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Social engineers are very successful at exploiting human weaknesses, gathering information, communicating with people and creating creative storylines attacking people's psychological needs and weaknesses. And that is why people, who are among the weakest links in the information security chain, remain susceptible to social engineering attacks.

Procrastination on social networking sites (SNS) can impact academic performance and user’s\ud well-being. SNSs embed features that encourage users to be always connected and updated,\ud e.g., the notification features. Such persuasive features can exploit peer pressure as well and\ud lead users to believe they are expected to interact immediately, especially for those who may\ud have less impulse control and seek for relatedness and popularity. We argue that SNS can\ud be built to host countermeasures for such behavior and help people regulate their usage and\ud preoccupation about it better. In this paper, we presented a mixed-method study including a\ud qualitative (i.e., focus groups, diary, interviews, and co-design) and a quantitative phase (i.e.,\ud a survey) with 334 participants. Through the qualitative phase, we identified: (1) features of\ud an SNS seen by participants as facilitators for procrastination, e.g., notification, immersive\ud design, and surveillance of presence, and (2) countermeasures, such as reminders, chat timer,\ud and goal setting, can be facilitated via SNS design to combat procrastination, and (3) a\ud pairing between the features and the countermeasures. We then (4) confirmed these results\ud and the pairing through the survey phase. Our study showed that countermeasures could be\ud implemented to be universal across all SNS on one or even more device.

Human-AI collaborative decision-making tools are being increasingly applied in critical domains such as healthcare. However, these tools are often seen as closed and intransparent for human decision-makers. An essential requirement for their success is the ability to provide explanations about themselves that are understandable and meaningful to the users. While explanations generally have positive connotations, studies showed that the assumption behind users interacting and engaging with these explanations could introduce trust calibration errors such as facilitating irrational or less thoughtful agreement or disagreement with the AI recommendation. In this paper, we explore how to help trust calibration through explanation interaction design. Our research method included two main phases. We first conducted a think-aloud study with 16 participants aiming to reveal main trust calibration errors concerning explainability in AI-Human collaborative decision-making tools. Then, we conducted two co-design sessions with eight participants to identify design principles and techniques for explanations that help trust calibration. As a conclusion of our research, we provide five design principles: Design for engagement, challenging habitual actions, attention guidance, friction and support training and learning. Our findings are meant to pave the way towards a more integrated framework for designing explanations with trust calibration as a primary goal.

Purpose This paper aims to present a tool-supported approach for visualising personas as social goal models, which can subsequently be used to identify security tensions. Design/methodology/approach The authors devised an approach to partially automate the construction of social goal models from personas. The authors provide two examples of how this approach can identify previously hidden implicit vulnerabilities and validate ethical hazards faced by penetration testers and their safeguards. Findings Visualising personas as goal models makes it easier for stakeholders to see implications of their goals being satisfied or denied and designers to incorporate the creation and analysis of such models into the broader requirements engineering (RE) tool-chain. Originality/value The approach can be used with minimal changes to existing user experience and goal modelling approaches and security RE tools.

The ubiquity of information and communication technology contributed positively in enhancing lives, mainly in increasing productivity and economic growth, while their impact on life satisfaction and wellbeing has been a hidden cost. Digital media shall empower users to maximise their digital wellbeing, i.e. healthy and regulated relationship with technology. Similar to usability, people differ in their needs to achieve and maintain their digital wellbeing. A technology design shall be inclusive in how it helps users to increase their digital wellbeing and reduce possible harm. Typical inclusivity dimensions in Human-Computer Interaction research include gender, race, physical and cognitive abilities, with the aim of making the product usable by the wider possible user set. However, another range of inclusivity dimensions becomes prominent and that is the diversity in users’ socio-emotional characteristics such as susceptibility to online pressure (technical and social), resilience and others. Such characteristics can be traits, e.g. introversion, or temporal status, e.g. being in a low mood. In this position paper, we are proposing digital wellbeing as a target for an inclusive design where technology designers need to anticipate and reduce the negative impact of their products and services on the wellbeing of users through considering their diverse socio-emotional status.

Gamification typically refers to the use of game elements in a business context in order to change users’ behaviors, mainly increasing motivation and engagement, towards a certain task or a strategic objective. Gamification has received a good deal of emphasis in both academia and industry across various disciplines, e.g., psychology and human computer interaction, and application areas, e.g. education and marketing. Despite the increasing interest, we still need a unified and holistic picture of how to engineer gamification including: the meaning of the term; its development process; the stakeholders and disciplines which need to be involved in it; and the concerns and risks an ad-hoc design could raise for both businesses and users. To address this need, this paper reports on a review of the literature on a range of gamification techniques and applications, followed by empirical research which involved collecting expert opinions using qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the results of this research,we provide a body of knowledge about gamification and highlight good practice principles and areas of gamification that are debatable and require further investigation.

The social norms approach is an established technique to bring about behaviour change through challenging misperceptions of peer behaviour. This approach is limited by a reliance on self-report and a lack of interactivity with the target population. At the same time, excessive use of digital devices, known as digital addiction, has been recognized as an emergent issue. There is potential to apply the social norms approach to digital addiction and, in doing so, address some of the limitations of the social norms field. In this study, we trialled a social norms intervention with a sample of smartphone users (n = 94) recruited from the users of a commercial app designed to empower individuals to reduce their device usage. Our results indicate that most of the sample overestimated peer use of smartphone apps, demonstrating the existence of misperceptions relating to smartphone use. Such misperceptions are the basis for the social norms approach. We also document the discrepancy between self-report and smartphone usage data as recorded through data collected directly from the device. The potential for the application of the social norms approach and directions for future research are discussed.

