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The thesis approaches the mining issue in the Southern Andes through the trajectories and political history of a pasture. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is interpreted as an archive and mediating artifact that is simultaneously inscribed in the local, global, social and natural dimensions of a territory historically focused on extractive activities and traditionally considered depopulated, hostile and marginal. From the set of scales, the multi-agent perspective and the methodological contributions of historical anthropology, environmental history and multi-species ethnography, this thesis analyses the trajectories of alfalfa as a process that articulates global mining cycles, local population and animal collectives in the southern Andes. In a dynamic and long-term perspective, these trajectories are studied starting from the irruption and colonial expansion of alfalfa in the Andes, accompanied by the different modes of coercion that are part of the development of the extractive industry in South America, passing through its adoption by the new republics that transformed it into an emblem of progress and civilization, up to its indigenous appropriation, in the framework of a hybrid and distinctive modern mechanical scenario in the Atacama Desert.; La thèse aborde la problématique minière dans les Andes méridionales à travers les trajectoires et l’histoire politique d’un pâturage. La luzerne (Medicago sativa) est interprétée comme une archive et un artefact médiateur qui s’inscrit simultanément dans les dimensions locales, globales, sociales et naturelles d’un territoire historiquement axé sur les activités extractives et traditionnellement considéré comme dépeuplé, hostile et marginal. A partir des jeu d’échelles, de la perspective multi-agents et des apports méthodologiques de l’anthropologie historique, l’histoire environnementale et l'ethnographie multi-spèces, cette thèse analyse les trajectoires de la luzerne en tant que processus articulant cycles miniers mondiaux, populations locales et collectifs animaux dans les Andes méridionales. Dans une perspective dynamique et de longue durée, ces trajectoires sont étudiées partant de l’irruption et l’expansion coloniale de la luzerne dans les Andes, accompagnées par les différents modes de coercition qui font partie du développement de l'industrie extractive en Amérique du sud, en passant par son adoption par les nouvelles républiques qui l’ont transformée en emblème du progrès et de la civilisation, jusqu’à son appropriation amérindienne, dans le cadre d’un scénario mécanique moderne hybride et distinctif dans le désert d’Atacama.

Partant du constat que la séparation amoureuse est régulièrement associée à des images équestres ou bovines dans l’Ars et les Remedia d’Ovide, cette étude entend éclairer la façon dont ces poèmes dialoguent avec l’excursus central du chant III des Géorgiques au sein duquel Virgile présente la séparation comme un remède ambivalent à la fureur des bêtes. Il s’agit de montrer comment Ovide inverse le sens du passage virgilien en faisant de la séparation (discidium) un remède efficace à la passion.

The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has emphasized more than ever the relevance of wildlife as a potential source of pathogens for other species, including humans, and the potential importance that interactions with wildlife can have on global health. Nevertheless, in the veterinary world, the concept of wildlife as a potential reservoir and source of pathogens detrimental to livestock production and health has been known for centuries. Well-known examples of livestock diseases in which the interface with wildlife plays, or has played, an important role include rinderpest, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease (FMD), and African swine fever (ASF). Rinderpest, caused by a morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of only two diseases that have been globally eradicated (the other being smallpox in humans), after having caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and wild artiodactyl species for centuries. After a globally coordinated eradication campaign, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations announced in 2011 that rinderpest virus had been eliminated from livestock, thus declaring global freedom from this disease (Hamilton et al., 2017). Circulation of rinderpest virus in endemic regions in wild susceptible species was an important consideration in the eradication campaign, and lack of recognition of wildlife reservoirs was one of the factors to which failure of initial campaigns in the 1960s and 70s was attributed (Morens et al., 2011). Other diseases, such as ASF and FMD, are still endemic and expanding across different regions of the world. FMD is estimated to be endemic in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, Asia, and some parts of South America (OIE, 2021a) and ASF is becoming endemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and some parts of Oceania (OIE, 2021b). Efforts to control or eradicate these diseases are challenging, particularly in those areas where wild reservoir hosts contribute to their maintenance and spread. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been known for more than a century to be maintained in the soft tick-warthog sylvatic cycle in natural savannah environments in East and Southern Africa. Occasional interactions between ASFV-infected ticks and domestic pigs have facilitated the dissemination of several ASFV genotypes into the domestic pig value-chain in Africa and subsequently into other parts of the world (Dixon et al., 2020). During the currently ongoing pandemic of ASF, the wild boar population in Europe has played a central role in the propagation of the virus into new areas. While most ASF spread appears to occur within domestic pig populations due to anthropogenic factors, incursions of ASFV into low biosecurity domestic pig farming systems from wild boar are also important (Brookes et al., 2021). Likewise, transboundary spread of FMD in susceptible domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs is commonly mediated by anthropogenic factors, such as movement of infected livestock, or the feeding of infected products to susceptible species (Di Nardo et al., 2011). However, in East and Southern Africa, the African buffalo interface plays an important role in maintaining FMD virus (FMDV) strains and disseminating them to adjacent susceptible livestock populations (Jori and Etter, 2016). These examples provide only a snapshot illustration of the potential role of wildlife on livestock disease and demonstrate the importance of the wildlife–livestock interface. At a planetary scale, several factors act as major drivers of increased wildlife–livestock interactions at these interfaces (Magouras et al., 2020). Critical drivers include the need to feed an ever-increasing world human population, which has altered the way in which livestock are farmed, the way in which we interact with the ecosystem, and climate change. These drivers not only increase the intensity and frequency of interactions between wildlife and potential spillover populations (e.g., humans and domesticated animals such as livestock) but also facilitate new transmission pathways for potential emerging pathogens. Some of the impacts of these interactions have been well-described in the literature, particularly those affecting livestock production and health. However, these interactions can also have very significant and devastating effects on wildlife populations and the environment. Importantly, circulation of undetected pathogens in the domestic and wild animal compartments also provides opportunity for the development of potentially dangerous emerging infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the drivers of wildlife–livestock interactions and their potential impacts on terrestrial livestock production. We define wildlife as any domesticated or non-domesticated species that is free-ranging and does not depend on mankind for food or reproduction. In addition, we present and discuss the major tools and methods to reduce wildlife–livestock contact and to mitigate its health implications, including biosecurity measures and the approaches and potential solutions for improved cohabitation between livestock and wildlife to encourage biodiversity and reduce negative impacts such as disease spillover.

