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The Agenda 2030 poses critical elements regarding the transition towards a more sustainable development. This paper aims at exploring and comparing the path of sustainable development within the United States and China at the subnational level. An index of Integrated Sustainable Development is introduced to measure local sustainable development on an internationally-comparable scale. This Index is computed both at the national and subnational level and the resulting scores are compared within and across the two countries, also through the adoption of convergence and cluster analysis, allowing to answer four questions: Are the US and China moving towards a sustainable development agenda? Are the current achievements uniformly distributed within the two countries? Are states/provinces converging towards a more uniform level of sustainable development? Do the existing differences and analogies between states and provinces give rise to common clusters across the two countries? The results lead to one robust conclusion: while the US can claim a better result in the national and subnational rankings of sustainable development, China exhibits a more balanced achievement in terms of synergies across Goals and spatial distribution. Nonetheless, both countries are characterized by subnational disparities and scarce achievements of Planet-related Goals. Policy recommendations are discussed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in governing the antioxidant defense system, triggering the transcription of diverse genes involved in cellular protection. Its role in mitigating oxidative damage and modulating inflammatory processes has made Nrf2 an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Despite the growing interest in Nrf2 research, a bibliometric analysis is relatively rare. This study aimed to clarify Nrf2's role in multiple diseases, identify emerging trends and hotspots using bibliometric analysis, and provide valuable insights and potential directions for future therapeutic interventions. Methods: The Science Citation Index of Web of Science Core library from 2000 to 2022 was searched on 22 October 2022. Use Microsoft Excel, CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, and VOS viewers for data collection and visualization of research focus and trends. Results: A vast collection of 22,040 research studies on Nrf2 published between 2000 and 2022 were identified. Nrf2 research has seen significant growth globally from 2000 to 2022. China leaded in publication numbers (9,623, 43.66%), while the United States dominated in citation frequency with 261,776 citations. China Medical University was the most productive institutions (459, 2.08%). Masayuki Yamamoto topped in publications (307), while Itoh K. ranked first in citations with 3669. Free Radical Biology and Medicine was the journal with the most studies and citations on Nrf2 (613, 29,687 citations). The analysis of keyword clustering enhanced the categorization of topics and can be summarized as oxidative stress, cancer, disorders in glycolipid metabolism, inflammation, and neurological conditions. Conclusion: China and the United States are the pioneers in Nrf2 research. Recently, there has been a comprehensive exploration of Nrf2 involving both experimental and clinical aspects, as well as mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Investigating novel molecular mechanisms, including NF-κB, Ho1, and Keap1, and developing enhanced, targeted Nrf2 activators or inhibitors to uncover the interplay among cancer, glycolipid metabolic disorder, inflammation, and neurological disorders will be upcoming trends and hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine the research trends in the development of mobile networks from machine learning. The methodological approach starts from an analysis of 260 academic documents selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases and is based on the parameters of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Quantity, quality and structure indicators are calculated in order to contextualize the documents' thematic evolution. The results reveal that, in relation to the publications by country, the United States and China, who are competing for fifth generation (5G) network coverage and are responsible for manufacturing devices for mobile networks, stand out. Most of the research on the subject focuses on the optimization of resources and traffic to guarantee the best management and availability of a network due to the high demand for resources and greater amount of traffic generated by the many Internet of Things (IoT) devices that are being developed for the market. It is concluded that thematic trends focus on generating algorithms for recognizing and learning the data in the network and on trained models that draw from the available data to improve the experience of connecting to mobile networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being urged and called upon by the United States to develop an Indo-Pacific strategy since 2017, South Korea showed signs of reluctance until the end of 2020, only officially announcing its strategy in 2022. This article aimed to clarify the reasons for South Korea's ambiguity from 2017 to 2020 and the factors behind its transformation in the subsequent period. Utilizing the comparative analysis method and autonomous strategic theory, the article argued that South Korea shifted from a "strategic ambiguity" to a "strategic autonomy" to reduce dependence on China and the United States, asserting its position as a middle power. The results showed that before 2020, challenges from North Korea and economic relations with China made South Korea cautious about participating in the Indo-Pacific strategy. However, staying on the sidelines risked isolating it within the US alliance network. Meanwhile, concessions created opportunities for China to extend its influence over South Korea, even in cultural and social domains. Based on this, the article concluded that South Korea's shift in approach to the Indo-Pacific region was necessary to affirm its middle power status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can polarity be used as a pertinent conceptual asset to inform the description of the distribution of military capabilities amongst the most powerful states in the international system today, especially in consideration of U.S.