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The objective of the work was to evaluate the strategy of using pre-germinated seeds of Bauhinia ungulata L. in direct sowing for forest restoration. The treatments tested were: T1 = Planting seedlings in tubes (Witness); T2 = Direct sowing without pre-germination; T3 = Direct sowing with pre-germination; T4 = Direct sowing without pre-germination and hydrogel; and T5 = Direct sowing with pre-germination and hydrogel. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks with four replications of 10 seedlings or points of seed sown. At 100 and 210 days after installation of the experiment, the following assessments were made: survival rate (Ts); total height (Ht); diameter (Dc); and number of leaves (Nf). The Ts and the morphological growth of B. ungulata regenerated by planting seedlings were not overcome by the direct seeding strategies used, but the technique proved to be promising for future tests with other shrub and tree species of interest to forest restoration. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a estratégia de uso de sementes pré-germinadas de pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia ungulata L.) na semeadura direta para restauração florestal. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1= Plantio de mudas em tubetes (Testemunha); T2 = Semeadura direta sem pré-germinação; T3 = Semeadura direta com pré-germinação; T4 = Semeadura direta sem pré-germinação e hidrogel; e T5 = Semeadura direta com pré-germinação e hidrogel. O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições de 10 mudas ou pontos de sementes semeadas. Aos 100 e 210 dias de instalação do experimento foram feitas as seguintes avaliações: taxa de sobrevivência (Ts); altura total (Ht); diâmetro do colo (Dc); e número de folhas (Nf). A Ts e o crescimento morfológico de B. ungulata regeneradas pelo plantio de mudas não foram superadas pelas estratégias de semeaduras diretas utilizadas, mas a técnica demostrou ser promissora para futuros testes com outras espécies arbustivas e arbóreas de interesse à restauração florestal. Palavras-chave: área degradada; regeneração florestal; regeneração artificial. Direct seeding of pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia ungulata L.) with pre-germinated seeds for forest restoration ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the seed use strategy of using pre-germinated seeds of Bauhinia ungulata L. in direct sowing for forest restoration. The treatments tested were: T1 = Planting seedlings in tubes (Witness); T2 = Direct sowing without pre-germination; T3 = Direct sowing with pre-germination; T4 = Direct sowing without pre-germination and hydrogel; and T5 = Direct sowing with pre-germination and hydrogel. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks with four replications of 10 seedlings or points of seed sown. At 100 and 210 days after installation of the experiment, the following assessments were made: survival rate (Ts); total height (Ht); diameter (Dc); and number of leaves (Nf). The Ts and the morphological growth of B. ungulata regenerated by planting seedlings were not overcome by the direct seeding strategies used, but the technique proved to be promising for future tests with other shrub and tree species of interest to forest restoration. Keywords: degraded area; forest regeneration; artificial regeneration.

Bauhinia ungulata L. species, belongs to the genus Bauhinia, popularly known as pata de vaca, is among the species of medicinal employ in Brazil, used to treat diabetes. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, toxicity on Artemia salina and acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition by essential oil from B. ungulata L. The chromatographic analysis revealed 18 components, the majority were the β-caryophyllene (15.9%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%), α-humulene (8.1%), epi-γ-eudesmol (7.5%), α-bisabolol (4.7%), copaene (3.5%), nerolidol (3.3%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.5%), spathulenol (2.1%). The essential oil showed high toxicity compared to the tests with Artemia salina and inhibited 95.96%±0.62 of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The microorganisms show antimicrobial inhibition with Candida albicans (85%), Bacillus cereus (65.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (66.4%), Salmonella typhimurium (68.7%) and Citrobacter freundii (46.1%). The oil showed great potential when tested in bioassays. Key words: Volatile oil, cytotoxicity on microcrustacean, antifungal, antibacterial, neurodegenerative disease.

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Tumour invasion and metastasis result from processes that include the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix adjacent to the tumour. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, have prognostic influence in human cancers after they cleave the main structural components of the basal membrane. These actions make MMPs an attractive target for cancer and metastasis studies. This study evaluated the inhibitory potency of extracts of Bauhinia ungulata L . (BU) on the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 and recognized the group of secondary compounds responsible for this property. The zymographic analysis of the BU stem revealed that the ethyl acetate partition (D) caused a higher inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The phytochemical study of D showed the presence of steroids, tannins, and coumarins and the significant presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. The phytochemical study of the fractions obtained through the column chromatography of partition D revealed a significant presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in the fractions that showed better inhibition of the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs. In conclusion, these results suggest that the stem fraction of BU has the potential to inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 and should be used in studies on the recognition of active biomolecules.