Née dans une ferme d’élevage naisseur du Charolais, je me suis très tôt préoccupée du sort des bovins quittant l’exploitation familiale. La rencontre avec Jean-Luc Mayaud, à l’université Lumière Lyon 2 au cours de mes études d’histoire, m’a permis d’entreprendre des recherches sur le monde jusque-là méconnu des intermédiaires – emboucheurs et maquignons – qui font le lien entre les producteurs ruraux et les consommateurs urbains. S’ils ont été les artisans d’une forme de développement rural e...

Aux côtés des emboucheurs, les négociants appelés « maquignons », en rassemblant des bovins produits en une multitude de fermes et en les écoulant sur les marchés, en particulier urbains, tout en faisant « bénéficier un peu l’éleveur » des prix obtenus, ont contribué au développement de l’élevage et de l’embouche en Brionnais-Charolais. Comme eux, ils occupent une position stratégique entre les éleveurs et les débouchés. L’absence de travaux sur les maquignons résulte sans doute de l’extrême ...

Si, au milieu des années 1950, la situation de l’agriculture brionnaise est, à première vue, plutôt favorable, l’embouche, face à la modernisation de l’élevage et à l’européanisation des échanges, fait bientôt figure de survivance d’un mode ancestral de production et de commercialisation du bétail de boucherie. La disparition est silencieuse, à l’image de la « révolution silencieuse » que connaît l’agriculture. Alors que la filière bovine est profondément bouleversée, sous l’effet conjugué de...

Si l'excellence de la viande charolaise est reconnue, moins connus sont les hommes qui l'ont commercialisée, lorsque se construit la filière de production et lorsque se développe l'embouche pour répondre à la demande de viande de la population urbaine, au XIXe siècle. Ce livre, tiré d'une thèse de doctorat en histoire, fondé sur la découverte de plusieurs fonds d'archives privées et sur une longue enquête de terrain, renouvelle l'histoire du commerce du bétail dans le berceau de la charolaise. Nourri de portraits suggestifs, il évoque la réussite des emboucheurs, les succès et les faillites des négociants et des maquignons, et raconte comment de simples métayers bénéficient à leur tour, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, de la prospérité régionale. Il ne s'arrête pas aux crises que subit la filière bovine à partir des années 1960. Il suit jusqu'à nos jours l'évolution du marché de Saint-Christophe-en- Brionnais et la reconversion du Brionnais-Charolais de l'embouche vers l'élevage-naisseur. Tandis que les maquignons sont éliminés et que les marchands de maigre succèdent aux marchands de gras, la filière connaît un processus de concentration spectaculaire avec l'émergence des coopératives et le développement de l'exportation vers l'Italie. Entre vaincus et vainqueurs, quel est le devenir des commerçants en bestiaux et de l'élevage dans le berceau de la charolaise ?

Au milieu du xxe siècle, le fonctionnement du commerce de bétail s’apparente à de la « cueillette ». Les structures commerciales essaient de vendre au mieux les produits qui leur sont offerts, tout en se heurtant à la saisonnalité de l’offre et aux variations de la consommation. Mais ce système n’est plus tenable et une évolution profonde s’amorce. L’émergence des coopératives et des Sica (Sociétés d’intérêt collectif agricole) constitue une rupture fondamentale dans l’histoire du négoce de b...

Les échanges de bovins au sein du circuit du bétail vif mettent en scène trois catégories d’acteurs : les emboucheurs, qui achètent les bovins maigres, les engraissent à l’herbe avant de les revendre pour la boucherie, les maquignons, qui parcourent les campagnes, les foires et marchés, à la recherche d’animaux, maigres ou gras, qu’ils valorisent à court terme, et les cultivateurs, qui les font naître. Dans cette étude dédiée aux intermédiaires, ces derniers ne sont appréhendés que dans les r...

Les emboucheurs ont deux types d’approvisionnement en bétail maigre. Le premier, local, se réalise sur les foires et marchés du Brionnais-Charolais. Les effectifs de bovins mis en vente lors de ces manifestations étant insuffisants pour garnir leurs herbages, ils se rendent dans le Massif central pour réaliser leurs acquisitions. Les flux de bétail maigre entre les pays d’élevage et la zone d’embouche témoignent d’une intense activité économique. Une fois ramenés au « pays où l’on cultive le ...

