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U radu se na primjeru izmjere "low-cost" bespilotnom letjelicom razmatra mogućnost primjene fotogrametrijske „Structure-from-Motion“ metode za potrebe održavanja podataka katastra. Široka dostupnost, jednostavnost i sve veća primjenjivost izmjera različitim integracijama aktivnih i pasivnih senzora montiranih na bespilotnu letjelicu ili neko drugo vozilo omogućavaju relativno brzo i efikasno prikupljanje velike količine kvalitetnih i pouzdanih prostornih informacija. Razvoj računalnih tehnologija već neko vrijeme omogućuje gotovo potpuno automatsku obradu svih ovih prikupljenih prostornih informacija primjenom fotogrametrijske "Structure-from-Motion" (SfM) metode, no još uvijek ne postoje široko prepoznate preporuke i primjeri najboljih stručnih praksi u svrhu održavanja zemljišnih informacija. Trenutno važeći propisi iz domene geodetske struke ne prepoznaju ih u dovoljnoj mjeri, usporavajući njihovu standardizaciju, razvoj najbolje prakse kontrole kvalitete i slučajeva korištenja u održavanju katastra. Rad ispituje različite slučajeve uporabe integracije SfM podataka u GIS/CAD okruženje na testnom području.

Katastarski sustav, koji je u Hrvatskoj uspostavljen još u 19. stoljeću, tijekom povijesti izložen je raznim obnovama, kako dokumentacije, tako i podataka. Obnove podataka provodile su se postupcima revizije, reambulacije, komasacije te ponovnim izmjerama (reizmjerama). Najnovije reizmjere provode se projektima katastarske izmjere za cijelu ili dio katastarske općine od 2000. godine, s ciljem zamjene Katastra zemljišta Katastrom nekretnina te obnove Zemljišne knjige. Projekt katastarske izmjere uključuje niz aktivnosti koje zajedno sa sudionicima projekta čine složenu cjelinu. U radu je dan pregled aktivnosti koje se obavljaju tijekom projekta, kao i analiza službene dokumentacije koja proizlazi iz projekta. Na službenim stranicama »Narodnih novina« i službenim stranicama Državne geodetske uprave pretražene su službene Odluke o katastarskim izmjerama te Odluke o stavljanju u službenu uporabu katastarskog operata za razdoblje od 2018. do kraja 2020. godine. Na osnovu ključnih informacija iz službenih odluka analiziran je broj započetih i završenih projekata u navedenom razdoblju kao i broj projekata po pojedinom izvoditelju.

Hrvatsko geodetsko društvo je 1997. godine organiziralo I. hrvatski kongres o katastru. Od tada pa do danas organizirano je još pet kongresa, a ove 2022. godine organiziran je i VII. kongres po redu. U radu se daje pregled svih prethodnih šest kongresa o katastru, analizom broja sudionika, obrađivanih tema te pristiglih i prezentiranih radova. Na taj način se ukazuje na promjene u katastru koje su nastupile razvojem tehnologija i metodologija koje su obrađivane na kongresima. Također je analiziran utjecaj svih sastavnica struke na katastar. Od Državne geodetske uprave koja vodi, upravlja, održava i odgovara za katastarski sustav, Hrvatske komore ovlaštenih inženjera geodezije koja je osnovana pred 15 godina pa do visokoškolskih i znanstvenih institucija. Također, je naglašen utjecaj Hrvatskoga geodetskog društva na katastar u tom razdoblju.

Sveučilište kao i svaka druga organizacija ima resurse za čije su kvalitetno gospodarenje potrebni prostorni podaci. Dio tih podataka svojstven je organizaciji, a dio se preuzima iz službenih upisnika gdje se zbog svoje posebne vrijednosti vode i održavaju na nacionalnoj razini. U ovom radu prikazano je istraživanje koji se to podaci potrebni u gospodarenju sveučilišnim prostornim resursima mogu naći u službenim upisnicima. Identifikacija tih podataka ostvarena je metodom preklapanja shemâ (eng. schema matching) sveučilišta i službenih upisnika kroz traženje istih podataka na razini atributa. Obje sheme bazirane su na Unified Modelling Language objektnim klasama (UML). Model sveučilišta je pojednostavljeni UML dijagram koncepta sveučilišta kojim su identificirani podaci nužni za kvalitetno gospodarenje i upravljanje institucijom. Modeli katastra i zemljišne knjige zasnovani su na međunarodnoj LADM normi. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je samo dio prostornih podataka sveučilišta predmet vođenja u službenim registrima, a da se ostatak podataka može pronaći u internim sustavima gospodarenja.