SOUSA, Leoncio Mesquita de. Estudo químico e avaliação biológica de phanera glabra (jacq.) vaz & bauhinia ungulata l. (fabaceae). 2016. 265 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. This paper describes the chemical and biological study of species Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz and Bauhinia ungulata L. The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of B. ungulata, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty-two constituents were identified representing 85.90% of the total composition: Caryophyllene oxide (22.99%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.53%) and α-copaene (7.17%) were the major constituents. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. ungulata essential oil showed LC50 value of 75.12 ± 2.82 mg/mL. The cytotoxic effect against four human tumor cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 and HEP-2 was evaluated, showing IC50 values of 10.57; 22.25; 23.11 and 26.56 µg/ mL, respectively. The study of the non-volatile constituents was initiated with the preparation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from stems of P. glabra. The chromatographic fractionation of these extracts allowed the isolation of lupenone (PG–1), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (PG–2), 4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (PG–3), 3',7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (PG–4) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-2',3,7-trimethoxyflavone (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), betulinic acid (BU–2), taraxerone (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (BU–5), pacharin (BU–6), naringenin (BU–7) and eriodictyol (BU–8), liquiritigenin (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) and fisetinidol (BU–11) were obtained from the extracts from stems of B. ungulata; while 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–12) and 3,5-dimethoxy-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–13) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparison with previously reported data in the literature. It's worth noting that BU–12 is unprecedented in the literature and the 13C NMR data of BU–13 are reported for the first time in this work. The cytotoxicity of BU–12 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values of 4.3 and 6.5 µg/mL against pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) cell lines, respectively. O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico e biológico das espécies Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz e Bauhinia ungulata L. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de B. ungulata, obtido por hidrodestilação, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificado 85,90% dos seus constituintes: Óxido de cariofileno (22,99%), (E)-cariofileno (14,53%) e α-copaeno (7,17%) foram os constituintes majoritários. O óleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida avaliada sobre Aedes aegypti, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 75,12 μg/mL. A atividade citotóxica do OEBU foi realizada sobre quatro linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, através do método do MTT. O estudo dos componentes não voláteis foi iniciado com a preparação dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos caules de P. glabra. O fracionamento cromatográfico destes extratos permitiu o isolamento de lupenona (PG–1), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (PG–2), 4’-hidroxi-7-metoxiflavana (PG–3), 3’,7-dimetoxi-4’-hidroxiflavana (PG–4) e 5,5'-dihidroxi-2',3,7-trimetoxiflavona (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), ácido betulínico (BU–2), taraxerona (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (BU–5), pacharina (BU–6), naringenina (BU–7), eriodictiol (BU–8), liquiritigenina (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) e fisetinidol (BU–11) foram isolados a partir dos extratos dos caules de B. ungulata; enquanto do extrato etanólico das raízes de B. ungulata foram isolados 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–12), substância inédita na literatura, e 3,5-dimetoxi-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–13) cujos dados de RMN 13C são descritos pela primeira vez neste trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos foram elucidadas através de técnicas espectroscópicas tais como IV, EM, RMN 1D e 2D, e por comparação com dados descritos na literatura. O bibenzil 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil mostrou atividade citotóxica significativa contra as linhagens celulares humanas HL-60 e HEP-2 com valores de IC50 de 4,3 e 6,5 µg/mL, respectivamente.

• Background and Aims Under the microgametophytic competition hypothesis, a non-random pattern of seed abortion is expected, in which only the most vigorous seeds reach maturity. In a previous study, it was found that Bauhinia ungulata (Fabaceae) exhibits a pattern of seed abortion dependent on the position of the ovule within the ovary; ovules located in the stylar half of the fruit, close to the point of entry of pollen tubes to the ovary, have a low probability of seed abortion, whereas ovules in the basal half of the fruit are aborted with a high probability. • Methods A series of experimental fruits was generated, in which ovules from either the stylar (treatments 1 and 2) or the basal (treatments 3 and 4) half of fruits were destroyed, to evaluate whether these patterns of selective seed abortion have an effect on the vigour of the offspring in B. ungulata. • Key Results Only 53 % of the seed from control fruits germinated. Seed set in fruits from treatments 1 and 2 showed a significantly lower (33–43 %) percentage of germination; the germination of seeds from fruits in treatments 3 and 4 (49–51 %) did not differ from control seeds. In addition, it was found that the differences in vigour of the offspring are not random with respect to the position of the ovule in the pod. • Conclusions The overall performance of the seeds correlated with their likelihood of maturation. Seeds located at the basal half of the treatment fruits showed lower values of vigour than seeds located on the stylar half. The differences were more marked for early measures of fitness.