La période immédiatement contemporaine avait été, jusqu’à présent, abordée par les seuls économistes, sociologues et experts agricoles. Oser un questionnement historien sur le négoce du bétail, dans les dernières années du xxe et les premières du xxie siècle est un travail pionnier. Au-delà de l’originalité de la démarche se pose un problème d’accès aux sources. La proximité temporelle excluant le recours au matériau classique de l’histoire économique et sociale, la lecture de la presse – pro...

Traiter du commerce de bétail implique une étude au niveau de l’exploitation, où s’opèrent des transactions entre les éleveurs et les négociants. Mais quelle source utiliser pour saisir ces échanges, à une époque où ils ne sont bien souvent que verbaux ? La systématisation des comptabilités d’exploitation date des années 1960. L’arrivée de la TVA en agriculture impose alors aux éleveurs de déclarer leurs ventes de bovins. Depuis les années 1990, la traçabilité contraint les opérateurs à notif...

L’histoire du commerce du bétail se confond avec celle de la construction de la filière bovine et révèle les adaptations successives du monde agricole du Brionnais-Charolais aux consommations citadines et leurs répercussions sur les formes et les pratiques de commercialisation. Tandis que les intermédiaires, jusque-là méconnus, sortent de l’ombre, l’observation des mutations à l’échelle des familles d’emboucheurs, de commerçants en bestiaux et de polyculteurs-éleveurs, de la fin du xixe à la ...

Alors que le commerce incarné par les foires et les marchands de bestiaux est mis à mal par les orientations agricoles qui, en imposant une organisation des transactions, favorisent les regroupements de producteurs, la population des négociants – même si elle compte de moins en moins de membres – n’a pas disparu, contrairement à ce que laissaient présager les réformes entreprises dès les années 1960. Les commerçants en bestiaux du début du xxie siècle font figure de survivants. Leurs collègue...

Plus connu sous le nom d’embouche, l’engraissement des bovins à l’herbe s’affirme comme une spécialisation agricole entre la fin du xixe et le milieu du xxe siècle. Dans un monde rural dominé par la polyculture, le développement de l’élevage s’accompagne d’une division des tâches dans le cycle de production des bovins. L’inégalité des ressources en herbe oblige les naisseurs à vendre les animaux qu’ils font naître aux emboucheurs qui les finissent. La proximité du débouché lyonnais favorise u...

La fouille a été réalisée en 2016 sur une surface de 9 416 m² et un ensemble de fossés curvilignes déterminent un enclos au plan tréflé ou cordiforme, au sein duquel des fossés de refend et des systèmes d’aménagements conduisent à un compartimentage de la surface. Deux fossés qui divergent de cet enclos et sortent des limites de l’emprise peuvent être interprétés comme des éléments de limite parcellaire de la même période. Quatre compartiments s’observent à partir du plan du site. Le premier, de 800 m², comprend un bâtiment subcirculaire et une « cave » profondément creusée, ainsi qu’un bâtiment sur sept poteaux porteurs interprété comme un grenier. Le compartiment 2, central dans l’enclos, mesure environ 550 m² et il est presque vide à l’exception de trois fours jumeaux et d’une grande fosse. Le compartiment 3, le plus oriental, également de 550 m², ne présente sur sa surface interne qu’un petit four. Le compartiment 4 enfin, au sud-est, de 500 m², montre un système de fossés en entonnoir qui ouvre largement vers l’est, avec en particulier un des fossés de limitation qui se termine par un puissant creusement, vraisemblablement destiné à soutenir un mégaxyle. Un petit compartiment 4bis a été déduit de l’entrelacs de fossés à la jonction des compartiments 2, 3 et 4, sans comprendre si sa position centrale lui attribuait une fonction particulière car sa surface est vraiment réduite. En dehors du système d’enclos et des fossés parcellaires associés, les structures relevées sont rares et le mobilier, sans être très abondant, renvoie incontestablement à la fin de La Tène ancienne (ive-iiie s. av. J.-C.). Le modèle d’enclos interpelle avec sa forme elliptique/cordiforme ; il pourrait renvoyer à un mode d’occupation agraire très spécialisé autour de la gestion du bétail. The 9,416 m² excavation carried out in 2016 brought to light a set of curvilinear ditches of a trefoil or cordiform enclosure with a plan, with cross-cutting ditches and other features dividing up its inner space into compartments. Two ditches that diverge from the enclosure cut beyond the limits of the excavation seem to belong to a field system dating to the same period. Four compartments can be seen from the site map. The first, of 800 m², includes a sub circular building and a deeply dug “cellar”, as well as a building on seven load-bearing posts interpreted as a grain store. Compartment 2, in a central position in the enclosure, measures approximately 550 m² and is almost empty except for three twin ovens and a large pit. Compartment 3, the easternmost, also measuring 550 m², has only a small oven. Finally, compartment 4, to the south-east, of 500 m², harbours several funnel-shaped ditches which open towards the east, with one of the outer ditches terminating by a deep pit for a probable megaxyle. A small compartment 4bis delimited by the interlacing of ditches at the junction of compartments 2, 3 and 4, maintains a central position perhaps with a particular function even though its surface area is small. Apart from the system of enclosures and the associated field system ditches, there are few features and the finds though rare, undoubtedly date to the end of the early La Tène (4th-3rd century BC). The elliptical / cordiform shaped enclosure raises questions; it could have been used for a specialized agrarian function such as the management of livestock.

