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In the present study, the antioxidant activities and total secondary metabolite amounts of different extracts (methanol, acetone, and water) obtained from the leaf and flower parts of Onopordum bracteatum, which was collected from Muğla (Türkiye) were determined for the first time. Antioxidant activity studies were performed with DPPH, ABTS, ß-Carotene/linoleic acid, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Secondary metabolite assays were carried out in order to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents of the extracts. In addition, the toxicities (Brine shrimp) of water extracts and the anthelmintic effects of methanol and water extracts were investigated. The leaf methanol extract of O. bracteatum with the highest antioxidant activity in all tests, except the FRAP test (DPPH: IC50= 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL, ABTS: IC50= 0.19 ± 0.003 mg/mL, ß-Carotene/linoleic acid: 72.98 ± 1.31%, CUPRAC: 34.02 ± 1.87 mg TE/g extract, FRAP: 3.96 ± 0.65 mg TE/g extract) used to determine the antioxidant activity was observed to have the highest total phenolic content (5.78 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g extract). The highest total flavonoid (32.17 ± 0.82 mg QE/g extract) and total tannin contents (16.41 ± 1.30 mg CE/g extract) were determined in leaf acetone and flower acetone extracts of O. bracteatum, respectively. Concerning the cytotoxic properties, concentration-dependent activity was seen in O. bracteatum water extracts against brine shrimp. Methanol extracts of O. bracteatum showed better anthelmintic activity than water extracts. The results will provide basic data for studies on the pharmacological and medical use of O. bracteatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Basil has various biological activities, and sufficient research on its extracts can help to clarify the main components that exert biological activity. Methods: Solvents with different polarities were used to extract the basil crude extract (CE), and the total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of extracts were measured. The compounds of extracts were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Their antioxidant and immune-enhanced activities were evaluated. Results: The CE and its four solvent fractions were obtained including petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EE), n-butanol extract (BE), and water extract (WE). Among them, BE had the highest TP and TF contents, followed by EE, and all five extracts contained maltol and arbutin. The BE and EE have better 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, while CE with less TP and TF contents showed better 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity than that of BE and EE. Besides, BE and EE also exert a better effect on relevant indicators of immunosuppressive mice than other extracts. Conclusion: The basil extracts (BE and EE), which have higher TP and TF contents, demonstrate better in vitro antioxidant activities and immune-enhancing effects on immunosuppressed mice. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of basil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of Anchusa officinalis L. in vitro and in silico. The dried aerial parts of A. officinalis L. were extracted with methanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was analyzed. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects were tested against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 10 phytochemical compounds, and cyclobutane (26.07%) was identified as the major photochemical compound. The methanol extract exhibited the maximum amount of total phenolic content (118.24 ± 4.42 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract) (R2 = 0.994) and the total flavonoid content was 94 ± 2.34 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract (R2 = 0.999). The IC50 value for 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid was 107.12 ± 3.42 μg/mL, and it was high for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (123.94 ± 2.31 μg/mL). The IC50 value was 72.49 ± 3.14 against HepG2 cell lines, and a decreased value was obtained (102.54 ± 4.17 g/mL) against MCF‐7 cell lines. The methanol extract increased the expression of caspase mRNA and Bax mRNA levels when compared to the control experiment (p <.05). The conclusions, A. officinalis L. aerial parts extract exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Significance statement: The aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. were obtained and extracted with methanol.The chemical composition of aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract and its antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities were determined.The GC–MS/FID analysis showed that aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract is an excellent source of curcu hydroquinone and 2,5‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrohexanal.Aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract preferentially promoted apoptosis in MCF‐7 and HepG2 cells.The findings demonstrated that aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract have powerful cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, and minimize the risk of developing complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe barbadensis, Capparis spinosa, and Senegalia senegal are popular in traditional medicine due to their therapeutic effects. We aimed to assess the neuropharmacological potential of their extracts, including the impact on pain-relief, anxiety, depression, muscle relaxation, and motor coordination. BALB/c mice were administered with standardized doses of A. barbadensis, C. spinosa, and S. senegal extracts, and their behavior was recorded through various neurobehavioral tests. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was also evaluated by DPPH assay. A differential response was observed among the three extracts for analgesic activity. A. barbadensis showed an increase in latency time after an increase in dose, while C. spinosa and S. senegal exhibited a biphasic response. A. barbadensis showed very good anxiolytic effects and best anti-depression effects. S. senegal exhibited the best antioxidant activity, followed by A. barbadensis and C. spinosa. This shows that these plants could counteract oxidative stress and protect neurons from potential damage caused by free radicals. The observed anxiolytic, muscle relaxant effects, and enhanced antioxidant potential of the selected plants in BALB/c mice, indicate their potential therapeutic value in neuroprotective strategies and the treatment of oxidative stress-related neurological disorders. However, further investigations into their underlying mechanisms and long-term safety profiles are suggested before considering their translation into clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, phytochemical screening of different extracts of Wrightia tinctoria has been tested by using standard procedures. The findings showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and glucosides. Among the four solvents tested (aqueous, ethanol, N-hexane and ethyl acetate) ethanol extract of leaf showed the best result. The free radical scavenging activity of both the extract was measured by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Wrightia tinctoria leaf shows slightly different antioxidant activity. The remarkable activity showed by the plant is due to the synergic effect of active compounds present in it. Characterization of phytochemicals was done by using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis and Thin layer chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Kars-Sarıkamış-Soğanlı, Angelica purpurascens (A. purpurascens) emerges as a promising natural antioxidant source. Extracts from its leaves, branches, and flowers underwent thorough bioanalytical assessments. The leaf extract exhibited the highest concentrations of herbal flavonoids (45.22 µg QE/mg extract) and total phenolics (28.96 µg GAE/mg extract). Branch extracts demonstrated significant enzymatic activity against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 37.26 mg/mL and 9.08 mg/mL respectively. The flower extract displayed notable antibacterial properties. This study sheds light on the therapeutic potential of A. purpurascens ethanol extracts, suggesting benefits for Alzheimer's, cell damage-induced diseases, and diabetes mellitus. It pioneers new enzymatic and antioxidant insights and contributes to understanding this abundant Türkiye species. A. purpurascens holds promise for pharmaceutical exploration, offering potential solutions for challenging health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on analyzing the antioxidant properties of extracts from red palm weevil larvae Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, obtained using hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether. Additionally, the anticoagulant effects of these extracts were evaluated through activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays. Results showed that the hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether extracts from Rh. ferrugineus larvae exhibited antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid, with IC50 values