-China competition? Using the military power approach to polarity, this article analyses the literature that emerged in the 2010s to critically examine this concept. In order to enhance the analytical value of polarity and propose verifiable indicators of it, this study draws on Thompson's lead-sector model as well as Posen's and Lee and Thompson's research on the military foundations of polarity. When doing so, we distinguish latent enabling capabilities (as a secondary dimension of polarity) and the actual military power that primarily characterises polarity as a concept. When following this operationalisation of polarity, we show that the international system is still unipolar because the U.S. has unmatched global power projection capabilities and first-rate economic and technological might to sustain its military forces. In other words, the current distribution of military capabilities in the system reflectsthat the contemporary international system is still U.S.-led and unipolar and that China's rise is still too confined by regional dynamics to constitute a preface of a military-hegemonic rivalry at a global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analysing three case studies--Singapore, Cambodia and Myanmar-- this article investigates health security partnerships formed by Southeast Asian countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their responses to China and India's vaccine diplomacy. It argues that a combination of factors--the capability of national governments in responding to the pandemic and the cost of doing so, as well as the credibility of vaccines and geopolitical relationships with potential partners--led to a divergence in partnerships. Singapore did not rely on Chinese vaccine donations but its acceptance of assistance from China was a diplomatic move to maintain a balanced policy amidst the United States-China strategic rivalry. In contrast, Cambodia and Myanmar were obliged to partner with either China or India due to their limited capacity to manage the crisis as well as their lack of financial resources and access to top-tier vaccines. Geopolitics also played a role. China became a leading partner for Cambodia due to the strong strategic relationship they had formed before the pandemic, while the governments of Myanmar--before and after the military coup in February 2021--based their partnerships on varying political and geopolitical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complex structure of current international relations, highlighting the significant influence of fear and perception on the global political situation, specifically in connection to the U.S.-China dynamic. The research examines how the prevailing atmosphere in this setting is characterized by an abundance of fear and misunderstandings, which in turn prompt governments to adopt defensive and aggressive tactics in order to safeguard their interests, which frequently result in heightened disputes and security predicaments. The analysis focuses on the intricate interactions between the United States and China, which are two of the most prominent global powers. Their profound economic reliance, along with their ideological differences, requires a comprehensive comprehension of their relationship. This is particularly relevant in talks over the proposed foreign pollution fee introduced by U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy. It provides an illustrative example of how environmental, economic, and geopolitical factors interact. The study advocates for the significance of collaborative strategies in global policy formulation, particularly in the aftermath of the post-pandemic era, highlighting the importance of policies that recognize the interdependence in global problems and the overlapping areas of international systems, while also taking into account historical and persistent global disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US President Joe Biden has launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) to maintain US leadership role in the Asia-Pacific region. IPEF composes of "four pillars": interconnected economy, resilient economy, clean economy and fair economy. The Biden administration actively seeks the support of allies around these four key areas to build an economic "united front" against China and form the main institutional instrument for the United States to compete with China in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf is now a focal point in the strategic rivalry between the United States and China. US China policy has shifted from engagement to strategic competition. US and China engagement in the Gulf is characterised by overlapping interests, distinctive roles and changing patterns. This article proposes ways for the United States to manage strategic competition in the Gulf responsibly, thereby moving away from nascent competition and further mutual distrust and hostility in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lecturas de Economia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 'String of Pearls' strategy attributed to China for growing its relations with the states situated around the Indian Ocean (IO) in order to neutralise Indian influence. Furthermore, protecting economic and strategic interests are also the key factors that China is maintaining its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). After the completion of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it is predicted that Gwadar Port will be the most precious pearl of the string. With the increased Chinese influence, the United States (US) will not fall behind and will have to revise strategy to maintain its supremacy in the IO and keep Chinese influence under check. However, Chinese presence will enhance economic prospects in the IO but may also pose some challenges for regional peace and security. In this paper, an analytical study would be undertaken on such questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavours to conceptualize and provide an analytical framework for China's response to U.S. trade policy. It analyses the following questions: what is the new U.S. trade approach? How might China respond to the United States' trade approach? What are the trend and implications of China's response to the U.S. trade approach? It argues, first, that the U.S. trade approach has not changed regarding most of the U.S.