L’élevage pastoral au Sahel est extrêmement dépendant des irrégularités climatiques, et particulièrement de la qualité de la saison des pluies qui conditionne la repousse des pâturages et le remplissage des points d’eau. Les éleveurs nomades et transhumants adaptent leurs stratégies de déplacement à l’état et à la disponibilité de ces ressources. Les outils de suivi de la sécurité alimentaire de ces territoires pastoraux doivent donc intégrer, en plus des données spatialisées sur la biomasse, des informations sur ces mouvements pastoraux et sur les facteurs qui les conditionnent. Pour accompagner les systèmes d’alerte locaux au Sahel, l’organisation non gouvernementale Action contre la Faim propose un modèle de vulnérabilité pastorale basé sur des données satellitaires acquises en temps réel et sur la connaissance des pratiques pastorales. Ce modèle permet d’alimenter en informations un système d’alerte précoce en identifiant les zones d’intérêt pastoral déficitaires en ressources plusieurs mois avant la période de soudure potentiellement problématique. La confrontation avec l’information concomitante collectée sur le terrain par des relais sentinelles permet une surveillance de la situation pastorale, contribuant au développement des infrastructures ou au déploiement de l’aide humanitaire.

We reconstruct the eruptive chronology of the Yucamane–Calientes compound volcano in southern Peru based on extensive fieldwork and a large dataset of geochronological (K-Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, U-Pb, and 14C) and geochemical (major and trace element) analyses. This compound volcano is composed of two edifices that have experienced discontinuous volcanic activity from the middle Pleistocene to the Holocene. The Calientes volcano has been constructed in four successive stages: Calientes I is composed of andesitic lava flows dated at ~500 ka. Subsequently, the Callazas ignimbrite (Calientes II stage) was emplaced ~160–190 ka, followed by the main cone-building stage (Calientes III) at ~130–100 ka. Finally, the Holocene Calientes domes were emplaced and represent the last eruptive products of this edifice. The Yucamane volcano has been constructed in three stages: Yucamane I consists of a succession of andesitic lava flows exposed at the base of the volcano that are older than 40 ka. Yucamane II (~36–30 ka) comprises a thick sequence of block-and-ash-flow deposits that represents an episode of dome growth predating the younger Yucamane cone (Yucamane III) built after 20–25 ka. During the Holocene, Yucamane vulcanian to sub-Plinian activity has emplaced tephra-fall and pyroclastic-density-current deposits. The most recent explosive eruptions occurred ca. 3000 BP and emplaced a tephra-fall and pumice-flow deposits. Most samples from Calientes volcano are andesites and dacites (60.1–67.7 wt% SiO2), while rocks from Yucamane volcano are basaltic-andesites to dacites (53.4–66.9 wt% SiO2). The rocks have a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine, and Fe-Ti oxides. The analyzed samples are categorized within a high-K, calc-alkaline series. Calientes volcano erupted mostly andesitic magmas, but its history is punctuated by rare eruptions of silica-rich magmas. In contrast, Yucamane volcano follows a different trend characterized by a gradual decrease in silica content through post-glacial time, from the large (VEI 3) sub-Plinian andesitic eruption of ~3 ka to moderate (VEI ≤ 2) vulcanian eruptions of basaltic-andesitic. On the basis of such recurrent and recent (Holocene), low-to-moderate explosive activity, Yucamane must be considered an active and potentially threatening volcano, which may affect the province of Candarave with ~8000 inhabitants.

The study of wildlife-livestock interfaces has long suffered from the sealing among the different agricultural—including veterinary—and environmental sectors and the lack of multidisciplinary approaches. Following the SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and H5N1 crisis, bridges have been developed between sectors and different disciplines, especially between the fields of epidemiology and ecology and, more recently, molecular biology and social sciences. Today wildlife-livestock interfaces benefit from an increased attention by biologists and epidemiologists who have developed dedicated approaches for their characterization. These approaches combine behavioural studies on both domestic and wild species; major technological advances in molecular techniques; and the use of social sciences to capture local knowledge on agricultural practices and wildlife behaviour. In this chapter, we further define wildlife-livestock interfaces and review the different approaches that have been developed to characterise them in terms of frequency and intensity of contacts between hosts. Then we provide case studies in the context of disease ecology illustrating how the characterisation of the wildlife-livestock interface can feed disease ecology studies and guide surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Finally, we argue for a dedicated field focusing on wildlife-livestock interfaces that have particular characteristics and implications in disease ecology.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. Many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to PPR virus (PPRV) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. The role of wild species in PPRV epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. These studies aimed to investigate PPRV infection in wild artiodactyls in the Greater Serengeti and Amboseli ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. Out of 132 animals purposively sampled in 2015–2016, 19.7% were PPRV seropositive by ID Screen PPR competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA, IDvet, France) from the following species: African buffalo, wildebeest, topi, kongoni, Grant’s gazelle, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, warthog and gerenuk, while waterbuck and lesser kudu were seronegative. In 2018–2019, a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected African buffalo and Grant’s gazelle herds was conducted. The weighted estimate of PPRV seroprevalence was 12.0% out of 191 African buffalo and 1.1% out of 139 Grant’s gazelles. All ocular and nasal swabs and faeces were negative by PPRV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Investigations of a PPR-like disease in sheep and goats confirmed PPRV circulation in the area by rapid detection test and/or RT-qPCR. These results demonstrated serological evidence of PPRV infection in wild artiodactyl species at the wildlife–livestock interface in this ecosystem where PPRV is endemic in domestic small ruminants. Exposure to PPRV could be via spillover from infected small ruminants or from transmission between wild animals, while the relatively low seroprevalence suggests that sustained transmission is unlikely. Further studies of other major wild artiodactyls in this ecosystem are required, such as impala, Thomson’s gazelle and wildebeest.