Today many interactive online platforms are equipped with immersive and attention-grabbing elements to increase user engagement and persuade more online presence, interaction and transactions. Excessive and obsessive use of technology combined with harm can be seen as a behavioral addiction. While technology companies started to introduce tools to mitigate addictive behavior, their principles, design process and success are questionable. Given the potential conflict between the revenue model and such tools, our work aims to define ethical requirements categories that act as a reference point for analysts and designers. We base our discussion on online gambling, which provides a clear example of addictive technology. Reno Model I–V was examined to discover main guidelines for enabling conscious online activity. As a result, we identified three main ethical goals: 1) creating an environment that supports informed choice, 2) monitoring player data to identify risk factors, and 3) introducing measures to tackle problematic online behaviour. We then refined these upper level goals into more concrete functionalities and metrics.

Background: The fear of missing out (FoMO) on social media refers to the apprehension that online content and interactions from others are unseen and reacted to in a timely fashion. FoMO can become problematic, leading to anxiety, interrupted sleep, lack of concentration and dependence on social media to generate gratification. The literature has mainly focused on understanding the FoMO experience, factors contributing to it and its consequences. Method: In this paper, we build on previous research and develop a FoMO Reduction (FoMO-R) approach that embraces technical elements such as autoreply, filtering, status, education on how FoMO occurs and skills on how to deal with it, e.g., self-talk and checklists. We evaluate the method through focus groups and a diary study involving 30 participants who self-declared to experience FoMO regularly. Results: The results show that the method was accepted by the participants and helped them to manage their FoMO. They also show that a set of extra functionalities in social media design is needed so that users can manage FoMO more effectively. Conclusion: FoMO can be reduced through socio-technical approaches, joining both social and technical skills, and literacy on how social media are designed and how social interactions should happen on them.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. The excessive and obsessive use of the internet and digital technologies, known as Digital Addiction (DA), is becoming a social issue. Given that it inherently involves the use of technological devices this provides the opportunity to deliver interactive, intelligent prevention and intervention strategies in real-time. However, for any large-scale, multi-national prevention campaign to be optimised cultural differences within the target population must be considered. This study aimed to contribute towards this literature by exploring cultural differences in the acceptance of DA prevention messages in the UK vs China. An initial series of exploratory interviews were conducted with a sample within the UK to determine what strategies may be used to address the overuse of digital devices. These interviews were subjected to content analysis, which was then used as the basis for an online survey that was disseminated throughout the UK and China. A total of 373 useable surveys were returned. There were several statistically significant differences in preferences over how an intervention system should operate. UK participants wished for the system to be easily under their control, whilst behaving largely autonomously when needed, and to also be transparent as to why a message had been triggered. Chinese participants, on the other hand, were less likely to state a preference for such a high degree of control over any such system. Overall, the preferred implementation of such systems does appear to vary between the UK and China, suggesting that any future prevention and intervention strategies take cultural dimensions into consideration.

Digital Motivation refers to the use of software-based solutions to change, enhance, or maintain people’s attitude and behaviour towards specific tasks, policies, and regulations. Gamification, persuasive technology and entertainment computing are example strands of such a paradigm. Digital Motivation has unique properties which necessitate careful consideration of its analysis design methods. This stems from the strong human factor involvement, and if it is not implemented effectively, it can result in Digital Motivation being perceived negatively or leading to reduced motivation. The emerging literature on the topic includes approaches for creating Digital Motivation solutions. However, their primary focus is on specifying its operation, for example, the design of\ud feedback, rewards and levels. In this paper, we propose a novel modelling language which enables capturing Digital Motivation as an integral part of the organisational and social structure of a business, captured via Goal Models. We also demonstrate how modelling of motivational techniques\ud at this level, the goal level, enables a more powerful analysis that informs the introduction, design and management of Digital Motivation. Finally, we evaluate the language and its analysis using different perspectives and quality measures and report the results.

© 2020, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Digital media usage can be problematic; exhibiting symptoms of behavioural addiction such as mood modification, tolerance, conflict, salience, withdrawal symptoms and relapse. Google Digital Wellbeing and Apple Screen Time are examples of an emerging family of tools to help people have a healthier and more conscious relationship with technology. Peer support groups is a known technique for behaviour change and relapse prevention. It can be facilitated online, especially with advanced social networking techniques. Elements of peer support groups are being already embedded in digital wellbeing tools, e.g. peer comparisons, peer commitments, collective usage limit-setting and family time. However, there is a lack of research about the factors influencing people acceptance and rejection of online peer support groups to enhance digital wellbeing. Previous work has qualitatively explored the acceptance and rejection factors to join and participate in such groups. In this paper, we quantitatively study the relationship between culture, personality, self-control, gender, willingness to join the groups and perception of their usefulness, on such acceptance and rejection factors. The qualitative phase included two focus groups and 16 interviews while the quantitative phase consisted of a survey (215 participants). We found a greater number of significant models to predict rejection factors than acceptance factors, although in all cases the amount of variance explained by the models was relatively small. This demonstrates the need to design and, also, introduce such technique in a contextualised and personalised style to avoid rejection and reactance.

Explanations in intelligent systems aim to enhance a users’ understandability of their reasoning process and the resulted decisions and recommendations. Explanations typically increase trust, user acceptance and retention. The need for explanations is on the rise due to the increasing public concerns about AI and the emergence of new laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe. However, users are different in their needs for explanations, and such needs can depend on their dynamic context. Explanations suffer the risk of being seen as information overload, and this makes personalisation more needed. In this paper, we review literature around personalising explanations in intelligent systems. We synthesise a conceptualisation that puts together various aspects being considered important for the personalisation needs and implementation. Moreover, we identify several challenges which would need more research, including the frequency of explanation and their evolution in tandem with the ongoing user experience.