-style regulatory disciplines. However, it has changed in terms of the shift toward managed trade, unilateralism and trade enforcement. Second, China will likely adopt a three-track approach: consisting of retaliatory, inclusive and regulatory responses. Third, these responses exist on a political-legal spectrum that spans from a more political retaliatory response through to an inclusive one, or a more legalized approach (regulatory response). The inclusive response is likely to be given primacy by China over the other two responses, and China's responses carry profound implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to analyze the conduct of US foreign policy with China between 1890 and 1909, taking as reference the historiographical interpretation of the revisionist authors William Appleman Williams and Walter LaFeber. It is proposed that the "imperial anticolonialism" engendered by the United States in the process of dispute over the opening of the Chinese market is at the origin of conflicts with the traditional imperialist powers. The paper thus explores the revisionist historiographical thesis that US foreign policy rooted in the principles of the Open Door Policy is fundamental to understanding the antagonisms that contributed to the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities worldwide are facing a significant threat of stormwater hazards caused by the increase in extreme downpours and urbanization. Meso-level urban stormwater management focuses on alleviating the detrimental impacts of urban flooding and enhancing water resource utilization at the block or community scale, typically through 1) specific policies and management rules; 2) catchment-scale scenario simulation, optimization and evaluation; 3) the group of stormwater control measures implementation. It may effectively coordinate macro-level urban stormwater management planning and micro-level distributed stormwater control facilities. This study conducts a review of Urban Stormwater Management at Meso-level (USM-M) with a view to research publication trends, citation analysis, geographic spread and subject category, as well as content analysis, including temporal progression and research gaps. The Web of Science database and CiteSpace are used for the bibliometric analysis of 66 articles from 2006 to 2021. The results show that the number of USM-M topic articles generally has an upward trend over the years. Whilst the United States and China are leading research on this topic, the European countries have diverse local research and dense cooperation. Research foci have generally shifted from theoretical frameworks to multi-element subdivided topics and specific technical roadmaps. Moreover, the spatial layout optimization and multi-functional integration are, or will be, potential research directions in terms of enhancing stormwater utilization and co-benefits of USM-M. This systematic review concludes trends, challenges and potential approaches of USM-M, and aims to provide recommendations for researchers and policymakers on the development of a more advanced and comprehensive USM-M. • This paper aims to quantitatively and qualitatively review how Urban Stormwater Management at Meso-level (USM-M) is being studied and applied. • The question was "What are the trends, challenges and approaches of USM-M research?". • USM-M is applied at the catchment, block, community scale, and play a coordinator role between macro-level and micro-level. • Research focus has shifted from theoretical frameworks to subdivided topics and specific technical roadmaps. • Optimal spatial layout and multi-functional integration of USM-M implementation are potential directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high demand for energy resources due to the increasing number of electronic devices has prompted the constant search for different or alternative energy sources to reduce energy consumption, aiming to meet the high demand for energy without exceeding the consumption of natural sources. In this context, the objective of this study was to examine research trends in the machine-learning-based design of electrical and electronic devices. The methodological approach was based on the analysis of 152 academic documents on this topic selected from Scopus and Web of Science in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Quantity, quality, and structural indicators were calculated to contextualize its thematic evolution. The results showed a growing interest in the subject since 2019, mainly in the United States and China, which stand out as world powers in the information and communication technology industry. Moreover, most studies focused on developing devices for controlling, monitoring and reducing energy consumption, mainly in 5G and thermal comfort devices, primarily using deep-learning techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of functional intestinal disorders characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, and/or stool characteristics. Recent studies have shown that there has been a significant advancement in the study of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Through the use of bibliometrics, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotpots of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Methods: Publications related to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS from 2012 to 2022 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. CiteSpace.6.1. R2 and Vosviewer 1.6.17 were used to perform bibliometric analysis. Results: A total of 974 articles led by China and the United States from 52 countries were included. Over the past decade, the number of articles on visceral hypersensitivity and IBS has steadily increased year by year. China, the United States, and Belgium are the main countries in this field. Univ Oklahoma, Univ Gothenburg, and Zhejiang University are the main research institutions. Simren, Magnus, Greenwood-van meerveld, Beverley, and Tack, Jan are the most published authors in this research field. The research on the causes, genes, and pathways involved in visceral hypersensitivity in IBS and the mechanism of IBS are the main topics and hotspots in this field. This study also found that gut microbiota may be related to the occurrence of visceral hypersensitivity, and probiotics may be a new method for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity and pain, which may become a new direction for research in this field. Conclusion: This is the first bibliometric study to comprehensively summarize the research trends and developments of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. This information provides the research frontier and hot topics in this field in recent years, which will provide a reference for scholars studying this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geosul is the property of Geosul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increasing trade tensions between the United States and China, pressures created by Brexit, and the COVID-19 pandemic, most trade scholars have focused on rising protectionism exhibited through