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Ad spending in the Asia-Pacific region is estimated to have reached $210.43 billion in 2018, or 33.5% of worldwide ad spending (McNair [74]). From these two approaches, research studies consider a general set of topics, including ad practices, consumers' perceptions and beliefs, ad content, ad effects, and ad education. Building on prior reviews of advertising research in general (e.g., Yale and Gilly [114]; West [113]), we explore the topics covered in Asian advertising studies with a seven-topic typology, comprising advertising practice, advertising content, advertising effects, consumers' perceptions and beliefs about advertising, topics tangential to advertising (e.g., media uses and consumer behaviors), advertising education, and other. Single-country studies have examined advertising practitioners' perceptions of advertising in general and the perceived benefits of different media, marketing communication activities, or advertising appeals. When ads use foreign models, Chang ([14]) finds that even though Taiwanese consumers perceive ads with Caucasian models as more global and representative of developed countries, they do not like them more than ads featuring Asian models. [Extracted from the article]

Presents a comparative study of consumer attitudes toward advertising in China, Taiwan, South Korea and the United States. Overview of the advertising industry in the Asian region; Account of related studies; Issues to consider for marketers and cross-cultural researchers.

Background: Bronchial Dieulafoy's disease (BDD) is a rare disease that is known to be a cause of hemorrhage. The characteristics of this disease are still unknown. The present study describes the disorder based on a review of the world's literature, emphasizing the diagnostic and therapeutic views.Methods: A comprehensive research of BDD of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases was performed. The following data were collected: patient characteristics; chest imaging, bronchoscopy, vascular angiography, and histopathologic examination findings; and treatment rendered.Results: 73 cases of BDD have been reported from 1995 to 2019. Most of the cases occurred in Asia (52.1%), followed by Europe (31.5%). Chest imaging findings were non-specific. The main bronchoscopy finding was a nodular or protruding lesion (60.9%). 19 patients underwent bronchoscopic biopsies, 17 had bleeding, and 6 died. Four patients were successfully shown to have vascular malformations under mucosal protrusion by endobronchial ultrasound scan (EBUS). Vascular angiography mainly showed tortuous, dilated bronchial arteries. Vascular angiography mainly showed tortuous, dilated bronchial arteries. The arterial supply was mainly provided by bronchial arteries (48 cases) and the pulmonary circulation (4 cases). The lesions were mainly located in the right bronchus (53 cases). Selective bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was attempted in 38 patients and 20 patients underwent lobectomies. Emergency resection was performed in 15 patients, all of whom survived and had no recurrent hemoptysis.Conclusions: Massive hemoptysis was the common manifestation of BDD. Vascular angiography and EBUS is a very useful examination before biopsy. BAE may be used in stable patients, or patients who cannot tolerate surgery, while surgical resection should be considered in patients who are unstable, patients with uncontrolled hemoptysis, or following BAE failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climate change and human activities affect ecosystems simultaneously. To distinguish their respective roles, we analyzed the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on alpine grasslands in Northern Tibet, which are the source area of Asian major rivers. The changes and their causes were determined using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic and socio-economic factors at different intensities of human activity within sampling plots (including depopulated land without human influences) from 1981 to 2006. Mann–Kendall test (MK) was used to test the trend of NDVI change and Pearson correlation analyses was utilized in multiple regressions between NDVI and the influencing factors. Abrupt changes of NDVI occurred at different times in plots that differed in human activity. Regional climate change has produced more negative than positive changes on alpine grasslands. The alpine grasslands significantly benefited under a moderate intensity of grazing activities. With the increased human activity, negative changes in NDVI were pervasive in Northern Tibet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]