Within recent years there has been increasing societal concern around the compulsive and excessive use of digital and Internet-enabled devices, such as the use of social media or online video gaming, and associated psychological and physical harms. However, problematic use or addictive behaviours are not yet included as diagnosable mental health issues in any major diagnostic system in Western countries and the conceptualisations of the phenomena are still inconsistent. To address this issue, the present study reviewed the current conceptualisations of digital addiction used within the research literature and identified common features of the definition of digital addiction. Definitions of the phenomenon were extracted from 47 studies, and they were analysed using a content analysis approach. The initial process assessed definitions for features of digital addiction within Internet, gaming and smartphone addiction. Two higher-order themes were identified, which focused on the harm caused by the phenomenon and on the user?s behaviours associated with the phenomenon. It was also found that key constructs are not specific to the usage domain, i.e. whether it is related to gaming, Internet or smartphone use. Several core features were found across different conceptualisations of digital addiction within the literature; however, it was also noted that some features are subjective and inconsistently applied. If a decision is to be reached on whether the phenomenon is a mental health disorder, then clearer definitions must be created.

With the increase in data volume, velocity and types, intelligent human-agent systems have become popular and adopted in different application domains, including critical and sensitive areas such as health and security. Humans’ trust, their consent and receptiveness to recommendations are the main requirement for the success of such services. Recently, the demand on explaining the recommendations to humans has increased both from humans interacting with these systems so that they make an informed decision and, also, owners and systems managers to increase transparency and consequently trust and users’ retention. Existing systematic reviews in the area of explainable recommendations focused on the goal of providing explanations, their presentation and informational content. In this paper, we review the literature with a focus on two user experience facets of explanations; delivery methods and modalities. We then focus on the risks of explanation both on user experience and their decision making. Our review revealed that explanations delivery to end-users is mostly designed to be along with the recommendation in a push and pull styles while archiving explanations for later accountability and traceability is still limited. We also found that the emphasis was mainly on the benefits of recommendations while risks and potential concerns, such as over-reliance on machines, is still a new area to explore.

Online gambling, unlike other offline addiction forms, provides unprecedented opportunities for monitoring users’ behaviour in real-time, along with the ability to adapt persuasive interactions and messages that would match the gamblers usage and personal context. Online gambling industry usually offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that are mainly intended to allow third-party applications to interact with their services and enhance user’s experience. In this paper, we claim that such API’s can also be utilised to retrieve gamblers’ online data, such as browsing and betting history and other available offers, and use it to build more proactive and intelligent responsible gambling systems. We report on our experience in this field and make the argument that the available data for persuasive marketing and usability should, under certain usage conditions, also be made available for responsible online gambling services. We discuss the psychological foundations of our proposed approach and the risks and challenges typically resulted when building such a software-assisted intervention, persuasion and emotion regulation technology. We also explain the potential impact of corporate social responsibility and data protection prospects. Furthermore, we explore the required principles that should be followed by the gambling industry for enabling responsible online gambling. We finally propose a conceptual architecture to show our vision and explain how it can be implemented. In the broader context, the paper is intended to provide insights on building behavioural awareness and regulation information systems related to problematic digital media usage. Keywords: Persuasive technologies, responsible online gambling, gambling data availability, corporate social responsibility.

Part 3: Collaborative Networks and Project Management; International audience; Enterprises integrate social networking within their information systems to enhance collegiality, situational awareness, coordination and collaboration amongst their members. Social networking features can be seen in traditional systems such as the online profile, calendar, dashboard, auto-reply and status. More specialised systems enable bespoke features to declare and share and retrieve current and past engagements, team memberships, allocated tasks and priorities. Such social transparency is typically voluntary and not strictly enshrined by organisational governance and norms. Despite its positive connotations, negative consequences such as information overload, social loafing and undesired pressure can be a result of it. We conducted a multistage qualitative study, including focus groups, interviews and observations, to conceptualise online social transparency and explore the risks that stem from its unmanaged implementation. Our research aims to provide the first step towards a systematic method for risk identification and mitigation around online social transparency.

Social Network Sites (SNSs) are meant to facilitate\ud interaction between people. The design of SNSs employs\ud persuasive techniques with the aim of enhancing the user\ud experience but also increasing interaction and user retention.\ud Examples include the personalisation of content, temporarily\ud available feeds, and notification and alert features. Socialness is\ud now being embedded in new paradigms such as the Internet of\ud Things and cyber-physical systems where devices can link people\ud to each other and increase relatedness and group creation. One of\ud the phenomena associated with such persuasion techniques is the\ud experience of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). FoMO typically refers\ud to the preoccupation of SNS users with being deprived of\ud interaction while offline. The salience, mood modification and\ud conflict typically experienced as part of FoMO, are symptoms of\ud digital addiction (DA). Despite recognition of the widespread\ud experience of FoMO, existing research focuses on user psychology\ud to interpret it. The contribution of SNS design in triggering\ud FoMO remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we conduct a\ud multi-stage qualitative research including interviews, a diary\ud study and three focus group sessions to explore the relationship\ud between SNS features and FoMO. Our findings demonstrate how\ud the different SNS features act as persuasion triggers for certain\ud kinds of FoMO. Also, we suggest features that could be\ud introduced to social network sites to allow individuals to manage\ud FoMO and identify the principles and challenges associated with\ud engineering them.

Social transparency within an organisation refers to the intentional sharing by individuals of information relating to themselves and their group to others in the workplace. This includes announcing personal interests, activity status, priorities and personal achievements. Such transparency is typically intended to increase relatedness, motivation and trust amongst colleagues. Social networking features are being embedded within organisational information systems, allowing an online version of social transparency. An ad-hoc implementation of such transparency can pose issues such as information overload, motivating unwanted grouping amongst colleagues and increasing pressure to perform in a certain manner. This results in organisational problems such as reduced productivity, unproductive competition and high turnover rates. Our ultimate aim is to address these issues by proposing an assessment method for online social transparency to detect and minimise its negative impact on employees and organisations. In this paper, we report on empirical study results and present (1) a set of peculiarities of implementing online transparency in enterprise information systems and (2) a set of essential factors that relate to the assessment process.