defensive strategies such as tariffs and export controls. However, this focus ignores the fundamental shift in international trade goals of the United States and the European Union towards a values-based trade agenda. Instead of merely focusing on free trade based on efficiency and market access, trade regulators on both sides of the Atlantic have independently pursued measures designed to address environmental sustainability and social equity. These policies resonate with their domestic constituencies and allows them to promote their values along global supply chains. These values-based agendas, however, are likely to create new trade conflicts rather than partnerships. This is due in part to the fact that the transatlantic trade relationship remains embedded in international regulatory frameworks predominantly focused on efficiency gains and cutting red tape to ease the flow of products and services. Through two comparative case studies on cosmetics and medical devices, we highlight how the promotion of competitive liberalization in transatlantic trade has not generated the promised harmonization result. Instead, it has created social and environmental inequities. The case studies point out that to incorporate social and environmental equity adjustments for vulnerable and marginalized communities, trade regulators, negotiators, and lawyers alike ought to assess the ex-ante distributive effects in regulatory cooperation and the ex-post enforcement tools of regulation of their valuesbased trade agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to offer a comprehensive analysis of Indonesia's foreign policy strategy, known as the "balance of powers." It specifically examines how Indonesia has successfully maintained balanced relations with both China and the United States. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical background of Indonesia's foreign relations. It also delves into the concept of "great power balance" and its significant role in guiding Indonesia's diplomacy. The article proceeds to examine the global context in which Indonesia operates and the strategic consequences of competition among major powers, highlighting Indonesia's drive to maintain equilibrium between them. The article further explores Indonesia's approach to maintaining a delicate balance in its diplomatic relations. It delves into Indonesia's positioning and strategy in the complex US-China relationship, as well as its efforts to establish equilibrium in its relations with both countries. The article specifically highlights Indonesia's "global maritime pivot" strategy and its aspirations to attain "maritime power" status. This section of the article examines Indonesia's strategy of a "global maritime pivot" and its efforts to attain the position of a "maritime power" through the enhancement of maritime security. Indonesia holds substantial worldwide influence, and its foreign policy plays a vital role in promoting regional and global peace, stability, and development. Indonesia may surmount diplomatic obstacles, optimise its national interests, and make a constructive contribution to the prosperity of the region and the world by developing its foreign policy in a logical and practical manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study intended to analyze the application of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in medicine and to evaluate the quality of related literature. Methods: All publications were extracted from 2000 to 2021 from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The literature characteristics were depicted by VOSviewer (version 1.6.15) and the online bibliometric website (http://bibliometric.com/). The future trends and hotspots were conducted by Bibliographic Item Co-occurrence Matrix Builder (version 2.0) and gCLUTO software. Results: We analyzed 1774 articles corresponding to the criteria for ESWT publications from 2000 to 2021. Most studies were conducted within the United States and China which besides have the most cooperation. The most published research institutions are Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Kaohsiung Medical University. Six research hotspots were identified by keyword clustering analysis: Cluster0: The effects of ESWT on muscle spasticity; Cluster1: The application of ESWT in osteoarthritis (OA); Cluster2: Therapeutic effect of ESWT on tendon diseases; Cluster3: Early application of ESWT/ESWL in urolithiasis; Cluster4: The Role of angiogenesis in ESWT and the efficiency of ESWT for penile disease; Cluster5: The Special value of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT). Conclusions: A comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis of ESWT was conducted in our study. We identified six ESWT-related research hotspots and predicted future research trends. With the gradual increase of research on ESWT, we find that ESWT is used more and more extensively, such in musculoskeletal disease, bone delay union, neurological injury, andrology disorders, lymphedema, and so on. In addition, the mechanism is not destructive damage, as initially thought, but a restorative treatment. Furthermore, delayed union, cellulite, burn, and diabetic foot ulcers may be the future direction of scientific study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals manufacture is among the top greenhouse gas contributors. More than half of the associated emissions are attributable to the sum of ammonia plus oxygenates such as methanol, ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Here we explore the impact of electrolyzer systems that couple electrically-powered anodic hydrocarbon-to-oxygenate conversion with cathodic H2 evolution reaction from water. We find that, once anodic hydrocarbon-to-oxygenate conversion is developed with high selectivities, greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil-based NH3 and oxygenates manufacture can be reduced by up to 88%. We report that low-carbon electricity is not mandatory to enable a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions: global chemical industry emissions can be reduced by up to 39% even with electricity having the carbon footprint per MWh available in the United States or China today. We conclude with considerations and recommendations for researchers who wish to embark on this research direction. The production of hydrogen, and the refining of hydrocarbons, are significant contributors to the CO2 emissions of the chemicals industry. Coupled electrification of these processes has the potential to reduce total emissions by up to 39% even when using the electricity mix available today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the changing role of China in the international human rights order. Topics discussed include the dispute between the U.S. and China and the decision of the administration for former U.S. President Donald Trump to withdraw from the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), the significant improvement in Chinese engagement with international human rights law, and the Western perspective on the sovereigntist approach of China to the human rights order.