International audience; L’élevage est une activité économique qui participe à plusieurs égards au développement des territoires et à la bonne santé des populations. C’est une activité, en ce qui concerne le petit bétail, est pratiquée depuis la nuit de temps au Kwango. En effet, depuis les temps immémoriaux et anciens, les habitants du Kwango ont toujours élevé le petit élevage . Il n’y a pas un seul village où le petit élevage n’est pas pratiqué à travers la province. Avec la sédentarisation et la croissance démographique l'homme chasseur fut amené à aménager autour de lui une place pour les animaux sauvages en leur assurant la protection et les soins de tout genre, pour satisfaire les besoins de la communauté en viande, lait, peau, etc. Ce fut le début de l'élevage. Quant au gros élevage à base exclusivement des bovins, il est de pratique récente au Kwango et remonte à quelques années avant l’indépendance politique du Congo qui est intervenue le 30 juin 1960, certainement vers les années 1950.

Interface areas in Southern Africa that consist of communal lands located at the edge of protected areas face a growing number of human/wildlife coexistence related issues and among them, the risk of pathogen transmission between wild and domesticated species.In this context, the present thesis aims to 1) Characterize the environmental variables, at a landscape scale at three different interfaces located in Southern Africa (hwange National park, Gonarezhou National Park, North Kruger National Park), that potentially influence the movements of two focal species, one wild ungulates species (the buffalo – Syncerus caffer caffer) and one domesticated ungulates species (the cattle – Bos taurus & Bos indicus) 2) Simulate the movements of the focal species, at the individual and herd scales, in relation with their respective environments, 3) Determine the nature, frequency and localization of the contacts between the focal species to better apprehend the risks of pathogen transmission.A temporal series of Sentinel-2 satellite images have been classified to produce monthly surface water and landcover maps at 10 meters spatial resolution. These environmental variables have then been integrated into a spatialized mechanistic movement model based on a collective motion of self-propelled individuals to simulate buffalo and cattle movements and contacts in response to the surface water seasonality and the type of landcover. To spatialized the movements and contacts models, the domain specific language Ocelet has been used. Telemetry data collected in previous studies have been used as reference data to design, calibrate and validate the movement and contact models.Results highlighted strong space and time variabilities of water availability in the three study areas. Landcover classified maps accurately reproduced the specificities in landscape compositions of the three study areas. By only taking surface water into account, the mechanistic movement models showed a positive and significant correlation between observations/simulations movements and space-use of buffalo's and cattle herds despite overestimating the presence of buffalo individuals at proximity of the surface water. The addition of the landcover increased the overall accuracy of the movement models. Contacts patterns and their accuracies have been reproduced but their respective accuracy differed according to the study area.Overall, combining remote sensing and spatial modeling offers possibilities to develop simple models to simulate animal movements and contacts in direct relation with the environment. This methodology has the advantage of being scalable and reproducible. It subsequently offers the possibility of integrating an epidemiological model to estimate the risk of pathogen transmission in direct link with the movements and contacts of animal species.

International audience; Leptospirosis has been recognized as a major public health concern in Thailand following dramatic outbreaks. We analyzed human leptospirosis incidence between 2004 and 2014 in Mahasarakham province, Northeastern Thailand, in order to identify the agronomical and environmental factors likely to explain incidence at the level of 133 sub-districts and 1982 villages of the province. We performed general additive modeling (GAM) in order to take the spatial-temporal epidemiological dynamics into account. The results of GAM analyses showed that the average slope, population size, pig density, cow density and flood cover were significantly associated with leptospirosis occurrence in a district. Our results stress the importance of livestock favoring leptospirosis transmission to humans and suggest that prevention and control of leptospirosis need strong intersectoral collaboration between the public health, the livestock department and local communities. More specifically, such collaboration should integrate leptospirosis surveillance in both public and animal health for a better control of diseases in livestock while promoting public health prevention as encouraged by the One Health approach.