Social technology, in particular, social media has\ud increasingly become part of individual’s life. People rely on\ud social media interaction to relate with other people and satisfy\ud their leisure or behavioural support purposes. Features such as\ud those presented in the Honeycomb ecology, e.g. sharing,\ud profiling and reputation, are used as means to that end. Recent\ud designs of technology embed social features in them, enabling\ud people to talk to the machine and interact with it as a sentient\ud being, e.g. chatbot and robots, or use it as a mediator for social\ud interaction, e.g. Social Internet of Things (SIoT). However, we\ud argue that over-reliance on social media may result in a\ud problematic attachment to it leading to a negative impact on\ud users’ wellbeing. We conduct a multi-stages study to explore\ud the negative psychological states that social media features can\ud trigger. We mainly employ diary studies trying to increase the\ud ecological validity of our data. We also discuss the enrichment\ud of social media with tools to aid people in staying in control of\ud their attachment and the risks such tools can introduce to user\ud experience as well as their behaviour change process.

Procrastination refers to a voluntary delay of a needed or committed task that might hurt productivity and wellbeing requirements such as self-acceptance, personal growth and positive relations with others. People might procrastinate due to a lack of motivation towards performing a task or a mismatch between the task and their skills. Social Networks Sites (SNS) are designed to provide users with the opportunity to socialise and feel relatedness despite being physically separated. SNSs design is typically equipped with a rich set of persuasive tools to encourage more social interaction. Such tools can entice procrastination when users have low self-regulation ability, and seek avoidance and mood modification. As a first step in\ud designing persuasive features which would help people control\ud their procrastination, there is a need to understand how existing\ud SNS features persuade procrastination in the first place. In this\ud paper, we conduct a multi-stage qualitative study to explore the\ud occurrence of procrastination and the prominent features of SNS\ud design that trigger and facilitate it. We use focus groups to\ud explore SNS procrastination, and then get a more ecologically\ud valid, detailed and in-context data via a ten days’ diary study\ud followed by clarification interviews. The findings shed light on\ud prominent types of procrastination and features in SNS design\ud that can persuade and increase, in certain contexts, the chance\ud for procrastination.

The obsessive usage of digital media may exhibit symptoms traditionally associated with behavioural addictions such as mood modification, salience, tolerance and conflict. The educational methods, interventions, and\ud treatments available to prevent or control such a digital addiction are, currently,\ud very limited. Digital Addiction (DA) is yet not formally recognised as a mental\ud disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Recently, in 2018, the World Health Organization recognised gaming disorder. Fortunately, the nature of digital media can also help the hosting of methods and mechanics to combat DA, e.g. in the monitoring of online usage and enabling individuals to stay in control of it. One of the techniques proposed in the literature\ud is Online Peer Groups platforms, towards allowing people to form a group and\ud provide peer support to control and regulate their usage, collectively. Online\ud peer support groups are meant to provide peer support, counselling, motivational and learning environment, and ambivalence reduction through sharing and\ud hope installation. However, there is a lack of research about the factors influencing people with DA to accept or reject online peer support groups. In this\ud work, we conduct user studies and explore the acceptance and rejection factors\ud to join and participate in such DA regulation and relapse prevention method.\ud This will help to design and introduce the method and increase its adoption.

Digital addiction (hereafter DA) denotes a problematic relationship with technology described by being compulsive, obsessive, impulsive and hasty. New research has identified cases where users&rsquo, digital behaviour shows symptoms meeting the clinical criteria of behavioural addiction. The online peer groups approach is one of the strategies to combat addictive behaviours. Unlike other behaviours, intervention and addictive usage can be on the same medium, the online space. This shared medium empowers influence techniques found in peer groups, such as self-monitoring, social surveillance, and personalised feedback, with a higher degree of interactivity, continuity and real-time communication. Social media platforms in general and online peer groups, in particular, have received little guidance as to how software design should take it into account. Careful theoretical understanding of the unique attributes and dynamics of such platforms and their intersection with gamification and persuasive techniques is needed as the ad-hoc design may cause unexpected harm. In this paper, we investigate how to facilitate the design process to ensure a systematic development of this technology. We conducted several qualitative studies including user studies and observational investigations. The primary contribution of this research is twofold: (i) a reference model for designing interactive online platforms to host peer groups and combat DA, (ii) a process model, COPE.er, inspired by the participatory design approach to building Customisable Online Persuasive Ecology by Engineering Rehabilitation strategies for different groups.

It has been suggested that excessive use of the internet and digital devices can lead to digital addiction (DA). In contrast to other industries such as the alcohol industry there appears to be very little expectation on the software industry to position itself as a primary actor in the development of DA; even though software providers have unique capabilities to engage with users in real time and in a personalised way through multi-modal interactive and intelligent prevention and intervention messages. One aspect of personalisation that has been demonstrated to be of importance in relation to DA and other compulsive behaviours is gender. This study consisted of a series of initial exploratory interviews followed by a survey of 150 respondents and several same-sex focus groups, the latter of which was recruited from a university student sample. Thematic and quantitative analyses were then conducted on the data gathered. Overall participants welcomed the idea of DA prevention and intervention messages, although they also demonstrated a clear preference for any DA prevention and intervention messages system to be adaptive and context aware. Some gender differences were evident, such as in terms for acceptance of messages generated by friends or the preference for graphical messages. The results of this study suggest that DA prevention and intervention messages may be useful to and welcomed by individuals who use digital technologies excessively. However, these users also appear to have expectations of what a successful DA prevention and intervention messages system should be able to achieve. Further research is needed on this emergent topic.

Gamification corresponds to the use of game elements to encourage certain attitudes and behaviours in a serious context. When applied to enterprise teamwork, gamification can lead to negative side-effects which compromise its benefits. For example, applying competitive elements such as leaderboard may lead to clustering amongst team members and encourage adverse work ethics such as intimidation and pressure. Despite the recognition of the problem in the literature, the research on concretising such gamification risks is scarce. There is also a lack of methods to identify gamification risks and their management strategies. In this paper, we conduct a multi-stage qualitative research and develop taxonomy of risks, risk factors and risk management strategies. We also identify the modalities of application of these strategies, including who should be involved and how. Finally, we provide a checklist to help the risk identification process as a first step towards a comprehensive method for eliciting and managing gamification risks to teamwork within enterprises.