For years, China and the United States have clashed on various issues, including trade, technology and the South China Sea. Strategic competition between the two superpowers had intensified under the Donald Trump administration, leading to worsening Sino–American bilateral relations. These tensions created resentment on both sides that influenced the respective country's policies across a range of issues and led to a new phase of the conflict that some strategists had already characterised as a new Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of intensifying strategic competition between the United States and China, most Southeast Asian states continue to prefer hedging strategies in an effort to maintain autonomy and flexibility. This involves deepening ties with both superpowers rather than siding with one or the other. Many studies have focused on why and how states hedge, but no scholarly analysis to date has considered why a state would abandon hedging even when it is not facing a direct security threat. While structural realist factors such as external security threats and economic rewards remain significant determinants for alignment decisions, this article demonstrates that internal threats can also compel states to abandon hedging in favour of bandwagoning. The article examines two case studies, Cambodia and Myanmar, to demonstrate how autocratic rulers in those two countries have stopped hedging and opted for closer alignment with Beijing in order to bolster regime security. In both cases, political leaders have prioritized personal interests and regime survival over national interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade needs to be evaluated by more comprehensive indicators that complement market-based economic value. The Emergy Accounting (EMA) method proved to be a valuable tool to help address trade complexity by means of environmental quality-oriented indicators. EMA is used in this paper to evaluate the environmental and resource flows involved in China-United States (USA) trade in the years 1993, 2000 and 2008. Results show that China emergy exports (i.e. exports of raw and less processed resources) exceed the imports from USA. Although the money received by China from exports is higher than the money paid for imports, the real imbalance relies in the huge amount of resources that outflow from China, hardly compensated by the value of imports in terms of support to Chinese economy. The conclusion is that trade accounting methods should include holistic valuations beyond the financial costs of traded goods. Policy implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues Chinese foreign military education programs, modeled on similar US efforts, promote a positive international image of China while simultaneously advancing military-to-military relations. To ensure American soft power remains strong, US policymakers should prioritize international military education as a method of supporting long-term partnerships even in constrained fiscal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) has recently increased, which has prompted numerous DMED studies. Here, we conduct a bibliometric analysis of relevant literature in the field of DMED and to discuss the research hotspots and future development directions. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection database was searched for literature on DMED, and literature characterization including the number of articles, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, keywords, and other information was performed using VOS viewer and CiteSpace software. In addition, Pajek software was used for visual map adjustment, and GraphPad Prism was used to generate line graphs. Results: A total of 804 articles concerning DMED were included in this study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine issued the most documents(92 articles). The United States and China were in the leading position in the field of DMED research, and cross-institutional collaboration on DMED research worldwide needs to be further strengthened. Ryu JK were the authors with the highest number of documents issued (22 articles) while Bivalacqua TJ was the author with the most co-citated(249 co-citated). The keywords analysis shows that the main research hotspots in the field of DMED were mechanism discussions and disease treatment and management. Conclusions: Global research on DMED is expected to increase further. The investigation of the mechanism of DMED and the exploration of new therapeutic means and targets are the focus of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically investigates the impact of the U.S.-China trade war on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure readability. We first propose a measure of CSR disclosure readability with the latest word embedding model of Word2Vec. Using the U.S.-China trade war as an exogenous shock, we conduct a difference-in-differences analysis and find that firms release more readable CSR disclosures in response to the trade war. We interpret this finding to indicate that CSR disclosure can be a strategic tool to enhance the firms' reputations when they suffer a negative shock. Moreover, such an effect is more pronounced for firms with tighter internal governance or external supervision. Our results are robust to confining our sample with a Coarsened Exact Matching algorithm and a battery of robust checks. Finally, we find that the trade war leads to increased charitable donations, indicating that our CSR readability measure is more likely to reflect actual CSR activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of droughts, referred to as flash droughts, can pose serious impacts on agriculture, the ecosystem, human health, and society. However, its definition, using pentad-averaged soil moisture, could result in low accuracy in assessing the drought occurrence, making it difficult to analyze various factors controlling the formation of flash droughts. Here we used a stochastic water balance framework to quantify the whole probability structure of the timing for soil moisture dropping from a higher level to a lower one. Based on this framework, we