1,900 results on '"20TH century British history"'
Search Results
52. THE MOOD OF BRITAIN.
- Author
-
Wood, Ian S.
- Subjects
- *
ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. , *WORLD War II ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Examines the problems faced by the Coalition Conservatives in Great Britain during the Second Front campaign of the Allied forces in the Second World War. Significance of the admiring attitude of the British to the Soviet Union on the Second Front campaign; Labor problems faced by the Coalition; Decline in the number of legislative seats controlled by the Coalition; Assessment of whether the Coalition should continue after the war.
- Published
- 1984
53. The rise of Socialism.
- Author
-
Morgan, Kenneth O.
- Subjects
- *
TWENTIETH century , *LABOR unions , *HISTORY of socialism , *HISTORY of political parties ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Discusses the rise of socialism in Great Britain during the Edwardian era. Influence of trade unionism on the growth of socialism; Description of the Independent Labour Party's version of socialism; Conflict between different forms of socialism in Great Britain during the Edwardian era.
- Published
- 1981
54. The Future of Equality.
- Author
-
Green, Philip
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1977-1981 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,PRESIDENTS of the United States ,BRITISH prime ministers ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on the foreign relations between the U.S. and Great Britain as of April 25, 1981. Impact of the election of Ronald Reagan as the U.S. President, and Margaret Thatcher as the Prime Minister of Great Britain on the relations between the two countries; Impact of the foreign relations between the U.S. and Great Britain on the political structure of both the countries.
- Published
- 1981
55. How Football was Born.
- Author
-
Sanders, Richard
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of soccer , *SOCCER , *SOCCER teams , *SPORTS teams , *ENDOWED public schools (Great Britain) , *HISTORY ,19TH century British history ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article discusses the history of soccer, also known as football, focusing particularly on the establishment of the Football Association in London, England in 1863. Topics considered include the development of soccer in the countryside during the early modern period, the rules of soccer at public schools such as Eton, Harrow, and Rugby, and the use of passing by Scottish soccer teams.
- Published
- 2013
56. THE WEEK.
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1953-1961 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FRENCH foreign relations ,20TH century British history ,20TH century French history - Abstract
This article offers world news briefs. The U.S., Great Britain, and France conferred about a response to Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev's block of access to Berlin, Germany. U.S. Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Paul R. Butler recommended Los Angeles, California as the site of the 1960 Democratic Convention. Additionally, U.S. relations with Communist China are discussed.
- Published
- 1959
57. BEHIND THE HEADLINES.
- Subjects
UNITED States politics & government, 1953-1961 ,CHINESE politics & government, 1949-1976 ,CHINESE Civil War, 1945-1949 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article presents several political news briefs for the week of February 14, 1955. The United States evacuation of the Tachen Islands off the cost of China puts the U.S. in direct support of the Nationalist Party from the Chinese Civil War. The British government has been engaging both parties in the Chinese Civil War with the hope that negotiations between the two sides will lead to peace and avoid atomic warfare.
- Published
- 1955
58. LOOKING for the MARCHERS.
- Author
-
Roszak, Theodore
- Subjects
PEACE movements ,20TH century British history ,BRITISH history ,ELECTIONS ,SOCIAL engineering (Political science) ,RACE relations in Great Britain - Abstract
The author, former editor of the British publication "Peace News," compares the peace movements in the U.S. and Great Britain in the 1960s and discusses the efforts of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) to cooperate with the British Labour Party. Elections in Great Britain, the government's policy on the Vietnam War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are mentioned, as well as race relations and social engineering.
- Published
- 1965
59. The Broader Issues of Bretton Woods.
- Author
-
Harris, Seymgur E.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,BRETTON Woods System ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,MONETARY systems ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Highlights the programs and policies that have been discussed at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire. Factors that led to British-American cooperation at Bretton Woods; Overview of economic conditions in Great Britain from 1920 to 1931; Economic significance of the Bretton Woods Conference; Mechanism of fiscal and monetary policies in Great Britain; Argument pertaining to the foreign relations of Great Britain with the U.S.; View that Bretton Woods programs proposes to reconcile national programs directed to assuring high levels of national income and employment with international equilibrium.
- Published
- 1944
60. The Week.
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,BRITISH foreign relations ,BRITISH occupation of India, 1765-1947 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article presents a summary of world news during the week of October 19, 1942. The author is encouraged by developments in World War II yet he believes a Supreme War Council is necessary to coordinate global strategy. He is also critical of Great Britain's policies in India, where dissent is being stifled.
- Published
- 1942
61. The Week.
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,BRITISH foreign relations ,SPANISH foreign relations ,SPANISH history, 1939-1975 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article presents news briefs concerning international politics for the week of December 23, 1940. Victories by British and Greek forces in Europe are reported along with demonstrations and unrest in Germany held territories. The deposition of Pierre Laval, the head of the Vichy government of France by Adolf Hitler is discussed. Speculation regarding British appeasement of Spanish interests are given.
