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The undocumented evolution of a software project and its underlying architecture underscores the need to recover the architecture from the software's implementation‐level artifacts. Despite the existence of various software remodularization techniques, they often suffer from inaccuracies, and evaluating their effectiveness is challenging due to the absence of accurate “ground‐truth” architectures or reference models. Prior studies on reference model construction are time‐consuming and labor‐intensive as it heavily relies on manual analysis by domain experts. Besides, other existing approaches that directly utilize the directory or package structure of the latest version can be unreliable, lacking in‐depth analysis of the employed software structure. To address the above limitations, in this paper, we propose Automated Construction of Reference Model (ACRM), an approach for automatically constructing reference models by assigning weights to classes for various software projects using the metadata of all software versions and historical maintenance records. We evaluate ACRM through both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The experiment results provide quantitative validation and show that the generated reference models are reasonable, as confirmed by the relationship between proposed reference models and architectural smells or bugs. Furthermore, we conduct a survey among the practitioners from industry, to gain insights from practitioners' practices and further validate the generated reference models. The survey shows that, on average, 87% of the participants agree with the reference models generated by ACRM. Moreover, we propose an improved metric, wc2c, which analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of different types of software clustering techniques using the proposed reference models of the given software. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits of using ACRM in analyzed projects, particularly in terms of improving software quality, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing developer productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) belong to a class of bioactive lysophospholipids with multiple functions including immunomodulatory roles in tumor microenvironment (TME). LPA exerts its biological effects via its receptors that are highly expressed in fibroblasts among other cell types. As cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME, it is important to understand LPA signaling and regulation of receptors in fibroblasts or CAFs and associated regulatory roles on immunomodulation‐related molecules. Methods: Cluster analysis, immunoblotting, real‐time quantitative‐PCR, CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing system, immunohistochemical staining, coculture model, and in vivo xenograft model were used to investigate the effects of LPA‐LPAR1 on B7‐H3 in tumor promotion of CAFs. Results: In this study, we found that LPAR1 and CD276 (B7‐H3) were generally highly expressed in fibroblasts with good expression correlation. LPA induced B7‐H3 up‐expression through LPAR1, and stimulated fibroblasts proliferation that could be inhibited by silencing LPAR1 or B7‐H3 as well as small molecule LPAR1 antagonist (Ki16425). Using engineered fibroblasts and non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines, subsequent investigations demonstrated that CAFs promoted the proliferation of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo, and such effect could be inhibited by knocking out LPAR1 or B7‐H3. Conclusion: The present study provided new insights for roles of LPA in CAFs, which could lead to the development of innovative therapies targeting CAFs in the TME. It is also reasonable to postulate a combinatory approach to treat malignant fibrous tumors (such as NSCLC) with LPAR1 antagonists and B7‐H3 targeting therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a 132–140 GHz power amplifier (PA) array in 0.13‐µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The four dielectric‐loaded end‐fire antennas are integrated with the PA array on chip. With the absence of the lossy power combining networks at the output, the presented PA array achieves a measured maximal effective isotropic radiated power of 29.7 dBm. The array size is only 6.14 × 2.49 mm2 and consumes 5.16 W from a single 4 V DC supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a slow‐wave substrate integrated suspended parallel strip line (SW‐SISPSL) for the first time. The slow‐wave effect is produced by cascading high/low‐impedance SISPSL in the meander line configuration. Different from conventional single‐ended slow‐wave transmission lines, the proposed SW‐SISPSL supports differential signal transmission. The characteristic impedance and slow‐wave factor of the SW‐SISPSL are analyzed using equivalent circuit models. Using the proposed SW‐SISPSL and a SISPSL phase inverter, a very compact rat‐race coupler is implemented. The core circuit area of the slow‐wave rat‐race coupler is 0.083 λg × 0.089 λg, which is only 4.12% of the conventional topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter presents a compact fully differential branch‐line coupler. It is composed of folded substrate integrated suspended parallel strip line (SISPSL), which can generate slow‐wave effect and help reduce the circuit size. The used SISPSL type line is a fusion of double‐sided parallel‐strip line (DSPSL) and substrate integrated suspended line (SISL), which has the advantage of self‐packaging as compared with traditional DSPSL exposed to air. A DC to 30‐GHz differential transition from grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to SISPSL is designed to test the SISPSL differential coupler. The implemented SISPSL branch‐line coupler has a compact size of 0.056 λg × 0.05 λg. This letter presents a compact fully differential branch‐line coupler using folded substrate integrated suspended parallel strip line (SISPSL), which has a compact size of 0.056 λg × 0.05 λg. A DC to 30‐GHz differential transition from grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to SISPSL is designed to test the SISPSL differential coupler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this article, a novel Q-factor enhancement technique for on-chip spiral inductors is presented. Symmetric return ground structure in traditional on-chip spiral inductors is modified and shifted toward the side with stronger magnetic field caused by asymmetrical windings of inductors. In full-wave electro-magnetic simulation, it is observed that by applying this technique, inductor with higher Q-factor and larger inductance is obtained with no cost of additional chip area. Using the proposed technique, on-chip inductors are customized for a three-stage cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) design. Fabricated in a commercial 65-nm CMOS process, the LNA features peak gain of 26.3 dB, 21.8 mW power consumption, noise figure of 5.3 dB, output P1 dB of −4 dBm, and core size of 0.15 mm2. In the comparison with prior arts, the proposed design achieves the highest gain and figure-of-merit. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2883-2886, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three devices of biosensors for glucose concentrations. A resonator based on the defected ground structure (DGS) was designed and the optimizations for the single square and both squares of the DGS via adaptive genetic algorithm were applied to enhance the performance of the sensors including the Q‐factor and the electric field distribution. The fabricated devices of the best optimized one exhibited an enhanced Q‐factor of 442 and a sensitivity of 142.2 MHz/mgml−1, which is more than 2.37 times than the basic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size and asymmetry effects of MOSFET detectors operating in a source‐driven configuration on responsivity are discussed in this paper. Seven MOSFET detectors with different sizes and structures are fabricated in a standard 55 nm CMOS technology. At 2.58 THz, the measurement results show that for the symmetric device, the minimum size MOSFET can achieve a higher responsivity, and for the asymmetric device, when the ratio of the source channel width to the drain channel width reaches 4:1 or higher, the asymmetric detector can achieve a higher responsivity than the detector based on the minimum size device available in the process. The best responsivity of the 2.03 kV/W is achieved by the asymmetry structure MOSFET detector with the ratio of the source channel width to the drain channel width reaching 4:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper presents a compact elliptical filter based on modified λ/4 resonators with separated electric and magnetic coupling paths. For the proposed second-order filters, transmission zero points are generated at either lower or upper stopband by controlling the relative coupling strength in the two paths of inter-stage resonators. Based on the topology and multilayer LTCC technology, a fourth-order bandpass filters operating at 5.2 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 10% in 1.7 mm × 3 mm (0.0785λg × 0.1385λg) is designed and verified experimentally. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1789-1792, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the phase setting method for a spherical conformal antenna array to achieve a wide beamwidth circularly polarized radiation pattern. A dodecahedral spherical array was fabricated and measured to validate the phase setting method. The array adopts a regular dodecahedron spatial distribution structure composed of 11 dual‐polarization elements. By exciting 11 elements simultaneously with designed phase distributions, the proposed spherical array can achieve a wide beamwidth of more than 210° with circular polarization by selecting the radius of the dodecahedron. In addition, the power division network of the array is designed and processed, and the feed network is simplified by rotating the antenna element port to control the phase. Measurements agree well with the simulations. The measured results show that the proposed spherical antenna array achieves a half‐power beamwidth of more than 210° and an axial‐ratio beamwidth of larger than 240°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A W‐band low‐cost and high output power tripler based on a substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform is presented in this paper. An accurate three‐dimensional electromagnetic model is established to characterize the high‐frequency parasitic effect of diodes, and the field‐circuit cosimulation method is employed to design the tripler. A SISL‐WR10 transition is designed and added in the output port to facilitate the test, and it also functions as a W‐band bandpass filter (BPF) to output the third harmonic, which avoids insertion loss caused by an additional BPF and makes the tripler more compact. The whole circuit of the tripler is fabricated on FR4 substrates, and it is self packaged. The measured results show that with 22 dBm input power, the tripler achieves 0–4.46 dBm output power from 75 to 106 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual‐band and self‐packaged monopole antenna utilizing substrate integrated suspend‐line for 2.4/5.2 GHz wireless local area network application is propounded. The antenna is made up of 5 layer substrates with 2 air lacunas placed in stack. Comparatively, more metal surfaces in the antenna design are allowed for impedance matching and radiation characteristics. By etching slots on the patch and modifying the ground planes, dual band is achieved. In addition, low loss property is obtained because of the air cavities and efficiency of 97.8% at 2.4 GHz and 96.9% at 5.2 GHz is acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only available curative therapy for patients with thalassaemia major. With the progress in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antigen typing technology and supportive care, the outcomes of thalassaemia major have greatly improved in recent years, even in high‐risk patients. However, the problem of finding a suitable donor is still a major obstacle to curing these patients. In recent decades, the lack of available HSCT donors has led to the increased use of haploidentical donors (HDs) for HSCT in haematological malignancies. Recently, we explored the effect of HD HSCT to eight children with thalassaemia major based on the FBCA conditioning regimen (fludarabine, busulphan, cyclophosphamide, antithymocyte globulin), which is usually used in leukaemia patients receiving haploidentical HSCT in our centre. So far, all of the transplanted patients have a stable engraftment and are transfusion independent in daily life. This encouraging result has revised our previous conception about haploidentical HCST for thalassaemia major and strongly suggests that HD HSCT is a feasible and safe method for thalassaemia major patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]