International audience; No abstract available; Introduction à la rubrique "New and Views" sur la viande

Anthrax is an important but neglected zoonosis in southern Africa and elsewhere which occurs naturally in herbivorous wildlife and livestock. Fatal outbreaks in animals are spaced by potentially extended periods of non-activity during which the bacterium is maintained in soil. The ecology of the pathogen in the multi-host system and the environment is still not fully understood. This study investigated the patterns of anthrax in Zimbabwe in order to better understand the occurrence of disease in susceptible wildlife and livestock and hence its control. The study used available data in governmental reports between 1995 and 2018 and structured interviewer-administered questionnaires of local communities in three porous wildlife-livestock-human interface sites where livestock/wildlife interactions were documented from previous researches. Two non-interface sites were also included for comparison based on known previous anthrax outbreaks. Respondents from non-interface sites had significantly higher odds (χ2 = 23.2, OR = 3.5, 2.1, Author summary Anthrax is an expanding zoonotic and tropical disease which negatively impacts livestock, wildlife and human health ultimately impacting livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. In this work we have shown it to be a serious disease in Zimbabwe where its surveillance and control are sub-optimum even though it is causing serious losses in animals and human health. Observed practices such as the non-burial of infected carcasses subsequently contaminating the environment following anthrax outbreaks in animals, have most likely contributed to its expansion in geographic range and the increase in frequency of outbreaks. Since the late 1970s, the disease status has changed from that causing a low-level mortality in livestock, probably due to underreporting, to a common disease in livestock, wildlife and humans. It is hoped that by quantifying the impact of the disease across livestock, wildlife and human health and livelihoods, and establishing factors responsible for its continued expansion, adequate resources for surveillance and containment of anthrax will be allocated in order to improve rural livelihoods and also enhance wildlife conservation.

Dans cet essai ethnographique, j’explore la façon dont la forêt du centre du Chili se transforme. D’abord intéressée par les processus écologiques qui influencent la recomposition de la forêt après les perturbations anthropiques, je constate que la forêt devient difficile à situer dans le paysage socioéconomique. Dans une légende locale, l’ange Gabriel tue le diable pris dans la forêt par les fils de son poncho, qui se défait en s’accrochant aux arbres. Mais le diable ne meurt pas. De la même manière, j’essaie de repérer et de sonder les questions d’inégalités sociales et de transformations économiques qui déterminent comment la forêt est utilisée et pour qui elle l’est. Et même si les inégalités et les exploitations du passé sont supprimées – analytiquement, symboliquement, en pratique – elles réapparaissent sous une autre forme. La forêt se transforme avec les changements socioéconomiques. In this ethnographic essay, I explore how the forest in Central Chile is being transformed. Initially interested in the ecological processes that influence the recomposition of the forest after anthropogenic disturbances, I find that the forest becomes difficult to situate in the socio-economic landscape. In a local legend, the angel Gabriel kills the devil caught in the forest by the yarn of his poncho, which comes unravelled, tangled in the trees. But the devil does not die. In a similar way, I try to trace and trap the issues of social inequality and economic transformations that determine what and for whom the forest is used. And even if the inequalities and exploitations of the past are killed - analytically, symbolically, in practice - they reappear in another form. The forest transforms itself with socio-economic changes.

Pastoral societies leave discrete marks in the archaeological record. As a result, the fine description and characterisation of past interactions between human-animal-environment within these societies is difficult. The isotopic analysis of the biological tissues of herd animals is a key entry point for understanding these interactions because it provides information on their feeding history, mobility and environment. However, this approach requires the establishment of robust reference sets in order to correctly interpret the results obtained on the archaeological material. The aim of this work was to validate isotope markers (C, N, O, Sr) of pastoral mobility and of the date of death of livestock. To this end, we equipped modern livestock (horse, sheep, goat) belonging to nomadic herders in the Mongolian Altai with GPS collars and analysed the isotopic composition of their biological tissues (hair, teeth) using sequential sampling. Our results show that frequent animal movements complicate the interpretation of isotope variations recorded by horse hair. On the other hand, the average δ13C value of hair and enamel and the anticovariation between δ13C and δ18O values measured in enamel can be used to infer the altitudinal mobility of the animals and the occupancy rate of alpine pastures. Strontium isotope mapping of the study area allowed us to discuss the use of Sr isotope variations in enamel to trace the geographical origin and movements of animals. Finally, modelling of the oxygen isotope time series in tooth enamel gives access to the date of death of caprines with an accuracy of a month. The isotopic analysis of the archaeological horses found in ritual and funerary contexts of the study area suggests a local origin together with the use of high altitude pastures as early as the Bronze Age. It also reveals the existence of a subsistence calendar favouring the winter slaughter of these horses.; Les sociétés pastorales laissent des marques discrètes dans le registre archéologique. De ce fait, la description et la caractérisation fines des interactions homme-animal-environnement dans le passé au sein de ces sociétés est difficile. L’analyse isotopique des tissus biologiques des animaux d’élevage est une clé d’entrée pour comprendre ces interactions car elle livre des informations sur l’histoire alimentaire, la mobilité et l’environnement de ces animaux. Cette approche nécessite néanmoins la mise en place de référentiels actuels de qualité afin d’interpréter correctement les résultats obtenus en contexte archéologique. Le présent travail a pour objectif de valider des marqueurs isotopiques (C, N, O, Sr) de la mobilité pastorale et de la date de mort du bétail. Nous avons pour cela équipé de colliers GPS le bétail (cheval, mouton, chèvre) de plusieurs troupeaux appartenant à des éleveurs nomades de l’Altaï mongol et exploité les données issues de l’analyse isotopique séquentielle des tissus biologiques à croissance continue ou prolongée (poil, dent) de ces animaux. Nos résultats montrent que les déplacements fréquents des animaux compliquent l’interprétation des variations isotopiques enregistrées par les crins des chevaux. En revanche, la valeur moyenne de δ13C du poil et de l’émail ainsi que l’anticovariation entre les valeurs de δ13C et δ18O mesurées dans l’émail peuvent être exploitées pour inférer la mobilité altitudinale des animaux et le taux d’occupation des étages alpins. La cartographie isotopique en strontium de la zone d’étude nous a permis de discuter l’utilisation des variations isotopiques en Sr de l’émail pour retracer l’origine géographique et les déplacements des animaux. Enfin, la modélisation des séquences saisonnières enregistrées par le δ18O de l’émail donne accès à la date de mort des caprinés avec une précision de l’ordre du mois. L’analyse isotopique de l’émail des chevaux archéologiques trouvés en contexte rituel et funéraire dans la zone d’étude conduit à proposer une origine locale couplée à une utilisation des pâtures d’altitude dès l’âge du Bronze. Elle révèle également l’existence d’un calendrier de subsistance favorisant un abattage hivernal des chevaux.

