientos no son nuevos después de un desastre, sino simplemente más visibles, como si permanecieran inactivos entre crisis. Si tales comportamientos son sostenibles o no durante largos períodos después de los desastres, o si estimulan una mayor atención pública a los impactos desiguales de los desastres en diferentes segmentos de la población, depende de una variedad de factores, incluidos los comportamientos capitalistas depredadores, las respuestas estatales, los valores culturales de las poblaciones afectadas y, en el caso de sociedades que experimentan altos niveles de migración, la participación de las personas de la diáspora en la crisis. Este artículo explora estos temas en el contexto de los esfuerzos de recuperación de los huracanes Irma y María en Puerto Rico, St. Croix y St. Thomas. Les catastrophes, telles que les ouragans, stimulent souvent des sentiments et des comportements économiques moraux conformes à ceux pratiqués par les pêcheurs artisanaux, les agriculteurs et autres personnes auxquelles les anthropologues économiques s'intéressent depuis des décennies. Dans certains cas, ces comportements ne sont pas nouveaux après une catastrophe, mais simplement plus visibles, comme s'ils dormaient entre les crises. Que de tels comportements soient durables ou non pendant de longues périodes après les catastrophes, ou s'ils stimulent une plus grande attention du public aux impacts inégaux des catastrophes sur différents segments de la population, dépend d'une variété de facteurs, y compris les comportements capitalistes prédateurs, les réponses de l'État, les valeurs des populations affectées et, dans le cas de sociétés connaissant des niveaux élevés de migration, la participation des personnes de la diaspora à la crise. Cet article explore ces problèmes dans le contexte des efforts de rétablissement après les ouragans Irma et María à Porto Rico, Sainte-Croix et Saint-Thomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of the Civil Society (CS) has, in the last twenty years, become a hot topic. For, its large impact in events of world importance, such as the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the Awakening of the Muslim countries of North Africa. Such events have been associated with the existence and activity of groups within the CS. And their absence in other countries has been associated with their lack of political change. All this suggests that SC is an important factor in such political evolutions. The present paper reviews the literature on the Cuban CS to investigate: (1) how has it been studied and, (2) what is the current state of its health, its composition, and to estimate its capacity to interact within the Cuban society, which has recently started to change. Some researchers have approached the study of Cuban CS as one composed of political dissidents and religious groups, distorting the problem. For, there are other social groups, not necessarily religious or political, that have been ignored, or that have barely been considered, and whose contributions are of great importance to the CS. In our paper we undertake a brief review of the Cuban CS before the 1959 revolution, and of its replacement by a new one, stemming from such revolution. We then perform a critical analysis of several papers on the Cuban CS that have been grouped under three important themes. After such discussion, we derive some conclusions about the current state, as well as about the future of the Cuban CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the prospects for civil society engagement in the quest for justice in global climate change policy. Using Trinidad and Tobago as a case, in the context of the broader CARICOM framework, the paper examines civil society participation: methods of engagement, challenges and effectiveness. Notwithstanding some engagement in global action, civil society organizations have engaged in the climate change arena mainly in education, awareness building and research and training at the community level; their influence and impact in official spaces have been negligible. We conclude that given the transnational nature of climate change and the market-oriented approach in official climate change discussions at the global level, participation in progressive global/transnational coalitions with the view to attaining climate change justice is imperative. This is particularly important in cases where avenues for active engagement are not available at the national and regional levels and/or where parochial interests dominate the climate change agenda. Este artículo explora las perspectivas de participación de la sociedad civil en la búsqueda de justicia en la política global de cambio climático. Usando Trinidad y Tobago como caso de estudio, en el contexto del marco más amplio de CARICOM, el documento examina la participación de la sociedad civil: métodos de participación, desafíos y efectividad. A pesar de cierta participación en la acción global, y de que las organizaciones de la sociedad civil se han involucrado en el ámbito del cambio climático principalmente en educación, sensibilización e investigación y capacitación a nivel comunitario, su influencia e impacto en los espacios oficiales han sido insignificantes. Concluimos que dada la naturaleza transnacional del cambio climático y el enfoque orientado al mercado en las discusiones oficiales sobre el cambio climático a nivel global, la participación en coaliciones progresivas globales/transnacionales con miras a lograr la justicia del cambio climático, es imprescindible. Esto es particularmente importante en los casos en que las vías para la participación activa no están disponibles a nivel nacional y regional y/o donde los intereses parroquiales dominan la agenda del cambio climático. Cet article explore les possibilités de participation qui s'offrent à la société civile