of 142.67, 122.24, 231.77 and 74.95 µg/ml, respectively, compared to 3.16 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. Also, the anticoagulant activity of Rh. ferrugineus (larvae) tested extracts using APTT assay showed 33.8, 44.3 and 50.9 sec. At 25, 50 and 75 µg/ml of hexane extract, respectively. Meanwhile, Rh. ferrugineus n-butanol extract recorded 46.9, 57.2 and 65.5 sec. At the same concentrations. Also, dichloromethane and diethyl ether recorded anticoagulant activity reached 31.2, 40.6, 48.7 and 44.3, 52.9, 62.1 sec. at 25, 50 and 75 µg/ml, respectively, vs. 59.8, 86.2 and 109.7 sec. For the Heparin sodium salt, use the same concentrations. Generally, all Rh. ferrugineus larval extracts tested proved to be antioxidant agents. The anticoagulant potential of Rh. ferrugineus tested extracts were weaker than those of heparin and needed more concentration to reach the commercial anticoagulant (Heparin sodium salt) in both assays (APTT and PT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE) of Algerian Ammoides verticillata (Brot.) Breistr. were investigated for chemical composition and biological activities. GC and GC/MS analyses of the EO revealed thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, limonene, and γ-terpinene as major compounds. HPLC/DAD/UV analysis of EE identified luteolin 7-O-glucoside as the most prominent component. The EO showed moderate inhibition activity against acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE) compared to galanthamine, while no activity for EE was observed. Both extracts showed higher to similar antioxidant activity to that of BHT in DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity and ferric and copper reduction power. Nevertheless, weak β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity was noted for both extracts. Additionally, the EE displayed a significant antihemolytic effect against AAPH-induced hemolysis. Moreover, EO and EE showed high and no antibacterial activities, respectively. Thus, A. verticillata might represent a useful material in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt is one example of a functional food that can improve health and reduce the risk of diseases. Certain ingredients, such as probiotic bacteria and roselle extract, are added to yogurt to enhance its benefits. The utilized probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum IIA-1A5, provides notable antimicrobial benefits. Additionally, the incorporated roselle extract is established to possess antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. This study aims to analyze the characteristics, antioxidant, and antihypertensive activities of probiotic Greek yogurt (PGY) and probiotic Greek yogurt with roselle extract (PGYR). The roselle extract added to the Greek probiotic yogurt was 3%, and the bacteria used in the fermentation process for both treatments were S. thermophilus IFO 13957, L. bulgaricus IFO 13953, and L. plantarum IIA-1A5. Each treatment was replicated three times in duplicate. The results showed that the addition of roselle extract to probiotic Greek yogurt significantly influenced (p<0.05) the antioxidant and antihypertensive activity, water activity (aw), pH, total acidity (TAT), and the color aspect in the hedonic test and the flavor, color, and aroma aspects in the hedonic quality test. The antioxidant activity and antihypertensive activity tests yielded significantly different results. The antioxidant activity increased from 29.32% (PGY) to 44.93% (PGYR), while the antihypertensive activity increased from 35.68% (PGY) to 81.36% (PGYR). This study concluded that the characteristics of PGYR have met the SNI standards and have a higher antioxidant and antihypertensive activity value than PGY. PGYR also has a promising potential for commercial development due to its health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was planned to provide nutrient dense carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract that was rich in healthy nutrients and best to use. Infusion method was used to prepare chamomile herbal extract. After adding flavor and sugar syrup, carbonation was done. Different treatments were prepared (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The antioxidant potential, physiochemical properties, and sensory attributes of beverage were assessed. Results showed that addition of chamomile enhanced the antioxidant and physiochemical properties of beverage. The DPPH activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were observed as 49.23 ± 0.03 (%), 136.92 ± 0.06 (mg GAE/L), and 1989.47 ± 0.07 (mg QE/L), respectively, among T5 with 12% of chamomile extract. Moreover, the acidity increases from T0 to T5 (0.191 ± 0.01 to 0.220 ± 0.01). Furthermore, the overall acceptability of T4 was highest among sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to valorize the pomegranate peels, the phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of Punica granatum L. peel (PPME) was characterized by high-resolution liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC/HRMS), while the mineral composition of the extract was determined by ICP AES. In the methanolic pomegranate peel extract, thirty-five different compounds were identified by LC/HRMS, and it was determined that these compounds were mainly terpenoids, lipids and flavonoids. Total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannins contents of the PPME extract were determined as 211.43 mg GAE/g polyphenol, 20.7 mg QE/g flavonoids and 11.5 mg TEA/g tannins. In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of the extract, we studied its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radicals (DPPH.) and reducing power activity assays. These colorimetric assays showed that PPME has strong reducing power and anti-radical capacity against DPPH with the IC50 values 0.210±0.005 mg/mL and 0.3±0.0045 mg/mL, respectively. Our findings clearly show that the methanolic extract of PPME contains two potent compounds against gastric ulcers compared to the reference drug, esomeprazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural edible characteristics of Chinese herbs have led more and more people to study them as an alternative product to antibiotics. In this study, crude extracts of Glycyrrhiza radix and Atractylodes macrocephala (abbreviated as GRAM) with glycyrrhizic acid content not less than 0.2 mg/g were selected to evaluate the effects of GRAM on the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals. Thirty 21-day-old male Leghorn chickens were weighed and randomly assigned to one of three groups of ten animals each. The treatments comprised a control group (CON), in which saline was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, an LPS-treated group (LPS), in which LPS (0.5 mg/kg of BW) was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, and finally a GRAM and LPS-treated group, (G-L) in which a GRAM-treated diet (at GRAM 2 g/kg) was fed from day 21 to day 35 with LPS injection (0.5 mg/kg of BW) at day 31, day 33, and day 35. The results of diarrhea grade and serum antioxidant measurement showed that the LPS group had obvious diarrhea symptoms, serum ROS and MDA were significantly increased, and T-AOC was significantly decreased. The oxidative stress model of LPS was successfully established. The results of immune and antioxidant indexes showed that feeding GRAM significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05) and significantly increased levels of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 and levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px and CAT (p < 0.05). GRAM resisted the influence of LPS on ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs and maintained normal index values for ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs. In summary, this study confirmed the antidiarrheal effect of GRAM, which improved the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals by regulating inflammatory cytokine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleus atropurpureus Benth leaves are traditionally used in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia to treat diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolite levels of the ethanol extract of C. atropurpureus leaves, its antioxidant activity, and its effect on blood glucose levels in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Extract phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively according to standard methods. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The DPPH method was used to determine antioxidant activity. Diabetic rats were treated with ethanol extract of C. atropurpureus leaves at doses of 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg BW for 28 days, then their blood sugar levels were calculated. The ethanol extract of C. atropurpureus leaves showed antioxidant activity (IC50) 56.96 µg/mL. The 250 mg/kg BW dose group significantly reduced blood glucose levels. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of C. atropurpureus leaves has the potential as a source of antidiabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna tree is an important plant with massive traditional uses. This study aims to carry out a comparative phytochemical and biological evaluation on the leaves, flowers, and bark of T. arjuna. Phytochemical analysis involved exploration of the methanolic extracts using GC/MS technique as well as quantitative determination of the phenolic and flavonoid contents using Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 reagents, respectively. In vitro biological evaluation of the different extracts as antioxidant and anticholinesterase were studied. Reducing power assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity while anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was measured by Ellman's reagent at two concentrations, 10 and 100 μg/ml. Results revealed that the bark extract has the highest phenolic content 250.3 ± 17.3 mg/GAE/g dry sample, the leaves has the highest flavonoid content 5.03 ± 1.18 mg/RE/g dry sample. GC/MS results implied the identification of twenty-six, seventeen and five compounds in flowers, bark and leaves, respectively. Methyl palmitate (30.79%) and methyl oleate (17.73%) were the major compounds detected in the bark extract; while thymol (68.31%) and α-terpineol (15.75%) were the major compounds in leaves extract, finally thymol (23.78%) as well and p-cymene (17.78%) were the major constituents in the flower extract. Considering the antioxidant activity, all tested extracts showed somewhat similar results in both methods. The anticholinesterase activity showed that the bark extract exhibited the most significant activity at 10 μg/ml with an inhibition value of 23.75% ± 1.397. Anticholinesterase results come in agreement with the antioxidant and total phenolic content; therefore, a correlation between antioxidant potential of the plants and Alzheimer control could be concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile of Macaranga indica (MI) leaves, as well as their antioxidant, thrombolytic, and neuropharmacological activities. Methanol extract from Macaranga indica (MEMI) Wight leaves was used to investigate these activities to validate the therapeutic profile using a wellestablished method. GraphPad Prism, version 9.4.1 was used to analyze the experimental results. In vitro, the antioxidant DPPH free radical scavenging assay yielded an IC50 value of 9.58 µg/ml. Reducing power capacity showed an increase in absorbance with the increase of different concentrations. Quantitative analyses of phytochemical elicit the presence of phenol (777±12.13), flavonoid (99.94±0.62), flavonol (244±2.53), total antioxidant (184.48±1.92) mg/g in the dry extract. In vitro thrombolytic activity showed a highly statistically significant (P < 0.0001) clot lysis (42.66±3.19%). In vivo antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities evaluated the statistically significant (P < 0.001 at 200 mg/kg and P < 0.0001 at 400 mg/kg) by decreasing immobility time of forced swimming test, (P < 0.0001) by reducing anxiety of elevated plus maze and hole board test and (P = 0.0106) mice movement were gradually decreasing of hole cross test. These findings indicate that the crude extract of MEMI leaves has significant antioxidant, thrombolytic, and neuropharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and biological activity of Inula helenium subsp. pseudohelenium extracts, for the first time. Phenolic substances in leaf ethanol (L-EtOH), leaf pure water (L-PW), root ethanol (R-EtOH), and root pure water (R-PW) extracts of I. helenium subsp. pseudohelenium plant were investigated by HPLC. Also, the antimicrobial (hollow agar), antioxidant, antiproliferative, and DNA protective activities of the samples were examined in vitro. Gallic acid was not detected in the extracts, the presence of curcumin was detected only in EtOH extracts. L-EtOH exhibited the best antimicrobial activity. According to the antioxidant results, the L-EtOH extract had an activity profile close to the standard antioxidants in general. It was also found that the L-EtOH extract stabilised the DNA by disrupting the scavenging effect of H2O2+DMSO. According to the antiproliferative activity results, EtOH extracts exhibited the strongest effect, especially against MCF7 cancer cell lines. When evaluated in general terms, it was found that L-EtOH extract showed better activity than other extracts. It is important to conduct more in vivo and in vitro studies after isolating the active components of extracts e.g. L-EtOH, which have good effects in terms of biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated phenolic metabolites, antioxidant, cytotoxic and cardioprotective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of Hypericum attenuatum Fisch. ex Choisy. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 132.40 ± 2.06 mg GAE/g and 101.46 ± 1.47 mg QE/g respectively. The extract exhibited antioxidant activities with an EC50 value against DPPH radical of 0.099 ± 0.03 mg/mL and a FRAP value of 1.22 ± 0.086 mmol/L Fe2+. The extract could protect H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from the injury of H2O2, while it restored the H9c2 cell viability to 82.69 ± 2.33% at 100 μg/mL. The extract possessed cytotoxicity on MGC803, C666-1 and SW620 cells with IC50 values of 69.77 ± 2.43 μg/mL, 74.97 ± 1.08 μg/mL and 58.91 ± 1.81 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, it could promote apoptosis of the tested cancer cells. This research provided useful information for the utilization of H. attenuatum as herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maqui berries contain a high percentage of anthocyanins with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity but that are unstable in the colonic site. Nanocarriers based on polysaccharides and/or proteins can protect against the degradation of anthocyanins. The aim of this study was the nanoencapsulation of maqui extract (ME) in chitosan–tripolyphosphate (CTPP-ME), chenopodin (CH-ME), and chenopodin–alginate (CHA-ME). A standardised ME was prepared and then encapsulated in the nanosystems. The physicochemical properties, encapsulation parameters, and the interactions of ME with the nanovehicles were characterised. The cyanidin-3-glucoside released and ORAC activity in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 were evaluated. The content of ME was 8–9 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside/g of extract. CTPP with ME at 3% obtained the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE = 91%), and no significant differences were observed in size (274–362 nm), PDI (0.5–0.7), and zeta potential (+34–+41 mV) when the concentration of ME changed from 1% to 5%. CH-ME was shown to be smaller (152 nm) than CTPP-ME, and CH-ME and CHA-ME showed lower EE (79% and 54%, respectively) than CTPP-ME. FT-IR revealed a stronger interaction of ME with CTPP-ME than with CH-ME. Both systems showed a significantly lower release than free ME, and the T50 value of CTPP-ME 3% (328 min) was higher than CH-ME (197 min). Both protected the ORAC activity of ME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cucurbita maxima known as pumpkin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae, widely used in traditional medicine. Methods: The present work evaluates the antioxidant activity of the different parts (leaves and fruit) of Cucurbita maxima. Antioxidant activity was assessed through the DPPH test and the β-carotene bleaching test. Result: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of fruit and leaves are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannin with values, respectively (50.13±4.49 mg EAG/g dry extract), (0.75±3.64 mg EQ/g dry extract) and (477.05±6.67 mg EAT/g dry extract) for the fruit, (27.37±0.95 mg EAG/g dry extract), (1.83±0.28 mg EQ/g dry extract) and (481.69±5.77 mg EAT/g dry extract) for leaves. The ethanolic extract showed scavenger activity IC50 is 0.41±1.20 μg/ml fruit and 0.18±0.06 μg/ml leaf compared with 0.01±0.01 μg/ml BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene). The results obtained in the β-carotene bleaching test of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves and fruit of Cucurbita maxima is of the order (70.13±13.84%) and (67.69±13.82%) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Medicago sativa and Solidago virgaurea extracts enriched in polyphenolic compounds. The extracts were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and laser irradiation. Then, microfiltration was used for purification, followed by nanofiltration used to concentrate the two extracts. The obtained extracts were analyzed to determine their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power methods. The antidiabetic properties have been investigated in vitro on a murine insulinoma cell line (β-TC-6) by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. M. sativa obtained by laser irradiation and concentrated by nanofiltration showed the highest DPPH• scavenging (EC50 = 105.2 ± 1.1 µg/mL) and reducing power activities (EC50 = 40.98 ± 0.2 µg/mL). M. sativa extracts had higher inhibition on α-amylase (IC50 = 23.9 ± 1.2 µg/mL for concentrated extract obtained after ASE, and 26.8 ± 1.1), while S. virgaurea had the highest α-glucosidase inhibition (9.3 ± 0.9 µg/mL for concentrated extract obtained after ASE, and 8.6 ± 0.7 µg/mL for concentrated extract obtained after laser extraction). The obtained results after evaluating in vitro the antidiabetic activity showed that the treatment with M. sativa and S. virgaurea polyphenolic-rich extracts stimulated the insulin secretion of β-TC-6 cells, both under normal conditions and under hyperglycemic conditions as well. This paper argues that M. sativa and S. virgaurea polyphenolic-rich extracts could be excellent natural sources with promising antidiabetic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was conceived in the context of valorisation of the endemic forest species Cedrus atlantica (Pinaceae family), widespread in the mountainous massif of eastern Algeria. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and insecticidal activity of the methanolic extract of the aerial part (leaves) of C. atlantica (CAMeOH). The extraction made it possible to obtain a yield of approximately 7.49% from 350 g of dry powdered plant material. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids as major components. In vitro antioxidant evaluation was carried out using two different methods. The reducing power assay test result revealed an optical density (DO) value of 1.7±0.02 at a dose of 600 µg/mL of CAMeOH. Concerning the iron chelation activity, the recorded IC50 value was 62.12 µg/mL and R²=0.87. The insecticidal activity against the stored-food insect Tribolium confusum was evaluated using the contact treatment mode and showed a significant dose-dependent effect (p=0.05) with a mortality rate of 98.32±0.50% at a dose of 50 mg/mL (after 96 hours of contact). The results of this study confirmed the potential antioxidant and insecticidal activity of the methanolic extract from the leaves of C. atlantica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The antioxidant and thrombolytic potential were evaluated using spectrophotometric and clot lysis methods respectively. • The (1s,15s)bicyclo[13.1.0]hexadecan-2-one compound showed the greatest binding score with 6NGJ (-7.9 kcal/mol) protein. Also, the (1s,15s)bicyclo[13.1.0]hexadecan-2-one compound showed the top binding score with 1A5H (-6.9 kcal/mol) protein. • The ADMET and PASS results depicted that the compounds are non-carcinogenic, have antioxidant, and antiulcerative effects. Corchorus aestuans L. (Malvaceae), a little annual plant, grows in wastelands at low and medium altitudes. It has traditionally been used as an antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial for chronic cystitis, gonorrhea, and dysuria. Our research aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and thrombolytic potential of several solvent extracts. Three different solvents were used in the extraction process: methanol, hydro-methanol, and water. Using established qualitative methodologies, phytochemical screening was carried out. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride techniques were used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activity (total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging, and Fe3+ reducing power) was evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Besides, clot lysis and disc-diffusion methods were used to assess thrombolytic and antibacterial activity. The GC-MS analysis was also performed to discover prominent phytochemicals. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, etc. Among all the extracts, hydro-methanol extract (MACA) possesses the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents (778.2±20.82 mg GAE/g dry extract and 535.44±20.95 mg QE/g dry extract respectively). Similarly, MACA showed the highest total antioxidant capacity (664.31±16.84mg/g equivalent to AA), DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 : 26.30±2.82 μg/mL), and ferric reducing capacity (EC 50 : 18.58±2.37 μg/mL). Moreover, among the three extracts, MACA showed the highest percentages of clot lysis (40.49 ±1.97 %) and an antibacterial effect against B. subtilis. GC-MS revealed 17 phytoconstituents, whereas (1s,15s) bicyclo [13.1.0] hexadecan-2-one had the greatest binding score with 6NGJ (-7.9 kcal/mol), and 1A5H (-6.9 kcal/mol) proteins. The ADMET studies showed they are non-carcinogenic, and well-absorbed, while PASS prediction and drug-likeness data showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and good oral bioavailability. Therefore, further research will potentiate to discover compounds with antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antibacterial properties, with their mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the protective effects of BlingLife®-berry extract on the eyes. BlingLife®-berry extract is a mixture of high-quality natural berries, including blackcurrant, aromia, bilberry and maquiberry. The main active ingredient responsible for theeye-protective effects is anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid class, and theyhave multiple benefits, including improving vision, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, and antioxidant effects. Dueto the dual benefits of anthocyanins in protecting vision and eliminating free radicals, this study explores the comprehensive eye protective effects of BlingLife®-berry extract in terms of combating blue light-induced eye damage and oxidative stress-inducedvisual fatigue. The results provide robust evidence for the in vivo effects and further technological applications of BlingLife®-berry extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory properties of the leaves, seeds and pulp of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng (commonly known as Gac) in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide was applied to BV2 cells for 24 h in the presence or absence of Gac extracts. Then, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assayed using CM-H2DCFDA method, while nitric oxide (NO) level was determined with Griess reagent. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined using ELISA. Three different assays were used for determination of in vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts, namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging; 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total flavonoids content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were also determined. Results: There were significantly higher levels of ROS, NO, TNF and IL-6 in LPS-treated BV2 cells than in control cells (p < 0.05). However, exposure of LPS treated BV2 cells to the leaf, seed and pulp extracts of Gac led to marked decreases in levels of ROS and inflammatory mediators, when compared with untreated cells, with the seed extract producing significantly larger decreases in levels of ROS and inflammatory mediators than the leaf and pulp extracts (p < 0.05). The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and total reducing power activities of the seed extract were superior to those of the leaf and pulp extracts. Moreover, the seed extract showed higher contents of TFC and TPC than the other two extracts. Conclusion: Gac extracts exert antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects on LPS-activated BV2 cells and in an in vitro model. Therefore, Gac extracts, especially seed extract, may be beneficial in the preparation of innovative antioxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory herbal remedies, as well as dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artemisia vulgaris, a medicinal aromatic plant, is widely used as a food item, tonic pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antispasmodic properties. But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear. Methods: Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, which are grown in Shanxi province China, were studied. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones. Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities, and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) assays were 57.0 and 22.9 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains. The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line. Conclusion: These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs, which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown. These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Aronia melanocarpa L. (aronia) fruit contains anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and compounds from the polyphenol group. The fruits of this plant are the most abundant natural source of anthocyanins. The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic compound amount of methanol and ethanol extract in the fruit of the aronia plant and to investigate its antioxidant effects. Methods: Ethanol and methanol extracts from aronia fruits were obtained. The Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) was used to determine the total phenolic component levels in the extracts of aronia. By using the 1,1-d iphen yl-2-picry lhydr azyl (DPPH), iron ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Cu2+ ion reducing (CUPRAC) techniques, antioxidant activities were assessed. To calculate the extracts' equivalent antioxidant capacity, different reference sample concentrations ranging from 125 to 500 g/mL were prepared. Results: Both ethanol and methanol aronia extracts showed the highest phenolic component at a concentration of 500 μL/mL. Similary, both extracts FRAP and CUPRAC (Trolox Eq g/mL) activities and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (inhibition %) were highest at the concentration of 500 µL/mL. Conclusion: Aronia stands out as an antioxidant fruit and a potential natural therapeutic agents to alleviate oxidative stress. More research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of action, optimum extraction method, optimal dosage, and potential side effects of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aimed to outline the antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic proprieties of various types of Perilla frutescens extracts obtained from the leaves of the species. (2) Methods: We determined total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic actions in three types of ethanolic extracts (E1, E2, E3) and in three types of acetone: ethanol extracts (A1, A2, A3) of Perilla frutescens according to standardized procedures. (3) Results: We found that Perilla frutescens ethanolic extracts had the highest total phenol and anthocyanins concentrations. The flavonoids concentration was not statistically different between the extracts. The iron chelating capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and lipoxygenase inhibition capacity showed a significant increase with higher concentrations of Perilla frutescens extracts, particularly the ethanolic extracts. Perillyl alcohol had greater cytotoxic capacity in the MG-63 cell line and E1 extract showed similar significant cytotoxic effects in the A431 cell line. (4) Conclusions: Both ethanolic and acetone–ethanol extracts from Perilla frutescens exhibited important antioxidant and antitumoral actions in vitro, which proportionally increased with concentration. The cytotoxic threshold determined in this study for various types of extracts could help determine the best dosage with the maximum antioxidant and antitumoral potential. Our results could serve as a basis for further studies that will investigate the cytotoxic effects of Perilla frutescens variants on various types of cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan ekstrak daun senduduk sebagai antioksidan sosis daging sapi selama penyimpanan suhu ruang. Sebanyak 40 g bubuk daun senduduk dimaserasi dalam air destilata (1:4; b/v) selama 24 jam pada suhu kamar, disaring, kemudian di-freeze dry. Lima perlakuan diaplikasikan, yaitu kontrol yang mengandung daging sapi, minyak nabati, susu skim bubuk, tepung tapioka, garam, fosfat, es, dan bumbu-bumbu (P1); formula kontrol ditambah dengan butylated hydroxytoluene 0,01% (P2), formula kontrol ditambah ekstrak daun senduduk 0,5% (P3), formula kontrol ditambah ekstrak daun senduduk 0,75% (P4), dan formula kontrol ditambah ekstrak daun senduduk 1% (P5). Variabel yang diamati adalah susut masak, daya mengikat air, aktivitas antioksidan, nilai Tio barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun senduduk menurunkan susut masak sosis dan tanpa memengaruhi karakteristik daya mengikat air. Penambahan ekstrak daun senduduk mampu meningkatkan daya hambat terhadap radikal bebas dan kapasitas antioksidan serta menekan nilai TBARS. Selama penyimpanan suhu pada ruang hingga 10 jam, aktivitas antioksidan mengalami penurunan tetapi tidak memengaruhi nilai TBARS. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah penggunaan ekstrak daun senduduk hingga 1% dari berat daging dapat menekan oksidasi yang setara dengan butylated hydroxytoluene 0,01% pada sosis selama penyimpanan suhu ruang 10 jam. (Reducing oxidation in beef sausage during room temperature storage by adding senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum L.) leaf extract) ABSTRAK. This study aimed to evaluate the use of senduduk leaf extracts as an antioxidant beef sausage during room temperature storage. A-40 g powder was macerated with distilled water (1:4; w/v) for 24 h at room temperature, filtered, and then was freeze-dried. Five treatments were employed including control containing beef, vegetable oil, skimmed milk powder, tapioca, salt, phosphate, ice, and seasons (P1); control added butylated hydroxytoluene 0.01% (P2); senduduk leaf extract 0.5% (P3); senduduk leaf extract 0.75% (P4); and senduduk leaf extract 1% (P5). Variables observed were cooking loss, water holding capacity, antioxidant activity, and Tio barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results showed the addition of senduduk leaf extract could decrease the cooking loss without any effect on the water-holding capacity of the sausages. The addition of senduduk leaf extract increase the scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity and reduced TBARS value of the sausages. During storage, the antioxidant activity of the sausages diminished with no affect the TBARS value. It could be concluded that the addition of senduduk leaf extract 1% could retard lipids oxidation of the sausage and the capability was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene 0.01 during 10 hours of storage.

Sida cordata is a perennial, spreading herb that is well-known for its ethnomedicinal uses in India, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries. It is one of the most important plants in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine and is known as Raajabalaa and Bhumibalaa in Sanskrit. The present study aims to develop a profile of bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis and evaluate their anticancer and antioxidant potential. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 compounds in the petroleum ether extract, 14 compounds in the acetone extract, 12 compounds in the ethanol extract and 6 compounds in the chloroform extract. Gamma-sitosterol is the most abundant compound found in the petroleum ether (18.48%), acetone (34.25%) and ethanol (25.17%) extracts. In the chloroform extract, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid is the most abundant compound, comprising 74.77% of the extract. The chloroform extract demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cell line, as determined by the MTT assay, with an IC50 value of 47.53 µg/mL. In vitro antioxidant potential was studied using DPPH and ABTS assays. However, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 46.48 µg/mL and 94.17 µg/mL against their respective standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian Chocó is known for its rich biodiversity and to harbor plant species that are under-explored, including the genus Sloanea. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of derivatized ethanolic extracts from S. chocoana and S. pittieriana using BSTFA and TMCS through GC–MS, and to assess cell viability of immortalized human non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT) and periodontal ligament fibroblast cells using crude extracts through MTS assay. Antioxidant and photoprotective properties were determined using DPPH assay and spectrophotometry. Antifungal activity of extracts against Candida species was developed following the CLSI standard M27, 4th ed. The sun protective factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio values were calculated using the Mansur equation and the Boots star rating system. The critical wavelength (λc) was determined by calculating the integrated optical density curve's area. The transmission of erythema and pigmentation was calculated through equations that use constants to calculate the flux of erythema and pigmentation. The GC–MS analysis identified 37 compounds for S. chocoana and 38 for S. pittieriana, including alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polyphenolics, among others. Both extracts exhibited proliferative effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, and showed excellent antioxidant activities (46.1% and 43.7%). Relevant antifungal activity was observed with S. pittieriana extract against Candida albicans (GM–MIC: 4 µg/mL), followed by C. auris and C. glabrata (GM–MIC: 32 µg/mL), while S. chocoana extract was active against C. albicans and C. glabrata (GM–MIC: 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively). High SPF values (31.0 and 30.0), λc (393.98 and 337.81 nm), UVA/UVB ratio (1.5 and 1.2), and low percentage of transmission of erythema and pigmentation were determined for S. chocoana and S. pittieriana, respectively. Results showed that species of Sloanea constitute a promising alternative as ingredients for developing skincare products, and exhaustive studies are required for their sustainable uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water with different polar solvents were used to the water-extracted supernatant of Grifola frondosa. The main functional components of different polar extracts were compared, and the antioxidant activities were compared by three methods: 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH), 2,2-diazo-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+), hydroxyl (OH) free radical. The results showed that the polyphenol and protein contents of the n-butanol extract were the highest at 0.36% and 38.75%, respectively. The highest flavonoid content in petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts was 0.05%. The contents of triter-penoids and sterols in petroleum ether extract were 6.32% and 15.88%, respectively. The highest polysaccharide content in water extract was 30.11%. N-butanol extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity, and polyphenols may be the main component of antioxidant activity. Thirteen polyphenols and their derivatives were identified