Doris Pivac obranila je 14. listopada 2022. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Razvoj modela za poboljšanje dostupnosti metapodataka o izradi katastra. Istraživanje je provedeno na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, dijelom u okviru projekta razvoja višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem (DEMLAS) uz financijsku potporu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost, oznaka projekta HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. Mentor je bio prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Siniša Mastelić Ivić, izv. prof. dr. sc. Hrvoje Tomić i dr. sc. Mario Mađer iz Državne geodetske uprave u Zagrebu. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., On October 14, 2022, Doris Pivac defended her doctoral dissertation at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb entitled Developing a Model for Improvement of the Metadata Availability on the Cadastre Establishment. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb, partly within the framework of the project for the development of a multipurpose land management system (DEMLAS) with the financial support of the Croatian Science Foundation, project code HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. The supervisor was Prof. Ph.D. Miodrag Roić from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The members of the assessment board and defense committee were Prof. Ph.D. Siniša Mastelić Ivić, Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Hrvoje Tomić and Ph.D. Mario Mađer – State Geodetic Administration Zagreb.

In the first edition of LADM the land administration processes were omitted as they were considered to be country specific. This view is now under reconsideration as the future extensions of LADM are planned and developed. The processes within land administration domain are, namely, registration and dissemination. The research concerning modeling of the LAS processes is somewhat in a scarce state as the majority of the research was directed towards registration activities such as subdivision, real-property transfers, and property formation. The authors deem that the proper dissemination of LAS data is a prerequisite to above-mentioned processes, and it could be stated that this domain of the land administration dynamism is relatively poorly researched. The research presented in this paper analyzes one use-case scenario of land administration data dissemination process in Croatia. The analyzed use-case depicts the process in which cadastral certificates are utilized to gain additional land-related information, which in this case study, was the spatial planning data concerning one cadastral parcel. The aim of this research was to examine how the land administration data dissemination processes could be optimized and improved in a standardized formal manner. The model outlining the process of disseminating both cadastral and spatial planning certificates was formalized by means of usecase diagram. From the formalized process, the elements, such as actors, activities, input/output data were determined and matched with existing LADM classes, while the importance of data interoperability and timeframe of the said processes were also addressed. The paper also discussed how would the formalized process look if the LAS data was interoperable within one service, pointing out that this would lead to a much more timeefficient and user-friendly access to the disseminated LAS data for the current and future LAS users.

This paper reviews approaches to utility registration and analyzes the Croatian utility cadaster and utility registration regulations. In Croatia, utility networks are registered in the national utility cadaster administered by State Geodetic Administration, with private companies obliged to send reports on all changes to the utility networks that they manage. The Croatian utility cadaster, besides data about managers and geometry of utility networks, registers various technical data about physical utilities. This paper then analyzes the land administration domain model (LADM) and LandInfra standards and their abilities to model both legal and physical features of utility networks that need to be registered in the Croatian utility cadaster. As some jurisdictions look on utility networks as separate legal objects that can be owned or leased, possibilities to model all attributes needed in the Croatian utility cadaster with an LADM-based model was further investigated. Finally, the paper proposes a utility registration implementation model based on LADM that can describe both physical and legal features of utility networks.

With growing urbanization and population, management of space and land has become vital part for sustainable growth and development. Additional to urbanization and population growth, industrialization is another factor for rising need for various utilities such as sewage network, water supply, electricity etc. In such conditions, knowing where one can install new underground or overground infrastructure, without destroying existing lines, becomes more and more of a challenge. The need to connect new suburbs to existing infrastructure requires knowledge of availability. Legal issues in relation to utilities are also becoming increasingly important. Different countries and societies will have various approach to solving certain challenge, same goes for challenge of utility network registration. Some countries register utilities as separate objects with unique cadastral numbers in land administration while others register only easements. Some countries have centralized approach with high government regulations while in other utilities are registered on municipal level or even administered only by private companies. In this paper different approaches to utility network data management are analyzed. In all countries, utilities data is maintained by their managers sometimes with the help of very sophisticated applications.

The land administration system and its key registers, cadastres and land registers, play an important role in society when they function and meet the goals set by the society. For the land administration system to be effective it is important to have well-defined static and dynamic components of the system. Static and parts of the dynamic components of the land administration system are defined by the ISO 19152 LADM standard, but for the purposes of efficiency and functionality of the system, process optimisation is also important. The aim of this paper is to explore the processes of cadastral system data dissemination regarding standardised and non-standardised uses of cadastral system data. Formalisation of processes is one way to explore which of the existing classes of the LADM can be used in process modelling and which ones need to be modelled in the future editions. By formalising the processes of cadastral system data dissemination, the first step in modelling the process is achieved, which is the identification of participants and their roles in the processes of cadastral system data dissemination. By identifying process participants and their requirements, the user profiles can be developed in accordance with the LADM standard, all for the purposes of future process modelling, which is planned as an extension to the current edition of the LADM.

