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Whey has several environmental risks if disposed of as waste in watercourses. However, there are numerous valorisation techniques to convert it into a valuable, but also highly products. Techniques such as membrane filtration may be utilised, but these are not applicable to all categories of whey. Novel methodologies that are agile enough to deal with whey variability can produce valorised products. This review assesses the capability of whey processing techniques, applications and methodologies, discussing pertinent research that can innovate product development further. It focuses on environmental impacts of whey as a waste and ways of minimising it.

The effects of lactic acid concentration (LA) and spray drying conditions on stickiness of acidified skim milk powder (SMP), which impacts process efficiency and powder properties, were examined using a fully replicated 24-1 fractional factorial design. The wall deposition was significantly affected by LA, and yield was positively influenced by the drying temperature difference. Drying temperature difference significantly affected particle size, moisture content and water activity of acidified SMP. Particle size was also significantly influenced by nozzle airflow rate. Moisture content and water activity were significantly affected by LA, while glass transition temperature was only influenced by the outlet temperature.

The ink industry is one of the world\"s largest markets due to the increasing demand for printing inks for the packaging industry. Flexography printing is a well-known promising technology for large-area printing due to its high printing speed and roll-to-roll capability to print economically on a variety of surfaces and is used in nearly in all areas of packaging printing. Water-based inks are considered non-toxic, odourless, and more environmentally friendly options compared to solvent-based inks. Therefore, in this article, the goal was to develop new water-based ink formulation with different acrylic binders for flexographic printing on commercial solid bleached sulphate (SBS) board. Five inks were formulated with four different acrylic binders and compared to a commercially available ink to study their performance. The developed inks were investigated with regard to their print qualities and print characteristics. It was found that the binder type influenced some print quality while the effect was not significant for others. Using flexography printed cyan inks, the ink formulated with the highest molecular weight had the lowest print density and the largest tonal value increase (TVI) observed between 40 and 60 tone values. The same ink had the largest mottle values and variation in topography. For values of print contrast and delta gloss at 75 degrees, although differences were observed between average values, data had inconclusive variation and spread around averages, where no conclusive trends or effects of acrylic binder type on these response factors were observed. Print chroma and dot roundness results were equally close for all printed samples.

Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) have become the most common workhorse for the commercial production of therapeutic proteins, as well as for the production of recombinant proteins for biomedical research. The ability to grow at high density in suspension, the adaptability to serum free media, and the ease transfection and scale up, made CHO cell line highly productive and robust for large-scale production. Here, we present an optimized workflow used to successfully express and purify a number of human proteins with a yield up to 5 mg/L of culture. The entire protocol, from the synthetic gene design to the assessment of purified protein quality, can be completed in 2 weeks. The established cell culture platform has been efficiently adapted to rapidly produce the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein, a protein required by many laboratories in 2020 to better understand the initial step of infection related to COVID-19 pandemic. An overall yield of 2 mg of high quality soluble RBD per liter of culture was obtained, a production 10-times cheaper than commercial preparations, this representing an intriguing strategy for future challenges.

Packaging must have a good commercial appearance and is generally obtained by ink transferred to its substrate. It is important that the ink used in packaging printing is produced from environmentally friendly and sustainable raw materials as well as being suitable for the printing system. The increasing demand in the field of printed packaging and the scarcity of resources to meet this demand have accelerated the search for new sources for inks. For this purpose, inks produced in the laboratory using a modified cellulose-based binder, a commercial acrylic resin and a commercial soybean protein were compared with a commercial ink. As a result of the study, it was determined that the printability properties of the ink obtained by using the modified cellulose-based binder were better than the ink obtained with commercial soybean protein. It was determined that it showed printability properties close to the ink produced with commercial acrylic binders. By using modified cellulose-based water-based flexographic ink instead of other commonly used binders, more environmentally friendly sustainable inks can be produced.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Major limitations of synthetic drugs, including high cost, efficacy, and adverse side effects, have prompted researchers to seek more effective and low-cost alternative therapies with fewer adverse effects. Marine life forms are considered the most important sources of biologically active natural products due to their secondary metabolites. In this research, sea cucumber Holothuria parva was collected from coastal areas of Bandar Lengeh, Hormozgan, Iran, and was then subjected to extraction. The results showed that compounds extracted from Holothuria parva had a stimulatory effect on enzyme activity, and in the presence of these compounds, the V

In the present study, aqueous leaf extract of Strobilanthes cordifolia J.R.I.Wood was combined with silver nitrate to synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were characterized using visible spectroscopy (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDaX), particle size analysis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The UV spectrum absorption peak occurred at 438 nm. The FTIR analysis of the AgNPs indicated the presence of functional groups such as aldehyde, alkenes, and carboxylic acids. The crystalline structure of AgNPs was confirmed by XRD. The AgNPs have a spherical shape according to SEM. The AgNPs components composition was confirmed by EDaX. The particle size distribution of AgNPs is monodispersion in the range at 42.54 nm. TEM demonstrated the AgNPs size to be between 11.35 and 34.90 nm. The AgNPs exhibited good antibacterial property against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity of the AgNPs was represented by increased DPPH, ABTS, and H

During the past few years, advances in drag delivery have provided many opportunities in the treatment of various diseases and cancer. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and Erlotinib (Erlo) are two drugs, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat cancer, but their use is limited in terms of the toxicity of ATO and the low solubility of Erlo. This study aimed to prepare arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-decorated nanoliposomes (NLPs) containing Erlo and ATO (NLPs-ATO-Erlo-RGD) to increase the solubility and reduce the toxicity of Erlo and ATO for cancer treatment. The results of transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering showed that NLPs were synthesized uniformly, with spherical shape morphology and particle sizes between 140 and 160 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography and ICP-MS results showed that about 90% of the drug was loaded in the NLPs. In comparison with NLPs-ATO-Erlo, NLPs-ATO-Erlo-RGD demonstrated considerable toxicity against the αvβ3 overexpressing PC3 cell line in the MTT experiment. It had no effect on the PANC-1 cell line. In addition, apoptosis assays using Annexin V/PI demonstrated that NLPs-ATO-Erlo-RGD generated the highest apoptotic rates in PC3 cells when compared with NLPs-ATO-Erlo and the combination of free ATO and Erlo. Furthermore, treatment with NLPs-ATO-Erlo-RGD in (p 0.05) PC3 cell line significantly reduced EGFR level. It is concluded NLPs-ATO-Erlo-RGD as a novel drug delivery system may be a promising platform for the treatment of cancer.

Amylases are one of the main enzymes used in various industries such as food, fermentation, textile, and pharmaceuticals. Microorganisms are the potent sources of amylase enzyme, apart from plant and animal sources. Fungal amylases are more stable than bacterial amylases. The production of extracellular α-amylase from Aspergillus tamarii MTCC5152 using solid-state and submerged fermentation (SSF and SmF) and the various nutritional factors influencing its production were studied. A higher activity of α-amylase (519.40 u/g) was attained in a medium having wheat bran (WB) alone as the substrate at an initial moisture content of 70% (v/w) with 2.5% (v/w) of inoculum level (containing 10

Achieving efficient and safe gene delivery is of great significance to promote the development of gene therapy. In this work, a polydopamine (PDA) layer was coated on the surface of Fe

The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus secretes an adhesive polysaccharide called holdfast, which is the known strongest underwater adhesive in nature. The deacetylase encoded by hfs (holdfast synthesis) H gene is a key factor affecting the adhesion of holdfast. Its structure and function are not yet clear, and whether other polysaccharide deacetylases exist in C. crescentus is still unknown. The screening of both HfsH and its structural analogue as well as their purification from the artificial expression products of Escherichia coli is the first step to clarify these questions. Here, we determined the conserved domains of HfsH via sequence alignment among carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes and screened out its structural analogue (CC_2574) in C. crescentus. The recombinant HfsH and CC_2574 were effectively expressed in E. coli. Both of them were purified by chromatography from their corresponding productions in E. coli and were then functionally analyzed. The results indicated that a high deacetylase activity (61.8 U/mg) was observed in recombinant HfsH but not in CC_2574, which suggesting that HfsH might be the irreplaceable gene mediating adhesion of holdfast in C. crescentus. Moreover, the divalent metal ions Zn