can theoretically examine the nonlinear relationship between the rapid decline rate of soil moisture and various hydrometeorological factors and identify possible flash drought risks caused by less rainfall (e.g., long dry spells), higher evapotranspiration (e.g., extreme heat waves), lower soil water storage capacity (e.g., deforestation), or a combination thereof. Applying this framework to the global datasets, we obtained global maps of the average time for drought development and the risks of flash drought. We found that possible flash drought development in humid regions, such as southern China and the northeastern United States, calls particular attention to the need for flash drought monitoring and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid an intensifying rivalry with the United States, China is modernizing and significantly expanding its nuclear forces. These developments fuel concerns that China's traditional nuclear strategy premised on a limited nuclear arsenal for assured retaliation and a no-first-use policy is undergoing a major shift. Using Chinese-language materials, an examination of Chinese debates about China's security environment and the future direction of its nuclear strategy finds that a nuclear-conventional entangled security dilemma is emerging between the United States and China. The shift in the conventional balance of force in the region and the U.S. development of lower-yield nuclear weapons has led to greater fears in China of U.S. limited nuclear use in a conflict. Chinese strategists increasingly believe that U.S. nonnuclear strategic capabilities threaten China's nuclear forces. Although there is limited evidence of a shift in its nuclear strategy, China is changing its strategic posture to ensure its second-strike capability, including by relying on advanced conventional weapons (e.g., counterspace capabilities, cyber weapons, and electronic warfare) that can target U.S. missile defense. The dynamics of an entangled security dilemma may weaken arms race stability, and they underscore why it will be challenging for the United States to engage China in nuclear arms control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of geography is centered on the regional system of the human-land relationship, and the core of the study of the geographical system of the human-land relationship is land use change. Land use is the most direct manifestation of human activities, accompanied by changes in land cover. This is the most appropriate entry point to reveal the evolution of human-land relationships. The past 300 years have been the most intense period of social change in China and the United States. In this study, we investigated the differences and evolution of human-land relations between China and the United States from the perspective of land cover change. We found: (1) Cultivated land, forest land, and grassland areas in China and the United States have changed significantly in the past 300 years. The cultivated land area has generally increased, and the extent of forest land and grassland has declined. According to the speed of land cover change, it can be roughly divided into three different stages. The change in cultivated land in China is mainly based on the enhancement of cultivation intensity. The change in cultivated land in the United States is mainly based on expansion of cultivated land. (2) The difference in land cover change between China and the United States in the past 300 years is mainly caused by the difference in social development, interpreting human-land relationships with honest feedback and social feedback. In general, with the continuous development of land, environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, and people's awareness of environmental protection has also increased. (3) The evolution of human-land relations in China and the United States has been influenced by natural and social factors for nearly 300 years. China is dominated by population, whereas the United States is dominated by technology. The relationship between humans and land differs between the two countries in some respects, with similarities in other areas. In both countries, this relationship can be characterized by the stages of relying on the environment, understanding the environment, transforming the environment, and protecting the environment. This evolution is in line with the law of social development, according to which human beings constantly recognize, utilize, and adapt to nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China acceded to the WTO, the industrial economy of urban areas has experienced a prosperous phase. However, disturbed by the global financial crisis and reverse globalization since 2008, the past crude development path has been unsustainable. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to improve industrial resilience to avoid falling into a declining trap. This study integrates multi-source spatiotemporal information such as enterprise big data and panel data using the methods of GIS spatial analysis, complex network analysis, and multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation to evaluate the industrial economic resilience of Taihu Lake Basin (TLB). Resistance indicators such as resistance sensitivity, industrial land area, and regional economic connections are used to evaluate the resistance ability of the industrial economy in the TLB during the 2008 financial crisis and the 2018 Sino-US trade conflict. Resistance sensitivity and independent innovation ability are introduced to assess the recovery ability after two rounds of shocks, and comprehensive economic resilience is evaluated based on the entropy weighting method. The results show that in the face of the two economic shocks, the industrial economy in the TLB is increasingly vulnerable to external economic shocks and has a significantly stronger ability to adapt to economic shocks. Under successive shocks, the industrial economy of the TLB continues to transition to a new path of innovation, which contributes to higher value-added and more efficient use of industrial land. Shanghai and Suzhou, which not only have shown strong economic resilience of their own but are also centers of independent innovation in the TLB, badly need to further reduce their reliance on low-end manufacturing in the future. Among the other cities, Huzhou and Zhenjiang show the highest level of resilience, while Changzhou, Wuxi, and Jiaxing are at the middle level, and Hangzhou is evaluated as the city with the lowest industrial economic resilience. Changzhou and Wuxi need to further increase the technical complexity of their industrial