Threats to global cyber security, including physical, personnel, and information, continue to evolve and spread across a hyper-connected world, irrespective of international borders, in both their elaboration and the scale of their impact. This cyber domain represents a constant challenge to national security, as its socio-technical components are both real and cognisant. The exacerbation of cyber-attacks undermines countries’ stability, its escalation produces a landscape of genuine global threat, and the magnitude of its expanding attack mechanisms creates a ‘tsunami effect’ on national cyber defenses. This paper reviews the current politically unstable state of Spring Land’s cyber security capacity, utilising Interactive Management (IM) approach. It reports the findings of an IM session conducted during a workshop involving a total of 26 participants from the Spring Land National Cyber Security Authority (NCSA), other government agencies. The workshop utilised different IM techniques, such as Idea Writing (IW), Nominal Group Technique (NGT), and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). Using trigger questions, based on the dimensions of the Cybersecurity Capacity Maturity Model for Nations (CCMM), a set of objectives was derived to contextualise and support identified the key initiatives for the development of national cyber security capacity in the country.

Software systems are the joint creative products of multiple stakeholders, including both designers and users, based on their perception, knowledge and personal preferences of the application context. The rapid rise in the use of Internet, mobile and social media applications make it even more possible to provide channels to link a large pool of highly diversified and physically distributed designers and end users, the crowd. Converging the knowledge of designers and end users in requirements engineering process is essential for the success of software systems. In this paper, we report the findings of a survey of the literature on crowd-based requirements engineering research. It helps us understand the current research achievements, the areas of concentration, and how requirements related activities can be enhanced by crowd intelligence. Based on the survey, we propose a general research map and suggest the possible future roles of crowd intelligence in requirements engineering.

There is a growing acceptance of the association between obsessive, compulsive and excessive usage of digital media, e.g., games and social networks, and users’ wellbeing, whether personal, economic or social. While specific causal relations between such Digital Addiction (DA) and the negative life experience can be debated, we argue in this paper that, nevertheless, technology can play a role in preventing or raising awareness of its pathological or problematic usage styles, e.g. through monitoring usage and enabling interactive awareness messages. We perform a literature review, with the primary aim of gathering the range negative life experiences associated with DA. We then conduct two focus groups to help gather users’ perception of the key findings from the literature. Finally, we perform a qualitative analysis of experts and practitioners’ interviews and comments from a user survey on DA warning labels. As a result, we develop eight families of the negative life experiences associated with DA, examine the role of software in facilitating the reduction of such negative experiences, and consider the challenges that may be encountered in the process.

The concept of goals is prominent in information systems and also artificial intelligence literature such as goal-oriented requirements engineering and self-adaptive systems. Digital motivation systems, e.g. gamification and persuasive technology, utilise the concept of behavioural goals which require a different mind-set on how to elicit and set them up, how to monitor deviation from such goals and how to ensure their completion. Behavioural goals are characterised by a range of factors which are not the main focus in classic information systems and AI literature such as self-efficacy, perceived usefulness. To engineer software supporting goal setting, a concretised taxonomy of goals would help a better-managed analysis and design process. In this paper, we provide a detailed classification of behavioural goals and their associated properties and elements (types, sources, monitoring, feedback, deviation and countermeasures). As a method, we review the literature on goal setting theory and its application in different disciplines. We subsequently develop five reference checklists which would act as a reference point for researchers and practitioners in persuasive and motivational systems.

Gamification in businesses refers to the use of technology-assisted\ud solutions to boost or change staff attitude, perception and behaviour, in relation\ud to certain business goals and tasks, individually or collectively. Previous research\ud indicated that gamification techniques can introduce risks to the business\ud environment, and not only fail to make a positive change, but also raise concerns\ud in relation to ethics, quality of work, and well-being at a workplace. Although\ud the problem is already recognised in principle, there is still a need to\ud clarify and concretise those risks, their factors and their relation to the gamification\ud dynamics and mechanics. To address this, we conducted multi-staged empirical\ud research, including two months’ observation and interview study, in two\ud large-scale businesses using gamification in their workplace. In this paper, we\ud focus on gamification risks related to teamwork within the enterprise. We outline\ud various risk mitigation strategies and map them to primary types of gamification\ud risks. By accomplishing such conceptualisation, we pave the way towards\ud methods to model, detect and predict gamification risks on teamwork and\ud recommend and design practices and strategies to tackle them.

Digital media can utilise game and behaviour change mechanisms to enrich engagement and user experience and increase their retention. Such mechanisms can also be used within the business software so that performance and quality of work are enhanced, e.g. gamification. While the positive side of these advances is recognised, there is little acknowledgement about their potential adverse effects on well-being. With recent research showing evidence of some digital media usage patterns being problematic and meeting the criteria of behavioural addiction, questions on the ethics, practices and responsibility of software companies are on the rise. Unlike alcohol, digital media can be designed to sense and react to problematic usage styles. This invited talk discusses why and how the software engineering community would need to take part in designing for conscious and informed technology usage.

Fear of missing out, (hereafter referred to as FoMO), is increasingly becoming an issue of concern in relation to the use of Social Network Sites (SNSs). Despite its importance, the effects of FoMO continue to receive limited attention, while guidance on how SNSs design is responsible for developing should and, also, combatting it, remains inadequate. In this position paper, we argue that dual responsibility of SNSs design. We report on initial results of a multiphase empirical study which was undertaken to examine the features of social networks that may contribute to triggering FoMO, and to explore how future SNSs can be designed to aid people manage their FoMO. The study involved three focus group sessions and a diary study. We argue that future SNSs shall support interaction styles and protocols and their agreement and adherence processes to enable people prevent and combat FoMO and present styles for doing that.