Growing evidence suggests that multiple wildlife species can be infected with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), with important consequences for the potential maintenance of PPRV in communities of susceptible hosts, and the threat that PPRV may pose to the conservation of wildlife populations and resilience of ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of PPRV across the ruminant community (wildlife and domestic), and the understanding of infection in wildlife and other atypical host species groups (e.g., camelidae, suidae, and bovinae) hinder our ability to apply necessary integrated disease control and management interventions at the wildlife-livestock interface. Similarly, knowledge gaps limit the inclusion of wildlife in the FAO/OIE Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR, and the framework of activities in the PPR Global Eradication Programme that lays the foundation for eradicating PPR through national and regional efforts. This article reports on the first international meeting on, “Controlling PPR at the livestock-wildlife interface,” held in Rome, Italy, March 27–29, 2019. A large group representing national and international institutions discussed recent advances in our understanding of PPRV in wildlife, identified knowledge gaps and research priorities, and formulated recommendations. The need for a better understanding of PPRV epidemiology at the wildlife-livestock interface to support the integration of wildlife into PPR eradication efforts was highlighted by meeting participants along with the reminder that PPR eradication and wildlife conservation need not be viewed as competing priorities, but instead constitute two requisites of healthy socio-ecological systems.

In the recent past, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) emerged in East Africa causing outbreaks in small livestock across different countries, with evidences of spillover to wildlife. In order to understand better PPR at the wildlife&ndash, livestock interface, we investigated patterns of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) exposure, disease outbreaks, and viral sequences in the northern Albertine Rift. PPRV antibodies indicated a widespread exposure in apparently healthy wildlife from South Sudan (2013) and Uganda (2015, 2017). African buffaloes and Uganda kobs &lt, 1-year-old from Queen Elizabeth National Park (2015) had antibodies against PPRV N-antigen and local serosurvey captured a subsequent spread of PPRV in livestock. Outbreaks with PPR-like syndrome in sheep and goats were recorded around the Greater Virunga Landscape in Kasese (2016), Kisoro and Kabale (2017) from western Uganda, and in North Kivu (2017) from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This landscape would not be considered typical for PPR persistence as it is a mixed forest&ndash, savannah ecosystem with mostly sedentary livestock. PPRV sequences from DRC (2017) were identical to strains from Burundi (2018) and confirmed a transboundary spread of PPRV. Our results indicate an epidemiological linkage between epizootic cycles in livestock and exposure in wildlife, denoting the importance of PPR surveillance on wild artiodactyls for both conservation and eradication programs.

A study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Rift Valley fever (RVF) infection in cattle and some selected wildlife species at selected interface areas at the periphery of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe. Three study sites were selected based on the type of livestock-wildlife interface: porous livestock-wildlife interface (unrestricted); non-porous livestock-wildlife interface (restricted by fencing) and livestock-wildlife non-interface (totally absent contact or control). Sera were collected from cattle aged >= 2 years representing both female and intact male. Sera were also collected from selected wild ungulates from Mabalauta (porous interface) and Chipinda Pools (non-interface) areas of the Gonarezhou National Park. Sera were tested for antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. AX2 test was used to assess differences between categories, and p < 0.05 was considered as significant. In cattle, the overall seroprevalence was 1.7% (17/1011) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.7). The porous interface recorded a seroprevalence of 2.3% (95% CI: 1.2-4.3), the non-porous interface recorded a prevalence of 1.8% (95% CI: 0.7-4.3) and the non-interface area recorded a seroprevalence of 0.4% (955 CI: 0.02-2.5), but the difference in seroprevalence according to site was not significant (p > 0.05). All impala and kudu samples tested negative. The overall seroprevalence in buffaloes was 11.7% (95% CI: 6.6-19.5), and there was no significant (p = 0.38) difference between the sites (Mabalauta, 4.4% [95% CI: 0.2-24] vs. Chipinda, 13.6% [95% CI: 7.6-23]). The overall seroprevalence in buffaloes (11.7%, 13/111) was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than in cattle (1.7%, 17/1011). The results established the presence of RVFV in cattle and selected wildlife and that sylvatic infections may be present in buffalo populations. Further studies are required to investigate if the virus is circulating between cattle and wildlife.