products, while Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Zhenjiang are supposed to strengthen their economic connections with Shanghai, Suzhou, and Hangzhou to expand the industrial scale further. Although Hangzhou shows the lowest comprehensive resilience, it still has a catalytic role to play in the development of industrial land and the upgrading and transformation of manufacturing in Jiaxing and Huzhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of the research related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in schizophrenia and offer suggestions for further work. Based on the keywords used, our study retrieved 335 documents for further analysis using a combination of three bibliometric techniques: co-word analysis, document co-citation analysis, and bibliographic coupling. A general rising trend in the number of publications was found in BDNF and schizophrenia research. Researchers from China and the United States have mostly researched BDNF and schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry is the most prestigious journal in the field of BDNF and schizophrenia research. The main topics and important research areas are cognition and the involvement of BDNF as a neurobiological marker (pathogenesis, therapy monitoring, and risk factors). Future research is anticipated to concentrate on relevant subjects, such as factors that affect BDNF levels or are connected to BDNF dysfunction in schizophrenia, as well as animal models of schizophrenia, in addition to cognition in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological condition among women of childbearing age and remains a challenging public health issue. This study aimed to visualize profiles and hotspots in dysmenorrhea research through a bibliometric analysis to deepen the understanding of knowledge in this field. Methods: Articles and reviews on dysmenorrhea published from 2000 to 2021 were collected. We summarized standard bibliometric indicators. Publications were systematically assessed in terms of country, institution, author, journal, reference, and keywords using Citespace, VOSviewer, Bibliometric, and an online platform. Besides, correlation analyses of country-specific characteristics and bibliometric indicators were performed. Results: 3407 publications were included. Dysmenorrhea-related publications have been increasing steadily annually. China and the United States were the most productive and academically influential countries, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that economic power is an essential factor influencing scientific activity. However, collaboration in dysmenorrhea research remained weak. Natl Yang Ming Univ and Vercellini P were the most productive institution and influential author, respectively. A significant proportion of dysmenorrhea research was published in high-impact journals and it was explored at a multidisciplinary level. Current research topics focus on two primary areas: (1) pathophysiology, such as pathogenesis, oxidative stress, and functional connectivity, and (2) public health impacts, such as quality of life, burden, depression, and exercise. Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea research has received extensive attention from scholars and is rapidly evolving. Improved collaboration and interdisciplinary exploration may advance this field. Public health research and pathophysiological exploration of dysmenorrhea are current research hotspots and may also be a focus of research in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic rise in global economic platform empowered by the go-out strategy is its attempt to establish a global presence, through which it develops economic relations by launching China-led development and economic projects. This article focuses on China's Belt and Road Initiative, in particular the political significance of China's economic footprints in the Middle East, with a view of understanding the geopolitical tensions between China and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world energy mix has been confronted with significant challenges since the international circumstances became increasingly complicated. Oil shale is a typical alternative resource to traditional oil, therefore, it is of great significance to re-evaluate its exploitation and utilization status and research trend under the new background. Through the bibliometric analysis of 944 articles on oil shale published between 2012 and 2022 collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database, this research has carried out a review on the global publication and research trend in oil shale relevant studies. It then investigated and compared the research characteristics in three major countries that carry out oil shale related research, to identify the opportunities of oil shale development in different nations under the restriction of diversified factors. The results show that during the last ten years, research on oil shale has experienced a continuous growth in publication quantity and greatly contributed to the oil shale development with the production of highest cited studies. As for the regional characteristics, Estonia focuses on the comprehensive utilization of oil shale and stands out in its engagement in the environment protection, while China and the United States are still accumulating the applied technological research and fundamental science knowledge and conservatively develop the utilization of oil shale. Although different regions have developed different research priorities and strategies due to the differentiated resource reserve, technical condition and environmental pressure, the environment-friendly and efficient utilization of oil shale resource will be the future emphasis of the oil shale development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing global concern for mainstreaming of environmental protection measures, the promotion of climate change and sustainable development policies, the international community, represented by international organizations, research institutions, and world‐wide businesses, has focused on green finance. Existing research on green finance in the context of environmental trends has been reviewed in terms of the products and determinants of green finance. This study aims to assess the impact of green finance on the decarbonization of economies in the context of a review of current and potential problems and prospects. Based on the examples of the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America, the study suggests that today green finance has not yet demonstrated a tangible effect in these countries. Based on