- Published
- 1940
62. The Alternative to Fascism A Proposal for American-British Cooperation.
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,TRADE routes ,SURPLUS agricultural commodities ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Reports on the proposal for American-British cooperation. Need for engagement of the U.S. and Great Britain in organized policies of the trade routes; Potentialities for increased consumption of goods, even without sweeping reorganization, with scientific control and regularization of present trade channels; Plans of German dictator Adolf Hitler to pick off the Latin American countries, one by one, offering to buy their agricultural surpluses and to pay for them with German manufactured goods; Merits of the proposal of the U.S. and Great Britain cooperation.
- Published
- 1940
63. The Week.
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 -- Foreign relations ,PSYCHOLOGICAL warfare ,BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL conflict ,LATIN American history -- 1948-1980 ,20TH century British history ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article reports international developments related to socio-political issues. Indications showed that Latin American countries are reluctant to cooperate with the U.S. for fears that the Nazis may defeat Great Britain and take revenge on them. German Nazi dictator Adolf Hilter and his allies in Italy seem to miscalculate the response of the British to the psychological war it had previously launched.
- Published
- 1940
64. The Week.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,SPEECHES, addresses, etc. ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article discusses world news briefs. The Soviet Union's objective to cut Finland's rail connections with Sweden, which is the chief supply route, is described. Great Britain is patrolling and attacking the bases of German aircraft mine-layers, invading German harbors. Italy's Foreign Minister Count Ciano made a speech praising Germany and professing hostility for Great Britain and France.
- Published
- 1939
65. The Week.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,CHINESE foreign relations, 1912-1949 ,JAPANESE foreign relations ,JAPANESE history, 1912-1945 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article discusses how Leader of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler is beginning to feel the strain of the war. Additionally, the diplomatic phase of the war extends to the Far East with British garrisons withdrawing from China indicating an understanding between Japan and Great Britain that will negatively impact China.
- Published
- 1939
66. The Week.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,FRENCH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ITALIAN history, 1922-1945 ,FRENCH history, 1914-1940 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article discusses the destruction of Hitlerism, its meaning, and what is to follow. Rumors surrounding cooperation between the governments of Great Britain and France to end the war and render it impossible for Germany to fight are discussed. Additionally, important changes have taken place in Italy's foreign policy.
- Published
- 1939
67. What About Armenia?
- Author
-
Hibben, Paxton
- Subjects
BRITISH prime ministers ,SPHERES of influence ,PROTECTORATES ,MANDATES (Territories) ,INTERNATIONALIZED territories ,BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on position of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George on the political situation in Armenia. Emphasis of Lloyd George on the necessity of protecting the Christian communities in Armenia and Asia Minor; Concerns of Lloyd George and international politicians on whether the U.S. would accept a mandate on Armenia; Politics and government in Armenia under foreign domination; Appeal of the Armenian National Committee for Allied protection from persecution; Territorial arrangements under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Plight of Armenian refugees in Transcaucasia; Involvement of the British and French governments in the anti-Bolshevist adventures of Aleksandr Kolchak and Anton Denikin; Organization of a relief force by the U.S. to be sent to Armenia; Impact of the delay of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles; Increase of British and French spheres of influence.
- Published
- 1920
68. The Week.
- Subjects
UNITED States politics & government, 1923-1929 ,UNITED States presidential elections ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FRENCH politics & government, 1914-1940 ,POLITICAL campaigns ,PRESIDENTIAL candidates ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Presents information regarding the political developments taking place around the world with emphasis on the U.S. Information that the coming Presidential election in the U.S. would be bitterest in at least one generation; Observation that there has been a record registration of voters this time; Hightening of political activity in the closing days of election campaigns in the U.S.; Opinion of New York Governor and presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith that the U.S. has no right to meddle in the internal affairs of any other country; Promise made by Smith that he would use all his energy to attempt to defeat policies against prohibition; Allegation that the Anglo-French understanding is being destroyed by vigorous objection of the U.S.
- Published
- 1928
69. Editorials.
- Subjects
POLITICAL planning ,WORLD War II ,NATIONAL income ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article focuses on political and socio-economic events, going on in several nations, during the World War II. The people of the United States have set their President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a tremendous task. They have asked him to provide aid to Great Britain on a scale which will enable that country to overcome the terrific odds against it, and they have asked that this end shall be accomplished without the physical involvement in the war. The $1736 billion which the President proposes to lay out in 1941-42 is equivalent to nearly one-quarter of the national income in 1940, but is only about one-fifth of the national income which may be reasonably expected during the period for which this expenditure is budgeted.