One of the reasons for the persistent low agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa isthe lack of adoption of protable agricultural technologies. Yet, what is protable in a controlledexperimental setting may not be protable in a real-world setting. Estimating the returns to asingle input is, in fact, challenging as farmers may respond to adoption by re-optimizing the useof other inputs. This paper explores farmers behavioral response to a positive random shockon future productivity by disentangling inputs returns from farmers' response. Using a uniquehousehold panel dataset collected in rural Uganda, I proxy a future productivity shock with thebirth of a female calf against that of a male calf. Calves have no technical returns, but femalecalves will become cows producing milk, providing a stable source of income, while bulls andoxen are of little use in this context. The main OLS and difference-in-differences results showthe existence of a crowd-in effect. Farmers react to the birth of a female calf by increasinginputs' expenditures. They invest more on their cattle's health, increase hired labor and aremore willing to pay for cattle-related investments but not for other activities. This increase ininvestments leads to an increase in milk production and revenues that lasts over time. Furtherresults show that economies of scale associated with the number of female animals seem toexplain this behavioral response.; L'une des raisons de la faible productivité agricole persistante en Afrique Sub-saharienne estle manque d'adoption de technologies agricoles rentables. Cependant, ce qui est rentable dansun cadre expérimental contrôlé peut ne pas l'être une fois appliqué sur le terrain. En fait, ilest difficile d'estimer les retours d'une seule technologie, car les agriculteurs peuvent réagir àl'adoption en re-optimisant l'utilisation d'autres facteurs de production. Cet article explore laréponse comportementale des agriculteurs a un choc aléatoire positif sur la productivité futureen dissociant les retours des facteurs de production à la réponse des agriculteurs. En utilisantdes données de panel de ménages uniques collectées dans des zones rurales ougandaises, je mesure un choc sur la productivité future par la naissance d'un veau femelle par rapport àcelle d'un veau m^ale. Les veaux n'ont pas de rendements techniques, mais les veaux femellesdeviendront des vaches productrices de lait, offrant une source de revenu stable, tandis queles taureaux et les boeufs sont très peu rentables dans ce contexte. Les principaux résultatsobtenus par des estimateurs MCO et de Double Différences montrent l'existence d'un eetde crowd-in. Les agriculteurs réagissent à la naissance d'un veau femelle en augmentant lesinvestissements productifs. Ils investissent davantage dans la santé de leurs animaux, augmententla main-d'oeuvre embauchée et ont une disposition à payer plus élevée pour des dépenses liéesau bétail, mais pas pour d'autres activités. Cette augmentation des investissements entraîne uneaugmentation de la production de lait et des revenus qui dure dans le temps. D'autres résultatsmontrent que les économies d'échelle associées au nombre d'animaux femelles semblent expliquercette réaction comportementale.

Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) affects cattle and wildlife in South Africa with the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as the principal maintenance host. The presence of a wildlife maintenance host at the wildlife/livestock interface acting as spill-over host makes it much more challenging to control and eradicate bTB in cattle. Spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping methods were performed to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) isolates from cattle and wildlife, their distribution and transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface in northern Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. Results SB0130 was identified as the dominant spoligotype pattern at this wildlife/livestock interface, while VNTR typing revealed a total of 29 VNTR profiles (strains) in the KZN province signifying high genetic variability. The detection of 5 VNTR profiles shared between cattle and buffalo suggests M. bovis transmission between species. MIRU-VNTR confirmed co-infection in one cow with three strains of M. bovis that differed at a single locus, with 2 being shared with buffalo, implying pathogen introduction from most probably unrelated wildlife sources. Conclusion Our findings highlight inter and intra species transmission of bTB at the wildlife/livestock interface and the need for the implementation of adequate bTB control measures to mitigate the spread of the pathogen responsible for economic losses and a public health threat.

In the dominant livestock systems of Sahelian countries herds have to move across territories. Their mobility is often a source of conflict with farmers in the areas crossed, and helps spread diseases such as Rift Valley Fever. Knowledge of the routes followed by herds is therefore core to guiding the implementation of preventive and control measures for transboundary animal diseases, land use planning and conflict management. However, the lack of quantitative data on livestock movements, together with the high temporal and spatial variability of herd movements, has so far hampered the production of fine resolution maps of animal movements. This paper proposes a general framework for mapping potential paths for livestock movements and identifying areas of high animal passage potential for those movements. The method consists in combining the information contained in livestock mobility networks with landscape connectivity, based on different mobility conductance layers. We illustrate our approach with a livestock mobility network in Senegal and Mauritania in the 2014 dry and wet seasons., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

Evidence-based livestock policies are needed to raise rural incomes and improve dietary diversity in low-income countries where the majority of populations depend on livestock for their livelihoods. Yet these contexts exhibit unique challenges on both information supply and demand sides, which widen the gaps between research and policy-making. This paper reviews the constraints to evidence-based policy-making and identifies knowledge areas most suitable for building a persuasive narrative that capture the attention of busy decision-makers. These promising spaces for production of new data and methods focus on livestock contribution to the economy, trade, food security and resilience. The examples discussed show the potential of current and future research for leveraging synergistic interests from multiple actors and improving livestock policy interventions.