� Background and Aims It has been claimed that ovules linearly ordered within a fruit differ in their probabilities of reaching maturity. This was investigated by studying the effect the position of an ovule within the pod has on seed abortion and seed production in Bauhinia ungulata. � Methods Fruits collected during the dry seasons of 1999, 2000 and 2001 were opened, and the number, position and status of each ovule within the fruit were recorded. A GLM model was used to assess the effects of population, tree identity and ovule position within the pod on ovule fertilization, seed abortion, seed damage and seed maturation in two populations of B. ungulata. � Key Results Nearly 30 % of the ovules were not fertilized in 1999; this percentage dropped to 5 % the following two years. Seed abortion (50 %) and seed damage (15 %) were the same every year during the study period. Only 15 % of the initial ovules developed into mature seeds in 1999; this value increased to 35 % in 2000 and 2001. However, seed survivorship was dependent on the position of the ovule within the pod; non-fertilized and early aborted ovules were found more often near the basal end of the ovary. The frequency of seed damage was not affected by position. Mature seeds were found mainly in the stylar half of fruits, where ovules are likely to be fertilized by fast pollen tubes. � Conclusions The pattern of seed production in B. ungulata is non-random but is dependent upon the position of the ovule within the pod. The results suggest that the seeds produced within a fruit might differ in their vigour. a 2004 Annals of Botany Company

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar produtos e subprodutos de origem animal e vegetal utilizados na medicina popular que são comercializados na cidade de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, traçando um perfil preliminar de sua forma de comercialização. Foram identificados 117 produtos : 100 (85,5 %) de origem vegetal e 17 (14,5 %) de origem animal. Os produtos de origem vegetal de maior destaque foram o Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), o Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstrinfens), a Sucuba (Himatanthus articulatus), o Xixuá (Maytenus guianesis), a Copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) e a Pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia ungulata). A banha de Pirarara (Phractocephalus hemioliopterus) foi o produto de origem animal mais procurado pelos usuários. A maioria dos produtos identificados são originários da região Nordeste do Brasil, embora Roraima possua uma rica flora medicinal , porém, pouco explorada de forma comercial. The objective of this study was to identify products of the traditional medicine (vegetable and animal) that are marketed in Boa Vista, State of Roraima and describe a preliminary profile on the way of commercialization of these products. Hundred and seventeen products were identified as fallow: 100 (85,5 %) of vegetable origin and 17 (14,5 %) of animal origin. The main vegetable products were Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstrinfens), Sucuba (Himatanthus articulatus), Xixuá (Maytenus guianesis), Copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) and Pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia ungulata). The Pirarara fat (Phractocephalus hemioliopterus) was the animal product more searched by users. Most of the products marketed in Boa Vista come from Northeast region of Brazil, although Roraima presents a rich medicinal flora little explored in a sustained commercial way.

INTRODUCTION: A treatment to the Alzheimer's disease consists inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the acetylcholine control in the synapses. METHODS: We have investigated the potential of inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase produced by hexane extracts of leaves, branches, and flowers from three Bauhinia specimens, which is based on the technique of thin layer chromatography and on identifying the organ of the plant that possesses larger concentration of inhibitors. RESULTS: Retention factor analysis shows values of 0.31aA, 0.31aA, and 0.46aB for flowers B. variegata, B. var. candida, and B. ungulata, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The flower extract of B. ungulata is the most suitable for further studies on this inhibition.