The Kalman filter is an important mathematical tool of continuous adjustment over successive observations for updating and predicting the state of the entire test process. In a kinematic model it describes point displacements by time functions, without relation to causal forces. Technological developments enables the capture of both the causal forces and physical properties of constructions, together with the resulting deformations in a dynamic model, consisting of a causal force as an input signal, transmission through an object as a transfer memory, and an object response as an output signal delayed by memory. This paper gives an overview of the use of deformation models, especially using Kalman filters, in geodetic surveys of current damage detection and defects in constructions for timely response with remediation in order to gain an overview of the implementation of the accepted FIG WG 6.1 deformation model classification and terminology.

The cadastral system that was established in Croatia as early as the 19th century has been undergoing various reforms throughout history related both to documents as well as to data. The data have been updated through the processes of revision, reambulation, land consolidation and resurveys. Recent resurveys with the aim to replace the Land Cadastre with the Real Estate Cadastre started in the year 2000 and have been performed ever since within the scope of the projects of cadastral survey for the whole or a part of cadastral municipality. The paper presents an overview of the activities carried out within the scope of the project, as well as the analysis of available official documents on individual activities. The documents reveal the key metadata that make it possible to perform systematic monitoring of a project and of the duration of activities in individual projects. Based on key information provided by the available documents, the project duration has been determined and the state of completion of individual project analysed. The cadastral survey project is modelled by an activity diagram, and the results obtained from the analysis of started, completed or on-going projects are presented graphically and commented.

Sustavi upravljanja zemljištem i katastarski sustavi kao njihove ključne komponente se kontinuirano razvijaju kao posljedica novih društvenih potreba i odnosa koje društvo ima prema zemljištu. Mnogi postojeći sustavi proizvod su ekonomskih i zemljišnih paradigmi 19. stoljeća i nisu uspjeli na pravi način podržati održivi razvoj. Kao odgovor na to stanje, tradicionalni katastri se razvijaju u sveobuhvatne sustave koji se bave širim pitanjima od položaju zemljišta i interesa nad njime. Mnoge razvijene zemlje, ali i one u razvoju, prepoznaju potrebu ocjenjivanja katastarskih sustava kako bi se pomoglo identificirati područja poboljšanja, te na koji način se njihovi sustavi prilagođavaju kao odgovor na buduće potrebe. Zemlje kontinuirano provode reformske aktivnosti u različitim segmentima katastra, uspoređujući sustave i identificiraju najbolju praksu zemalja sličnog društveno- ekonomskog položaja, dok istovremeno sve više koriste katastarske sustava za praćenje ciljeva održivog razvoja. U radu su analizirani različiti pristupi vrednovanju i uspoređivanja katastarskih sustava. Dani su najvažniji modeli za ocjenjivanje te su im navedene prednosti i mane. Različitost razina razvoja katastarskih sustava u svijetu otežava razvoj univerzalnog modela vrednovanja i uspoređivanja.

Područje Hrvatske je kroz povijest izloženo utjecajima raznih država što se odrazilo na razvoj katastra u pogledu izrade i održavanja katastarskih operata. U radu je izložen pregled Franciskanskog, Jugoslavenskog i Hrvatskog katastra, odnosno sadržaj, kvaliteta i struktura podataka katastarskih operata. Podaci Franciskanskog katastra pohranjeni su u državnim arhivima u Zagrebu, Splitu, Trstu, Beču i Ljubljani, dok se novija dokumentacija skenira i pohranjuje u arhiv u Glini. Digitalizacijom podataka te uspostavom Zajedničkog informacijskog sustava katastra i zemljišne knjige 2016. godine, svi podaci su dostupni elektronički. Međutim podaci o podacima (metapodaci), koji su bili dostupni u opisu lista, kao što su godina nastanka pojedinog plana i izvorno mjerilo plana, su ''nestali''. Većina povijesnih stanja te elementi kvaliteti su nedostupni, te korisnici nemaju uvid u metapodatke. U radu su analizirani standardi metapodataka te je predložen metapodatkovni profil prema nacionalnom profilu metapodataka temeljenog na normi ISO 19115. Osnovni element metapodatka se odnosi na katastarski operat pojedine katastarske općine, kao niz skupova podataka. Osim eksplicitno definiranih metapodataka na osnovu dostupnih podataka, predloženi su i dodatni implicitno definirani elementi.

