Search

The Sangiran is a national tourism strategic area as well as the most important ancient site established by UNESCO. Hence, its existence can contribute to the community livelihood which is dominated as poor. Meanwhile, having World Heritage Sites (WHS) status gives many restrictions to the local community such as restriction to soil excavation. Focusing on the agricultural sector as their main job was relatively difficult because of the physical aspect. The community chose the possible way to gain income that the job did not relate with tourism activity. Therefore, this study examines the meaning of sustainable rural tourism for community livelihood using the sustainable livelihood approach. Two rounds of Focus Group Discussions and interviews with some experts were conducted to find out issues in the development of Sangiran tourism and stakeholder perceptions. The community considered that they could not rely on the tourism sector so that they adjusted to the situation by doing another job. Indeed, the WHS status of Sangiran had not given impacts on the community; they prefer to conduct their previous activities. The development of rural tourism was not sustained; the community was still vulnerable that pointed out by their low economic capacity

O patrimônio mundial cultural e natural localizado no território brasileiro compreende monumentos históricos e artísticos de construção secular e sítios naturais dotados de abundante biodiversidade. Apesar da reconhecida riqueza desse legado sua sobrevivência está em risco, em especial pela exposição aos fenômenos decorrentes da variabilidade climática, já percebidos em eventos extremos que atingiram o país no início deste século. Nesse cenário é fundamental compreender a exposição desse patrimônio aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, uma condição para se pensar em medidas preventivas e adaptativas para conter as vulnerabilidades percebidas.

This research focusing on the world architectural heritage sites registered in the World Heritage List established by UNESCO aimed to analyze its spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors at the world and regional level to provide a scientific basis for further architectural heritage conservation. Firstly, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of the world architectural heritage sites using the ArcGIS spatial analysis method. Then, we used the space–time statistical method to analyze their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. The main findings are as follows: (1) world architectural heritage sites are distributed in clusters with imbalanced patterns and a strong degree of concentration: in Western Europe, Eastern Asia, and Northwestern Latin America, with clear country distribution, especially in Italy, China, and Mexico, (2) the time of construction can be divided into four stages: the ancient historic sites stage, the uniform and stable stage, the stage of growth in Asia and Europe, and the stage of growth in Europe, America, and Africa, (3) different types of heritage sites are unevenly distributed, and the type distribution differs significantly between regions, with regional uniqueness. The authors also analyzed the influencing factors of the spatial distribution characteristics and highlighted the important influence of the geographical environment, historical evolution, economic strength and discourse power, international heritage protection situation, and registration policy. This study may provide basis for specific guidance and directions for heritage protection for various countries and regions.

Egypt abounds with multiple heritage sites that have lots of outstanding universal values (OUV). However, there are only 7 Egyptian heritage sites in the permanent list of UNESCO for world heritage. Egypt faces obstacles in registering world heritage sites as a result of the absence of a registration strategy to increase the Egyptian world heritage sites. Therefore, this paper aims propose a strategy to convert the heritage sites included in the tentative list of UNESCO to the permanent list in order to create an Egyptian guide for registration as the world heritage of UNESCO. The paper follows an analytical deduction approach based on the Geographic Information System maps for the city of Rashid. The results have been classified into four categories in light of the (OUV) and ease of rehabilitation as a world heritage. Nonetheless, the results prove that the proposed strategy will increase the world heritage sites in Egypt.

The Macau Holy House of Mercy was built in 1569 and rebuilt in the 18th century. Located in the historic center of Macao, the Macau Holy House of Mercy is included on the World Heritage List of UNE...