- Published
- 1941
70. The Shape of Things.
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,BATTLES ,WAR ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
With Axis hopes for quick decision in the Battle of Britain fading, there is a growing prospect that its chief effort in the coming winter will be directed toward ousting the British from the Near East. No doubt air attacks on England will continue, and strong forces be held in readiness to suggest an invasion, with the object of keeping the bulk of Great Britain's strength pinned down in England. In the Near East Alexandria and the Suez Canal represent the heart of the British position. If they can be seized, Palestine will become untenable and the road will be opened to the Iraq oil fields.
- Published
- 1940
71. The Week.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,HOLDING companies ,TAKINGS clause (Constitutional law) ,HOUSING ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Comments on several political and economic issues. Refusal of Great Britain and the U.S. to apply economic boycott to Italy in case it goes to war; Intensification of lobbying against the legislative bill calling for the elimination of unnecessary utility holding companies; Evaluation of the trade agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union; Decision of a U.S. federal court denying government power to condemn land for housing.
- Published
- 1935
72. For the public good.
- Author
-
Pellew, Jill
- Subjects
- *
UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *BENEFACTORS , *HISTORY of universities & colleges , *UNIVERSITY & college finance , *VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article compares and contrasts the finance and funding of three universities in England during the early twentieth century: Bristol; Reading; and Nottingham. All three Universities were originally established as university colleges of the University of London: Bristol in 1876; Nottingham in 1881; and Reading in 1892. Major funding was supplied by the Wills family, major shareholders in the Imperial Tobacco Company, to University of Bristol. The University of Reading found patronage from the Quaker family of George Palmer, co-founder of Huntley and Palmers biscuit-making company. The University of Nottingham gained both land grants and funding from retail chemist Jesse Boot, founder of the pharmacy chain Boots the Chemist.
- Published
- 2013
73. JOE SPENCER’S RATCATCHERS: BRITISH SECURITY INTELLIGENCE IN OCCUPIED PERSIA.
- Author
-
O'Sullivan, Adrian
- Subjects
- *
WORLD War II , *LEND-lease operations (1941-1945) , *MILITARY intelligence , *HISTORY ,IRANIAN history -- 20th century ,20TH century British history ,HISTORY of the Soviet Union, 1939-1945 - Abstract
During the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Persia (Iran), the Tehran-based Defence Security Office was responsible for protecting from Nazi subversion and sabotage three potential strategic targets: the vital oilfields, pipelines, and refineries of Khuzistan; the Lend-Lease supply route between the Persian Gulf and the Soviet Union; and the security of the Persian polity itself. Against all odds, under the command of Lt Col E.L. ‘Joe’ Spencer, this small but effective British/Indian security-intelligence unit succeeded in neutralising the Nazi threat, in capturing all German operatives on Persian soil, and in maintaining the security of a territory five times the size of Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
74. In Quest of the Antique: The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart and the Democratization of Collecting, 1926-42.
- Author
-
Egginton, Heidi
- Subjects
- *
ANTIQUES , *CONSUMER culture , *COLLECTORS & collecting , *ART appreciation ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The popularization of antique collecting is typically located in the second half of the twentieth century, with the rise of 'retrochic' and the emergence of new markets and online trading websites for anonymously exchanging second-hand goods. Close study of the printed literature connected with the inter-war secondhand trade, however, challenges conventional chronologies in the history of consumer culture, and can provide a new perspective on the role of collecting in British social and cultural life. This article examines the period, after the late 1920s, during which The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart reinvented itself as a forum for antique and decorative art enthusiasts. It argues that, in speaking to and publishing contributions from so-called 'small collectors', this 'Popular Weekly for Collectors and Connoisseurs' helped shape a modern and democratic culture of art appreciation in which ordinary people were actively invited to participate. The private correspondence archive of a Buckinghamshire subscriber who used the Exchange and Mart to sell his collection of 'Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Antiquities' to readers across the country during the 1930s reveals an intimate portrait of the desires, fantasies, and pleasures associated with the popular experience of collecting in pre-war Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
75. The vagaries and value of the army transport mule in the British army during the First World War.
- Author
-
Varnava, Andrekos
- Subjects
- *
WAR use of mules , *WORLD War I , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,WORLD War I transportation ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article aims to write the army transport mule, which has previously been neglected in the equine historiography of the conflict, into the story of the First World War. It does not aim to tell the entire story of the role of mules in the war, as this deserves fuller investigation. Instead, it focuses on how various British sources depicted the army transport mule and how the actual involvement and treatment of these animals on the Salonica Front accorded with these perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. British Subversive Politics towards Austria and Partisan Resistance in the Austrian-Slovene Borderland, 1938-45.