Bauhinia ungulata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753. "Habitat in America." RCN: 2950. Lectotype (Wunderlin in Turland & Jarvis in Taxon 46: 466. 1997): Herb. Clifford: 157, Bauhinia 3 (BM-000558715). Current name: Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). Note: Wunderlin (in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 349. 1976; 70: 124. 1983) indicated an unseen Miller specimen at BM as the lectotype, but this cannot be regarded as original material because Linnaeus did not study these specimens., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part B), pp. 343-369 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento da fitofisionomia de transição de uma área no município de Campo Maior, recoberto pela vegetação denominada Complexo de Campo Maior, utilizou-se o método de quadrantes, considerando todos os indivíduos lenhosos incluídos cipós, com diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo (DNS) > 3cm. Foram alocados 100 pontos em cada área, Alto do Comandante e Baixão da Cobra, situadas na Fazenda Lourdes. Amostrou-se 46 espécies na primeira área e 44 na segunda, totalizando 68 espécies. Os valores de densidade e de área basal foram 2.730 e 2.799ind ha-1 e 38,22 e 38,58m² ha-1, respectivamente. As espécies com maior Índice do Valor de Importância (IVI) em Alto do Comandante foram Casearia ulmifolia Vahl ex Vent., Aspidosperma subincanum Mart., Combretum leprosum Mart. e Bauhinia ungulata L. A primeira posição de C. ulmifolia foi em conseqüência dos três parâmetros relativos. Apenas as três espécies de maiores IVI contribuíram com os maiores Índices do Valor de Cobertura (IVC). Em Baixão da Cobra, a espécie de maior IVI foi Aspidosperma subincanum Mart., também em conseqüência dos valores dos três parâmetros relativos. Destacou-se ainda, Combretum mellifluum Eichler, Bauhinia pulchella Benth. e Buchenavia capitata (Vahl.) Mart. As quatro espécies com maiores IVI corresponderam as de maiores IVC. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') foi de 3,20 e 3,09nats ind-1, para o Alto do Comandante e Baixão da Cobra, estes valores podem ser considerados altos quando comparados aos encontrados em trabalhos desenvolvidos na Caatinga, Carrasco e Cerrado no Nordeste brasileiro. With the purpose to contribute to the knowledge of the phytophysionomy of transition in a area in Campo Maior province, recover for a vegetation denominated Complex of Campo Maior, utilized the Quadrants Method considering all stem diameter of > 3cm at the soil level. They were allocated 100 points in each area, Alto do Comandante and Baixão da Cobra, located in Lourdes' Farm. Were showed 46 species in Alto do Comandante and 44 in Baixão da Cobra, in a total of 68 species. The density values and of basal area were 2,730 and 2,799ind ha-1 and 38.22 and 38.58m² ha-1, respectively. The species with major rate of importance value (IVI) in Alto do Comandante were Casearia ulmifolia Vahl. ex Vent., Aspidosperma subincanum Mart., Combretum leprosum Mart. and Bauhinia ungulata L. The first position of C. ulmifolia was in consequence of three relative parameter. Only three species of major IVIs contributed with the majors rate of covering value (IVC). In Baixão da Cobra, the specie of major IVI was Aspidosperma subincanum Mart, also in consequence of three relative parameters values. Combretum mellifluum Eichler, Bauhinia pulchella Benth. and Buchenavia capitata (Vahl.) Mart. also stood out. The four species with major IVI corresponded with that ones of major IVC. The rates of diversity of Shannon (H') was 3.20 and 3.09nats ind-1 to Alto do Comandante and Baixão da Cobra, this values can be considered high when compared with the values found in works developed an Caatinga, Carrasco and Cerrado Brazilian Northeast.

Patterns of seed and fruit production ofBauhinia ungulata, a small tree legume indigenous in tropical America, were studied in Costa Rica. Only about 8% of flowers produced fruits. The average pod had 19 ovules and about two thirds of these began seed development, with mature pods containing an average of 9.7 mature undamaged seeds. About half of the mature pods were damaged by herbivores and within these, 27% of ovules or seeds had been eaten. Among trees there was no significant variation in pod production, but the number of ovules per pod and seed production per pod varied significantly. Within infructescences most pods were retained at middle positions. Within pods, the probability of an ovule developing into a seed increased toward the distal end. The pattern of seed and fruit production in this species agrees well in general with that reported for other neotropical legumes. The abortion of seeds and fruits can be regarded as a way of controlling maternal investment, and as a response to herbivory.

Bauhinia ungulata, spec. nov. 4. Bauhinia foliis ovatis: lobis parallelis. Bauhinia foliis ovatis oblongis recta linea bifidis. Hort. cliff. 157. Habitat in America . ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 374, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistilation from leaves of Bauhinia pulchella Benth. and Bauhinia ungulata L. were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major components of B. pulchella essential oil were identified as a -pinene (23.9%), caryophyllene oxide (22.4%) and b -pinene (12.2%), while in the B. ungulata essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (23.0%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.5%) and a -copaene (7.2%). The essential oils were subsequently evaluated for their larvicidal and cytotoxic activities. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. pulchella and B. ungulata essential oils showed LC 50 values of 105.9 ± 1.5 and 75.1 ± 2.8 m g/mL, respectively. The essential oils were evaluated against four human cancer cells lines: HL-60 (pro-myelocytic leukemia), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H292 (lung carcinoma) and HEP-2 ( cervical adenocarcinoma), showing IC 50 values in the range of 9.9 to 53.1 m g/mL. This is the first report on chemical composition of essential from leaves of B. pulchella and on larvicidal and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils.

A new galactose-binding lectin, termed BUL, has been purified from seeds of Bauhinia ungulata (Caesalpinoideae) by precipitation with solid ammonium sulfate followed by agarose-lactose affinity chromatography. B. ungulata lectin strongly agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes, both native and treated with proteolytic enzymes, and was inhibited by D-galactose and D-galactose-derived sugars, especially N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. BUL was shown to be a stable glycoprotein, maintaining its hemagglutinating activity after incubation at wide ranges of temperature and pH, but not after incubation with EDTA. By SDS-PAGE analysis under reduced conditions, purified BUL showed an electrophoretic profile consisting of a single band with apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. BUL showed intrinsic fluorescence typical of folded globular proteins, and circular dichroism spectra of lectin in the native state showed a predominance of β-sheet secondary structure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 19 residues showed a high sequential similarity to other galactose-specific lectins from the Bauhinia genus. In addition, BUL showed antifungal activity against phytopathogenic species and showed in vitro antiproliferative activity against the HT-29 cell line of human colon adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner.