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Background: During episodes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), individuals with migraine, compared with individuals without migraine, may experience more severe vestibular symptoms because of their hyperexcitable brain structures, more adverse effects on quality of life, and worse recovery processes from BPPV. Methods: All patients with BPPV were assigned to the migraine group (MG, n = 64) and without migraine group (BPPV w/o MG, n = 64) and completed the Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS), Vertigo Dizziness Imbalance Symptom Scale (VDI-SS), VDI Health-Related Quality of Life Scale (VDI-HRQoLS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at the time of BPPV diagnosis (baseline) and on the one-month follow-up. Headache Impact Test-6 and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale were used for an assessment of headache. Motion sickness was evaluated based on the statement of each patient as present or absent. Results: Compared with the BPPV w/o MG, the MG had higher VSS scores at baseline [19.5 (10.7) vs. 11.3 (8.5); p < 0.001] and on one-month follow-up [10.9 (9.3) vs. 2.2 (2.7), p < 0.001]; experienced more severe dizziness and imbalance symptoms based on the VDI-SS at baseline (61.9% vs. 77.3%; p < 0.001) and after one month (78.9% vs. 93.7%, p < 0.001); and more significantly impaired quality of life according to the VDI-HRQoLS at baseline (77.4% vs. 91.8%, p < 0.001) and after one month (86.3% vs. 97.6%, p < 0.001). On the one-month follow-up, the subgroups of patients with moderate and severe scores of the BAI were higher in the MG (39.2%, n = 24) than in the BPPV w/o MG (21.8%, n = 14) and the number of patients who had normal scores of the BDI was lower in the MG than in the BPPV w/o MG (67.1% vs. 87.5%, p = 0.038). Conclusion: Clinicians are advised to inquire about migraine when evaluating patients with BPPV because it may lead to more intricate and severe clinical presentation. Further studies will be elaborated the genuine nature of the causal relationship between migraine and BPPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a pervasive emotional state where, phenomenologically, subjects often report changes in their experience of time and space. However, a systematic and quantified examination of time and space experience in terms of a self-report scale is still missing which eventually could also be used for clinical differential diagnosis. Based on historical phenomenological literature and patients' subjective reports, we here introduce, in a first step, the Scale for Time and Space Experience of Anxiety (STEA) in a smaller sample of 19 subjects with anxiety disorders and, in a second step, validate its shorter clinical version (cSTEA) in a larger sample of 48 anxiety subjects. The main findings are (i) high convergent and divergent validity of STEA with both Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (r = 0.7325; p < 0.001) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (r = 0.7749; p < 0.0001), as well as with spontaneous mind wandering (MWS) (r = 0.7343; p < 0.001) and deliberate mind wandering (MWD) (r = 0.1152; p > 0.05), (ii) statistical feature selection shows 8 key items for future clinical usage (cSTEA) focusing on the experience of temporal and spatial constriction, (iii) the effects of time and space experience (i.e., for both STEA and cSTEA scores) on the level of anxiety (BAI) are mediated by the degree of spontaneous mind wandering (MWS), (iv) cSTEA allows for differentiating high levels of anxiety from the severity of comorbid depressive symptoms, and (v) significant reduction in the cSTEA scores after a therapeutic intervention (breathing therapy). Together, our study introduces a novel fully quantified and highly valid self-report instrument, the STEA, for measuring time-space experiences in anxiety. Further we develop a shorter clinical version (cSTEA) which allows assessing time space experience in a valid, quick, and simple way for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring of anxiety. • Anxiety is closely related to constricted time and space experiences. • The dynamic of thoughts, i.e., mind wandering, may serve as the mediator between the time and space experiences and anxiety. • cSTEA allow a valid and simple way to assess clinical phenomenology of anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the association between an empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH), empirical lifestyle index for insulin resistance (ELIR), and depression and anxiety in an adult Iranian population. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 6450 participants, aged 35–65 years were recruited as part of the MASHAD cohort study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Depression and anxiety were screened using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). ELIH and ELIR were calculated using dietary intake, body mass index, and physical activity information. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models were applied to determine the association between ELIH, ELIR, and depression and anxiety severity. In a fully adjusted model, participants with the highest ELIH quartile had a higher odds of more severe depression and anxiety compared to those in the lowest category (OR = 1.44; 95 % CI = 1.22–1.71 and OR = 1.62; 95 % CI = 1.37–1.25, respectively). Participants with the highest ELIR had higher odds of more severe depression and anxiety compared to those in the lowest category (OR = 1.22; 95 % CI = 1.04–1.43 and OR = 1.21; 95 % CI = 1.03–1.42, respectively). The assessment of dietary intake and mental health by questionnaires may increases the rate of misclassification. Due to the study's cross-sectional nature, causal relationships cannot be established. There was a significant positive association between the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance potential of lifestyle and severity of depression and anxiety among Iranian adults. • Insulinemic potential of lifestyle includes diet, physical activity and BMI. • Higher insulinemic potential of lifestyle is associated with more severe depression. • Higher insulinemic potential of lifestyle is associated with more severe anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is one of the common dermatologic diseases that usually affects people during adolescence. Reports have shown that isotretinoin, the first‐line therapy option for moderate‐to‐severe AV, could lead to mood disturbances and suicidality. Impulsivity is the tendency to act prematurely without foresight and is a significant risk factor for suicidality. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that isotretinoin would lead to an increase in impulsivity. Methods: Seventeen patients with AV were enrolled. The study was planned as a naturalistic 3‐month follow‐up study. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), Go/No‐go Task (GNG), and Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) were administered before and after the isotretinoin treatment. Results: We found a significant improvement in the severity of anxiety (P = 0.015; t = 2.72) and depression symptoms (P = 0.08; t = 3.04) in AV patients at the end of 3 months. Self‐report impulsivity characteristics with BIS stayed unchanged (P = 0.434; t = 0.80). Besides, no statistically significant difference was found in behavioral task results associated with response inhibition with GNG (P = 0.52; t = 0.65) and impulsive decision‐making with BART (P = 0.842; t = −0.20). However, there was a significant decrease in omission errors, with GNG suggesting improvement in attention domain (P = 0.020; W = 90.0) after the follow‐up. Conclusions: It has been demonstrated that isotretinoin treatment improves the severity of depression, anxiety symptoms, and attention performance in AV patients. However, there was no significant change in patients' impulsivity severity based on self‐reports and behavioral performances based on GNG and BART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use disorder (SUD) can have circadian characteristics and individuals with evening chronotype are more prone to addiction. In this study, the effect of chronotypes on the treatment outcomes of SUD was investigated. The study included 66 patients who were diagnosed with SUD according to DSM-5. Two clinical interviews were conducted at 6-month intervals, and remission/relapse status was evaluated at the second interview. The Structured Clinical Interview Form for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Addiction Profile Index Practitioner Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) were applied to the patients. MEQ scores of relapsed patients were found to be different in terms of eveningness than those in remission (45.62 ± 8.70 versus 49.75 ± 7.60, p = 0.045). As the craving and addiction profile index total scores (addiction severity) increased, eveningness chronotype scores also increased (r = − 0.387 and r = − 0.286, respectively). The mean scores of craving and BDI were higher in relapsed patients compared to those in remission (p = 0.003 and p = 0.015, respectively). Our results suggest that patients with SUD had a lower morningness chronotype than the general population; additionally, more relapsed patients had an eveningness chronotype. Thus, chronotypes may play a role in the onset, prevention, and treatment outcome of SUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We report routinely collected outcome data from an 8-week outpatient rehabilitative therapy program. The aims of the intervention were to (1) reduce symptom severity and (2) improve functional mobility in adults with functional neurological disorder (FND). Methods: The program delivered individual physiotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and self-management sessions, group physiotherapy, and psychoeducation. Outcome measures included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Data were analyzed retrospectively in accordance with routine service evaluation. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests assessed changes in outcomes between weeks 1 and 8 for all patients completing treatment (n = 45). For patients who attended the 3-month follow-up (n = 31), Friedman's ANOVA assessed overall change in outcomes over time. Post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared pairs of time-points (Weeks 1, 8, and 3-month follow-up). Results: Analyses of patients completing the program revealed significant improvements in scores between week 1 and week 8. Excluding the BBS, there were statistically significant improvements in all outcomes between weeks 1 and 8 and between weeks 1 and 3-month follow-up. Discussion: This outpatient therapy program provided effective treatment for FND. Patients reported reduced anxiety, depression, and functional impairment, as well as improved performance on most physiotherapy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still limited information about how, and to what extent, patients with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) feel inadequate in their daily lives. This study aims to evaluate the physical, functional, and emotional disability related to dizziness in patients diagnosed with PPPD, and to investigate the frequency of anxiety disorder, depression, and migraine. The files of patients who were diagnosed PPPD in the neurology outpatient clinic at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The results of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), which were implemented for treatment planning, were evaluated. Headache complaints were examined for whether they were compatible with migraine. Of the 65 patients diagnosed with Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, 89% were female, 11% were male, and the mean age was 39. The total mean score of the DHI was 55.3. 86.1% of the patients experienced moderate or severe dizziness handicap. Moderate or severe depression was identified in 50.8% of the patients, moderate or severe anxiety in 80.8%, and migraine comorbidity in 70.8% of the patients. The majority of the patients with PPPD were in the young-middle age group and female. It was concluded that dizziness, migraine, depression, and anxiety disorder highly adversely affected the health-related quality of life of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was a cross-sectional study that aimed to compare the total Landing error scoring system (LESS) scores of individuals with Patellofemoral pain (PFP) with healthy controls and assess the association of pain, function, and psychological factors with LESS score. Methods: Twenty-seven male athletes with PFP completed a standardized jump-landing task. They were compared with a matched, healthy group. Also, participants completed four questionnaires involving the visual analog scale (VAS), Anterior knee pain scale (AKPS), Tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK), Beck anxiety and depression inventory scale (BAI, BDI). Results: PFP group had significantly a higher total LESS score than the control group. They displayed lateral trunk flexion and less knee flexion in the initial contact of landing. Our results showed a significant strong correlation between VAS, AKPS, and TSK with a final score LESS. In addition, a low to moderate significant correlation obtained between BAI, BDI and final score LESS. Conclusions: The LESS is a useful clinical test for evaluating landing errors in people with PFP. Greater kinesiophobia, pain, poorer self-reported function and psychological factors were correlated with a total LESS score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations affected by war may experience food insecurity, which could predispose them to eating disorders. A cross-sectional study was conducted among health sciences students in Northern Kosovo from November 2018 to March 2019. Data were collected using the sociodemographic Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The study sample comprised 534 students. The prevalence of students who had at least mild depression (BDI ≥ 10) was 20.6%. More frequent night eating was consistently associated with a higher EDI score in the total sample as well as in the subgroup of students whose EDI score was ≥ 10. In addition, having poorer sleep quality and having more anxiety symptoms were associated with having stronger depressive symptoms. In a population of health sciences students who live in a post-conflict region, night eating is associated with having stronger depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depersonalisation-Derealisation Disorder (DDD) has a prevalence of around 1% but is under-recognised and often does not respond to medical intervention. We report on a clinical audit of 36 participants with a diagnosis of chronic DDD who were sequentially recruited from a specialist DDD National Health Service clinic in London, United Kingdom, and who completed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy specifically adapted for DDD. The sample population had a mean age of 38.7 years (s.d. = 13.4), 61% were male and 69% were of White ethnicity. Three outcomes were assessed (Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale [CDS], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], and the Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]) at three time points in a naturalistic, self-controlled, cross-over design. Hierarchical longitudinal analyses for outcome response clustered by patient were performed using scores from baseline, beginning, and end of therapy. All scores showed improvement during the treatment period, with medium effect sizes. CBT may be an effective treatment for DDD. However, treatment was not randomly assigned, and the sample was small. More research is needed, including the use of randomisation to assess the efficacy of CBT for DDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diabetes is one of the health problems of increasing importance owing to the increase in its incidence and the problems it causes, and it is closely related to nutrition. This study aims to determine the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores of individuals with type 2 diabetes, depression, anxiety and quality of life. Design/methodology/approach: In this cross-sectional study, 158 individuals with type 2 diabetes who applied to a nutrition and diet outpatient clinic of a private hospital in Istanbul were included. Their depression status was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory; their anxiety status was evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory; and their quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form 36 Quality of Life scale. One-way ANOVA test was used to define the difference between groups. All test results were evaluated at a significance level of 0.05. Findings: There was no significant relationship between DII scores, depression (p = 0.814) and anxiety (p = 0.817). However, a significant decrease was observed in the scores of the quality of life criterion in the groups with high depression and anxiety scores (p < 0.05). In addition, participants with high anxiety states had higher HbA1c levels (p = 0.043). Originality/value: Individuals in this sample with no known psychiatric diagnosis or treatment history demonstrated a significant relationship between depression and anxiety scores and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most findings on the pathophysiology of alcoholism are based on studies using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG). There are few studies on cue-induced craving and on its utility as an electrophysiological index. We examined quantitative EEG (qEEG) activities in alcoholics and social drinkers exposed to video cues and compared their association with subjective alcohol craving and other related psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety and depression. This is a between-subjects design. Adult male alcoholics (n = 34) and healthy social drinkers (n = 33) participated. In a laboratory, EEGs were recorded while the participants were presented with craving-inducing video stimuli. Measures used were the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for subjective alcohol craving, Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. One-way analysis of covariance with age showed that alcoholics had significantly increased beta activity in the right DLPFC region (F4) (F = 4.029 , p = 0.049), compared to social drinkers when craving-inducing stimuli were presented. Beta activity at the F4 electrode was positively correlated with AUQ (r =.284, p = 0.021), BAI (r =.398, p = 0.001), BDI (r =.291, p = 0.018), and changes in VAS (r =.292, p = 0.017) scores in both alcoholics and social drinkers. In alcoholics, beta activity was significantly correlated with BAI (r =.392, p = 0.024). These findings imply functional importance of hyperarousal and negative emotions upon exposure to craving-inducing cues. Frontal EEG indices with beta power could serve as an objective electrophysiological index of craving induced by individually tailored video cues in alcohol consumption behavior. • Cue reactivity plays a key role in addictive behavior. • Additional studies are needed on the characteristics of qEEG in alcoholic patients. • Beta activity in the right DLPFC region can relate to alcoholic behavior. • Beta activity at the F4 electrode in alcoholics is positively correlated with BAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study assessed the benefits of cognitive behavioral treatment in patients suffering from major depressive disorders. Methodology: Hundred patients were included in the present study. The cases were assigned alternatively to the experimental group, who received cognitive behavior therapy in addition to the antidepressant medications, whereas in the control group, patients were managed using medications. Four outcome measures were used, viz., Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Visual Analog Scale. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data using SPSS. Results: The highest number of subjects (55%) were found in the age group of 15-25 years. The mean Beck Depression Inventory score in the experimental group was 35.60 (standard deviation 9.52) and in the control group, it was 26.40 (standard deviation 8.26) giving a mean difference of 9.20 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: It was found that the patients who received cognitive behavior therapy reported greater improvement in their symptomatology than the patients who were receiving medications only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary acid load seems to be associated with psychological disorders through several mechanisms, and may barricade their treatment and recovery. The aim of current study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary acid load, using potential renal acid load (PRAL) and dietary acid load (DAL) scores, with the severity of depression and anxiety among Iranian adults. Methods: A total of 6531 participants aged 35–65 years were recruited in this cross-sectional study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes of participants. DAL was estimated using PRAL and DAL scores. Depression and anxiety were screened using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results: In the fully adjusted model, women with the highest DAL or PRAL had higher odds of more severe depression compared to those in the lowest category (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.03–1.42 and OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.03–1.39, respectively). No significant association was observed between DAL and PRAL and depression severity in men and in the population as a whole. Regarding the association between PRAL and anxiety severity, there was no significant association when separated by sex. However, in the fully adjusted model for the whole population, participants in the highest tertile of PRAL had 13% greater odds of more severe anxiety than the lowest tertile (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13). No significant association was observed between DAL and anxiety severity in women, men or in the whole population. Conclusion: Women, but not men, with higher dietary acid load had significantly higher odds of having more severe depression. A significant positive association was also observed between dietary acid load and anxiety in the whole population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive function (CF) is a core feature related to all psychiatric disorders. However, self-report scales of CF (SRSC) may not always correlate with CF's objective measures and may have different mediators. Tools to select for evaluating CF in diverse psychiatric populations and their determinants need to be studied. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of SRSC (Perceived Deficit Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D), and World Health Organization's Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and its inattentiveness subscale) with Letter-N-back as an objective measure of CF, and to analyze their association with psychopathology. Two hundred nine (131 nonclinical, and 78 clinical with a psychiatric diagnosis of ICD10 F31-39 [mood disorders excluding Bipolar I] or F40-F49 [neurotic, stress-related or psychosomatic disorder] categories) participants were evaluated with PDQ-D, ASRS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and N-back. Both groups' data were included in the analysis. PDQ-D showed a small correlation with N-back scores, whereas ASRS showed no correlation. PDQ-D and ASRS showed a large correlation. Age and BAI scores significantly predicted both PDQ-D and ASRS, whereas the cognitive subscale of BDI predicted PDQ-D, but not ASRS. Only BAI scores predicted N-back results. The mediation model revealed that 2-back scores of N-back task directly affects PDQ-D scores, independent of BDI scores. However, the cognitive subscale of BDI moderated 2-back and PDQ-D association. On the contrary, BAI scores significantly mediated the association of 2-back scores with PDQ-D. The direct effect of 2-back scores in PDQ-D was insignificant in the mediation of BAI scores. Our study validates the discordance between SRSC and an objective measurement of CF. Anxiety may affect both self-report and objective measurement of CF, whereas depressive thought content may lead to higher cognitive dysfunction reports in nondemented participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric findings may be seen in Fibromyalgia (FM) patients. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing in FM patients and normal individuals. The study group consisted of FM patients and a healthy control group. Socio-demographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) were administered to the participants. It was evaluated whether there was a statistical difference between the groups in terms of BDI, BAI, PCS, VAS, and FIQ. Of the 178 patients in our study, 85 were FM patients and 93 were control groups. The BDI, BAI, PCS, PCSH (PCS Helplessness), PCSM (PCS Magnification), and PCSR (PCS Rumination) were found to be higher in FM patients compared to the control group. The FM patients were found to have moderate depression according to the BDI score (18.7±10.6) and moderate anxiety according to the BAI score (16.5±9.9). There was a positive correlation between BDI and BAI, FIQ and VAS, PCS and BDI, BAI and FIQ, and BAI and FIQ. It was found that the FM patients had "moderate" depression and anxiety, and their level of pain catastrophizing increased with the increase in depression and anxiety severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely identification of possible psychiatric symptoms and/or disorders, such as depression and anxiety, in liver cirrhosis and liver transplant patients is important. This study aimed to determine whether patients with both liver cirrhosis and liver transplantation have depression and anxiety symptoms and, if so, to determine the relationship of these symptoms with the stage of the liver disease and other conditions. Ninety patients with liver cirrhosis and 31 who underwent liver transplantation for liver cirrhosis were included in the study. Patients were divided into 4 groups. Patients with Child–Pugh A cirrhosis were group 1, patients with Child–Pugh B cirrhosis were group 2, patients with Child–Pugh C cirrhosis were group 3, and transplanted patients were group 4. All patient groups answered Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory questionnaires. Depression and anxiety scores were similar in patients who underwent liver transplantation and in the Child–Pugh A and Child–Pugh B groups. The lowest depression score was observed in the Child–Pugh A group. This was not statistically different from the patients in the liver transplantation group (3.19 ± 3.487, 7.13 ± 7.822, P >.05). Depression and anxiety scores were statistically higher in the Child–Pugh C group (25.55 ± 8.878, 21.66 ± 11.053, and 25.55 ± 8.878, respectively; P <.001), and depression and anxiety scores increased as the cirrhosis stage increased. In patients with Child–Pugh C liver cirrhosis, evaluation for symptoms of anxiety and depression is strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a promising new noninvasive brain stimulation therapy, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. OCD patients exhibit impaired response control and attention shifting, which is linked to some brain areas such as anterior cingulate cortex and basal ganglia. OCD patients also display altered neurometabolic concentrations in cortical cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC). In this study, we aimed to elucidate efficacy of rTMS treatment in alleviating related symptoms and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) neurometabolites. OCD patients were randomly divided into either drug (n = 23) or drug + rTMS (n = 29) groups, and those in the latter group subjected to 4-week rTMS treatment. All participants were visited twice, at baseline and follow-up after four weeks. During both visits, all patients were subjected to 1H-MRS, then Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Global Assessment Function (GAF) used to assess severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We also evaluated synchronous anxiety and depression by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). After 4 weeks of treatment, patients in the Drug + rTMS group displayed significantly lower Y-BOCS (p = 0.038), BDI (p = 0.009), HAM-D (p = 0.013), HAM-A (p = 0.012) scores than their counterparts in the Drug group. Conversely, patients in the Drug + rTMS group had significantly higher tNAA concentrations (p = 0.030) than those in the Drug group. Notably, the Drug + rTMS group exhibited higher, but insignificant Glu (p = 0.055) and Glx (p = 0.068) concentrations compared to the Drug group. Partial correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between post HAM-A scores and 4-week change of pACC glutamate levels in the Drug + rTMS group (r = −0.434, p = 0.02). rTMS treatment is an efficacious treatment therapy for OCD, mainly by inducing changes in neurometabolites. • The study explored the direct changes of neurometabolic concentrations in pACC after 4-week rTMS treatment in OCD patients. • The combination of rTMS treatment can enhance the therapeutic effect beneficial to the OCD patients. • The rTMS treatment could increase the concentrations of glutamate, glutamate + glutamine(Glx) and tNAA. • The greater the change in glutamate concentrations was the less anxiety after rTMS treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aims to compare the decision-making processes of individuals with and without the Covid-19 vaccine under uncertainty. Material/ Methods: The study included 70 participants vaccinated against Covid-19 and 70 not-vaccinated against Covid-19, matched by age, gender, and education level. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale Short Form (BIS-11-SF), The Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy (SVH), and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) were administered to the participants. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups regarding SVH sub-dimensions and the total score (p<0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in the IGT-5 subdimension (p <0.05). Although there was no statistically significant difference in IGT-total and other sub-dimensions, it was recognized that not-vaccinated participants made more choices for risky decks. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between IGT-5 and the benefit and protective value of the vaccine, solutions for non-vaccination, and SVH-total score. Besides, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the IGT-Total score and the sub-dimension of solutions for non-vaccination. Conclusions: The non-vaccinated group made more choices from the disadvantageous and risky decks in the long run during the decision-making task under uncertainty; they were prone to take more risks. That is why the impact of implicit and emotional processes should be considered in the risk assessment against vaccine hesitancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intake of food later in the evening can have harmful health consequences. Some researchers suggest that having certain personality characteristics may be associated with the onset of eating disorders. There is a lack of studies on personality traits and night eating in a complex socio-political setting. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between personality traits and more intense night eating among students in northern Kosovo. A cross-section study was conducted in a population of health science students at the University in Kosovska Mitrovica. Students completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), HEXACO-60 personality inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The independent variables (exposures) were the six domains of the HEXACO-60 (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience). The study outcome was the NEQ score. The study sample consisted of 534 students. The prevalence of night eating syndrome was 3.0%. The multivariate linear regression model suggested that stronger Extraversion and Openness to Experience were associated with more frequent night eating. Additionally, later bedtime, poorer sleep quality and higher scores on BDI and BAI were associated with more frequent night eating across all six models of models of personality traits. In a population of health science students who live in a complex socio-political environment, extraversion and openness to experience traits were associated with more frequent night eating. These findings could help researchers and clinicians tailor specific behavioral therapies to match the personality traits of people with night eating issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus is usually associated with different comorbidities such as anxiety, annoyance and depression. Evidences have targeted two main places for tinnitus treatment, namely the auditory cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reportedly associated with improvement of cognitive functions in individuals. This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of repeated sessions of anodal bifrontal tDCS on tinnitus symptoms. Furthermore, the tDCS impacts on the comorbid depression and anxiety of the patients were investigated. Forty-two voluntaries that suffers from chronic tinnitus were randomly assigned into "real tDCS" (n = 21) and "sham tDCS" (n = 21) groups. The tDCS group, received tDCS with the protocol consisted of 2 mA current, daily one session of 20 min, 6 consecutive days per week and for 4 consecutive weeks. The tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) scale, was measured before the first tDCS session and at one-week and two weeks follow-up. With the same intervals; the distress-related tinnitus was evaluated using visual analogue scale. Depression and anxiety scores were also measured using the Beck depression inventory and Beck anxiety inventory scales, respectively. Our findings indicated that THI score, depression and anxiety level has been gradually diminished across subsequent measurement intervals. We also find significant reduction of distress-related tinnitus in the real-tDCS group after treatment. We conclude that application of tDCS to the bilateral DLPFC region alleviates chronic tinnitus and it should be considered in patients with refractory tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) has been widely used to evaluate for assessing mindfulness. The purpose of this research was psychometric validation of the Farsi version of the MAAS among a sample of Iranian students in the USA. The sample included 181 Iranian students attending universities in San Diego, CA. The MAAS was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. Results of the CFA indicated a single factor structure with an acceptable fit to the data: sbX2 = 169.53 (P < 0.001); RMR = 0.084; CFI = 0.92; and RMSEA = 0.068. All of the items displayed significant factor loadings. The results indicated a significant negative relationship between MAAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (r = − 0.51; P < 0.01) and Beck Depression Inventory — Second Edition (BDI‐II) (r = − 0.407; P < 0.01). These findings demonstrated acceptable levels of discriminant validity. Consequently, the Farsi version of MAAS was a valid and reliable instrument for assessing Iranian students' mindfulness outside Iran. This study indicated directions for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impulsivity is the tendency to make decisions and act quickly without adequate planning and anticipating risks. Impulsivity is among the core symptoms of many psychiatric disorders. In addition, impulsivity can affect the course of various diseases shaped by behaviors. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the presence of acne excoriee and different impulsivity dimensions. Study Design: A case–control study. Methods: Thirty patients with acne excoriee (AE+) and 30 acne vulgaris patients without excoriated lesions (AE‐) enrolled in this study. Impulsivity was evaluated by The Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS). In addition, The Beck Anxiety Inventory, The Beck Depression Inventory, and The Skin Picking Scale were applied to assess the clinical characteristics of the participants. Results: AE+ patients had higher non‐planning subscale scores of BIS than AE‐ patients in this study. In addition, the acne‐picking severity score determined by The Skin Picking Scale was positively correlated with non‐planning subscale scores of BIS. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Conclusions: These results indicate that AE patients have a lack of forethought. In other words, it has been shown that impulsive personality traits, which indicate a lack of planning for the future, may be associated with the acne‐picking behavior of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Family accommodation (FA) is associated with disease severity and response to treatment rates in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and is therefore particularly important in this patient group. This study investigated the structure of FA and associated factors in a Turkish society sample. Materials and methods: The study was carried out with 92 patients diagnosed with OCD for at least 1 year, who applied to Alanya ALKU Training and Research Hospital psychiatry outpatient clinic between February 2021 and March 2022. Sociodemographic data form, Family Accommodation Scale-Patient Form (FAS-PF), Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) were applied to all of the cases. Relatives filled out the Sociodemographic Data. Results: The mean age of the patients was 32.11 ± 11.56 years. Sixty-nine (75%) of the patients were women. Fifty (54.3%) patients were married. All participants reported FA behavior at least once in the previous week. FA exhibited no significant variation by sex (p = 0.679) or marital status (p = 0.256). Significant positive correlation was determined between DOCS-T (r = 0.370, p < 0.001), AAQ-II (r = 0.261, p = 0.013), BDI (r = 0.235, p = 0.024) and BAI (r = 0.342, p = 0.001) scores and the FAS-PF. In the regression analysis, only OCD disease severity predicted FA [(ß = 0.295, p = 0.036, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.02 to 0.55)]. Higher FA scores were obtained in this study (23.93 ± 15.28) compared to previous research in Western societies (14.3 ± 15.2). Conclusion: Clinicians should consider FA in the examination of OCD patients. High FA values for both frequency and severity suggest that interventions directed toward FA may be associated with more positive outcomes in outpatient Turkish patients with OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the psychosexual impact of being diagnosed with human papillomavirus (HPV). A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the anxiety and depression levels and sexual functions in women with and without HPV between March and May 2021. Beck anxiety inventory, the Beck depression inventory, and the Libido scoring system scales were used as scales. A total of 575 respondents were included; 292 (50.2%) were HPV-negative, and 283 (49.8%) were HPV-positive, of whom 170 (60,1%) had high-risk HPV genotypes 16/18 and 113 (39.9%) had non-16/18 high-risk HPV-positive patients. There was no significant association between HPV-negative and HPV-positive patients in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. While 21.6% of the HPV-positive group experienced masturbation, it was 15.1% in the HPV-negative group (p=0.044). While severe depression was 4.9% in HPV-positive women, this rate was 1.4% in HPV-negative women (p=0.002). The present study showed that being diagnosed with HPV made a significant difference in sexual function, except for sexual interest, but increased anxiety and depression scores. Sexual dysfunction following an HPV diagnosis cannot be explained solely by depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life of husbands of women with breast cancer referred to the chemotherapy clinic with husbands of non-affected wives. This was a case-control study, with purposive-convenience sampling method. 190 husbands of patients with or without breast cancer participate in this study. Data collection tools included a four-part questionnaire, consisted of demographic characteristics, shortened form of quality of life questionnaire, Beck depression inventory, and Beck anxiety inventory. In the areas of social relations and living environment (QolD3, QolD4), a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in quality of life (p-value < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant difference in the case group between the history of chemotherapy and mean anxiety score (p-value < 0.001), and quality of life with number of children (p-value < 0.002). The findings of this study showed that in addition to giving attention to the patients, attention to health needs and quality of life of their spouses is also a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that is used against cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the rTMS therapeutic effects are still only partially investigated. Maladaptive plasticity, glial activation, and neuroinflammation, including metalloproteases (MMPs) activation, might represent new potential targets of the neurodegenerative process and progression from MCI to AD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of bilateral rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on plasmatic levels of MMP1, -2, -9, and -10; MMPs-related tissue inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2; and cognitive performances in MCI patients. Patients received high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS (MCI-TMS, n = 9) or sham stimulation (MCI-C, n = 9) daily for four weeks, and they were monitored for six months after TMS. The plasmatic levels of MMPs and TIMPs and the cognitive and behavioral scores, based on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Beck Depression Inventory II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Apathy Evaluation Scale, were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 1 month (T1) and 6 months (T2) since rTMS. In the MCI-TMS group, at T2, plasmatic levels of MMP1, -9, and -10 were reduced and paralleled by increased plasmatic levels of TIMP1 and TIMP2 and improvement of visuospatial performances. In conclusion, our findings suggest that targeting DLPFC by rTMS might result in the long-term modulation of the MMPs/TIMPs system in MCI patients and the neurobiological mechanisms associated with MCI progression to dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeopathic medicine has a place among the non-hormonal treatment options for alleviating menopausal symptoms. The aim was to evaluate homeopathic treatment on menopausal symptoms. Thirty menopausal women were recruited from NRC and treated individually by homeopathic remedies for 6 weeks, with no change in their regular diets. Severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed before and after treatment using Menopause Rating Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory, and biochemical parameters (FSH, Testosterone, Progesterone, Estradiol, IL-6 MDA) were done before and after the treatment. The mean overall total symptoms score and biochemical markers showed significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05); however, FSH, Testosterone, Progesterone, IL-6, and MDA were decreased, while Estradiol was increased. The study concluded that homeopathic medicine could be effective in treatment of menopausal symptoms in peri-menopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faux Pas Recognition Test (FPRT) is one of the most commonly used tools to assess the theory of mind (ToM) and a valid and reliable screening of this social cognitive function in both clinical and research settings is essential. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the FPRT on a healthy Turkish sample and to develop a shorter form with adequate psychometric properties to provide an easier application for the tester by shortening the test's duration of administration. Four hundred sixteen healthy individuals completed the Turkish version of the FPRT. Addenbrooke's Cognitive Evaluation-Revised form (ACE-R) was given to the participants who were over 60 years of age in order to eliminate the adverse effects of a potential cognitive decline on FPRT performance. Effects of psychological symptoms on FPRT performance were controlled with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Both the original and short versions of the test showed good psychometric properties: for the original version internal consistency reliability was 0.94 for faux-pas (FP) stories and 0.92 for control stories; for the short version it was 0.92 for FP stories and was 0.93 for control stories. For the original version of the FPRT; inter-rater reliability was 0.88 for FP stories and was 0.96 for control stories. Split-half reliability was 0.78 for FP stories and was 0.85 for control stories. Gender and age comparisons were carried out. Results revealed that women had significantly higher total scores than men in three measures of FPRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression among patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at a tertiary care cardiac center in Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care cardiac center in Pakistan from May to November 2019. We included patients of either gender, between 30 and 70 years of age, diagnosed with ACS, and presented within 72 hours of onset of symptoms. After the standard treatment of the condition, the Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to assess post-AMI depression and anxiety. The BDI =17 was categorized as depression and BAI =11 was taken as anxiety. Results: In the selected sample of 122 patients, the mean age was 58.7 ± 10.2 years and 88 (72.1%) patients were male. Diabetes mellitus was detected in 76 (62.3%) patients and 64 (52.5%) patients were smokers. The mean BDI score was 28.6 ± 6.5 and mean BAI score was 19.5 ± 5.1. Anxiety and depression were observed in 36 (29.5%) and 51 (41.8%) patients, respectively. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are a common remnants of ACS, hence, in our day to day clinical practice, appropriate consideration should be given to the psychological wellbeing of patients in addition to the management of ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The symptoms and findings resulting from thyroid dysfunctions display a picture similar to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, which are the most common psychiatric disorders in the community. Therefore, this study aims to examine patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis receiving L-thyroxine therapy and euthyroid patients with postoperative hypothyroidism receiving L-thyroxine therapy in terms of their susceptibility to anxiety and depression and the change in their quality of life, as well as determine the role of the thyroid gland in psychosocial life. Material and method: For evaluating anxiety, depression, and quality of life, Beck depression and Beck anxiety inventories and SF-36 were administered to 120 people (20-80 years old) who were applied to the Department of Endocrinology of Sivas Cumhuriyet University. Forty of them had developed hypothyroidism after thyroid surgery, 40 were diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis at some point in their life and are now in a euthyroid state after L-thyroxine treatment, and 40 were healthy people in the control group. Data were analyzed on SSPS. Results: The reasons for these psychosocial effects on individuals were evaluated in multiple ways, such as thyroid dysfunction, having a chronic disease, the idea of constant drug use, the effect of autoimmunity, and endogenous hormone secretion. Thyroidectomy patients' anxiety and depression were higher, and their quality of life was poorer than both Hashimoto thyroiditis patients and the control group (p<0.05). In addition, patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroidectomy had higher anxiety and depression and poorer quality of life than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis are more depressed and anxious and have a lower quality of life than the control group due to the autoimmunity effect. On the other hand, patients with thyroidectomy were psychologically more affected than Hashimoto thyroiditis patients, and their quality of life was poorer due to the lack of endogenous hormone secretion and/or the undiscovered physiological effect of the thyroid gland. It was concluded that maximal protection of the thyroid gland is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The IASP ICD-11 chronic primary pain (CPP) definition includes 19 different painful conditions. In recent years, interest in the potential role of cannabinoids in the management of CPP has increased, since they demonstrated a possible efficacy in treating pain, especially in secondary pain conditions. However, limited evidence is available for patients with CPP. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cannabinoid administration in CPP. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched form the beginning up to 31 October 2021 to retrieve published articles of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational, retrospective or prospective, studies, investigating cannabinoids in CPP. The study screening process was completed during November 2021. The primary outcome was pain reduction by means of the visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes were quality of life by means of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ) or other available scales, appetite, anxiety, depression, and sleep by means of any available scales. Safety was assessed with the reporting of serious adverse events (SAE) and discontinuation due to adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed. The weighted generic inverse variance method and Mantel–Haenszel method were used to estimate the mean difference (MD) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. For outcome measures reported with different scales (pain, anxiety, depression), we used the standardized MD (SMD) as the effect measure and then converted it into units of the VAS scale for pain, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for anxiety, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression. Summary of findings was produced using GRADEproGDT. Results: From 3007 identified records, we included eight articles reporting the results of eight different RCTs (four parallel and four crossover studies; seven compared to placebo and one to amitriptyline), with a total population of 240 patients. VAS pain reduction was non-significant for cannabinoids against placebo (MD = − 0.64; 95% CI − 1.30 to 0.02) or amitriptyline (MD = − 0.19; 95% CI − 0.58 to 0.19). More than 4 weeks cannabinoid treatment significantly reduced pain compared to placebo in parallel studies with more than 4 weeks of treatment duration (MD = − 1.28; 95% CI − 2.33 to − 0.22). Differences for the FIQ (MD = − 21.69; 95% CI − 46.20 to 2.82), BAI (MD = − 2.32; 95% CI − 7.99 to 3.08), and BDI (MD = 2.32; 95% CI − 1.71 to 6.35) were non-significant, likewise for discontinuation due to adverse events (OR = 2.15; 95% CI 0.44–10.65), when comparing cannabinoids to placebo. The quality of the evidence was generally low mainly as a result of imprecision and risk of bias. Conclusion: Cannabinoid treatment in patients with CPP had limited benefit on pain relief; however, it might improve pain with long-term administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to compare acyl ghrelin (AG), des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), and leptin levels considered to be used as biological markers in the etiopathogenesis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with healthy controls, and to investigate the relationship between these hormones and aggression and impulsivity.Method: The study included 45 patients with ASPD and 61 healthy people in the control group. Sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and Buss-Durkee Aggression Scale (BDAS) were applied to all participants. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from all participants at the same time of the day and the height and weight of the participants were measured.Results: It was found that the mean serum AG and DAG levels were significantly higher than that of healthy controls whereas leptin hormone levels were significantly lower in patients compared to healthy controls. BDI, BAI, BIS-11, and BDAS scores of the patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. There was a positive correlation between AG and DAG hormone levels and impulsivity and aggression.Discussion: The present study is the first in the literature to examine AG, DAG, and leptin hormone levels of patients diagnosed with ASPD. According to the results of the study, it is believed that changes in serum leptin and ghrelin levels will bring a new perspective in terms of understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of ASPD. Further studies are required to explain the definitive roles of these hormones in ASPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the impact of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) positivity on women's mental health and sexual dysfunction (SD). Anxiety, hopelessness, and depression were investigated in this study as common psychological problems. This prospective cross-sectional case-control study was done on 213 participants who attended gynecology clinic from February 2021 to May 2022. The Turkish version of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)-6 was used to measure SD in women. The Turkish version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was used to measure depression, anxiety and hopelessness in women. According to the HPV test results, the subjects were divided into two groups: 1st group as HPV positive and 2nd group as HPV negative. 97 women in the 1st group and 116 patients in the 2nd group were included in the study. The participants' age and body mass index (BMI) were 33.91±3.74 and 24.88±3.01, respectively. There was a significant difference between HPV-positive and HPV-negative women in FSFI total scores and all subdomains (p-value<0.05). There was a significant difference in BDI, BHS, and BAI (p-value<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the FSFI and BAI in HPV-positive group. There was a significant correlation between the FSFI and BAI in HPV-negative group. There was a significant correlation between the FSFI and BDI in HPV-negative group. The health system should support women with HPV in terms of mental health. These women are more exposed to depression, anxiety, hopelessness, and SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory [BLRI]. The scale assesses the quality of the relationships with the Rogerian perspective. The inventory can be used to evaluate the quality of any relationship. In the current study, BLRI was used to measure perceived parental relationships. Method: The current study included 729 participants. Participants filled out the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory, the Short Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran-Memories of Upbringing (s-EMBU), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results: To evaluate the reliability of the scale; item-total correlation, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability analyses were conducted. Results revealed that the scale had strong reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the construct validity, and the four original factors of the scale were supported. To examine concurrent validity, correlations with EMBU subscales were calculated and obtained results indicated that all the factors of the two scales were significantly correlated in line with the expectations. Finally, criterion-related validity was examined, and it was found that the BLRI successfully differentiates between low and high anxiety and depression groups. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that the Turkish version of the BLRI can be used as a reliable and valid instrument to measure perceived parental relationships in Turkish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that dependent individuals (DIs) have higher rates of childhood maltreatment and poorer cognitive performance compared with healthy controls. However, little attention has been paid to the cognitive dysfunction of DIs with childhood maltreatment. The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive deficits of maltreated methamphetamine-dependent individuals (METH-DIs) using a cross-sectional and case-control design. In addition, we aimed to examine the prevalence of childhood maltreatment and the demographic and clinical characteristics of Chinese male METH-DIs. 330 METH-DIs and 143 healthy controls were recruited and completed a detailed questionnaire on demographic and drug-related variables. Childhood abuse data were collected from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Cognitive function was assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess the clinical state of the METH-DIs. 166 of 326 (50.9%) METH-DIs had experienced at least one type of childhood maltreatment. Maltreated METH-DIs were more likely to have a lower level of education (t 324 = 5.81, p < 0.001), a higher level of depression(t 324 = －2.68, p < 0.01), and a younger onset age of drug use (t 324 = 3.58, p < 0.01) than METH-DIs who had no experience of childhood maltreatment. Maltreated METH-DIs also performed worse on the RBANS attention score than METH-DIs who did not experience maltreatment (F 1,324 = 15.41, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.05). Our findings revealed that some demographic and clinical variables were associated with maltreatment among METH-DIs. Moreover, attention dysfunction was found in maltreated METH-DIs, which conforms to the theory of latent vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) are one of the most complex conditions to evaluate because several of its symptoms are not observable with current diagnostic methods and cannot be quantified or evaluated correctly. No method is currently available to assess the risk of malingering in the aforementioned condition efficiently. Our aim is to study the capacity of several biopsychosocial psychometric self-report instruments, such as the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Cervical Disability Index (NDI), the SF-36 Health Questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories (BDI-II and BAI), or the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), to discriminate between patients diagnosed with WAD following a vehicle accident and non-clinical participants with malingering instructions. Method: A simulation design was used with 630 participants: 200 non-clinical controls with honest responding condition, 201 instructed malingerers, and 229 WAD clinical outpatients. Results: Our results showed an AUC range of .60 to .90, with the highest value being that of the BPI (.90), followed by the NDI (.88), and the lowest value that of the BIPQ (.60), followed by the BAI (.71). Conclusions: Overall, the BPI, the NDI, and SF-36 can correctly discriminate between groups with a good specificity (> 90%), while the BAI, BDI, and BIPQ showed a lower capacity, with a high rate of false positives in the case of the BDI and of false negatives in the other two. Practical and research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Assessment of the quality of life in patients after ischemic stroke (IS) is essential to objectively assess the consequences in everyday life and to better identify all aspects of disability and limitations. However, there is no validated specific tool for quality-of-life assessment in patients after IS in the Czech Republic. Aim: To validate the Czech version of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 – the most used tool worldwide in stroke survivors, which will allow its standardized use in the Czech population. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients with IS without cognitive deficit aged 18–80 years were included in the validation study. Internal consistency was examined using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The following scales were used to determine the construct and criterion validity of the Czech version of SIS 3.0: WHOQOL-BREF, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, and Hospital Anxiety and Beck Depression Inventory. Results: A total of 150 patients (58.4% men, mean age 57.6 ± 13.7 years) were enrolled in the study at a mean follow-up of 3.8 ± 0.4 months after the onset of stroke, with 96.7% achieving good functional independence (mRS 0–2). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of particular domains ranged from 0.750 to 0.934. Significant correlations were found between SIS 3.0 domains, WHOQOL-BREF and other used tools of the neuropsychological battery. Conclusion: In the presented study, the psychometric properties were verified and adequate criteria and construct validity of the Czech version of SIS 3.0 were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the effect of the online Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol on posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout symptoms in healthcare workers diagnosed with pandemic- related post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: The study included healthcare workers who applied to psychiatry outpatient clinics due to the psychiatric symptoms that developed related to the pandemic and who were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. The Beck Anxiety Inventory, Impact of Event Scale-Revised to evaluate the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal), Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory were used for the assessment. The tests were administered 3 times (pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 1-month follow-up). Results: This study included 14 healthcare workers diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder; 2 (14.3%) physicians, 2 (14.3%) nurses, 4 (28.6%) other-healthcare workers/medical staff, and 6 (42.8%) other healthcare workers/non-medical staff. There was a significant decrease in Impact of Event Scale-Revised total score, the intrusion and hyper-arousal sub-scores between T1 and T2 (P = .018; P = .005; P = .0005, respectively) and between T1 and T3 (P < .001; P < .001; P < .001, respectively), but there was no difference between T2 and T3 (P = .89). A significant difference was found in repeated measurements of both Beck Depression Inventory [P < .001] and Beck Anxiety Inventory [P < .001] scores. There was a significant difference in emotional exhaustion, one of the subscales of Maslach Burnout Inventory (P = .09). However, there was no significant difference in depersonalization (P = .48) and personal accomplishment (P = .66). Conclusions: Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol appears to be capable of reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, intrusion, and hyperarousal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and emotional exhaustion when symptoms that developed are related to the pandemic in healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The academic environment is marked by numerous factors that generate emotional desordeiras, this reality may have been aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: To verify the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety among physiotherapy students from a Public Institution in Goiás during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the factors associated with these symptoms. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, carried out with students of the Physiotherapy course at a public university in Goiás. A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to assess life and health habits and sociodemographic profile, to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Results: 120 questionnaires were analyzed. The median age was 23 years (21.0-23.5) with a predominance of females (85%). The prevalence of moderate to severe symptoms for anxiety and depression was 57.5% and 38.3% respectively. They were associated with emotional symptoms: illness report, medication use, self-report of anxiety and depression, low income, family support, reduced leisure time and physical exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: A high prevalence of depression and anxiety was found in physical therapy students, the factors associated with anxiety and depression were female sex, having disease, use of anxiolytics and antidepressants and insufficient leisure time. There was an association with anxiety, the use of medication and low income, and with depression not practicing physical activity and family support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Use of tacrolimus does not cause sexual dysfunction in women as in men. • Quality of life improves after renal transplant in women. • Use of tacrolimus in women does not have a negative effect on quality of life. Tacrolimus, one of the immunosuppressive agents, is used to prevent tissue rejection in renal transplant recipients, but the relationship between the plasma concentrations of tacrolimus and female sexual dysfunction has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tacrolimus use on sexual dysfunction of women after renal transplant. Twenty-one female patients who successfully underwent transplant and were treated with tacrolimus were enrolled as the patient group, while 21 patients presented to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic for different reasons were included in the study as the control group. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Female Sexual Function Index were applied. Plasma concentrations of tacrolimus were simultaneously measured in transplant recipients. The scores of all scales did not differ among groups in terms of depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. All transplant recipients had a plasma concentration of tacrolimus in the range of 3 to 7 ng/L. When the patients were compared by the scores of depression and anxiety scales, the drug levels showed no effect on the depression, anxiety, and female sexual functions. Sexual dysfunction appears to be ameliorated in women because of the hormone levels after renal transplant at the end of the dialysis process, hence enhancing the quality of life. Normal plasma levels of tacrolimus, which is known to cause sexual dysfunction, could not change this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The comorbidity of substance use, mood disorders, and anxiety has been proven in various studies, leading to many clinical implications. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in depression and anxiety in individuals with substance use disorder. Methods: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all people with substance abuse in Urmia in 2019, including 220 subjects. The sample consisted of 50 individuals with substance use disorders selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in eight sessions, each lasting 90 min, based on the ACT protocol by Hayes et al. (2004), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were obtained using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Pretest and posttest were performed in both groups. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS23 software. Results: The results showed that after controlling for the pretest effects, a significant difference was observed between the mean posttest scores of the two groups in both depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment therapy is an appropriate strategy to effectively improve depression and anxiety in people with substance use disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A balanced diet is essential for overall health because it provides necessary nutrients. Eating disorders present medical and psychological risks that affect one's quality of life. Emotional eating can result from negative situations. Studies show that sadness has a greater impact on food consumption than happiness, leading to a 30-48% appetite fluctuation. Stress not only affects psychological health and influences food choices. Social support, typically from family and friends, provides both physical and psychological aid, addressing fundamental social needs and positively impacting overall well-being. Medical students facing intense stress during clinical courses are considered a risk group for emotional eating due to stressors. Method: Our study was conducted with Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine students. Data were collected using the Demographic form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Social Support Scale, and Emotional Eating Scale. The resulting data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Results: Among the students participating in the study (n=70), 35.7% were male and 64.3% were female. A significant positive correlation was observed between Perceived Stress and Emotional Eating Scales (r=0.246; p<0.05). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory and the Emotional Eating Scale (r=0.504; p<0.05, r=0.432; p<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between the Social Support Scale and the Emotional Eating Scale (r=-0.272; p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that stressful lifestyles can have a real impact on the development of emotional eating problems among medical students. Medical schools should closely monitor the mental well-being of students and encourage them to develop healthy lifestyles, optimize coping styles, and establish sources of social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, not all patients respond to this type of treatment. The first aim of present study was to examine efficacy of tDCS for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and anhedonia in patients with PTSD. The second aim of this study was to examine the demographic, clinical, and psychological factors that may predict response to tDCS. In this open-label study, 103 PTSD patients underwent 10 sessions of tDCS (2 mA, 20 min). The anodal and cathodal electrodes were placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; F3) and right supra-orbital (FP2) Respectively. Clinical outcome measures included Posttraumatic the Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS). There was an overall significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and anhedonia from pre- to post-treatment. Results also revealed that non-responders had higher severity at baseline for depression, anxiety, and anhedonia. However, higher severity of depression and anhedonia at baseline predicted response status, with higher severity associated with greater likelihood of non-response. tDCS of the left dLPFC and right supra-orbital appears to have a positive effect in reducing PTSD and related symptoms. These initial results could have an important influence on the adoption of anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC for PTSD, by enabling the early identification of patients who respond to tDCS. • There was an overall significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD and related symptoms. • Higher severity depression and anhedonia at baseline was associated with non-response. • PTSD-MDD comorbidity was associated with lower likelihood of achieving response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The effects of dialectical behavior therapy on generalized anxiety disorder have not been examined to date, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is a well-known psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder. Method: In the present study, 72 generalized anxiety disorder patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: dialectical behavior therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Evaluations were performed at baseline, post-test, and three months after interventions as a follow-up. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Tower of London Task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Results: The results of the present study showed that both groups had reduced scores for depression and anxiety and increased scores for executive function after the psychotherapies. These changes were maintained at follow-up. Conclusion: Although depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly reduced by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy was more effective for improving executive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family is one of the institutions that interfere with well-being throughout development and may impact on quality of life. In the context of epilepsy, psychosocial aspects cushion or increase as implications of the disease. The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the quality of family relationships, depression and anxiety symptoms and the effects on quality of life in people with epilepsy. The participants were 63 people, mostly 65.6% women diagnosed with epilepsy. Patients answered the Family Climate Inventory (ICF), the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory and the Epilepsy Quality of Life Inventory (QOLIE-31). This study has a cross-sectional and empirical cohort design. Significant correlations were found between family variables - cohesion, support and family conflict - and mood with the variables of quality of life, such as emotional well-being, energy/fatigue and overall quality of life. The results also show that individuals with. The results also demonstrate that individuals with high cohesion and high conflict have, respectively, a less and higher likely to present depressive symptoms. In addition, the linear regression model with the Beck Inventory of Depression and Positive Family Climate (support and family cohesion) explains (R = .28) quality of life. The results indicate the importance of family support and cohesion for the improvement of quality of life and the relationship between family conflict and the highest rates of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chronic methamphetamine use causes aberrant changes in cytokines. Our aim was to analyze the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐18 in chronic methamphetamine users. Associations between cytokines levels with the demographic properties, methamphetamine use properties, and psychiatric symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users were also evaluated. Methods: Seventy‐eight chronic methamphetamine users who did not continue methamphetamine exposure since hospitalization and 64 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐18 were detected using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Psychopathological symptoms of chronic methamphetamine users were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results: Serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐18 were significantly increased in methamphetamine users who did not continue methamphetamine exposure since hospital admission (average days since last methamphetamine use = 39.06 ± 7.48) when compared to those in controls. Serum IL‐6 levels showed significant positive associations with BDI score and current frequency of methamphetamine use in chronic methamphetamine users. Conclusions: Our results suggest that increased TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐18 levels may have an important role in chronic methamphetamine use‐associated psychopathological symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the presence and relation of depression and anxiety among patients seeking rhinoplasty Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Psychiatry, department of Plastic Surgery and ENT, Combined Military Hospital Multan, from Jan 2019 to Mar 2020. Methodology: A total of 102 patients were recruited that reported to Plastic surgery and ENT unit. Patients were divided equally in two groups of 51 each. One group included patients seeking rhinoplasty while other group included those patients that reported in Plastic surgery and ENT unit for reasons other than rhinoplasty. Symptom were assessed using Beck Depressive Inventory for depression and Beck Anxiety Inventory for anxiety. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study, of these 51 were patients seeking rhinoplasty and 51 were controls. Significant correlation exist between anxiety and depression (p<0.00). Conclusion: There is a very high frequency of anxiety and depression among patients seeking Rhinoplasty along with significant positive correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the presence and severity of depression and anxiety in patients with tinnitus. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at department of Psychiatry, Combined Military Hospital Multan in collaboration with ENT department, Combined Military Hospital Multan, from Sep 2019 to Mar 2020. Methodology: All diagnosed cases of tinnitus in ENT out-patient department Tinnitus Handicap inventory (THI) was applied to assess the severity of tinnitus. Diagnosis of depression and Anxiety was done based on diagnostic criteria of ICD10 of WHO and symptom severity was assessed using Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) for depression and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for Anxiety. Results: A total of 88 participants were included in this study. Fifty-three (60.2%) were male, 35 (39.7%) were females. Twentythree (20.2%) ranged between 18-40 years of age, 65 (57.2%) participants ranged between 41-60 years of age. Seven (12.5%) participants scored less than 38 on tinnitus handicap inventory showing mild severity of tinnitus, 3 (5.3%) individuals scored moderate while 19 (33.9%) had severe level of tinnitus. Thirty-three (37%) participants had depression 55 (62%) out of total 88 participants had anxiety. Conclusion: Studies show presence of anxiety and depression in patients with tinnitus so it seems prudent to screen all patients of tinnitus for psychiatric co morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach is required for the treatment of patients with tinnitus so that physical as well as psychiatric/psychological management of these patients is provided well in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the sleep disorders characteristics in patients with epilepsy, and to analyze the relationship between insomnia symptoms and cognitive function, anxiety and depression. A total of 120 patients with epilepsy who were admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to June 2020 were included as the research subjects (epilepsy group), and they were divided into insomnia group (ISI score ≥ 15 scores) and non-insomnia group (ISI score < 15 scores) according to the total score of insomnia severity index scale (ISI). Another 50 healthy subjects were selected as the healthy control group, the characteristics of sleep disorders in epilepsy patients were discussed, and the relationship between insomnia symptoms and cognitive function and anxiety and depression was analyzed. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI) score (4.45±1.26) scores, ISI score (12.35±5.63) scores and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score (6.32±3.54) scores in epilepsy group were higher than those in healthy control group (3.11±1.03) scores, (9.62 ±5.14) scores and (5.12 ±3.06) scores, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The patients with epilepsy with insomnia accounted for 19.17% (23/120), and without insomnia accounted for 80.83% (97/120) respectively. There were significant differences in the disease course, ISI score and seizure type between the epilepsy with insomnia group and without insomnia group (P＜ 0.05). The Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) total score in epilepsy with insomnia group was lower than that in the without insomnia group, Beck depression inventory Edition 2 (BDI-Ⅱ) score, Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) score were higher than those in the without insomnia group, the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the total ISI score of epilepsy patients was negatively correlated with the total MOCA score (P＜0.05), and the BDI-Ⅱ score, BAI score were positively correlated (P＜0.05). Most patients with epilepsy have sleep disorder, and cognitive function, anxiety and depression symptoms are closely related to insomnia symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]