- Author
-
Pirker, Peter
- Subjects
- *
WORLD War II , *SUBVERSIVE activities , *HISTORY ,AUSTRIAN history, 1938-1945 ,MOSCOW Declaration, 1943 ,AUSTRIAN politics & government, 1938-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
In 1943, the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) launched one of the Allied intelligence services' biggest efforts to foster resistance within Nazi Germany in cooperation with Slovene partisans in the Carinthian borderland. The so-called Clowder Mission systematically supplied weapons and other military assistance to the partisans who, in summer and autumn 1944, offered the strongest -- albeit often neglected by scholars -- militant resistance within the borders of Nazi Germany. Although SOE's operational aim of externally fomenting Austrian separatist, patriotic resistance deeper inside the country failed, its strategic aim of assisting the separation of Austria from Germany and re-establishing an independent Austrian nation-state proved to be sound. At the same time, the Carinthian Slovene partisans fell short of attaining their political objectives. This article analyses the paradoxical results of British subversive politics towards Austria and Slovenia. It traces the impact of the SOE's agenda and the origins of the Moscow Declaration on the reestablishment of Austria, and elaborates on the character of British-Slovene cooperation, its success and its breakdown in the context of British subversive politics, inter-Allied rivalries and competition, and the geopolitics of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
77. Designing the suburban church: the mid twentieth-century Roman Catholic churches of Reynolds & Scott.
- Author
-
Proctor, Robert
- Subjects
- *
CHURCH architecture , *VISUAL culture , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The pioneering modern movement, liturgically centred, church architecture of the mid twentieth century has become increasingly well documented and understood. Yet, for a long time before the Second Vatican Council most architects and clergy rejected this movement, maintaining traditional approaches and architectural forms. The basilican type dominated Roman Catholic church architecture in mid twentieth-century Britain, drawing loosely on Gothic or Byzantine and Romanesque models, and widely built in the new suburbs of expanding cities. As a typical landmark feature of such suburbs, the conventional church demands to be taken seriously and understood. This article draws on recent work on suburban and middle-class culture to interpret a body of such churches by a prolific firm of church architects, Reynolds & Scott of Manchester. It makes use of a hitherto unexplored archive of the practice's drawings, an interview with a surviving partner, parish and diocesan archives, and consideration of many of the buildings. The conventional basilican church can be reassessed through this evidence. It presents a type of creativity and a design approach that differ from the values embraced by modernism, but that nevertheless engage with the modernity of the suburb in a complex hybridity between the modern and traditional, the sacred and the secular, religious and domestic cultures, the particular, the transnational and the universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. How the Cold War Began ... with British Help: The Gouzenko Affair Revisited.
- Author
-
Molinaro, Dennis
- Subjects
- *
COLD War, 1945-1991 , *DEFECTION , *SPIES , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,BRITISH foreign relations ,CANADIAN history, 1945- ,20TH century British history - Abstract
THE GOUZENKO AFFAIR IS REFERRED TO as the event that started the Cold War. This article draws on recently declassified documents that shed new light on Britain's role in this affair, particularly that of the Foreign Office and the British High Commissioner to Canada. The documents reveal how the British had a major part in directing the response to Igor Gouzenko's defection in 1945. This event revealed the need for increased counterespionage security, but it also became a spectacle that directed the public's attention away from the British connection: specifically, the role of Alan Nunn May, a British nuclear scientist who had provided the Soviets with classified information. Instead, the public's interest was centred on Soviet spies, communism as a subversive force, and the brewing Soviet-US conflict. These newly declassified sources demonstrate how it was the British intelligence services and the British government that went to great lengths to help focus the public's attention in this direction. They took great pains to direct Canadian policymaking, which included working to discourage Canada's prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King from handling the affair privately with the Soviet ambassador, and were likely behind the infamous press leak to US reporter Drew Pearson that forced King to call a Royal Commission and publicize the affair. With the help of the British government and intelligence services, the Cold War began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. The Reception Given to Sadhu Sundar Singh, the Itinerant Indian Christian ‘Mystic’, in Interwar Britain.
- Author
-
Mukherjee, Sumita
- Subjects
- *
SADHUS ,20TH century British history - Abstract
In 1920 and 1922, an Indian Christian called Sadhu Sundar Singh toured Britain. Widely renowned in the global Christian community in the interwar period, Singh was notorious for certain stories of miracles, for his appearance and for the ways in which he epitomised Eastern Christianity. Using Singh’s correspondence and a range of newspapers, this article argues that British audiences were attracted to Singh because of his appearance and ethnicity and because he conformed to stereotypes of essentialised Indian spirituality despite his Christian faith. It argues that the reception to Singh in Britain must be understood in relation to the perpetuation of Orientalist understandings of Indians and Indian religions in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. Life in the kitchen: Television advertising, the housewife and domestic modernity in Britain, 1955–1969.