by LC-MS. This provides a theoretical basis for the development of Grifola frondosa functional food or health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we performed comprehensive LC-MS chemical profiling and biological tests of Vepris boiviniana leaves and stem bark extracts of different polarities. In total, 60 bioactive compounds were tentatively identified in all extracts. The 80% ethanolic stem bark extract exhibited the highest activity in the ABTS assay, equal to 551.82 mg TE/g. The infusion extract of stem bark consistently demonstrated elevated antioxidant activity in all assays, with values ranging from 137.39 mg TE/g to 218.46 mg TE/g. Regarding the enzyme inhibitory assay, aqueous extracts from both bark and leaves exhibited substantial inhibition of AChE, with EC50 values of 2.41 mg GALAE/g and 2.25 mg GALAE/g, respectively. The 80% ethanolic leaf extract exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity in VERO cells (CC50: 613.27 µg/mL) and demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, particularly against H1HeLa cells, indicating potential therapeutic specificity. The 80% ethanolic bark extract exhibited elevated toxicity in VERO cells but had reduced anticancer selectivity. The n-hexane extracts, notably the leaves' n-hexane extract, displayed the highest toxicity towards non-cancerous cells with selectivity towards H1HeLa and RKO cells. In viral load assessment, all extracts reduced HHV-1 load by 0.14–0.54 log and HRV-14 viral load by 0.13–0.72 log, indicating limited antiviral activity. In conclusion, our research underscores the diverse bioactive properties of Vepris boiviniana extracts, exhibiting potent antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxicity potential against cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grape agri-food wastes, such as skin, seeds, and other discarded by-products, contain phytochemical compounds that offer potential health benefits. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol composition and bioactivities of different extracts obtained from grape marc and seeds, with the goal of exploring their potential for application as natural food additives. Results: Regardless of the extraction method used (dynamic maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), all extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of phenolic compounds. The chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of specific compounds and chemical groups associated with each extraction methodology. Moreover, the extracts displayed satisfactory antioxidant activities, especially in inhibiting lipoperoxidation as assessed by the TBARS assay. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated effective inhibition against different strains of bacteria and fungi known as food contaminants. Taken together, these findings indicate that those extracts have the potential to be tested as natural antioxidants and preservatives with sustainable origins in food and beverage systems. Among the extraction methods evaluated, traditional maceration and UAE provided extracts with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Conclusions: Our results suggest the opportunity to explore grape marc and seeds discarded by the winery industry in Portugal as natural sources of bioactive compounds, which could be employed as functional food ingredients or technological additives. The valorization of grape biowastes offers a promising strategy to reduce waste and harness their potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buchanania lanzan Spreng and Buchanania siamensis Miq. (Anacardiaceae) are traditional medicinal plants that are rich in phenolic compounds and are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and pain. In the present study, the antioxidant potential of the distilled water and 80% ethanol extracts of B. lanzan and B. siamensis leaves was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ROS assays. The simultaneous HPLC determination of three major compounds was developed and validated. In addition, the total phenolic contents of each extract were also measured. From HPLC parameter validation, good linearity was achieved, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.997. The method provided acceptable accuracy, specificity, and precision, suggesting that it could be suitably used for the quantification of the major compounds (myricitrin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin) in the crude extracts of B. lanzan and B. siamensis. The results of the antioxidant assays showed that the ethanol extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extracts. The ethanol extract of B. lanzan leaves expressed the most antioxidant activity and could serve as a potential antioxidant source. Moreover, our validated technique would be beneficial for the quality control of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Apiaceae) is traditionally used against stomach ailments, as aphrodisiac and appetizer. This study endeavored to characterize several extracts of G. cordifolium aerial parts (prepared by various isolation procedures (ASE: Accelerated solvent extraction; HAE: homogenizer-assisted extract; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; MAC: Maceration; SFE: supercritical CO2 extraction; SOX: Soxhlet; UAE: Ultrasound-assisted extraction) and evaluate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against clinical enzymes. In order to describe the composition of the extracts liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was employed. Of the total number of confirmed polyphenol components (15 in total), four were dominant in their content: 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin-3- O -glucoside and quercetin-3- O -rhamnoside. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents differed among the extracts, which was influenced by extraction technique used for their preparation. The phenolic content of the different extracts varied in the order HAE > UAE > MAC > SOX > MAE > ASE > SFE. HAE extract yielded the highest phenolic content (49.97 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) while SFE demonstrated the lowest phenolic content (21.65 mg GAE/g). MAC extracts contained the highest flavonoids (50.35 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g) while SFE extract showed the lowest flavonoid content (10.87 mg RE/g). UAE, MAC, MAE, HAE, SOX and ASE showed significant DPPH antioxidant activities and the values of radical inhibitory capacity varied in the range of 55.79–54.99 mg TE/g. SFE demonstrated weak DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical inhibitory activity with a value 7.0 mg TE/g. UAE showed the highest ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical inhibitory potential (122.41 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g). The CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) activity of UAE was remarkable with a value of 193.58 mg TE/g. A gradual decrease in activity was observed with extracts obtained from other extraction techniques with the lowest antioxidant activity (77.0 mg TE/g) obtained from SFE extract. The highest antioxidant recorded by Phosphomolybdenum was found in HAE extract (1.62 mmol TE/g). SFE showed the highest metal chelating activity (27.30 mg ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTAE)/g). Regarding the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, MAE and ASE extracts showed the highest potential with a value of 4.06 and 4.05 mg galanthamine equivalent (GALAE)/g respectively. All tested extracts showed considerable whitening activity and SFE revealed the highest activity against tyrosinase (93.82 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g). In addition, SFE showed the best inhibitory ability against amylase (0.71 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g). However, the extracts had similar glucosidase inhibitory effects (1.64–1.71 mmol ACAE/g). The rich chemical composition of the extracts and joint action of different classes of polyphenolic compounds in them may be responsible for their high biological activity. Extracts with the highest activity could serve in the future as an important tool for controlling the activity of clinically important enzymes and take their place in the official formulation after additional pharmacological tests. [Display omitted] • Glaucosciadium cordifolium extracts were prepared by using different extraction methods. • 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside were dominant components in LC-MS analysis. • Non-conventional techniques were more effective than traditional methods. • The results could provide novel informations for preparing bio-formulations in nutraceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Camellia longii Orel and Luu was discovered for the first time in Cat Tien National Park of Lam Dong Province, Southern Vietnam, was determined as a new species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical and bioactivity of this species. Methods: The chemical profile of essential oil (EO) prepared from C. longii flowers was determined by GC/MS analysis and comparison of the recorded retention indices and the corresponding literature values. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in different flower extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods with a spectrophotometer, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by various bioassays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside solution as a substrate and acarbose as the positive control. Results: Fifty-seven compounds were identified from the EO of C. longii flowers. Among these, the main components were α-eudesmol (16.1%), followed by (E)-nerolidol (13.0%), β-eudesmol (8.9%), τ-cadinol (6.5%), and γ-eudesmol (5.8%). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found high in ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and ethanol extracts (206.8-378.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g crude extract and 298.5-390.3 mg rutin equivalents/g crude extract, respectively). These extracts were shown to possess potent antioxidant activities in the examined bioassays. As for the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate, butanol, and ethanol extracts were shown to be more potent than acarbose with IC50 values of 2.16 ±0.04, 1.95±0.05, and 1.53 ±0.04 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The findings first provide the phytochemical profiles of Camellia longii Orel and Luu and its bioactivities, indicating moderate potentials in antioxidant activity and strong α-glucosidase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined phytochemical screenings, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, and toxicity of Senna alata L. leaf extract by using several method extractions that as maceration (A), reflux (B), and Ultrasonic Assist Extraction (UAE) (C). Phytochemical screening was obtained that leaves extract of Senna alata L. variations A, B, and C contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins. FRAP test was used to determine antioxidant activity and IC 50. It was obtained IC50 < 50 ppm and classed as a potent antioxidant. The anti-inflammatory activity of each Senna alata L leaf extract was obtained with IC50 < 50 ppm. The Bhrine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) was utilized to test toxicity by calculating the LC50 value. It was obtained that the LC50 value of Senna alata L. leaf extracts <1000 ppm showed that Senna alata L. leaf extracts are toxic to Artemia salina Leach larvae so it is estimated to have anticancer potential. The highest toxicity (LC50) was Senna alata L. leaf extracts by variation C 235.79 mg/L. Variation C is Senna alata L. leaf extract using the Ultrasonic Assist Extraction (UAE) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castanea sativa Mill. (Cs), a plant traditionally employed in nutrition and to treat various respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, possesses cancer chemopreventive characteristics. In particular, Cs bark extract previously demonstrated antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against a leukemic lymphoblastic cell line. Starting from this evidence, the aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility to affect also the earlier phases of the carcinogenic process by evaluating Cs bark extract's antimutagenic properties, in particular using the "In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test" on TK6 cells performed by flow cytometry. For this purpose, since an ideal chemopreventive agent should be virtually nontoxic, the first step was to exclude the extract's genotoxicity. Afterwards, the antimutagenic effect of the extract was evaluated against two known mutagens, the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) and the aneugen vinblastine (VINB). Our results indicate that Cs bark extract protected cells from MMC-induced damage (micronuclei frequency fold increase reduction from 2.9 to 1.8) but not from VINB. Moreover, we demonstrated that Cs bark extract was a strong antioxidant and significantly reduced MMC-induced ROS levels by over 2 fold. Overall, our research supports the assumption that Cs bark extract can counteract MMC mutagenicity by possibly scavenging ROS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feretia apodanthera is a shrub with twisting branches commonly used in folklore medicine to manage erectile dysfunction and to treat stomach upset. In this study, the leaf extract of Feretia apodanthera was extracted using 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant test using the Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out using Lorke’s method. The hypoglycaemic studies were done in normal and glucose-challenged rats. The doses of the extract of Feretia apodanthera administered to the rats through the oral route were 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The outcomes were compared with glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg per os) and those of the normal saline. The phytochemical composition of the extract of Feretia apodanthera included saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, and carbohydrates. This result shows that extract of Feretia apodanthera has antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. Further studies aimed at isolating the active hypoglycemic compound of the leaf extract of Feretia apodanthera are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benincasa hispida peel, a type of postconsumer waste, is considered a source of beneficial phytochemicals. Therefore, it was subjected to investigation for biological activities in this study. B. hispida peel was extracted using 95% v/v, 50% v/v ethanol and water. The obtained extracts were B95, B50 and BW. B95 had a high flavonoid content (212.88 ± 4.73 mg QE/g extract) and phenolic content (131.52 ± 0.38 mg GAE/g extract) and possessed high antioxidant activities as confirmed by DPPH, ABTS and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Moreover, B95 showed inhibitory effects against collagenase and hyaluronidase with values of 41.68 ± 0.92% and 29.17 ± 0.66%, which related to anti-aging activities. Via the HPLC analysis, one of the potential compounds found in B95 was rutin. Molecular docking has provided an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of extracts with collagenase and hyaluronidase. All extracts were not toxic to fibroblast cells and did not irritate the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, which indicated its safe use. In conclusion, B. hispida peel extracts are promising potential candidates for further use as antioxidant and anti-aging agents in the food and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa, a versatile plant with numerous varieties, holds promising potential for a wide range of biological activity. As raw materials for research, we chose leaves and inflorescences of hemp varieties such as Białobrzeskie, Henola, and Tygra, which are cultivated mainly for their fibers or seeds. The choice of extraction is a key step in obtaining the selected compositions of active compounds from plant material. Bearing in mind the lipophilic nature of cannabinoids, we performed supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction at 50 °C under 2000 (a) and 6000 PSI (b). The cannabinoid contents were determined with the use of the HPLC-DAD method. The antioxidant capabilities were assessed through a series of procedures, including the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods. The capacity to inhibit enzymes that play a role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase was also studied. The dominant cannabinoids in the extracts were cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). The highest concentration of eight cannabinoids was detected in the Tygra inflorescences extract (b). The most notable antioxidant properties were provided by the Tygra inflorescences extract (b). Nonetheless, it was the Henola inflorescences extract (b) that demonstrated the most efficient inhibition of AChE and BChE, and tyrosinase was inhibited the most significantly by the Białobrzeskie inflorescences extract (b). Multidimensional comparative analysis enrolled all assays and revealed that the Henola inflorescences extract (b) showed the most substantial neuroprotective potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First time in this study Tornabea scutellifera lichen extracts were used for nanomaterials synthesis. • Amine/amide/diol groups of lichen extract play key role for formation of primary phosphate criystalls. • Medium pH and concentration of lichen extract directly effect on synthesis and morphology of hNFs. • The hNFs have antioxidant and dye degradation acitivites. In this study, it was aimed to obtain Cu based organic@inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Cu-hNFs) cheaply and effectively by using Tornabea scutellifera lichen extract as the organic component instead of expensive biomolecules such as DNA and enzymes. The effects of lichen extract concentration and pH of PBS buffer on the morphology of Cu-hNFs synthesized by the coordination of T. scutellifera lichen extract and Cu+2 were examined. It has been determined that Cu-hNFs did not synthesized under the pH ≤5 and, pH> 9 conditions of the PBS. Different morphological structures of Cu-hNFs synthesized under the pH 7.4 and, 9 conditions of PBS have been identified. In addition, it has been observed that the extract concentration used as an organic component has a significant effect on the morphology of