Online gambling, unlike other mediums of problem- atic and addictive behaviours, such as tobacco and alcohol, offers unprecedented opportunities for building information systems that are able to monitor and understand a user’s behaviour in real-time and adapt persuasive messages and interactions that would fit their personal profile and usage context. Online gambling industry usually provides Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) meant mainly to enable third-party applications to network with their gambling services and enhance a user’s gambling experience. In this industrial practice and experience paper, we advocate that such API’s can also be used to retrieve gamblers’ online data, such as browsing and betting history, promotions and available offers and use it to build more intel- ligent and proactive responsible gambling information systems. We report on our industrial experience in this field and make the argument that data available for persuasive marketing and usability should, under specific usage conditions, also be made available for responsible gambling information systems. This principle would provide equal opportunities for both directions. We discuss the psychological foundations of our proposed solution and the risks and challenges typically found when building such a software-assisted intervention, persuasion and emotion regulation technology. We also shed light on its potential implications from the perspectives of social corporate responsibility and data protection. We finally propose a conceptual architecture to demonstrate our vision and explain how it can be implemented. In the wider context, the paper is meant to provide insights on building behavioural awareness and regulation information systems in relation to problematic digital media usage.

[Context & Motivation] Personas are a technique used to guide developing products accommodating people diversity. They are archetypes reflecting common combinations of users’ characteristics, needs and goals. Persons can add a human-centred facet to requirements engineering practice which is often revolving around the concept of business roles. [Question/Problem] Goal modelling is an example of mainstream requirements engineering approach driven by business roles and their responsibilities and needs represented as goals. Personnel in the system are expected to act according to this prescriptive specification. Personnel diversity is often seen as a customization and design issue. [Principal idea/Results]. In this paper we propose to consider such diversity as a conditional context in requirements modelling and, as an approach, augment Contextual Goal Model (CGM) with personas as a new contextual dimension. Additionally, we propose an algorithm to analyse the achievability of CGM goals in the presence of the personas contexts variation. We evaluate our approach using a Mobile Personal Emergency Response System (MPERS) implemented as a prototype. [Contribution] Our persona-based modelling approach paves the way to augment requirements with a consideration of people diversity and enrich the business perspective with a more user-centred design facet.

The Wisdom of the Crowd advocates that decisions collectively made by a diverse crowd could be better than those made by an elite group of experts. The Wisdom of the Crowd puts preconditions on this to work correctly. This concerns the di- versity of the crowd, their independence from each other, their decentralisation, and the methods of aggregating their distributed knowledge and forming collec- tive decisions. Although the concept is inspiring, its interpretation and conduct differ significantly amongst enterprises, especially with regard to the culture and style of management. In addition, we still lack reflections on how the Wisdom of the Crowd worked in the practice of modern enterprises. To address this lack of knowledge, this paper conducts an empirical study following a mixed method approach involving 35 senior managers coming from 33 different industries in the UK. In the first phase we interview eight managers and, in the second, we con- firm and enhance the results by a survey consisting of open-ended questions and involving 27 other managers. The results shed light on the current practice of the Wisdom of the Crowd in several UK enterprises, which can inform the analysis and design of future software tools meant to aid this emerging decision-making mechanism.

Context:\ud Crowdsourcing, or tapping into the power of the crowd for problem solving, has gained ever-increasing attraction since it was first introduced. Crowdsourcing has been used in different disciplines, and it is becoming well-accepted in the marketplace as a new business model which utilizes Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs).\ud Objective:\ud While both academia and industry have extensively delved into different aspects of crowdsourcing, there seems to be no common understanding of what crowdsourcing really means and what core and optional features it has. Also, we still lack information on the kinds and disciplines of studies conducted on crowdsourcing and how they defined it in the context of their application area. This paper will clarify this ambiguity by analysing the distribution and demographics of research in crowdsourcing and extracting taxonomy of the variability and commonality in the constructs defining the concept in the literature.\ud Method:\ud We conduct a systematic mapping study and analyse 113 papers, selected via a formal process, and report and discuss the results. The study is combined by a content analysis process to extract a taxonomy of features describing crowdsourcing.\ud Results:\ud We extract and describe the taxonomy of features which characterize crowdsourcing in its four constituents; the crowd, the crowdsourcer, the crowdsourced task and the crowdsourcing platform. In addition, we report on different mappings between these features and the characteristics of the studied papers. We also analyse the distribution of the research using multiple criteria and draw conclusions. For example, our results show a constantly increasing interest in the area, especially in North America and a significant interest from industry. Also, we illustrate that although crowdsourcing is shown to be useful in a variety of disciplines, the research in the field of computer science still seems to be dominant in investigating it.\ud Conclusions:\ud This study allows forming a clear picture of the research in crowdsourcing and understanding the different features of crowdsourcing and their popularity, what type of research was conducted, where and how and by whom. The study enables researchers and practitioners to estimate the current status of the research in this new field. Our taxonomy of extracted features provides a reference model which could be used to configure crowdsourcing and also define it precisely and make design decisions on which of its variation to adopt.\ud

Crowdsourcing is an emerging paradigm, facilitated by the ease and scale of online connectivity, which harnesses the power of the crowds to solve problems and contribute knowledge. Crowdsourcing has been tried in practice and there are several commercial general-purpose crowdsourcing platforms on the web. Although the paradigm feasibility and impact have become evident, we still lack engineering methods and principles which aid the construction of quality crowdsourcing-based solutions. One of these aspects is the compatibility between the various configuration choices of the elements of a crowdsourcing project. In a previous work, the authors surveyed the literature and extracted a taxonomy of the various features which describes each of the four pillars of crowdsourcing: the crowd, the crowdsourcer, the crowdsourced task and the crowdsourcing platform. In this paper, the authors study the inter-relations between these features when configuring a crowdsourcing project. They start with an initial template and then confirm and enhance it by an expert study which involves 37 experts who applied crowdsourcing in practice and published research results. Their study helps crowdsourcers and crowdsourcing platform developers to better understand the several peculiarities that may arise by combining these features and thus assist them in the configuration of crowdsourcing projects with more awareness.

