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While previous work exists on how to conduct and disseminate insights from problem-driven visualization projects and design studies, the literature does not address how to accomplish these goals in transdisciplinary teams in ways that advance all disciplines involved. In this paper we introduce and define a new methodological paradigm we call design by immersion, which provides an alternative perspective on problem-driven visualization work. Design by immersion embeds transdisciplinary experiences at the center of the visualization process by having visualization researchers participate in the work of the target domain (or domain experts participate in visualization research). Based on our own combined experiences of working on cross-disciplinary, problem-driven visualization projects, we present six case studies that expose the opportunities that design by immersion enables, including (1) exploring new domain-inspired visualization design spaces, (2) enriching domain understanding through personal experiences, and (3) building strong transdisciplinary relationships. Furthermore, we illustrate how the process of design by immersion opens up a diverse set of design activities that can be combined in different ways depending on the type of collaboration, project, and goals. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential pitfalls of design by immersion., The paper has been accepted to IEEE VIS (InfoVis) 2019, and will appear IEEE TVCG. ACM 2012 CCS - Human-centered computing, Visualization, Visualization design and evaluation methods

International audience; As Virtual Reality (VR) headsets become more mobile, people can interact in public spaces with applications often requiring large arm movements. However, using these open gestures is often uncomfortable and sometimes impossible in confined and public spaces (e.g., commuting in a bus). We present FingerMapper, a mapping technique that maps small and energy-efficient finger motions onto virtual arms so that users have less physical motions while maintaining presence and partially virtual body ownership. FingerMapper works as an alternative function while the environment is not allowed for full arm interaction and enables users to interact inside a small physical, but larger virtual space. We present one example application, FingerSaber that allows the user to perform the large arm swinging movement using FingerMapper.

International audience; Physical representations of data offer physical and spatial ways of looking at, navigating, and interacting with data. While digital fabrication has facilitated the creation of objects with data-driven geometry, rendering data as a physically fabricated object is still a daunting leap for many physicalization designers. Rendering in the scope of this research refers to the back-and-forth process from digital design to digital fabrication and its specific challenges. We developed a corpus of example data physicalizations from research literature and physicalization practice. This survey then unpacks the "rendering" phase of the extended InfoVis pipeline in greater detail through these examples, with the aim of identifying ways that researchers, artists, and industry practitioners "render" physicalizations using digital design and fabrication tools.

International audience; The articles in this special section focus on data physicalization. The practice of representing data in physical form has existed for thousands of years, yet it has only become an area of investigation and exploration for scientists, designers, and artists much more recently.3 Advances in areas such as digital fabrication, actuated tangible interfaces, and shape-changing displays have spurred an emerging area of research now called Data Physicalization.1 This Special Issue of IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications presents four articles spanning a wide breadth of current data physicalization research, from theory to practice.

In recent years, Mixed Reality (MR) headsets have increasingly made advances in terms of capability, affordability and end-user adoption, slowly becoming everyday technology. HCI research typically explores positive aspects of these technologies, focusing on interaction, presence and immersive experiences. However, such technological advances and paradigm shifts often fail to consider the ``dark patterns'', with potential abusive scenarios, made possible by new technologies (cf. smartphone addiction, social media anxiety disorder). While these topics are getting recent attention in related fields and with the general population, this workshop is aimed at starting an active exploration of abusive, ethical, social and political scenarios of MR research inside the HCI community. With an HCI lens, workshop participants will engage in critical reviews of emerging MR technologies and applications and develop a joint research agenda to address them.

International audience; We investigate direct manipulation of graphical encodings as a method for interacting with visualizations. There is an increasing interest in developing visualization tools that enable users to perform operations by directly manipulating graphical encodings rather than external widgets such as checkboxes and sliders. Designers of such tools must decide which direct manipulation operations should be supported, and identify how each operation can be invoked. However, we lack empirical guidelines for how people convey their intended operations using direct manipulation of graphical encodings. We address this issue by conducting a qualitative study that examines how participants perform 15 operations using direct manipulation of standard graphical encodings. From this study, we 1) identify a list of strategies people employ to perform each operation, 2) observe commonalities in strategies across operations, and 3) derive implications to help designers leverage direct manipulation of graphical encoding as a method for user interaction.