the results of the study, it can be argued that in the three countries, the main tool of green finance in the field of decarbonization is green bonds; other types of green finance are used to a limited extent. The progress of the United States and China is not so obvious, but based on the overall involvement of relevant government agencies and businesses in the green bond market, it can be assumed that the results will be observed in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Visualization and quantitative analysis of the global ecological carbon sinks and sources. • Enhance the prediction of carbon sequestration dynamics under climate change. • Climate change potentially affecting the carbon-climate feedback. • Research content is becoming clearer and more systematic. • Keyword clustering the classification of the research into six relatively independent subtopics. Climate change is extensively affecting the global ecosystem, especially the ecosystem carbon sequestration and sequestration potential, which are issues of global concern. The proposed concept of "carbon neutrality" in 2020 has brought ecological carbon sequestration to the forefront. Therefore, the research on climate change and ecosystem carbon sequestration need to be systematically reviewed, summarized, and examined. Based on the Web of Science database, this paper analyzed 4005 articles (1992–2022 year) after rigorous screening via a bibliometrics analysis and then presented the research trends and future research focus of ecological carbon sequestration. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the research over the last 30 years has steadily improved, and the annual number of publications has increased in a cubic polynomial fashion (R 2 = 0.9937), with 87.57 % of the total publications appearing after 2009. Global Change Biology and Science of the Total Environment are the most influential journals in the field; (2) participation in such research is becoming increasingly common with expanding research areas covering Eurasia, America, Oceania, and Africa. The United States and China are the most productive and influential countries; (3) the diversity of this research is increasing, and the research content is becoming more explicit and systematic. Most research focuses on climate change, carbon sequestration, management, land-use changes, and nitrogen and soil organic carbon; (4) although traditional ecological evaluation techniques were essential early on, remote sensing and modeling have become the primary methods for assessment; (5) keyword clustering allows the classification of the research into six relatively independent subtopics: climate change and terrestrial ecosystems, sequestration and organic-carbon, ecosystem services, nitrogen and carbon cycling, biomass and forest, and blue carbon, which provides a reference for further research on ecological carbon sequestration and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of the China-US CCUS technology development roadmap is summarized based on the roadmap update in 2019. Qualitative analysis and evaluation were conducted from the perspectives of running CCUS demonstrations or industrial projects, CO2 pipeline infrastructure, established regulatory frameworks, policy support, research and development capabilities, and geological storage resources. A simple analysis of the development status of carbon capture, storage, and utilization technology through relevant patent data is provided. Future planning by China and the United States in terms of planning volume, investment funds, related industries, transportation methods, geological storage, geological utilization, other utilization methods, and incentive policies is compared. Overall, US CCUS technology development is in the leading position in the world; it has entered the stage of small-scale commercial promotion, while the overall development level of China's CCUS technology is still behind the international advanced level in a small-scale experimental demonstration period, and is still in the catch-up stage. However, as the Chinese government has put forward the strategy of "carbon peaking and carbon neutralization", CCUS has ushered in a golden opportunity for development in China, and some large-scale industrial demonstration projects have been carried out. This study analyzes China's advantages and challenges in developing CCUS and gives some suggestions on the direction that China's CCUS development should take in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world that is changing dramatically, China needs a third wave of opening. This article addresses several issues, including what the third opening looks like based on the two previous openings in modern China, why a third opening is necessary, and how to open up to the outside world in the future. In particular, a new period of strategic opportunity is required to solve the problem of "being scolded" and to achieve China's sustainable development. This period will be created more proactively and unilaterally through five approaches, namely, (1) harmonizing domestic market standards, (2) reorganizing and re-identifying existing international rules, (3) modernizing the governance system, (4) allowing local and social level openness, and (5) promoting negotiations to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and advancing the U.S.–China Bilateral Investment Agreement negotiations. With respect to internal and external circulation, China can integrate domestic and international markets and internationalize China's rules while aligning with the international community. Ultimately, the internationalization of China's rules will be achieved through the integration of domestic and international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does technological learning through overseas subsidiaries differ across advanced economies, like the United States, and emerging economies, like China? We examine divergent host country environments (e.g. China and the United States) as critical contingencies that influence technological learning outcomes of Korean firms using patent data. Our findings suggest that the higher the number of overseas subsidiaries established in China leads to an increase in the usage of existing host country technological knowledge, while the higher the number of overseas subsidiaries established in the United States increases new technological knowledge co-production with host country researchers. Our research yields incipient findings that offer critical insights for firms seeking specific technological learning outcomes from host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]