The ever increasing accessibility of the web for the crowd offered by various electronic devices such as smartphones has facilitated the communication of the needs, ideas, and wishes of millions of stakeholders. To cater for the scale of this input and reduce the overhead of manual elicitation methods, data mining and text mining techniques have been utilised to automatically capture and categorise this stream of feedback, which is also used, amongst other things, by stakeholders to communicate their requirements to software developers. Such techniques, however, fall short of identifying some of the peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of the natural language that people use colloquially. This paper proposes CRAFT, a technique that utilises the power of the crowd to support richer, more powerful text mining by enabling the crowd to categorise and annotate feedback through a context menu. This, in turn, helps requirements engineers to better identify user requirements within such feedback. This paper presents the theoretical foundations as well as the initial evaluation of this crowd-based feedback annotation technique for requirements identification.

Digital Motivation in business refers to the use of technology in order to facilitate a change of attitude, perception and behaviour with regards to adopting policies, achieving goals and executing tasks. It is a broad term to\ud indicate existing and emerging paradigms such as Gamification, Persuasive Technology, Serious Games and Entertainment Computing. Our previous research indicated risks when applying Digital Motivation. One of these main\ud risks is the impact it can have on the interpersonal relationships between colleagues and their individual and collective performance. It may lead to a feeling of unfairness and trigger negative group processes (such as social loafing and unofficial clustering) and adverse wo\ud rk ethics. In this paper, we propose a set of strategies to minimize such risks and then consolidate these strategies\ud through an empirical study involving managers,practitioners and users.The strategies are then analysed for their goal, stage and purpose of use to add further guidance.\ud The strategies and their classification are meant to inform\ud developers and management on how to design,set-up and introduce Digital Motivation to a business environment, maximize its efficiency and minimize its side-effects on teamwork.

There is a continual growth in the use of social computing within a breadth of business domains; such as marketing, public engagement and innovation management. Software engineering research, like other similar disciplines, has re- cently started to harness the power of social computing throughout the various development phases; from requirements elicitation to validation and maintenance and for the various methods of development and structures of development teams. However, despite this increasing effort, we still lack a clear picture of the current status of this research. To address that lack of knowledge, we conduct a systematic mapping study on the utilisation of social computing for software engineering. This will inform researchers and practitioners about the current status and progress of the field including the areas of current focus and the geographical and chronological distribution of the research. We do the mapping across a diversity of dimensions including the activities of software engineering, the types of research, the characteristics of social computing and the demographic attributes of the published work. Our study results show a growing interest in the field, mainly in academia, and a general trend toward developing designated social com- puting platforms and utilising them in mainly four software engineering areas; management, coding, requirements engineering, and maintenance and enhancement.

Context: Many modern software systems must deal with changes and uncertainty. Traditional dependability requirements engineering is not equipped for this since it assumes that the context in which a system operates be stable and deterministic, which often leads to failures and recurrent corrective maintenance. The Contextual Goal Model (CGM), a requirements model that proposes the idea of context-dependent goal fulfillment, mitigates the problem by relating alternative strategies for achieving goals to the space of context changes. Additionally, the Runtime Goal Model (RGM) adds behavioral constraints to the fulfillment of goals that may be checked against system execution traces. Objective: This paper proposes GODA (Goal-Oriented Dependability Analysis) and its supporting framework as concrete means for reasoning about the dependability requirements of systems that operate in dynamic contexts. Method: GODA blends the power of CGM, RGM and probabilistic model checking to provide a formal requirements specification and verification solution. At design time, it can help with design and implementation decisions; at runtime it helps the system self-adapt by analyzing the different alternatives and selecting the one with the highest probability for the system to be dependable. GODA is integrated into TAO4ME, a state-of-the-art tool for goal modeling and analysis. Results: GODA has been evaluated against feasibility and scalability on Mobee: a real-life software system that allows people to share live and updated information about public transportation via mobile devices, and on larger goal models. GODA can verify, at runtime, up to two thousand leaf-tasks in less than 35ms, and requires less than 240 KB of memory. Conclusion: Presented results show GODA’s design-time and runtime verification capabilities, even under limited computational resources, and the scalability of the proposed solution.

Requirements engineering (RE) is a discipline that focuses on obtaining a specification for a system that fulfils the expectations of the stakeholders. Unfortunately, the current state of the practice reveals that only a few stakeholders are involved—mostly key clients and lead designers—while active stakeholders are not highly engaged. This lowers the chances of obtaining a system that fully fulfils the stakeholders’ wishes. Gamification is an opportunity to increase the engagement of stakeholders in RE by establishing feedback loops that reward the useful participants, i.e., those who provide valuable contributions (requirements) for the system being designed. The related trend of crowdsourcing can be employed to maximise the number of participating stakeholders, by making RE a participatory activity where current and prospective users, developers, clients and analysts are involved. This chapter introduces the Crowd-Centric Requirements Engineering (CCRE) method that guides software producing organisations (SPOs) by involving a crowd of engaged stakeholders in RE. CCRE uses the REfine tool, a gamified platform for eliciting and refining requirements. In addition to presenting the method and its application in a case study, we define research challenges for the field.

Software-based motivation refers to the use of tech- nology to enhance the engagement and efficiency of people in performing tasks and following a certain behaviour. Instances of such paradigm include gamification, persuasive technology and entertainment computing. Despite its potential, an ad- hoc introduction of software-based motivation to a business environment may lead to detrimental effects such as creating pressure and tension, and also reducing quality and authenticity. Hence, we advocate the need for a systematic engineering process to develop software solutions for motivation requirements. One of the challenges is in the high diversity in users’ perception and acceptance of motivation strategies and their software-based incarnations. In this paper, we propose the use of personas as an intermediate step which increases efficiency in the engineering process for both engineers and users. We conduct an empirical research and identify elements which describe people with regard to their perception and preferences towards software-based motivational techniques and create a set of exemplary personas to aid the engineering process. We also present guidelines and challenges related to using persona-based engineering methods for software-based motivation.

Transparency is one of the main requirements in business information systems with its unique characteristics, and it requires designated engineering approaches. Despite that, transparency requirements have often been studied along other mainstream requirements relating to information, such as privacy, and seldom studied as a first-class concept. In addition, the literature on transparency is mainly driven by the perspective of information providers, and a large number of stakeholders who receive or request information are usually neglected. To achieve a holistic and more efficient management of transparency requirements, we propose a conceptual framework which integrates three mechanisms of crowdsourcing, structured feedback and social adaptation. Crowdsourcing facilitates the involvement of a large, diverse group of stakeholders in transparency engineering. The use of structured feedback helps automating the process of feedback acquisition and analysis. Eventually, as transparency requirements evolve over time, social adaptation can be applied to adapt the business information system to meet the emerging transparency requirements of the stakeholders.

[Context & motivation] Transparency is becoming an essential requirement for business information systems. Transparency is advocated to inspire trust,. increase accountability and reduce corruption. However, it may also lead to negative side effects such as information overload, bias and unnecessary pressure on stakeholders. [Question/problem] Despite its distinct characteristics and importance, transparency is still a limitedly explored concept in software engineering and information systems literature, and is often fragmented across adjacent concepts such as privacy, secrecy and regulatory requirements. This limits its representation level and impedes its management. [Principal ideas/results] In this paper, we propose four facets for transparency and illustrate their usefulness in guiding transparency requirements engineering. [Contribution] These facets help clarify the concept of transparency and provide foundations for its management in information systems engineering as a distinct notion. Initiatives like the open data movement add to the timeliness and potential impact of our contribution.

Part 3: Socio-Technical and Ethical Considerations; International audience; Digital Addiction (DA) is an emerging behavioural phenomenon that denotes an obsessive and problematic usage of digital media. Such usage could meet various criteria of an addictive behaviour such as salience, conflict, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms and, hence, it would raise new challenges and ethical considerations on the way we engineer software. Luckily, software as a medium for such addictive usage could be also a medium for enacting a behaviour change and prevention strategy towards a regulated usage. However, due to the recentness of such software-based interventions, we still need a body of knowledge on how to develop them. In this paper, we conduct empirical research, through a diary study and an online forum content analysis, to understand users’ perception of such emerging systems. The results shed the light on a range of design aspects and risks when building and validating such persuasive intervention technology.

User feedback is an important factor to improve software quality. For example, it can provide information on missing features and clarify user trends and preferences for future improvement. However, gathering user’s feedback is not an easy process since the majority of users lack motivation and interest in providing feedback, especially in a constant and frequent style. In addition, stud- ies have noted that the cultural differences among users also play a role in affect- ing their motivations to feedback acquisition. In this paper, we empirically inves- tigate the role of culture in affecting users’ perception and motivations to give feedback. Our study identifies some key differences between Western and Mid- dle Eastern users on what motivate them to provide feedback and what could have an influence on the quality of the feedback they give. This also makes the case for the need to design a persuasive and culture-aware feedback acquisition.

Part 5: Aquiring User Information; International audience; Most enterprises operate within a complex and ever-changing context. To ensure that requirements keep pace with changing context, users’ feedback is advocated to ensure that the requirements knowledge is refreshed and reflects the degree to which the system meets its design objectives. The traditional approach to users’ feedback, which is based on data mining and text analysis, is often limited, partly due to the ad-hoc nature of users’ feedback and, also, the methods used to acquire it. To maximize the expressiveness of users’ feedback and still be able to efficiently analyse it, we propose that feedback acquisition should be designed with that goal in mind. This paper contributes to that aim by presenting an empirical study that investigates users’ perspectives on feedback constituents and how they could be structured. This will provide a baseline for modelling and customizing feedback for enterprise systems in order to maintain and evolve their requirements.

The improvement and success of socio-technical systems depend on the joint optimisation of both the social and the technical parts. Improving the social part of a socio-technical system is a meticulous task, as social requirements are diverse and dynamic, and they usually evolve with time and context. Information transparency (henceforth, transparency) is one of the social requirements that can affect the overall attitude of the stakeholders present within a socio-technical system, and influence their other social requirements such as privacy, trust, collaboration and non-bias. In this paper, we advocate the need to engineer transparency as a first class requirement, propose a baseline model for transparency and show how this model can be a starting point for the analysis of transparency requirements of different stakeholders. We showcase our on-going research in the modelling and analysis of transparency as a requirement, discuss some of the challenges of transparency requirements elicitation, and present our future work.

Crowdsourcing is a paradigm which enables and harnesses the power and wisdom of a usually large, diverse crowd in innovation, problem solving and knowledge acquisition. The scale, benefits and application areas of this traditional model are amplified by the advances of information and communication technology such as the advent of Web 2.0, which, at the same time, has increased the complexity and, hence, the need for systematic development approaches. While crowdsourcing has been successfully applied in several projects and de-facto platforms already exist for them, the research on engineering principles, methods and tools for developing a crowdsourcing project is still in the early stages. In this paper, we study the adaptation of crowdsourcing settings to fit the nature of the problem being crowdsourced. As a method, we review the literature and complement that with an online expert survey involving practitioners and researchers active in the field of crowdsourcing. We then interpret the obtained results and identify a set of recommendations on how to set up crowdsourcing to fit each of the five common categories of problems. Our results inform future crowdsourcing developers with best practice experiences on planning and configuring their projects.