International audience; Self-reflection is a central goal of personal informatics systems, and constructing visualizations from physical tokens has been found to help people reflect on data. However, so far, constructive physicalization has only been studied in lab environments with provided datasets. Our qualitative study investigates the construction of personal physicalizations in people’s domestic environments over 2–4 weeks. It contributes an understandingof (1) the process of creating personal physicalizations, (2) the types of personal insights facilitated, (3) the integration of selfreflection in the physicalization process, and (4) its benefits and challenges for self-reflection. We found that in constructive personal physicalization, data collection, construction and self-reflections are deeply intertwined. This extends previous models of visualization creation and data-driven self-reflection.We outline how benefits such as reflection through manual construction, personalization, and presence in everyday life can be transferred to a wider set of digital and physical systems.

Communicating data in an effective and efficient story requires the content author to recognize the needs, goals, and knowledge of the intended audience. To effectively communicate ideas and concepts, content authors need to think carefully about how their work best fits the needs of the audience. Data storytellers have an ethical obligation to ensure that their visualizations do not skew or mislead interpretations unnecessarily and this intersects with the literacy level of the expected audience. An individual in the audience brings their own viewpoints, backgrounds, and experience to each and every data-driven story they consume. Whether driven by their cultural background, social position, education, or other demographic characteristics, readers carry with them their own unique set of knowledge and biases. A consistent design approach can help an audience relate to a producer's work and entice them to return. Television audiences are also fickle, often switching programs and channels within less than a second.

International audience; We investigate whether the notion of active reading for text might be usefully applied to visualizations. Through a qualitative study we explored whether people apply observable active reading techniques when reading paper-based node-link visualizations. Participants used a range of physical actions while reading, and from these we synthesized an initial set of active reading techniques for visualizations. To learn more about the potential impact such techniques may have on visualization reading, we implemented support for one type of physical action from our observations (making freeform marks) in an interactive node-link visualization. Results from our quantitative study of this implementation show that interactive support for active reading techniques can improve the accuracy of performing low-level visualization tasks. Together, our studies suggest that the active reading space is ripe for research exploration within visualization and can lead to new interactions that make for a more flexible and effective visualization reading experience. Index Terms—active reading of visualizations, active reading, information visualization, spectrum of physical engagement

International audience; Watches benefit from a long design history. Designers and engineers have successfully built devices using rotary physical inputs such as crowns, bezels, and wheels, separately or combined. Smart watch designers have explored the use of some of these inputs for interactions. However, a systematic exploration of their combinations has yet to be done. We investigate the design space of interactions with multiple rotary inputs through a three stages exploration. (1) We build upon observations of a collection of 113 traditional or electronic watches to propose a typology of physical rotary inputs for watches. (2) We conduct two focus groups to explore combination of physical rotary inputs. (3) We then build upon the output of these focus groups to design a low fidelity prototype, and further discuss the potential and challenges of rotary inputs combinations during a third focus group.; L’histoire des montres est pleine d’exemples utilisant une ou plusieurs modalités tangibles d’interaction comme les couronnes, les lunettes et les molettes. Pourtant les concepteurs de "smartwatches" ont seulement exploré un sous ensemble de ces mécanisme et surtout n’ont pas considéré la possibilité de les combiner. Dans cet article, nous étudions les possibilités o ertes par la combinaison de plusieurs de ces mécanismes rotatifs en trois étapes pour les smartwatches. (1) Nous rassemblons une collection de 113 montres traditionnelles ou électroniques pour faire une typologie de leurs mécanismes rotatifs, (2) dont les combinaisons sont explorées et discutées durant deux focus groups. (3) Ces discussions nous mènent à développer un prototype pour discuter des potentiels et des défis des combinaisons d’entrées rotatives au cours d’un troisième focus group.

We present Landscape, a new visualization for representing energy consumption designed for non-expert users into their households. We identified 3 reasons which would explain their lack of interest: Complexity of the energy units, specifics domestic behaviors, unsuitable visualizations for non-expert users. We designed an app inspired by Postcards metaphor. Landscape represents synthetized and aesthetics dataset. This article introduces indicators design, metaphorical work and graphical representations.

Research in sonification and physicalization have expanded data representation techniques to include senses beyond the visual. Yet, little is known of how people interpret and make sense of haptic and sonic compared to visual representations. We have conducted two phenomenologically oriented comparative studies (applying the Repertory Grid and the Microphenomenological interview technique) to gather in-depth accounts of people's interpretation and experience of different representational modalities that included auditory, haptic and visual variations . Our findings show a rich characterization of these different representational modalities: our visually oriented representations engage through their familiarity, accuracy and easy interpretation, while our representations that stimulated auditory and haptic interpretation were experienced as more ambiguous, yet stimulated an engaging interpretation of data that involved the whole body. We describe and discuss in detail participants' processes of making sense and generating meaning using the modalities' unique characteristics, individually and as a group. Our research informs future research in the area of multimodal data representations from both a design and methodological perspective. Postprint

International audience; Uncertainty plays an important and complex role in data analysis , where the goal is to find pertinent patterns, build robust models, and support decision making. While these endeavours are often associated with professional data scientists, many domain experts engage in such activities with varying skill levels. To understand how these domain experts (or "data workers") analyse uncertain data we conducted a qualitative user study with 12 participants from a variety of domains. In this paper, we describe their various coping strategies to understand, min-imise, exploit or even ignore this uncertainty. The choice of the coping strategy is influenced by accepted domain practices, but appears to depend on the types and sources of uncertainty and whether participants have access to support tools. Based on these findings, we propose a new process model of how data workers analyse various types of uncertain data and conclude with design considerations for uncertainty-aware data analytics.

International audience; We introduce Visual Sedimentation, a novel design metaphor for visualizing data streams directly inspired by the physical process of sedimentation. Visualizing data streams (e. g., Tweets, RSS, Emails) is challenging as incoming data arrive at unpredictable rates and have to remain readable. For data streams, clearly expressing chronological order while avoiding clutter, and keeping aging data visible, are important. The metaphor is drawn from the real-world sedimentation processes: objects fall due to gravity, and aggregate into strata over time. Inspired by this metaphor, data is visually depicted as falling objects using a force model to land on a surface, aggregating into strata over time. In this paper, we discuss how this metaphor addresses the specific challenge of smoothing the transition between incoming and aging data. We describe the metaphor's design space, a toolkit developed to facilitate its implementation, and example applications to a range of case studies. We then explore the generative capabilities of the design space through our toolkit. We finally illustrate creative extensions of the metaphor when applied to real streams of data.

International audience; In this pictorial, we present a method to facilitate hands-on physicalization processes during workshops. Data physicalization – encoding data in physical artefacts – allows for new ways to represent and communicate data and, as a process, can make the principles of data representation more " graspable ". In order to (1) engage different research communities to discuss data physicalization from a social and technology point of view, (2) promote data-driven prototyping, and (3) teach physicalization as a creative process in educational settings we have run hands-on data physicalization workshops within Human Computer Interaction, Information visualization and Design communities. Based on these workshops, we identified three main pitfalls that can cause participants to get stuck in the data preparation, ideation and construction phases. To address these, we designed a workshop to facilitate a rapid engagement in physicalization activities. Testing this method as part of another physicalization workshop shows its potential for participant engagement, prototyping and design reflection.

International audience; We introduce a novel method based on physical proxies for investigating fundamental differences between touch and tangible interfaces. This method uses physical chips to emulate the flat, non-graspable objects that make up touch interfaces , in a way that supports direct comparison with tangible interfaces. We ran an experiment to test the effect of object thickness on participants' behavior, performance and subjective experience in spatial rearrangement tasks. We found that for the tasks tested, thick objects are faster but less accurate to operate, and that their graspability is only used occasionally. We also found that coarse manipulation of multiple thin objects is error-prone, an issue that only thick objects may allow to alleviate.

International audience; Providing tools that make visualization authoring accessible to visualization non-experts is a major research challenge. Currently the most common approach to generating a visualization is to use software that quickly and automatically produces visualizations based on templates. However, it has recently been suggested that constructing a visualization with tangible tiles may be a more accessible method, especially for people without visualization expertise. There is still much to be learned about the differences between these two visualization authoring practices. To better understand how people author visualizations in these two conditions, we ran a qualitative study comparing the use of software to the use of tangible tiles, for the creation of bar charts. Close observation of authoring activities showed how each of the following varied according to the tool used: 1) sequences of action; 2) distribution of time spent on different aspects of the InfoVis pipeline; 3) pipeline task separation; and 4) freedom to manipulate visual variables. From these observations, we discuss the implications of the variations in activity sequences, noting tool design considerations and pointing to future research questions.

International audience; SmartTokens are small-sized tangible tokens that can sense multiple types of motion, multiple types of touch/grip, and send input events wirelessly as state-machine transitions. By providing an open platform for embedding basic sensing capabilities within small form-factors, SmartTokens extend the design space of tangible user interfaces. We describe the de- sign and implementation of SmartTokens and illustrate how they can be used in practice by introducing a novel TUI design for event notification and personal task management.