- Author
-
Nixon, Sean
- Subjects
- *
TELEVISION advertising , *HOUSEWIVES ,20TH century British history ,BRITISH politics & government, 1945-1964 ,BRITISH politics & government, 1964-1979 - Abstract
The modern kitchen was emblematic of a cold war obsession with household consumer durables as a measure of national progress. Its roots lay in a largely American idea of the ‘new household’ and the modern housewife. The article explores how television advertising in Britain played its part in helping to promote these co-joined aspects of the cross-Atlantic domestic ideal. In pursuing this argument, the article emphasises the way American domestic ideals took distinctive directions in Britain. Contributing to this adaptation of American ideals was a range of home-grown influences that shaped the remaking of the post-war home and women’s social role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. ‘A Local Terrorist Made Good’: the Callaghan government and the Arab–Israeli peace process, 1977–79.
- Author
-
Ashton, Nigel
- Subjects
- *
ARAB-Israeli peace process , *ARAB-Israeli conflict, 1973-1993 , *TWENTIETH century ,ARAB countries-Israel relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The British government had played an important role during the 1950s and 1960s as a mediator in the Arab–Israeli conflict, most notably through the development of Project Alpha between 1954 and 1956, and through the negotiation of United Nations Security Council resolution 242 in 1967. Between 1977 and 1979, British Prime Minister James Callaghan played a supporting role to US President Jimmy Carter as he negotiated the Camp David Accords of 1978. Callaghan adopted a pro-Israeli stance, cultivating close relations with the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and defending Begin’s position over key issues, particularly his reluctance to remove settlements from the occupied territories. In this respect Callaghan’s government departed from established British policy, even abstaining over United Nations Security Council resolution 446 in March 1979 which condemned continuing Israeli settlement activity. This resulted in damage to Britain’s relations with moderate Arab states such as Egypt and Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
82. A triumph of realism? Britain, Aden and the end of empire, 1964–67.
- Author
-
Edwards, Aaron
- Subjects
- *
REALISM , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The Labour Government's decision to withdraw from Britain's overseas bases east of Suez in the 1960s had profound repercussions for British grand strategy. One of the last colonies to be evacuated was the port town of Aden, located on the south-western tip of the Arabian Peninsula. First seized by the East India Company on behalf of the British Empire in 1839, it became a Crown Colony almost a century later in 1937. By 1963, the British government had presided over Aden's entry into the fledgling Federation of South Arabia, a transitional body that was envisaged as a vehicle for independence. Drawing on the Labour's Party's archives, amongst a range of other sources, this article examines the shift in policy within the Labour government on the issue of Aden. It makes the case that, in contrast to the Conservative government's wholehearted support for Britain's tribal allies in South Arabia, Labour hedged its bets by balancing its policy off between the tribal rulers and the new radical nationalist opposition. By refusing to back the fledgling Federation government, Labour, instead, adopted a non-committal stance that would lead to greater strategic inertia in its policy towards the Middle East during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. Restoring Victory: Naval Heritage, Identity, and Memory in Interwar Britain.
- Author
-
Leggett, Don
- Subjects
- *
WARSHIPS , *INTERWAR Period (1918-1939) , *WORLD War I , *NATIONALISM ,20TH century British history - Abstract
In the decade following 1918, HMS Victory was restored as a memorial to the nation, empire, the Navy, and all the sailors who had lost their lives in the Great War. This piece of Britain's naval heritage became a focal point for Great War memory and a resource for narrating the Navy's place in post-war Britain. This article analyses the restoration campaign, focusing on its appeal work and the materials it produced, discourses surrounding the restoration and the use of Victory's oak to recover this ship's importance at the intersection between Britain and its Navy in the aftermath of the Great War, and the function that the Navy played in the construction of post-war memory and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
84. 'Winning While Losing':Borneo Headquarters and the End of Confrontation,June-November 1966.
- Author
-
Tuck, Christopher
- Subjects
20TH century British history ,BRITISH foreign relations ,HISTORY of Indonesia, 1966-1998 - Abstract
From 1963 to 1966 Britain fought an undeclared war against Indonesia in the jungles of Borneo. Existing accounts of the tactical outcomes of this campaign take at face value the comments produced after the event by such key individuals as Sir Walter Walker, until March 1965 the British Director of Borneo Operations, who regarded the campaign as 'a complete success'. This article demonstrates that this narrative is a retrospective judgement and that senior British officers at the time regarded the conclusion of the campaign as a success for Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. HISTORICIZING CITIZENSHIP IN POST-WAR BRITAIN.
- Author
-
GRANT, MATTHEW
- Subjects
- *
CITIZENSHIP , *HISTORY of nationalism , *WORLD War II , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century , *EMIGRATION & immigration ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Citizenship has been widely debated in post-war British history, yet historians discuss the concept in very different, and potentially contradictory, ways. In doing so, historians are largely following in the footsteps of post-war politicians, thinkers, and ordinary people, who showed that citizenship could – and did – mean very different things. The alternative ways of framing the concept can be usefully described as the three registers of citizenship. First, there are the political and legal definitions of what makes any individual a citizen. Secondly, there is the notion of belonging to a national community, an understanding of citizenship which highlights that legal status alone cannot guarantee an individual's ability to practise citizenship rights. Thirdly, there is the idea of citizenship as divided between ‘good’ or ‘active’ citizens, and ‘bad’ or ‘passive’ ones, a differential understanding of citizenship which has proved very influential in debates about British society. This article reviews these registers, and concludes by arguing that all three must be taken into account if we are to comprehend properly the nature and citizenship as both status and practice in post-war Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. "The greatest victory which the chemist has won in the fight (...) against Nature": Nitrogenous fertilizers in Great Britain and the British Empire, 1910s-1950s.
- Author
-
Page, Arnaud
- Subjects
- *
TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *ECONOMIC consumption statistics , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *AGRICULTURAL research , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history ,BRITISH colonies -- 20th century - Abstract
This paper analyses the rise of synthetic nitrogen in Great Britain and its empire, from the First World War to the aftermath of the Second World War. Rather than focus solely on technological innovations and consumption statistics, it seeks to explain how nitrogen was a central element in the expansion of a form of agricultural governance, which needed simplified, stable, and seemingly universal input/output formulae. In the first half of the twentieth century, nitrogen was thus gradually constructed as a global indicator of development, as it was particularly adapted to scientific and political regimes increasingly relying upon abstraction and quantification. Yet, the history of nitrogenous fertilizers in the interwar years also shows that this cannot be reduced to a simple story of triumphant modernity, as their development and globalization was imperfect, unstable, accompanied by resistance and the resilience or emergence of other models. Rather than assuming an all-powerful "state" project, the paper thus seeks to recover the multiplicity of actors, and attempts to account for the rise of nitrogenous fertilizers; not just as the progressive application of a technological breakthrough, but as a difficult process embedded in technological, financial, and military constraints, corporate strategies, political imperatives, and the changing institutional framework of agricultural research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
87. The Inner City Crisis and the End of Urban Modernism in 1970s Britain.
- Author
-
Smith, Otto Saumarez
- Subjects
- *
INNER cities , *MODERNITY , *MELIORISM (Philosophy) , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article links two processes that reached culmination during the 1970s: the emergence in central government of concern for inner city areas, and the rejection of urban modernist approaches to the built environment. It focuses on the approach of the Department of the Environment in dealing with the issue, particularly through the three Inner Area Studies on Lambeth, Small Heath in Birmingham and Liverpool 8, which were published in 1977. The first section gives an account of the background under which the Studies were commissioned by the Department of the Environment, then headed by Conservative Secretary of State Peter Walker. Part two gives a brief account of the Studies. Part three details their reception under the Labour Government, and shows their influence on the 1977 White Paper Policy for the Inner Cities. Through this case study, two arguments are made about the changing approach to the built environment in the 1970s: that political and planning elites played a pivotal role in the disavowal of urban modernism in this period; and that the multiple problems exemplified by the inner city made modernist approaches appear increasingly untenable, even to former advocates. The conclusion suggests that, at least in its approach to the inner city, the meliorist aims of the post-war period were not an intellectually spent force by the 1970s, but remained an ambitious and evolving project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
88. 'Loyal Believers and Disloyal Sceptics': Propaganda and Dissent in Britain during the Korean War, 1950-1953.
- Author
-
BUCHANAN, TOM
- Subjects
- *
PROPAGANDA , *KOREAN War, 1950-1953 , *AGGRESSION (International law) , *COLD War, 1945-1991 , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article looks at the small number of British subjects who visited China and North Korea during the Korean War with a view to influencing British opinion. Although none were brought to trial, all experienced some form of punitive action, whether the loss of employment, loss of passports, or damage to their reputations. The subject is placed in the context of the Cold War, and the wider concerns about disloyalty on the Left at the time, as well as the controversies surrounding the Korean War in Britain. It concludes that the actions of these individuals have to be understood in terms of their alternative loyalties (such as to the 'new' China, or to an alternative vision of the United Nations), which ultimately outweighed allegations of disloyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. A barrier to medical treatment? British medical practitioners, medical appliances and the patent controversy, 1870–1920.
- Author
-
Stark, James F. and JONES, CLAIRE L.
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL patents , *DRUG patents , *HISTORY of medical ethics , *HISTORY ,19TH century British history ,20TH century British history - Abstract
From the late nineteenth century onwards there emerged an increasingly diverse response to escalating patenting activity. Inventors were generally supportive of legislation that made patenting more accessible, while others, especially manufacturers, saw patenting culture as an impediment. The medical profession claimed that patenting represented ‘a barrier to medical treatment’ and was thus detrimental to the nation's health, yet, as I argue, the profession's development of strict codes of conduct forbidding practitioners from patenting resulted in rebellion from some members, who increasingly sought protection for their inventions. Such polarized opinions within the medical trade continue to affect current medical practice today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Words That Disturb the State: Hate Speech and the Lessons of Fascism in Britain, 1930s-1960s.
- Author
-
Hilliard, Christopher
- Subjects
- *
FREEDOM of speech , *HATE speech , *HISTORY of antisemitism , *RACISM , *DECOLONIZATION , *NATIONAL socialism & culture , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY , *HISTORY of political parties ,20TH century British history ,HISTORY of fascism - Abstract
The article discusses efforts to minimize freedom of speech in Great Britain before, during, and after World War II by focusing on efforts by groups including the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the Communist Party of Great Britain, and the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), to abolish hate speech such as antisemitism in print in response to Nazism and fascism. Other topics include racism against Blacks and Asians, decolonization and British immigration, and the sedition trial against newspaper editor James Caunt.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. The Jewish neighbourhoods of Jaffa and the question of annexation to Tel Aviv at the end of the British Mandate.
- Author
-
Goren, Tamir
- Subjects
- *
ISRAELI Jews , *JEWISH-Arab relations -- History -- 1917-1948 , *MUNICIPAL annexation , *HISTORY ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
One of the most complex issues facing British rule on the local municipal level towards the end of the Mandate period was the problem of Jaffa's Jewish neighbourhoods. This question, which emerged with the outbreak of the 1936 disturbances, engaged the government thereafter until the end of the Mandate. The demand by the residents of Jaffa's Jewish neighbourhoods for annexation to Tel Aviv – actually for municipal detachment from Jaffa – constituted the root of the problem. In this setting of the sharpening of relations between the authorities and the Jews and Arabs in 1945–1947, all three involved parties found themselves deeply immersed in it in the attempt to bring about its resolution. The annexation problem ceaselessly preoccupied the institutions of the Jewish Yishuv as a Zionist–Yishuv struggle of the highest order. This period gave rise to a series of unprecedented moves by the Jewish side, which were intended to influence the British government toward solving the problem. The article examines its development of the problem from the viewpoint of the three sides concerned in the years 1945–1947, with the focus on the policy line adopted by the Jewish side, its implications and its results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. Cultural memory, teaching and contemporary writing about the First World War.
- Author
-
Einhaus, Ann-Marie
- Subjects
- *
WORLD War I & collective memory , *WORLD War I , *FICTION , *WORLD War I in literature , *20TH century English literature ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The centenary commemorations of the First World War have prompted renewed debate as to the ways in which it ought to be remembered in future, not least through teaching and through historical fiction. This article discusses two contemporary collections of short stories and a number of novels published between 1991 and 2014. It reads these modern literary accounts of the First World War against current popular perceptions of and commemorative discourses surrounding the war, including the representation of the war in secondary education and the use of literature in the classroom. In doing so, the article draws in part on a research project that investigated the teaching of the First WorldWar and its literature in English secondary schools between February 2013 and August 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. 'A New Order is Being Created': Domestic Modernism in 1930s Britain.
- Author
-
Moore, Daniel
- Subjects
INTERIOR decoration -- History ,20TH century British history ,MODERNISM (Aesthetics) ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This article addresses the attempts in Britain in the 1930s to integrate modernist aesthetics with the home. A number of initiatives during this period were directed towards improving both standards of living and the public's taste: arising from exposure to continental modernism (Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier) and with a fervent belief in the democratisation of the living space, innovators such as Wells Coates, Jack and Molly Pritchard, and Maxwell Fry sought to reinvent the home for the twentieth century. The results were often short-lived, and in some cases, abject failures. Yet the negotiations that these designers, architects, and visionaries made between high-minded aesthetics and the practicalities of quotidian British life reveal much about standards of taste during the 1930s. This article takes two case studies in detail: The Lawn Road Flats-the Isokon Building-in Hampstead, London, and the activities of the Design and Industries Association (DIA). In doing so, I chart the ways in which interior design developed in Britain during the decade before the outbreak of World War Two, and explore how small-scale, short-lived activities in this period laid the foundations for a flowering of new modes of living post-1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. The imperial welfare state? Decolonisation, education and professional interventions on immigrant children in Birmingham, 1948-1971.
- Author
-
Ydesen, Christian and Myers, Kevin
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRANT children , *WELFARE state , *MULTICULTURAL education , *DECOLONIZATION , *EDUCATION policy , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century , *SOCIAL conditions of immigrants , *EDUCATION , *EMIGRATION & immigration ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article approaches debates about how the history of the post-1945 English welfare state might be written. It argues that professionals' interventions on immigrant children can serve as a prism for understanding the crafting of the modern English welfare state. In this sense the article engages with the narrative concerning the resilience of a post-war British history that sees 1945 as a moment of profound rupture symbolised by the demise of Empire, the development of a universal welfare state, and the coming of mass immigration that brought with it social problems whose management presaged a distinctive British multiculturalism. Due to its influential impact on the development of immigrant education policies in England and because of its extensive education archive the article uses the Birmingham Local Education Authority (LEA) as an empirical and historical case. The significant British Nationality Act of 1948 and the Immigration Act of 1971 serve as demarcations of the period treated. The article concludes that the immigrant child and the child's background were consistently presented as educational problems and as the cause of both poor academic attainment and a more intangible unwillingness to assimilate. In this lens the crafting of the post-war English welfare state was a continuation of an imperial project shoring up imperial boundaries within as the former colonised appeared on English soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
95. EUGENICS, POPULATION RESEARCH, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY STUDIES IN EARLY AND MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN.
