Search

Showing total 9 results
Start Over Search Limiters Full Text Topic china
9 results

2. The association between objective vision impairment and mild cognitive impairment among older adults in low- and middle-income countries

Author

Hans Oh, Ai Koyanagi, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Jae Il Shin, Yvonne Barnett, Lee Smith, Pinar Soysal, Louis Jacob, Laurie T. Butler, Nicola Veronese, Shahina Pardhan, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute on Aging, NIA: 08-CN-0020, OGHA 04034785, R01-AG034479, R21-AG034263, Y1-AG-1005, YA1323, This paper uses data from WHO?s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). SAGE is supported by the U.S. National Institute on Aging through Interagency Agreements OGHA 04034785, YA1323?08-CN-0020, Y1-AG-1005?01 and through research grants R01-AG034479 and R21-AG034263., Smith, L., Shin, J.I., Jacob, L., López-Sánchez, G.F., Oh, H., Barnett, Y., Pardhan, S., Butler, L., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Koyanagi, A., and SOYSAL, PINAR

Subjects
Male, Gerontology, China, Aging, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Visual impairment, Vision impairment, Logistic regression, Odds, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Dementia, Cognitive Dysfunction, 030212 general & internal medicine, Association (psychology), Developing Countries, Aged, Low- and middle-income countries, business.industry, Mild cognitive impairment, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Smith L., Shin J. I. , Jacob L., López-Sánchez G. F. , Oh H., Barnett Y., Pardhan S., Butler L., Soysal P., Veronese N., et al., -The association between objective vision impairment and mild cognitive impairment among older adults in low- and middle-income countries.-, Aging clinical and experimental research, 2021, Vision impairment, Mild cognitive impairment, Older adults, Low- and middle-income countries, Epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ageing, Older adults, Female, Geriatrics and Gerontology, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Aim: The association between visual impairment and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has not been investigated to date. Thus, we assessed this association among older adults from six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (China, India, Ghana, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa) using nationally representative datasets. Methods: Cross-sectional, community-based data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. Visual acuity was measured using the tumbling ElogMAR chart, and vision impairment (at distance and near) was defined as visual acuity worse than 6/18 (0.48 logMAR) in the better-seeing eye. The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association criteria. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted. Results: Data on 32,715 individuals aged ≥ 50years [mean (SD) age 62.1 (15.6) years; 51.2% females] were analyzed. Compared to those without far or near vision impairment, those with near vision impairment but not far vision impairment (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.16–1.52), and those with both far and near vision impairment (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.27–2.29) had significantly higher odds for MCI. Only having far vision impairment was not significantly associated with MCI. Conclusions: Visual impairment is associated with increased odds for MCI among older adults in LMICs with the exception of far vision impairment only. Future longitudinal and intervention studies should examine causality and whether improvements in visual acuity, or early intervention, can reduce risk for MCI and ultimately, dementia. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG part of Springer Nature.

Published
2021

3. Association between food insecurity and depression among older adults from low- and middle-income countries

Author

Lee Smith, Yvonne Barnett, Igor Grabovac, Hans Oh, Louis Jacob, Nicola Veronese, Lin Yang, Ai Koyanagi, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Jae Il Shin, Pinar Soysal, Daragh T. McDermott, SOYSAL, PINAR, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute on Aging, NIA: 08-CN-0020, OGHA 04034785, R01-AG034479, R21-AG034263, Y1-AG-1005, YA1323 Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, SAgE, This paper uses data from WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). SAGE is supported by the US National Institute on Aging through Interagency Agreements OGHA 04034785, YA1323?08-CN-0020, Y1-AG-1005?01 and through research grants R01-AG034479 and R21-AG034263., Smith, L., Il Shin, J., McDermott, D., Jacob, L., Barnett, Y., López-Sánchez, G.F., Veronese, N., Yang, L., Soysal, P., Oh, H., Grabovac, I., and Koyanagi, A.