In this paper we discuss the creation of visual mementos as a new application area for visualization. We define visual mementos as visualizations of personally relevant data for the purpose of reminiscing, and sharing of life experiences. Today more people collect digital information about their life than ever before. The shift from physical to digital archives poses new challenges and opportunities for self-reflection and self-representation. Drawing on research on autobiographical memory and on the role of artifacts in reminiscing, we identified design challenges for visual mementos: mapping data to evoke familiarity, expressing subjectivity, and obscuring sensitive details for sharing. Visual mementos can make use of the known strengths of visualization in revealing patterns to show the familiar instead of the unexpected, and extend representational mappings beyond the objective to include the more subjective. To understand whether people's subjective views on their past can be reflected in a visual representation, we developed, deployed and studied a technology probe that exemplifies our concept of visual mementos. Our results show how reminiscing has been supported and reveal promising new directions for self-reflection and sharing through visual mementos of personal experiences.

Best Paper Honorable Mention; International audience; If visualization is to be democratized, we need to provide means for non-experts to create visualizations that allow them to engage directly with datasets. We present constructive visualization a new paradigm for the simple creation of flexible, dynamic visualizations. Constructive visualization is simple--in that the skills required to build and manipulate the visualizations are akin to kindergarten play; it is expressive-- in that one can build within the constraints of the chosen environment, and it also supports dynamics -- in that these constructed visualizations can be rebuilt and adjusted. We de- scribe the conceptual components and processes underlying constructive visualization, and present real-world examples to illustrate the utility of this approach. The constructive visualization approach builds on our inherent understanding and experience with physical building blocks, offering a model that enables non-experts to create entirely novel visualizations, and to engage with datasets in a manner that would not have otherwise been possible.; Si la visualisation doit être démocratisé, il faut concevoir des moyens engageants qui permettent aux personnes non-expertes de créer des visualisations. Nous présentons la *construction de visualisation* un nouveau paradigme pour la création simple de visualisations dynamiques, et flexibles. Ce paradigme est simple car les compétences ces nécessaires a mettre en œuvre pour construire et manipuler une visualisations sont semblables à celle développer à l'école maternelle; il est expressif - dans la mesure des contraintes de l'environnement choisi; et il permet également les mises à jour dynamique - les visualisations construites peuvent être reconstruits et adaptés. Nous décrivons les composants conceptuels et processus sous-jacents des visualisations constructives, et nous présentons des exemples concrets pour illustrer l'utilité de cette approche. L'approche de visualisation constructif s'appuie sur notre compréhension et notre expérience des manipulations de blocs de construction physique, offrant un modèle qui permet aux non-experts de créer entièrement de nouvelles visualisations, tout en s'engageant dans une activité de manipulation et d'analyse de données d'une façons qui n'aurait pas été possible autrement.

Part 3: Facilitating Social Behaviour and Collaboration II; International audience; We present PolemicTweet a system with an encompassing, economic, and engaging approach to video tagging and analysis. Annotating and tagging videos manually is a boring and time-consuming process. Yet, in the last couple of years the audiences of events--such as academic conferences--have begun to produce unexploited metadata in the form of micropost activities. With PolemicTweet we explore the use of tagged microposts for both video an- notation and browsing aid. PolemicTweet is a system 1) to crowd source conference video tagging with structured sentiment metadata, 2) to engage audiences in a tagging process, and 3) to visualize these annotations for browsing and analyzing a video. We describe the the system and its components as well as the results from a one-year live deployment in 27 different events.; Nous présentons PolemicTweet un système avec une approche global, économique, et engageante pour l'annotation et l'analyse vidéo. L'annotation et taguing manuel est un processus ennuyeux et fastidieux. Alors que, durant les deux dernières années, les spectateurs d'événements comme des conférences académiques ont commencé à produire des métadonnées inexploité comme les Tweets. Avec PolemicTweet nous explorons l'utilisation dez micro-messages taggé pour annoter les vidéos et aider à leur navigation. PolemicTweet est un système qui 1) crowdsource la production de métadonnés structuré comme l'analyse de sentiment, 2) engage l'audience dans un processus de tagging, et 3) permet de visualiser ces annotations pour la navigation et l'analyse ultérieur des vidéos. Nous décrivons le système et de ses composants ainsi que les résultats d'un déploiement réel durant un an dans 27 événements différents.

International audience; Query logs let by user on search-engines have helped create efficient tools for trend analysis, from commercial use to fore- casting epidemics. In this paper, we propose a new method and system for cultural trends analysis based on Google auto- complete suggestions. We present Zeitgeist Borders, a toolkit enabling any user to collect and analyze associations between queries, suggestions and various regions of the world. We re- port unexpected observations about several behavioural and geographical trends along with promising uses.