- Author
-
RENWICK, CHRIS
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL mobility , *SOCIAL sciences , *EUGENICS , *WORLD War II ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Eugenics and sociology are often considered polar opposites, with the former seen as a pseudo-science that reduces everything to genes and the other a progressive social science focused on the environment. However, the situation was not quite so straightforward in mid-twentieth-century Britain. As this article shows, eugenics had a number of important formative intellectual, institutional, and methodological impacts on ideas and practices that would find a home in the rapidly expanding and diversifying discipline of sociology after the Second World War. Taking in the careers of leading individuals, including Alexander Carr-Saunders, William Beveridge, Julian Huxley, and David Glass, and focusing on the relationship between eugenics, 'population research', and the emerging field of social mobility studies, the article highlights the significant but underappreciated influence interwar biosocial thinking had on intellectual, scientific, and political cultures in postwar Britain. In so doing, the article draws on recent scholarship on the 'technical identity' embedded in mid-century British social science, which, it is suggested, provided the link between the research under consideration and the progressive politics of those who carried it out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. "The Totality of Relationships": The Haughey-Thatcher Relationship and the Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, 8 December 1980.
- Author
-
KELLY, STEPHEN
- Subjects
GREAT Britain-Ireland relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,BRITISH politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRISH politics & government, 20th century ,20TH century British history ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
An essay is presented on the Anglo-Irish summit meeting between Irish Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher held in Dublin, Ireland on December 8, 1980. It examines the observations of journalists Stephen Collins and Eamonn O'Kane on the significance of the meeting on the Anglo-Irish relations. It also explores how Haughey and Thatcher viewed the conflict in Northern Ireland during their respective tenures.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. Feminising Empire? British Women's Activist Networks in Defending and Challenging Empire from 1918 to Decolonisation.
- Author
-
Bush, Barbara
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of women & politics , *WOMEN , *FEMINISM , *IMPERIALISM , *AUTONOMY & independence movements , *POLITICAL participation , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article addresses female activism spanning the Empire and creating interconnected networks linking the local and global dimensions of Britain's imperial mission in an era of increasing uncertainty. The transition from empire to commonwealth and, ultimately, independence was marked by anti-colonial challenges from within Britain and in the colonies and threats to empire from international developments post-1918. This era also witnessed a more proactive role for women as both defenders and critics of empire who had an influence on shaping a new discourse of welfare and development, purportedly a ‘feminisation’ of empire. Continuities existed between female activism pre- and post-1918 but also significant differences as the late imperial era witnessed more nuanced and diverse interventions into empire affairs than the ‘maternalist imperial feminism’ of the era before the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
98. From laissez-faire to supranational planning: the economic debate within Federal Union (1938–1945).
- Author
-
Milani, Tommaso
- Subjects
- *
FREE enterprise , *EUROPEAN integration , *SOCIALISM , *LIBERALISM ,BRITISH politics & government ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article focuses on the early years of Federal Union (FU), the leading British federalist association created in 1938. It sets out to demonstrate that FU members heavily disagreed about the economic powers of the future Federation and that these divisions weakened the appeal of the federalist cause. Archival evidence suggests the organisation shifted from economic neutrality, favoured by allegiance to nineteenth-century liberalism, which emphasized the benefits of free trade while keeping a minimum of centralized force in order to prevent interstate rivalries from boiling over into war, to a radical advocacy of supranational planning, aimed at enforcing social rights and welfare entitlements granted to all the citizens of the member-states. This swing to the Left had several implications, including abandoning the prospect of an Anglo-American union, developing a more sympathetic attitude towards the Soviet system, and breaking ties with influential members of the British establishment who had initially lent support to FU, such as Lionel Curtis and William Beveridge. By pointing at the tension between the models of ‘Federation Pure and Simple’ and ‘Federation Plus’, this article also highlights the supple and muddled nature of federalism as an ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Lend-Lease Act.
- Subjects
- *
LEND-lease operations (1941-1945) , *WORLD War II ,UNITED States involvement in World War II ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Presents the text of the United States' Lend-Lease Act of 1941. Definitions; Rights granted to the president for the promotion of American military power; Procedure for the sale and export of arms; Other provisions.
- Published
- 2017
100. Aging in Twentieth-Century Britain.
- Author
-
Dawson, Sandra Trudgen
- Subjects
- *
AGING , *NONFICTION ,20TH century British history - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.