Collecting and analyzing online tourist reviews on destinations is important for sustainable tourism. These analyses can give insight into the extent to which natural and cultural assets in the destination are protected. These evaluations should be considered by the authorities as objective and realistic assessments. In this study, 4183 TripAdvisor reviews of foreign tourists visiting “Göreme National Park and Cappadocia Rocky Area”, which is listed in the World Heritage Site, were evaluated. The data set consisted of English reviews of foreign tourists visiting the region between the years of 2018 - 2020. Dictionary-based sentiment analysis, one of the text mining methods, was used in the study. According to the analysis results, the positive perceptions of the tourists about the churches, fairy chimneys, valleys and underground cities in the World Heritage Site were found to be significantly high (75%). Negative evaluations were found to be low (33%). In tourist reviews, 63% positive and 10.49% negative evaluations were made about the protection of the region. In addition, the awareness of the tourists about whether the locations they visit are World Heritage Sites was 30.6%. Tourists explained their negative opinions about the locations they visited with the words "extra_payment", "crowded", and "steep". Another finding of the study was that the area is adequately protected. There were, however, some concerns related to protection. The most striking aspects of protection concerns were those in which the words "painted" and "drawn" were used, an important indicator of visitor sensitivity to the protection of frescoes in rock churches. Since the destruction of natural and cultural assets in the region is unacceptable, recommendations are made to take the necessary measures to prevent such damage.

Obtaining accurate estimates of catch can be challenging for small-scale recreational fisheries. Using inner Shark Bay as a case-study, we investigated whether a state-wide phone-diary (PD) survey could provide robust estimates of boat-based fishing effort and catch (kept and total) of pink snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) and grass emperor (Lethrinus laticaudis). Estimates were compared with those from concurrent surveys for two spatial scales corresponding to the fishery and the three pink snapper stocks within the fishery. A supplementary access point (SAP) survey incorporated remote camera data and interviews with fishers at boat ramps. An aerial survey was used to adjust the SAP estimates, accounting for catches from boat fishers launching from remote beaches (SAP_Aerial). The SAP survey provided the most precise estimates but underestimated catches for one of the stocks. Estimated fishing effort from the SAP_Aerial survey was comparable to the PD survey (3% lower) for inner Shark Bay, as was the estimated kept catch of pink snapper (7% lower) and these estimates were considered robust (Relative Standard Error

The article is devoted to the evolution of interest in the paper mill in Duszniki-Zdrój for over two centuries. The paper mill was established before 1562, when the Kłodzko region was part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The mill played an important economic and cultural role for nearly three centuries. It stopped its operations during the great economic crisis and in 1939 was sold to the city of Duszniki. After the Second World War and incorporation of Silesia with the Kłodzko region into Poland, the mill was o fficially recognised as a historic building (listed in 1956) and in 1968 it was turned into the Museum of Papermaking. It 2011 the paper mill was granted the status of a Monument of History, which paved the way for it to be included in the UNESCO list.Interest in the history of the mill dates back to at least the second half of the eighteenth century. In 1789 a detailed history of the mill was published in Beyträge zur Beschreibung von Schlesien by F.A. Zimmermann and a lot of the information included in it at the time still remains relevant. During the following century interest in the history of the mill was shown by J. Kögler and W. Hohaus, and in the early twentieth century — by F. Hössle or B. Maiwald. After the Second World War the history of the mill was studied by many Polish historians, including K. Maleczyńska, M. Kutzner, M. Przyłecki, K. Sarnecki and W. Tomaszewska. The interest in the paper mill and its history has been boosted on an unprecedented scale over the recent decade, after eff orts were launched to have the mill entered in the UNESCO list. The paper mill has been studied by e.g. R. Eysymontt, A. Fortuna-Marek, G. Grajewski, A. Kozieł, R. Sachs, A. Szeląg, B. Szmygin, as well as J. Bałchan and M. Szymczyk, both of whom were associated with the museum. In 2018 the Museum of Papermaking published a Monograph of the Duszniki-Zdrój Paper Mill, which contains the latest fi ndings about the history of the paper mill and which will be used in the nomination for the mill to be included in the World Heritage List.

Community engagement is a widespread requirement in current archaeological work. However, heritage management still lacks public participation in many regions. This paper aims to offer an example of community engagement as applied research in the context of an international conference. In order to do so, the strategy, the actions for the targeted communities and the outcomes of those actions will be presented, with a special focus on the context of World Heritage and the outcomes of the three conferences.

Residents are an integral stakeholder in any tourism destination and understanding their sentiments on any tourism activity within their locality is very critical. Although local people are the mos...