23. prosinca 2017. navršilo se 200 godina od donošenja Carskog patenta Austro-Ugarskog cara Franje I. kojim je propisano uvođenje stabilnog katastra, tzv. Franciskanskog katastra. Njime započinje uspostava katastra i u Hrvatskoj. Franciskanski katastar danas se promovira kao kulturna baština Republike Austrije i ostalih država Srednje Europe. Međutim, prikupljeni podaci se još uvijek koriste u mnogim zemljama. Nastavno na razdoblje uspostave, u radu je dan pregled razdoblja razvoja katastra na prostoru Hrvatske (Austro-Ugarski, Jugoslavenski, Hrvatski). Kronološkim pregledom najvažnijih propisa o katastru i zemljišnoj knjizi te njihovom analizom daju se ključni smjerovi reformi i navode postignuti rezultati. Opisana su najvažnija pravila i postupci održavanja katastarskog operata te sustavne obnove dokumentacije (litografiranje, vektorizacija i homogenizacija) i podataka (revizije, reambulacije, komasacije i katastarske izmjere).

U radu se analiziraju Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) -ISO 19152 norma, INSPIRE direktiva i tehničke specifikacije za zgrade i katastarske čestice te njihova primjenjivost za razvoj i uspostavu 3D katastra. Usporedbom LADM norme i INSPIRE specifikacija prikazano je pojmovno podudaranje i kompatibilne definicije zajedničkih koncepata za katastarske čestice uz isticanje njihovih razlika u opsegu i ciljanim područjima primjene. S obzirom da je LADM primarno orijentiran na sustave za upravljanje zemljištem pokazao se kao bolja osnova za uspostavu 3D katastra. Također, u radu se razmatra primjenjivost LADM-a i INSPIRE-a u sustavu upravljanja zemljištem u Hrvatskoj. Zaključeno je, na temelju dosadašnjih radova, da direktna implementacija 3D katastra nije moguća zbog trenutnog stanja povezanih upisnika i načina strukturiranosti postojećih podataka te se predlaže postepeni prelazak u 3D katastar uz paralelno rješavanje zakonodavnih i institucionalnih pitanja.

Ocjena okružja uređenja zemljišta (engl. LGAF - Land Governance Assessment Framework) dijagnostički je alat razvijen od strane Svjetske banke i partnerskih institucija čija je svrha sveobuhvatna analiza i ocjena zakonodavnog okvira, politike i prakse uređenja zemljišta u pojedinoj zemlji. U Republici Hrvatskoj je implementiran u razdoblju od veljače 2015. do travnja 2016. godine. Inicijativu za implementaciju dala je Svjetska banka, a svesrdno su je prihvatile institucije te priznati stručnjaci iz tijela javne vlasti, nevladinih organizacija, akademske zajednice i privatnog sektora. Oni su ocjenjivali mjerila te izradili preporuke na temelju službenih podataka prikupljenih od brojnih institucija koje se bave zemljištem. U radu je prikazan tijek implementacije, nalazi, zaključci i preporuke koji su proizašli iz implementacije LGAF-a te povezana istraživanja na unaprjeđenju uređenja zemljišta. Za praćenje stanja su važni kvalitetni podaci te je u radu ukazano na prijedlog za praćenje stanja i tekuća istraživanja projekta DEMLAS na poboljšanju uređenja zemljišta.

U radu je istražena mogućnost primjene ISO norme 19152:2013, Geoinfromacije – Model područja upravljanja zemljištem (LADM, en. Land Administration Domain Model) za potrebe katastra infrastrukture u Republici Hrvatskoj. U Republici Hrvatskoj podaci o javnoj komunalnoj infrastrukturi, odnosno podaci o vodovima i pripadajućim objektima elektroenergetske, elektroničke komunikacijske, toplovodne, plinovodne, naftovodne, vodovodne i odvodne infrastrukture bi se trebali voditi u Katastru infrastrukture. Sadržaj Katastra infrastrukture, te njegova izradba i vođenje u Republici Hrvatskoj propisana je Zakonom o državnoj izmjeri i katastru nekretnina te Pravilnikom o katastru infrastrukture donesenom 2017. godine. Napravljena je usporedba podataka koje je potrebno voditi u katastru infrastrukture s modelom klasa iz LADM konceptualne sheme, te je analizirano zadovoljava li LADM shema sve potrebe implementacije katastra infrastrukture. Usporedba je prikazana i odgovarajućim UML dijagramima.