Subjects
Male, China, Psychological intervention, India, Logistic regression, Ghana, Odds, Russia, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, older adults, Environmental health, food insecurity, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, low- and middle-income countries, Association (psychology), Developing Countries, Mexico, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, 1. No poverty, Middle Aged, Mental health, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, 030227 psychiatry, Food insecurity, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, low- and middle-income countrie, depression, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Smith L., Il Shin J., McDermott D., Jacob L., Barnett Y., López-Sánchez G. F. , Veronese N., Yang L., Soysal P., Oh H., et al., -Association between food insecurity and depression among older adults from low- and middle-income countries.-, Depression and anxiety, 2021, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background:\ud \ud To examine the association between self‐reported food insecurity and depression in 34,129 individuals aged ≥50 years from six low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa).\ud \ud Methods:\ud \ud Cross‐sectional, community‐based, nationally representative data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. Self‐reported past 12‐month food insecurity was assessed with two questions on frequency of eating less and hunger due to lack of food. Questions based on the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview were used for the endorsement of past 12‐month DSM‐IV depression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and meta‐analysis were conducted to assess associations.\ud \ud Results:\ud \ud In total, 34,129 individuals aged ≥50 years [mean (SD) age, 62.4 (16.0) years; 52.1% females] were included in the analysis. Overall, the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity was 6.7% and 5.1%, respectively, while the prevalence of depression was 6.0%. Meta‐analyses based on countrywise estimates showed that overall, moderate food insecurity (vs. no food insecurity) is associated with a nonsignificant 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82–3.48) times higher odds for depression, while severe food insecurity is significantly associated with 2.43 (95% CI = 1.65–3.57) times higher odds for depression.\ud \ud Conclusions:\ud \ud In this large representative sample of older adults from six LMICs, those with severe food insecurity were over two times more likely to suffer from depression (compared with no food insecurity). Utilizing lay health counselors and psychological interventions may be effective mechanisms to reduce depression among food‐insecure populations. Interventions to address food insecurity (e.g., supplemental nutrition programs) may reduce depression at the population level but future longitudinal studies are warranted.

Published
2021

4. The Role of Regions in EU-China Relations

Author

Joanna Ciesielska-Klikowska, Justyna Szczudlik, Tomasz Kamiński, Adriana Skorupska, Michał Gzik, Kamiński, Tomasz, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Tomasz Kamiński Ph.D., political scientist, associate professor at the Faculty of International and Political Studies, University of Lodz. His research activities are concentrated on paradiplomacy and city diplomacy, in particular in the context of the EU’s policy towards China. He has worked in numerous research projects funded by the European Commission (Horizon 2020, Jean Monnet Module) and the Polish National Science Centre., Justyna Szczudlik Deputy Head of Research, Head of Asia-Pacific Programme and China analyst with the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM). She holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Warsaw (2015), an MA in Chinese Studies from the University of Warsaw (2008) and an MA in Political Science from the University of Wroclaw (2002). She studied Chinese language at the College of Advanced Chinese Training, Beijing Language and Culture University (2005-2006), Beijing and at the National Cheng-chi University in Taipei (2013). Her research focuses on China’s foreign policy, especially China-Central and Eastern Europe relations including China- Poland relations, as well as Cross-Strait relations., Adiana Skorupska expert on paradiplomacy, for many years an analyst at the Polish Institute of International Affairs, project coordinator and author of publications on international cooperation of local governments., Joanna Ciesielska-Klikowska political scientist, assistant professor at the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Lodz. Scholarship holder of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) at the Technische Universität Chemnitz, summer school lecturer at the Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken. She cooperates with Otto-von-Guericke-Universität in Magdeburg, where she teaches about the Polish-German relations and the political system in Poland. Member of the Polish Society for International Studies, Polish-Austrian Society and University Association for Contemporary European Studies. In her research she deals with the German political system and issues of European integration, German-Chinese relations as well as the paradiplomatic relations between EU member states and China., and Michał Gzik In 2020 he graduated with a Master’s degree in international relations on an oriental specialty at the Faculty of International and Political Studies at the University of Lodz. Currently he is a PhD student at the Doctoral School of Social Sciences of the University of Lodz. Co-author of monographs about functioning of the European Union and sustainable development in the context of activity of international urban networks. Laureate of the 'Debiut Naukowy 2019 - Zrównoważony Rozwój' competition. Author of papers presented at international and national scientific conferences, focusing on the issue of Italian-Chinese regional cooperation. His scientific work concentrates on the study of cooperation between cities in the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe with the cities of the People’s Republic of China.

Subjects
EU-China relations, Chin, medicine.anatomical_structure, EU foreign policy, Paradiplomacy, Regional studies, Political science, regional studies, medicine, Economic history, paradiplomacy, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, China, media_common
Abstract

More and more regions are cooperating with their Chinese counterparts in many different areas: economy, environment, culture, academic exchange. Although the subnational dimension has started to be a visibly important element of EU-China relations, this trend is not reflected in the academic literature on EU-China relations. Until now, we have not known what the network of contacts with China at the regional level looks like and what the determinants and institutional forms of inter-regional partnerships there are. The present book maps Sino-European relations at the regional level and presents a detailed analysis of subnational contacts in the six analysed EU member states, illustrated by case studies of interesting regions from each country. It shows the rising role of non-state actors in international relations, the growing importance of paradiplomacy, as well as the necessity to look at the EU-China relations as a multi-layer phenomenon, engaging different types of actors on different levels. Publication financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. (Project number: 2015/19/B/HS5/02534 entitled “Rola regionów w polityce Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin/ The Role of Regions in the European Union Policy towards China”)

Published
2021

5. Is loneliness associated with mild cognitive impairment in low- and middle-income countries?

Author

Laurie T. Butler, Ai Koyanagi, Mike Trott, Karel Kostev, Louis Jacob, Yvonne Barnett, Lauren R. Godier-McBard, Erica L Bettac, Lee Smith, Jodie Bloska, Nicola Veronese, Helen Odell-Miller, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental [Madrid] (CIBER-SAM), US National Institute on Aging through OGHA 04034785, Y1‐AG‐1005–01, YA1323–08‐CN‐0020R01 AG034479/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United StatesR21 AG034263/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States, This paper uses data from WHO's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). SAGE is supported by the U.S. National Institute on Aging through Interagency Agreements OGHA 04034785, YA1323–08‐CN‐0020, Y1‐AG‐1005–01 and through research grants R01‐AG034479 and R21‐AG034263., Smith L., Bloska J., Jacob L., Barnett Y., Butler L., Trott M., Odell-Miller H., Veronese N., Kostev K., Bettac E.L., Godier-McBard L., and Koyanagi A.

Subjects
China, Logistic regression, multi-country, Odds, loneliness, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, mild cognitive impairment, MESH: Aged, China/epidemiology, Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Developing Countries, Humans, Loneliness, Middle Aged, Prevalence, medicine, Dementia, Cognitive Dysfunction, low- and middle-income countries, Risk factor, Cognitive impairment, Aged, 030214 geriatrics, business.industry, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Low and middle income countries, loneliness, low- and middle-income countries, mild cognitive impairment, multi-country, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Geriatrics and Gerontology, medicine.symptom, business, Demography
Abstract

Background: Loneliness may be a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment but studies on this topic are scarce, particularly from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between loneliness and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in six LMICs (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa). Methods: Cross-sectional, community-based, nationally representative data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and meta-analysis were conducted to assess associations. Results: The final analytical sample consisted of 19,092 and 13,623 individuals aged 50–64 years (middle-aged adults) and ≥65 years (older adults), respectively. Among the middle-aged, overall, loneliness was associated with a non-significant 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.93–2.21) times higher odds for MCI although significant associations were observed in China (OR=1.51; 95%CI=1.08–2.09) and South Africa (OR=3.87; 95%CI=1.72–8.71). As for older adults, overall, there was a significant association between loneliness and MCI (OR=1.52; 95%CI=1.12–2.07). Conclusion: In this large representative sample of middle-aged and older adults from multiple LMICs, findings suggest that loneliness is associated with MCI. It may be prudent to consider reducing loneliness in low-economic settings to aid in the prevention of MCI and ultimately dementia.

Published
2021

6. Presence of Recombinant Bat Coronavirus GCCDC1 in Cambodian Bats

Author

Feng Zhu, Veasna Duong, Xiao Fang Lim, Vibol Hul, Tanu Chawla, Lucy Keatts, Tracey Goldstein, Alexandre Hassanin, Vuong Tan Tu, Philippe Buchy, October M. Sessions, Lin-Fa Wang, Philippe Dussart, Danielle E. Anderson, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), University of Melbourne, and DEA and L-FW were supported by Grants NRF2012NRFCRP001-056 and NRF2016NRF-NSFC002-013 from the Singapore National Research Foundation. This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT project (cooperative agreement number GHN-A-OO-09-00010-00 and AID-OAA-A-14-00102). The contents of this paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. The fieldwork was supported in part by the National Authority for Preah Vihear, UNESCO, 'Société des amis du Muséum et du Jardin des Plantes', and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle.

Subjects
Recombination, Genetic, China, Coronaviridae, Coronaviridae Infections, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, bats, coronavirus, virus diseases, cross-species transmission, Genome, Viral, zoonosis, recombination, respiratory tract diseases, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeography, co-infection, Infectious Diseases, Chiroptera, Virology, Animals, GCCDC1, Cambodia, Phylogeny, Disease Reservoirs
Abstract

International audience; Bats have been recognized as an exceptional viral reservoir, especially for coronaviruses. At least three bat zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) have been shown to cause severe diseases in humans and it is expected more will emerge. One of the major features of CoVs is that they are all highly prone to recombination. An extreme example is the insertion of the P10 gene from reoviruses in the bat CoV GCCDC1, first discovered in Rousettus leschenaultii bats in China. Here, we report the detection of GCCDC1 in four different bat species (Eonycteris spelaea, Cynopterus sphinx, Rhinolophus shameli and Rousettus sp.) in Cambodia. This finding demonstrates a much broader geographic and bat species range for this virus and indicates common cross-species transmission. Interestingly, one of the bat samples showed a co-infection with an Alpha CoV most closely related to RsYN14, a virus recently discovered in the same genus (Rhinolophus) of bat in Yunnan, China, 2020. Taken together, our latest findings highlight the need to conduct active surveillance in bats to assess the risk of emerging CoVs, especially in Southeast Asia.

Published
2022

7. Prioritized Norms in Formal Argumentation

Author

Serena Villata, Beishui Liao, Nir Oren, Leendert van der Torre, Zhejiang University, University of Aberdeen, Individual and Collective Reasoning (ICR), University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics (WIMMICS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Scalable and Pervasive softwARe and Knowledge Systems (Laboratoire I3S - SPARKS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The research reported in this paper was partially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China for the project Big Data, Reasoning and Decision Making, the National Research Fund Luxembourg (FNR) under grant INTER/MOBILITY/14/8813732 for the project FMUAT: Formal Models for Uncertain Argumentation from Text, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 690974 for the project MIREL: MIning and REasoning with Legal texts., and European Project: 690974,H2020 Pilier Excellent Science,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015,MIREL(2016)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Logic, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Big data, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, 0102 computer and information sciences, normative multiagent systems, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMethodologies_ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE, Theoretical Computer Science, Argumentation theory, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), normative systems, media_common.cataloged_instance, European commission, European union, China, Mathematics, media_common, deontic logic, Computer science [C05] [Engineering, computing & technology], business.industry, Deontic logic, Public relations, Sciences informatiques [C05] [Ingénierie, informatique & technologie], 16. Peace & justice, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), 010201 computation theory & mathematics, Hardware and Architecture, Normative systems, business, formal argumentation, Social psychology, norms, Software
Abstract

To resolve conflicts among norms, various nonmonotonic formalisms can be used to perform prioritized normative reasoning. Meanwhile, formal argumentation provides a way to represent nonmonotonic logics. In this paper, we propose a representation of prioritized normative reasoning by argumentation. Using hierarchical abstract normative systems, we define three kinds of prioritized normative reasoning approaches, called Greedy, Reduction, and Optimization. Then, after formulating an argumentation theory for a hierarchical abstract normative system, we show that for a totally ordered hierarchical abstract normative system, Greedy and Reduction can be represented in argumentation by applying the weakest link and the last link principles respectively, and Optimization can be represented by introducing additional defeats capturing the idea that for each argument that contains a norm not belonging to the maximal obeyable set then this argument should be rejected., Accepted by the Journal of Logic and Computation on November 2nd, 2017

Published
2017

8. Can Innovation Help U.S. Manufacturing Firms Escape Import Competition from China?

Author

Johan Hombert, Adrien Matray, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris), Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC (GREGH), Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HEC Paris Research Paper Series, and Haldemann, Antoine

Subjects
Product differentiation, International trade, Monetary economics, JEL: G - Financial Economics/G.G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance/G.G3.G31 - Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity, jel:L60, R&D; Innovation, Product Market Competition, Trade Shocks, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes, jel:L25, Endogeneity, China, Innovation, Stock (geology), R&D, business.industry, JEL: F - International Economics/F.F1 - Trade/F.F1.F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade, jel:G31, jel:F14, import competition, innovation, R&D tax credit, Capital expenditure, Quartile, jel:O33, Manufacturing firms, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, Profitability index, Business, [SHS.GESTION] Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration
Abstract

We study whether R&D-intensive firms are more resilient to trade shocks. We correct for the endogeneity of R&D using tax-induced changes to R&D cost. While rising imports from China lead to slower sales growth and lower profitability, these effects are significantly smaller for firms with a larger stock of R&D (by about half when moving from the bottom quartile to the top quartile of R&D). As a result, while firms in import-competing industries cut capital expenditures and employment, R&D-intensive firms downsize considerably less. Finally, we provide evidence that these effects are explained by R&D allowing firms to increase product differentiation.

Published
2014

9. Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget

Author

Naveen Chandra, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Peter A. Raymond, Jurek Müller, Ann R. Stavert, Joe R. Melton, Marielle Saunois, Phillipe Bousquet, Adrian Gustafson, Yosuke Niwa, Robert B. Jackson, Shushi Peng, Qianlai Zhuang, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, George H. Allen, Benjamin Poulter, Joe McNorton, Bo Zheng, Yi Yin, Prabir K. Patra, Thomas Kleinen, Pierre Regnier, Peter Bergamaschi, Ronny Lauerwald, Shamil Maksyutov, Misa Ishizawa, Arjo Segers, William J. Riley, Josep G. Canadell, Zhen Zhang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), This paper is the result of a collaborative international effort under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project, a Global Research Project of Future Earth and a research partner of the World Climate Research Programme. We acknowledge primary support for the methane budget from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF5439 'Advancing Understanding of the Global Methane Cycle' to Stanford University (P.I. Rob Jackson, co- P.I.s Philippe Bousquet, Marielle Saunois, Josep Canadell, Gustaf Hugelius, and Ben Poulter). Josep Canadell acknowledges the support of the Australian National Environmental Science Program – Earth Systems and Climate Change. Prabir K Patra and Neveen Chandra acknowledge support from Environment Research and Technology Development Funds of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan (JPMEERF20182002, JPMEERF20172001). Jurek Müller thanks for support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (#200020_172476). Peter Bergamaschi acknowledges the support of ECMWF providing computing resources under the special project 'Improve European and global CH4 and N2O flux inversions (2018-2020)'. Pierre Regnier acknowledges the support from the VERIFY project under European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agree-ment no. 776810. The TM5-CAMS inversions are available from https://atmos phere.copernicus.eu, Arjo Segers acknowledges the support from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on be-half of the European Commission (grant no. CAMS73). William Riley acknowledges support by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research, Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program through the RUBISCO Scientific Focus Area under contract DE-AC02- 05CH11231 to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The authors gratefully acknowledge those re-sponsible for the global network of atmospheric observations used in this study including Donald R Blake and Isobel Simpson, University of California Irvine, USA, Gordon Brailsford, NIWA, Cyril Crevosier, LMD, France, New Zealand, Paul Krummel and Ray Langenfelds, CSIRO, Australia, Toshinobu Machida, Yasunori Tohjima and Yukio Yoshida, NIES, Japan, Ronald Prinn, MIT, USA, Simon O’Doherty, University of Bristol, UK, Michel Ramonet, LSCE-IPSL, France, Atsushi Takizawa, JMA, Japan, Ray Weiss, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA and Doug Worthy, Environment Canada, Canada. We would also like to thank Lena Höglund-Isaksson, IIASA, Austria, Greet Janssens- Maenhout EC-JRC, Italy and Steven Smith, PNNL-JGCR, USA for their assistance with the anthropogenic inventory data. The authors also acknowledge the significant contribution of Goulven G. Laruelle, Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium who, with P. Regnier, developed the re-gionally distributed estuarine flux data set., and European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018)

Subjects
China, Municipal solid waste, Livestock, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, methane emissions, Oceans and Seas, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Methane, 12. Responsible consumption, bottom-up, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enteric fermentation, Environmental protection, source sectors, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, regional, Ecology, business.industry, Coal mining, Biological Sciences, Climate Action, natural emissions, Carbon project, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, top-down, Environmental science, anthropogenic emissions, business, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The ongoing development of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) global methane (CH4 ) budget shows a continuation of increasing CH4 emissions and CH4 accumulation in the atmosphere during 2000-2017. Here, we decompose the global budget into 19 regions (18land and 1 oceanic) and five key source sectors to spatially attribute the observed global trends. A comparison of top-down (TD) (atmospheric and transport model-based) and bottom-up (BU) (inventory- and process model-based) CH4 emission estimates demonstrates robust temporal trends with CH4 emissions increasing in 16 of the 19 regions. Five regions-China, Southeast Asia, USA, South Asia, and Brazil-account for >40% of the global total emissions (their anthropogenic and natural sources together totaling >270Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2008-2017). Two of these regions, China and South Asia, emit predominantly anthropogenic emissions (>75%) and together emit more than 25% of global anthropogenic emissions. China and the Middle East show the largest increases in total emission rates over the 2000 to 2017 period with regional emissions increasing by >20%. In contrast, Europe and Korea and Japan show a steady decline in CH4 emission rates, with total emissions decreasing by ~10% between 2000 and 2017. Coal mining, waste (predominantly solid waste disposal) and livestock (especially enteric fermentation) are dominant drivers of observed emissions increases while declines appear driven by a combination of waste and fossil emission reductions. As such, together these sectors present the greatest risks of further increasing the atmospheric CH4 burden and the greatest opportunities for greenhouse gas abatement.

Full Text
View/download PDF