pour s'investir dans la recherche d'une politique mondiale dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Prenant comme exemple Trinidad et Tobago dans le contexte de marché plus vaste du CARICOM, cet article examine comment la société civile lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en analysant ses méthodes d'action, leur efficacité et les défis rencontrés. En dehors d'actions sociales menées à l'échelle internationale, les organismes de sociétés civiles se sont engagés dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en matière d'éducation, de campagnes de sensibilisation, de recherche et de formation au niveau communautaire; leur impact sur les espaces officiels reste toutefois négligeable. Nous en concluons que le caractère transnational du changement climatique et l'approche de marché adoptée lors des discussions officielles sur le climat à l'échelle mondiale participent de coalitions mondiales progressistes visant à parvenir à une justice pour l'environnement qui reste essentielle. Cela nous semble d'autant plus important dans les cas où des mesures d'action au niveau national et régional ne sont pas toujours envisageables et/ou lorsque les intérêts locaux prédominent dans les échanges autour de l'environnement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concern of tourism scholars and policy designers is how to measure the level of success of a tourist destination in its practice, especially when they have countries with homogeneous offers and different results. This is an issue that has been difficult to address. In particular, in studies involving countries of the so-called Third World because of how tourism models have been designed and implemented, the complexity of the activity itself, and deficiencies in the recruitment of data by government agencies. In this paper, the case of Cuba was used as an example. Within the insular Caribbean, the largest of the Antilles has been the one that has shown one of the most vigorous advances in the practice of international tourism in the last 30 years. This research's objective was to analyze the level of optimization achieved by Cuba in the international tourism business. That is, if it has been able to obtain the number of tourists and foreign exchange earnings that could be expected in relation to the investment efforts made. Also, what factors have influenced their results. The period selected for the analysis was between 2002 and 2013. Una preocupación de los estudiosos del turismo y de los diseñadores de política es cómo medir el nivel de éxito de un destino turístico en la práctica del mismo, sobre todo cuando se tienen a países con ofertas homogéneas y resultados dispares. Este es un tema que ha sido difícil de abordar, en particular, en estudios que involucran a países del llamado Tercer Mundo por la forma en que se han diseñado e implementado los modelos turísticos, la propia complejidad de la actividad y las deficiencias en la captación de los datos por parte de los organismos gubernamentales. Para estudiar esta problemática se usó como ejemplo el caso de Cuba. Dentro del Caribe insular, la mayor de las Antillas ha sido la que ha mostrado uno de los avances más vigorosos en la práctica del turismo internacional en los últimos 30 años. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el nivel de optimización que ha logrado Cuba en el negocio del turismo internacional, es decir, si ha podido obtener la cantidad de turistas y los ingresos en divisas que podía esperarse en relación a los esfuerzos de inversión realizados y qué factores han incidido en sus resultados. El período seleccionado para el análisis fue entre 2002 y el 2013. Une des préoccupations majeures des chercheurs en études de tourisme et des décideurs politiques est de mesurer le niveau de succès d'une destination touristique de manière pragmatique, en particulier lorsqu'il s'agit de pays proposant une gamme d'offres assez homogène mais présentant des résultats contrastés. Il s'agit-là d'un sujet difficile à aborder, en particulier pour les études qui se consacrent aux pays dits du Tiers Monde, en raison de la manière dont les modèles touristiques ont été conçus et établis, mais aussi en raison de la complexité des activités elles-mêmes et de l'absence de collecte de données de la part des agences gouvernementales. Cette contribution prendra le cas de Cuba comme exemple. En ce qui concerne la Caraïbe insulaire, Cuba, île la plus grande des Antilles, a été celle qui a connu la plus grande avancée en matière de tourisme international au cours des trente dernières années. Le but de notre recherche est d'analyser le niveau d'optimisation atteint par Cuba dans le domaine du tourisme international. En d'autres termes, nous souhaitons savoir si Cuba a pu atteindre le nombre de touristes et de recettes en devises étrangères escomptées par rapport aux investissements réalisés. Nous souhaitons également savoir quels ont été les facteurs qui ont eu un impact sur ces résultats pendant la période sélectionnée pour notre analyse (de 2002 à 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past two decades have seen a significant shift in the Caribbean's development landscape, with climate change becoming the focal point of regional policy and planning. These initiatives represent a major shift in the region's development policy arena—a shift that is premised on the transformational, if not apocalyptic, implications that anthropogenic climate change seem to pose for the Caribbean. The discourses that have shaped this policy shift and their wider implications for the region's future development trajectory are the central focus of this paper. First, we provide an overview of the current climate change science literature for the Caribbean and discuss some of the main implications for regional development. We then trace and assess the region's major policy responses to climate change, paying keen attention to the Caribbean Community's strategic approach for promoting climate-compatible development over the past two decades. We conclude by critically exploring the notion that global climate change poses an 'existential threat' to the Caribbean, amidst its potential to erode or even reverse whatever developmental gains the region has achieved since the post-independence era and the region's own state of readiness to respond effectively to such an unprecedented challenge. Las últimas dos décadas han visto un cambio significativo en el panorama de desarrollo del Caribe, con el cambio climático convirtiéndose en el punto central de la política y planificación regional. Estas iniciativas representan un cambio importante en el ámbito de la política de desarrollo de la región, un cambio que se basa en las implicaciones transformadoras, sino apocalípticas, que el cambio climático antropogénico parece representar para el Caribe. Los discursos que han dado forma a este cambio de política y sus implicaciones más amplias para la futura trayectoria de desarrollo de la región son el foco central de este artículo. Primero, proporcionamos una visión general de la literatura científica actual sobre el cambio climático para el Caribe y discutimos [End Page 59] algunas de las principales implicaciones para el desarrollo regional. Luego, rastreamos y evaluamos las principales respuestas políticas de la región al cambio climático, prestando especial atención al enfoque estratégico de la Comunidad del Caribe para promover un desarrollo compatible con el clima en las últimas dos décadas. Concluimos explorando críticamente la noción de que el cambio climático global representa una "amenaza existencial" para el Caribe; su potencial para erosionar o incluso revertir cualquier ganancia que lograda en la región, en términos de desarrollo, desde la era posterior a las independencias: y el estado de preparación de la región para responder de manera efectiva a un desafío sin precedentes. Au cours des vingt dernières années, la Caraïbe a connu un grand changement en ce qui concerne son développement, puisque le réchauffement climatique est désormais au coeur de la politique et de planification de la région. Les initiatives entreprises représentent un changement majeur dans la politique dédiée au développement de la région, changement qui impliquent des transformations profondes, sinon chaotiques, que le réchauffement climatique lié aux facteurs anthropogènes semble poser pour la Caraïbe. Les discours qui soustendent ce changement de politique et leurs implications pour le développement et l'avenir de toute la région sont au coeur de notre contribution. Nous commencerons par une brève présentation de la littérature scientifique sur l'impact du réchauffement climatique pour la Caraïbe et nous discuterons de certaines des principales implications pour un développement régional. Puis nous passerons en revue et évaluerons les réponses politiques de la région au défi climatique, en nous attachant particulièrement à l'approche stratégique de la communauté caribéenne afin de promouvoir un développement tourné vers la préservation de l'environnement au cours des vingt dernières années. Enfin, nous explorerons la notion selon laquelle le réchauffement climatique constitue une "menace existentielle" pour la Caraïbe, en même temps qu'il a le potentiel de menacer, voire de réduire à néant tous les progrès réalisés dans la région depuis le début de la postindépendance, avant de présenter certaines mesures de préparation observables dans la région pour répondre efficacement à ce défi sans précédent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors argue that Caribbean practices used in research more accurately enable a process of knowledge construction that is consistent with how we think, live and feel as Caribbean subjects about issues that concern us. This allows for participants and researchers to draw on their cultural and communicative strengths to reflect about topics of relevance to their community. Caribbean diversity in terms of population, culture, ethnicities and language needs to be considered in the articulation of culturally relevant methodologies in the region. Through an examination of empirical data, we have endeavoured to show that Liming and Ole Talk can be utilised widely across the region for research purposes. En este artículo, las autoras argumentan que la utilización de prácticas culturales caribeñas para la articulación de investigación académica permite el desarrollo de un proceso de conocimiento consistente con la forma en que pensamos, vivimos y sentimos como sujetos caribeños sobre temas que nos son relevantes. Esto permite que los participantes e investigadoras/investigadores hagan uso de sus habilidades culturales y comunicativas para reflexionar sobre temas de importancia para su comunidad. La diversidad caribeña en términos de población, cultura, etnias e idioma debe ser considerada en la articulación de metodologías culturalmente relevantes en la región. A través de un examen de datos empíricos, el artículo argumenta que las prácticas de Liming y Ole Talk (en el Caribe hispano denominadas como compartir, dar muela, janguear y otros) pueden usarse ampliamente en toda la región con fines de investigación. [End Page 99] Les auteures de cet article montrent que l'application de pratiques culturelles caribéennes à nos modalités de recherche permet une construction du savoir en adéquation avec notre manière de penser, de vivre et de ressentir en tant que Caribéens sur des thèmes qui nous touchent tout particulièrement. Cette approche permet aux participants et aux chercheurs de partir de leurs propres apports culturels et langagiers pour réfléchir à des thèmes importants pour leur communauté. La diversité