The land administration infrastructure is of strategic importance for society and the economy. Due to historical developments, the land administration infrastructure contains many diverse and heterogeneous sources of registers information. The Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) project aims to discover what needs to be done to transform land administration from traditional to modern multipurpose systems that support all land development activities. A land administration cyberinfrastructure has been developed to support the research. The cyberinfrastructure - DEMLAS platform includes land administration data (cadastral maps etc.) and public open data, such as land satellite images, historical data, nature data, development data, meteorological data, soil data, etc. Some of this data is obtained from official sources and has the character of private data. Contained within are also links to commercial data, mainly satellite images and orthophotos, but also market related and voluntary data, for instance, OpenStreetMap. The integration of external land administration data is realized using principles of Open Linked Data. The paper presents the development and functionalities of the platform DEMLAS. The open science principles were realized with the concept of user cases that were implemented as one component of the DEMLAS platform. The platform is offering a marketplace where data can be discovered and exchanged with the additional contribution of researchers who can publish their own data or applications based on the data, services and applications already provided.

Upravljanje zemljištem, kao jednim od najvažnijih ograničenih resursa, predstavlja jednu od gospodarski, društveno ali i socijalno najizraženijih ljudskih potreba. Donošenje odluka predstavlja temelj upravljanja bilo koje vrste. U procesu donošenja odluka važnu komponentu čine informacije koje se u tom procesu prikupljaju. Upravljanje zemljišta također se bazira na informacijama prikupljenim primarno kroz katastarski sustav. Kroz infrastrukture prostornih podataka dostupne su, uz podatke katastra, i različite vrste drugih prostornih podataka. Neke od njih mogu kvalitetno doprinijeti ispravnijem donošenju odluka u procesu upravljanja zemljištem. U radu je napravljen pregled razvoja upravljanja zemljištem te infrastruktura prostornih podataka, kao i njihova moguća interakcija.

Sustav upravljanja zemljištem i njegov ključni upisnik katastar imaju važnu ulogu u društvu kada funkcionira i ispunjava ciljeve koje je postavilo društvo. Da bi se za neki sustav upravljanja zemljištem moglo smatrati da je učinkovit, potrebno je imati dobro definirane statičke i dinamičke komponente sustava. Statičke i dio dinamičkih komponenti sustava upravljanja zemljištem su definirane ISO 19152 LADM normom, no međutim da bi sustav upravljanja zemljištem bio učinkovit i funkcionalan, važna je i optimizacija procesa. U radu su istražene potrebe i načini korištenja katastarskih podataka na primjeru standardnih i nestandardnih korištenja. Formalizacijom slučajeva upotrebe korištenja katastarskih podataka, ostvaren je prvi korak u modeliranju procesa, a to je identifikacija sudionika i njihovih potreba za podacima katastra. Identifikacija sudionika i izrada procesa omogućavaju izradu njihovih korisničkih profila usklađenih s LADM normom što podržava razvoj višenamjenskih sustava upravljanja zemljištem.

Registering the rights of a 3D parcel should provide certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies to 3D cadastre as well. It provides security of ownership for 3D parcels, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes start from outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derived by current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this end, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches of 3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al., 2014). It appears that significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastre, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database and combining with the existing datasets. The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture.

Veljko Flego obranio je 21. rujna 2018. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju Model integriranog upravljanja pomorskim i kopnenim područjima kao osnova interoperabilnosti upisnika. Istraživanje je provedeno na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u okviru projekta razvoja višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem (DEMLAS) uz financijsku potporu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost, oznaka projekta HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. Mentor je bio prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Tomić, prof. dr. sc. Siniša Mastelić Ivić i dr. sc. Mario Mađer – Državna geodetska uprava Zagreb. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Veljko Flego defended his doctoral thesis A model of integrated marine and land administration as a basis for register interoperability on 21 September 2018 at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Geodesy as part of the scientific project Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) supported by the Croatian Science Foundation, project HRZZIP-11-2013-7714. The doctoral supervisor was Prof. Miodrag Roić of the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The assessment board and defense committee comprised Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Tomić, Prof. Siniša Mastelić Ivić and Dr. Mario Mađer of the State Geodetic Administration.

Projektom DEMLAS istražuju se mogućnosti razvoja višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem. Osim svoje primarne svrhe, sustav upravljanja zemljištem može i treba poslužiti kao osnova za sveobuhvatno uređenje zemljišta. Dostupnost katastarskih podataka koji se vode i održavaju informacijskim sustavima je ograničena uglavnom na dobivanje osnovnih izvadaka. Projektom DEMLAS se želi istražiti mogućnost bolje dostupnosti katastarskih podataka širem krugu korisnika kako bi ih mogli kombinirati s drugim podacima. Za potrebe istraživanja unapređenja korištenja podataka katastra, preuzeti su podaci katastarskog operata za katastarske općine na otoku Hvaru u standardnom razmjenskom formatu. Podaci katastarskog plana dobiveni su u shapefile formatu, a knjižni dio u .txt datotekama. Analizom dobivenih podataka u pogledu sadržaja i formata razvijen je ciljni model podataka prikladan za objavu putem web servisa. Za analize preuzetih podataka, modeliranje i prijenos u prostornu bazu korišten je FME – Feature Manipulation Engine. FME je alat koji omogućava čitanje podataka iz različitih izvora i pretvorbu u odredišnu bazu prema potrebama korisnika. Katastarske podatke je moguće pohraniti objektnim, relacijskim i objektno-relacijskim modelom. Ciljni model pohranjen je u PostgreSQL bazi. PostgreSQL je sustav upravljanja objektno-relacijskim bazama podataka. Nakon pohrane podataka u bazu, oni su objavljeni na DEMLAS platformi GeoServer-om. To je poslužitelj otvorenog koda koji omogućuje korisnicima pregled i uređivanje geoprostornih podataka. Dostupnost podataka širokom krugu korisnika, za znanstveno-nastavne potrebe je omogućeno putem WMS-a (Web Map Service) i WFS–a (Web Feature Service), a mogućnost pronalaženja time što su podaci opisani metapodacima.

By using the formal methods, this paper will present the model of the cadastral reform from the register of land into the contemporary register which is the backbone of a modern Multipurpose Land Administration System. Model will include its static components but also related processes. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which in 2012 become ISO 19152 standard (Lemmen et al. 2013), will be used as the basis. This paper gives proposal for cadastral resurvey improvements, better registration of special legal regimes and registration of special parts of properties. It will identify and explore critical points and make recommendations to bring Real Property Cadastre closer to become real 3D register.

Cadastral data are maintained through formally defined procedures which need to provide security and consistency. Databases and transactional model enable consistency but lack flexibility in modelling business processes and support for heterogenous IT environments (web services, various programs). Transactional workflow management systems (WFMS) provide flexibility and can provide consistency of data. Land administration domain model (LADM) provides an excellent basis for modelling static component of land administration systems, but doesn’t provide elements to model dynamic component, i.e. processes. In this paper we define conceptual model of a dynamic component of land administration system. We use the WFMS concept with integrated transactional support. Data model enables storing elements of Petri nets and it is divided to generic and extended. Generic model ensures consistency of processes on object level and is applicable on cadastral data generally. Extended model ensures consistency by spatially defining affected area of the process and it is used to model processes on cadastral parcels spatially represented by polygons. Modelling of processes and transactional support is achieved with Petri nets. Workflow elements enable ensuring consistency of a process in a pessimistic or optimistic manner. Pessimistic approach ensures consistency by locking objects affected by the process and optimistic approach leaves checking of concurrent changes until the very end of the process. Finally, we demonstrate how the devised model copes with a simple example of two separate processes where each wants to split one of two adjacent parcels, in a pessimistic manner.

The primary purpose of a Land Administration System (LAS) is to support the processes of recording and disseminating information about the ownership, value and use of land and its associated resources. An important task of LAS is land valuation for taxation purposes, which supports land management processes. Land valuation for taxation implies mass valuation methods, which use statistical analysis of valuation indicators to assess the best use of many real properties at the same time. However, to make fair and correct assessments, sufficient accurate and up-to-date data for each land parcel together with accompanying buildings and other constructions on it must be available. Some of the required data exists, but they are stored across different land registers and other registers, and are administered by various public authorities. To avoid further data redundancy, mass valuation information system can be based on existing data stored in distributed registers and shared by agreements between various public authorities. Therefore, the crucial part of the LAS is the data model, which needs to be carefully developed to efficiently fulfil the primary purpose of the system ; its development should be based on best practices from countries with similar LAS using well-known standards. This paper analyses the data models in the official Croatian registers and the possibilities of using them in land valuation and taxation extension in the Croatian Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile. The analysis identifies possible data, registers and responsible authorities whose data are appropriate to be used as an attribute for determining valuation indicators. The basic unit of such a system is real property, which can be generally seen as land and accompanying buildings or other constructions, or jointly owned individual parts of the property according to the property subdivision plan. Regardless of the valuation method used, each property type valuation indicator can be divided into external factors (e.g. location, zoning regulations) and internal factors (e.g. land parcel area, number of floors) for each property and can be seen in general as real property characteristics (e.g. land parcel area, number of floors). Some of the required data are found to be redundant (e.g. personal data) and some are found to be missing (e.g. building characteristics). For multiple sources of data, the paper considers the most appropriate one, based on the assessment of data completeness and whether the data are up- to-date. Schema matching is used to relate valuation attributes to appropriate LADM classes. Schema matching is a set of techniques used for comparing the schema of different data models, searching for similar or equivalent elements. The manual schema matching approach proved to be appropriate for the relatively small extent of the covered Croatian LADM data. The created UML class diagrams are used to show the level of compliance of available data with LADM valuation and taxation extension. This work demonstrates that a detailed review of valuation attributes is crucial in the development process for a mass valuation system because the whole system greatly depends on the availability and quality of the chosen attributes. An appropriate mass valuation system based on these premises can improve the usability of existing LAS, which could be used not only to provide fair and efficient land taxation, but also as a tool to make urban and rural spatial planning more sustainable.

The transformation of land administration systems from traditional to modern multipurpose land administration systems (MLAS), which support all land development activities, is a goal that can be reached only by considering various aspects ‒ legal, social, economic, technological, to name just a few. From a technological point of view, maybe the biggest shift in recent developments is perceiving the modern land administration system as being of distributed systems – land administration infrastructure (LAI). An MLAS should integrate various types of data that are kept in many official registers as public-sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, has the potential to contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public-sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ they have common objectives. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting against corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. Besides governments that are undergoing the process of “opening up” to the public they serve, academia is also becoming increasingly open on the wave of the open science movement. The paper describes how principles of open science in research can support the development of LAI. This approach is verified by the development of the platform through the project Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) that supports the land administration needs of users from various backgrounds. The platform gives them direction on how to access data from official registers and enriches them with research data and findings, which provides users with additional value.

U radu je prikazano sudjelovanje hrvatskih geodeta na FIG Congress koji je održan u razdoblju 6.-11. svibnja 2018.

Smislenom kombinacijom najrazličitijih podataka korisnik ima pravovaljani uvid u zemljišno stanje te može donositi kvalitetne odluke u vezi gospodarenja zemljištem. Projektom DEMLAS istražuju se mogućnosti unaprjeđenja sustava upravljanja zemljištem. Podaci koji su dostupni u sustavima upravljanja zemljištem pretežito se odnose na današnje stanje zemljišta, dok su povijesna stanja oskudno pohranjena i uglavnom nedostupna. Povijesni podaci korisni su, ne samo za povijesna istraživanja, već često daju informacije o podacima koje danas koristimo i održavamo. Povijesni podaci su uglavnom pohranjeni u arhivima (Hrvatski državni arhiv, Arhiv Državne geodetske uprave i drugi) i nedovoljno su povezani sa sadašnjim stanjima. To su u velikoj mjeri podaci Franciskanskog katastra, ali i podaci iz kasnijih razdoblja. Podaci o povijesnim podacima su neprikladno dostupni zbog svog analognog oblika. Zbog navedenog je pokrenuta izrada baze podataka katastarskih arhiva. U radu je prikazan transfer te baze u DEMLAS spremište te povezivanje s ostalim podacima u spremištu. Povezanost podataka te dostupnost putem interneta omogućava dobivanje novih spoznaja prostornim pretragama i analizama arhiviranih podataka. Povezanost odnosno relacije između podataka ostvarene su na razini katastarske općine. Analize su moguće različitim alatima, a karakteristični primjeri dani u radu su izrađeni QGIS-om.

The Kostanjek landslide is the largest landslide in the Republic of Croatia, located in the western residential area of the City of Zagreb. The landslide was activated in 1963 and the main cause of sliding was excavation of the marl at the foot of slope. Investigation of Kostanjek landslide is one of the objectives of the Japanese-Croatian five-year (2009-2014) scientific joint-research project “Risk Identification and Land-Use Planning for Disaster Mitigation of Landslides and Floods in Croatia”. As a part of scientific project, a real-time monitoring system was designed during the period from 2010 to 2011 and established in the period from 2011 to 2013. The monitoring system consists of multiple sensor networks including 15 GNSS sensors for displacements monitoring. By GNSS sensors displacements of only 15 points can be monitored. From UAV surveys, movements of the landslide as well as changes in the surface topography can be detected, which enables us to obtain more detailed information on landslide dynamics, necessary for studying landslide activity. In this paper, results of three periodic UAV surveys of landslide performed within a period of two months are shown. Since within this period, no significant displacements on landslide had occurred, we examined the achieved accuracy of UAV surveys. Survey was done using senseFly eBee RTK with integrated GNSS RTK receiver. Since, in many cases there are sites where ground control points (GCP) cannot be placed and measured easily or safely, in this paper we analyzed the achieved accuracy of survey with and without the use of GCPs.

Prikazano je okružje uspostave i metodologija izrade te povijesni razvoj franciskanskog katastra. Analizirani su propisi kroz vrijeme i njihov utjecaj na izgled dokumentacije. Opisana je obnova i održavanje dokumentacije franciskanskog katastra od početka do današnjih dana.

Otvorena znanost pristup je znanstvenom razvoju koji se temelji na zajedničkom radu i objavljivanju informacija s pomoću naprednih mrežnih tehnologija s ciljem stvaranja rješenja koja se temelje na slobodnom pristupu i dije- ljenju. Cilj projekta „Razvoj višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem“ (engl. Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System, DEMLAS) istražiti je i unaprijediti postojeće pristupe upravljanju zemljištem kako bi se oni transformirali iz tradicionalnih u moderne višenamjenske sustave upravljanja zemljištem koji podržavaju sve aktivnosti upravljanja zemljištem. Takva transformacija može se ostvariti poboljšanjem učinkovitosti i upo-trebljivosti. Pod učinkovitošću se razmatra mogućnost brzog ažuriranja podataka uz istovremeno osiguravanje njihove dosljednosti i točnosti. Cilj unapređenja upotrebljivosti je višenamjensko korištenje sustava od svih dionika uključenih u takve procese, a za potrebe gospodarenja te sveobuhvatnog uređenja zemljišta. Središnja točka pristupa podacima korištenima za potrebe projekta je Spremište podataka DEMLAS-a, kojemu se pristu-pa sučeljem koje omogućuje pretraživanje, pregledavanje i preuzimanje podataka potrebnih za višenamjensko upravljanje zemljištem. U njegovu razvoju vodili smo se načelima otvorene znanosti kojima se osiguravaju sve prednosti takvog otvorenog pristupa.Načela otvorene znanosti realiziraju se i u konceptu Slučajeva upotrebe koji se implementiraju kao dijelovi DEMLAS-ova sučelja. Slučajem upotrebe istraživač kreira internetsku stranicu na kojoj opisuje svoje istraživanje, dodaje poveznice do metapodataka DEMLAS-a koji opisuju podatke korištene u svom istraživanju te do podataka koji su nastali kao rezultat istraživanja.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement.

Nikola Vučić obranio je 6. studenoga 2015. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Podrška prijelazu iz 2D u 3D katastar u Republici Hrvatskoj. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl i prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić (mentor) oba s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, te doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Matijević iz tvrtke IGEA d.o.o. Varaždin. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Nikola Vučić defended his doctoral thesis Support to the Transition from 2D to 3D Cadastre in the Republic of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb on November 6, 2015. He defended his thesis in front of the Committee for defending the doctoral thesis, which consisted of Prof. Dr. Vlado Cetl and Prof. Dr. Miodrag Roić (mentor), both from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, and Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Matijević from IGEA Ltd. Varaždin. The Committee for grading the doctoral thesis consisted of the same members.

Beside commercial purposes crowdsourcing is becoming more and more important for governmental institutions as well. Data acquisition is both time consuming and expensive. But required data can be accessed and utilized with free work force. Opposite to classic crowdsourcing where workers or volunteers are anonymous, in this project at the end contributors will be known since their names will be connected to the real property. Contributors for this project are an individual without a formal background in a subject, but who possesses time, and willingness to offer the data. It is important that the crowd perceives the initiative valuable and well intentioned. Therefore contributor’s interest for participation will be calculation of utility rates or taxes based on construction volume and later for the use of the property. Initiative objective is to gather more precise three-dimension description of properties which will lead to quicker and easier 3D cadastre implementation. Because of a widespread use of smartphones and broadband Internet this initiative will be based on mobile infrastructure. Public institution should make a native application or a web page which will be used by contributors who will access application by their own smartphone over commercial network. Application will be linked to online database where contributors can upload required data. Control and validation of submitted data should be carried out to avoid vast quantities of incorrect data. In this paper we propose application design and required attributes from LADM (Land Administration Domain Model) Spatial Unit package collected and submitted by citizens. This paper shows case study for Croatian land administration system.