Cu-hNFs. It has been recorded that synthesized Cu-hNFs have antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC 50 = 0.98 mg/ml, R² = 0.9834). In addition, catalytic activity was demonstrated depend on pH of PBS and, concentration of Cu-hNFs against methylene blue and brillant blue. It is thought that these research data will be a guide for the synthesis and application potentials of various nanomaterials with T. scutellifera extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a specie cultivated in Mauritania. The present study is focused on the potential of the aqueous extract of the Pergularia tomentosa L., as biological control agent against Fusarium brachygibbosum, the main agent of the date palm stipe rot disease in Mauritania. Fungal pathogen was isolated from symptomatic date palm stipe rot disease in Mauritania. The morphological characterization and the molecular identification by sequencing ITS1, ITS2 5.8 RNAr region showed homology of 98% with Fusarium brachygibbosum strain UOA/HCPF 16982 s during in vitro tests on leaves performed to verify its phytopathogenicity. The inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Pergularia tomentosa L. on the phytopathogenic isolate (Fusarium brachygibbosum) of date palm, on mycelial growth and spore germination was observed. In fact, in vitro on PDA, mycelial growth ranged from 39.23 to 67.7%, depending on the concentration of the aqueous extract of P. tomentosa. The aqueous extract showed a reduction of spore germination varying from 5.3 to 23.8%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations varied from 1 to 100 mg/ml. The various extracts give high antioxidant activities exhibited by DPPH assay. Multivariant analysis by PCA plot and the heatmap were done, to evaluate the correlation between the tested parameters. These results suggest the use of Pergularia tomentosa L., extract as a biological agent to control and reduce damage caused by Fusarium brachygibbosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the phytochemical content and biological activities of eight Clerodendrum paniculatum leaf extracts obtained using four solvents of varying polarity and two extraction methods. GC-HRMS analysis of the hexane extract predicted presence of phytol, 22-tritetracontanone, and 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, phenyl methyl ester, (ZZZ)-as major compounds, and ethyl acetate extract was predicted to contain phytol. LC-HRMS analysis of methanolic extract exhibited the presence of 8',10'-dihydroxydihydroergotamine, Khayanthone, Galactonic acid, Calotropin, and 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1alpha,24-dihydroxy vitamin D3 as significant fractions. Ethyl acetate extract showed significant antimicrobial activity in-vitro. Methanolic extracts possess the highest radical scavenging activity (up to 87%) and antidiabetic activity (up to 49%) at 1 mg/mL concentration. Methanolic extracts from maceration and the Soxhlet method showed better cytotoxicity against breast and oral cancer cell lines, while the aqueous extract from maceration demonstrated better cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell lines. Methanolic extracts containing tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, glycosides, terpenoids, diterpenoids, and phytosterols demonstrated significant bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A combination of enzymes and ultrasound treatment was employed to extract bioactive compounds from cashew nut testa, a by‐product of the food industry. The total catechin, flavonoid, and phenolic content of extracts was investigated together with their biological activity. RESULTS: Enzyme and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (E‐UAE) was performed by incubation with Viscozyme L (20 mL kg−1 of testa powder, v/w) for 60 min before sonication for 40 min. Ultrasound and enzyme‐assisted extraction (U‐EAE) was carried out using sonication for 40 min before incubation with Viscozyme L (20 mL kg−1 of testa powder) for 60 min. Under appropriate conditions, the total phenolic, flavonoid, catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate content of the extracts from cashew nut testa obtained from a combination method (U‐EAE or E‐UAE) was significantly higher than that obtained using a single method (EAE or UAE). Extracts of cashew nut testa obtained from E‐UAE displayed significantly higher antioxidant and α‐amylase inhibitory activity than those from the U‐EAE. The E‐UAE extract at a concentration of 100 μg mL−1 had a greater impact on the cell viability of MCF‐7 after treatment (22% cell viability) than did the doxorubicin (DOX) at 4 μg mL−1 (39% cell viability), and the E‐UAE extract at 100 μg mL−1 was considered to be safe for healthy cells because the viability of the bovine aerotic endothelial cells treated with this extract was 91%, which was similar to the DOX treatment. CONCLUSION: The extract of cashew nut testa obtained from E‐UAE is valuable and promising for the development of anti‐inflammatory therapeutic drugs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahonia napaulensis DC. has historically been used for traditional medicine in Vietnam. However, the biological mechanisms underlying its medicinal effects are not yet fully understood. In the present study, a crude extract derived from the M. napaulensis stem was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water-saturated butanol (BuOH). The antioxidant activities of the crude extract and the fractionated samples were evaluated using a DPPH assay and a reducing power assay. Our results revealed that the EtOAc fraction showed the highest total phenolic content as well as the highest free radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The antiproliferative effects of M. napaulensis DC. extracts were detected using a MTT assay. The results showed a significant reduction in cell viability of over 70% in human colon carcinoma CoLo 205 cells at the highest concentration tested (200 µg/ml). We also used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure the expression of mRNA transcripts involved in the regulation of cell proliferation such as survivin, p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in CoLo 205 cells treated with the crude extract and fractions to better understand the changes induced by the BuOH fraction. Two alkaloid compounds that possess strong antiproliferative activities in colon cancer cells, berberine and palmatine, were isolated from the BuOH fraction. The results from this study indicate that M. napaulensis may be considered a medicinal plant due to its anti-oxidative and antiproliferative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abies alba Mill. (Pinaceae), silver fir, is a widespread gymnosperm species in Europe, important for its ecological, economic, social, and cultural significance, as well as for its use for food and bioremediation purposes. The various parts of the plant (leaves, branches, cones, wood, bark) are also of pharmaceutical interest due to their composition of active compounds. In the last three decades, an impressive amount of research has been dedicated to this species. The variability of the chemical composition of essential oils (whether they come from leaves, oleoresin from branches, or other parts of the plant) is impressive, even in the case of specimens collected from the same geographical area. For essential oils prepared from needles or twigs and branches, limonene, β-pinene, α-pinene, camphene, β-phellandrene, and bornyl acetate are the leading compounds, although their wide variations seem to correspond to multiple chemotypes. Both bark and wood are rich in lignans and phenolic compounds. Matairesinol is apparently the dominant lignan in bark, and secoisolariciresinol and lariciresinol are the dominant ones in wood samples. Pharmacological studies with promising results have evaluated the antioxidant effect (mainly due to essential oils), but also the antimicrobial, antitumor, probiotic, antidiabetic, anti-steatosis, and anti-psoriatic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Nepeta genus have been proved to possess different pharmacological properties, among which are antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cytotoxic effects. Nepeta italica is a medicinal plant traditionally used for its analgesic effects, and in the present study, the phytochemical composition and biological effects of hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts of the aerial parts were investigated for determining phenolic composition, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory effects in isolated mouse colon specimens exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Polar extracts were the richest in terms of phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid. In parallel, ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts were also the most effective as scavenging/reducing and enzyme inhibition agents, especially towards cholinesterases and α-glucosidase, and in inhibiting the LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene expression in mouse colon. This poses the basis for future in vivo investigations for confirming the protective effects of polar extracts of N. italica against inflammatory bowel diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]