caribéenne, en particulier en ce qui concerne la population, la culture, les ethnicités et la langue, doit en effet s'articuler autour de méthodologies culturelles appropriées pour la région. A travers l'étude de données empiriques, notre article s'attache ainsi à montrer que les pratiques de « Liming y Ole Talk » (expression qui, dans la Caraïbe hispanophone, désigne, entre autres, l'idée de partager, de tenir palabres ou de passer du temps ensemble) peuvent être utilisées de manière plus répandue dans toute la région à des fins de recherche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a conference paper about the criminalization of the assisted reproduction through the surrogacy method. Particular focus is given to the regulations on this issue in Puerto Rico's legal system. The author proposes an alternative to solve the disputes on this matter through civil claims instead of criminal pleas.

Rooted in theories of radical media and social movements, this article explores the role of the Havana-based weekly anarchist newspaper ¡Tierra! in forging both a Cuban-wide and larger Caribbean-wide anarchist network from 1902-1915. Between 1898 and 1915, Cuban anarchists published no fewer than 15 newspapers, but ¡Tierra! was the longest-lived and most widely distributed. Besides distributing news and propaganda to workers in small towns, cities and mining communities across Cuba, these workers became key correspondents back to the Havana readership. Consequently, the paper became a crucial venue for readers across Cuba to communicate with one another and share tales of repression, compare conditions, and heighten awareness of the complexities of the island-wide struggle. In addition, a review of the newspaper finances reveals that the rural readership regularly provided between 35 and 60% of the urban paper's income. Also, the paper played a larger role as the journalistic hub for anarchists throughout the Caribbean. In particular, anarchist correspondents from Florida, Puerto Rico and the Panama Canal Zone contributed money and analyses about the status of the movements in those lands, providing readers throughout the distribution areas a means to compare their situations and develop a larger international consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the reasons why the migrant engineering workers who traveled to Cuba to install, operate and maintain the steam technology that was being introduced in the island's sugar mills in the mid-nineteenth century, became convenient symbols in the response of the Spanish authorities and Creole elite to a number of fundamental problems facing Cuba as a Spanish colony. Though this migrant group has received little historiographical attention, the foreign engineers nevertheless not only contributed directly to the technological advancement of Cuba's sugar industry, they became symbols of the island's claim to modernity and at the same time its descent into economic dependency. While they may have desired nothing more than to enjoy the economic privileges that their labors provided them with, they found themselves cast as scapegoats in the racial and political struggles of the period — unwitting representatives of abolitionism and symbolizing foreign desires for domination. By showing how these engineering workers were not as marginal to events as is presumed by the existing literature, the paper reappraises the historical role that such overlooked social groups might have played in and beyond the heated environment of Cuba in the mid-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other regions throughout the world the colonial experience in the Caribbean included the arrival of foreign archaeologists conducting research and taking collections to their countries of origin. These were mostly composed of North American and European scholars representing different institutions such as museums, universities, or scientific academies. One of these expeditions poorly known by Caribbean, but more specifically by Puerto Rican archaeologists is the 1916 expedition of the Museum of the American Indian led by Theodoor de Booy. This paper describes and discusses this expedition within its institutional and historical context and how it relates to the early to the history of museums and archaeology. Como muchas otras regiones a través del mundo, la experiencia colonial del Caribe incluyó el arribo de arqueólogos extranjeros para investigar sitios y llevarse colecciones a sus países de origen. Éstos se componían mayormente de académicos norteamericanos y europeos que representaban instituciones como museos, universidades o academias científicas. Una de estas expediciones poco conocida por los arqueólogos del Caribe es la expedición del Museo del Indio Americano a Puerto Rico en 1916 dirigida por Theodoor de Booy. Este trabajo discute esta expedición dentro de su contexto institucional e histórico y cómo se relaciona con la historia temprana de los museos y de la disciplina de la arqueología. Comme cela fut le cas dans de nombreuses autres régions du monde, l'expérience coloniale de la Caraïbe s'est traduite par l'arrivée d'archéologues étrangers venus fouiller des sites pour ramener ensuite leurs découvertes dans leurs pays d'origine. Dans le cas de la Caraïbe, ces archéologues se composaient essentiellement de chercheurs nordaméricains et européens qui travaillaient pour des institutions comme des musées, des universités ou des sociétés savantes. Parmi ces expéditions figure celle, peu connue des archéologues de la Caraïbe, du Museo del Indio Americano effectuée à Porto Rico en 1916 et dirigée par Theodoor de Booy. Cette contribution resitue l'expédition dans son contexte institutionnel et historique, puis en étudie les liens avec les débuts de l'histoire des musées et de l'archéologie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]