Purpose Worldwide, natural hazards are affecting urban cultural heritage and World Heritage Sites, exacerbating other environmental and human-induced threats deriving from deterioration, uncontrolled urbanization and unsustainable tourism. This paper aims to develop a disaster risk analysis in Italian historic centers because they are complex large-scale systems that are cultural and economic resources for the country, as well as fragile areas. Design/methodology/approach A heritage-oriented qualitative methodology for risk assessment is proposed based upon the formalization of risk as a function of hazard, vulnerability and exposure, taking into account the values of cultural heritage assets. Findings This work provides a contribution to the body of knowledge in the Italian context of disaster risk mitigation on World Heritage Sites, opening for further research on the monitoring and maintenance of the tangible heritage assets. The application to the site of San Gimignano proves the effectiveness of the methodology for proposing preventive measures and actions that ensure the preservation of cultural values and a safer built environment. Originality/value The application of a value-based simplified approach to risk analysis is a novelty for historic centers that are listed as World Heritage Sites.

The Historic Centre of Cuenca, recognized as World Heritage Site since 1999, is characterized by the relevant presence of traditional buildings which load-bearing structural elements are made of un...

The Centennial Hall in Wroclaw is a pioneering example of early twentieth century modern architecture and engineering. The construction of its reinforced concrete dome, the largest then built, was ...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present and validate a large-scale methodology for risk assessment and management in cultural heritage sites, taking into account their specific tangible or intangible values. Emphasis is given to historic centres that are key resources in building resilience to disasters but are also highly vulnerable due to several factors, such as the characteristics of the built environment, the community and social life, the lack of risk awareness and maintenance and finally the poor regulatory framework for their management and valorisation.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-step procedure starts from the assessment of the attributes of cultural heritage in order to identify priorities and address the analysis. Then, it evaluates the primary and secondary hazards in the area, the vulnerabilities and threats of the site and the impacts of the chain of events. Finally, it allows for calibrating a site-specific set of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery measures.FindingsThe application to two case studies in the Italian peninsula, the historic centres of San Gimignano and Reggio Calabria, allows for identifying research gaps and practical opportunities towards the adoption of common guidelines for the selection of safety measures.Originality/valueBy providing a qualitative assessment of risks, the research points out the potentialities of the methodology in the disaster risk management of cultural heritage due to its capacity to be comprehensive and inclusive towards disciplines and professionals.

In this paper we present an estimate of the level of air pollution and radiation flux over the most important world heritage sites which are in danger according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). According to UNESCO there are 36 sites which are in danger, the influence of air pollution and radiation on these sites are presented in this work. To achieve the objective we used information about black carbon and shortwave radiation using models and remote sensing instruments from space. We found that the cultural heritage from Europe is more exposed to black carbon while the cultural heritage is exposed to a high level of a shortwave radiation flux.

Information- and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play an increasingly important role in cultural and heritage tourism. Therefore, it is crucial for cultural institutions, and heritage sites as pa...

Water-risk management is one of the most challenging issues in the conservation of earthen sites, because of the inherent weakness of earth to moisture, and also the severe damage after rainfall as a result of a combination of many factors in the deterioration processes. In Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site (WHS) in Iran, this problem causes more damage due to the heavy rains that impact the site in a short period of time. The property encompasses a vast area, which makes regular maintenance more difficult. Also, there are insufficient strategies for controlling water runoff on the structures. Archaeological studies have revealed an ancient system for managing surface water at this site which could be compatible and adaptable for further development of the current management system. This study aims to present sustainable approaches in managing water-risk in the Tchogha Zanbil WHS, by identifying the authenticity values, investigating the problems and challenges in the current water-management system, and more importantly, assessing ancient strategies for controlling water, based on archaeological evidence.

During the 19th century, the port of Valparaíso was the place in Chile with the closest links to the rest of the world, leading to strong social, cultural and technological transformations in the city. The arrival of the industrial revolution together with foreign influence led to the apparition of machinism; which along with the need to connect the lower area of the city with the hills led to the construction of several urban elevators. More than thirty elevators functioned throughout Valparaíso during the 20th century, out of which less than a half remained operational at the beginning of the 21st century. In order to recover this valuable heritage in a city which was declared World Heritage in 2003 by UNESCO, the Ministry of Public Works of Chile promoted a plan to restore nine urban elevators in Valparaíso. This article refers specifically to the restoration works of the second elevator ever built in the city: the Cordillera funicular, which opened in 1887. The complexities linked to the recovery of an obsolete technological system for contemporary public transport standards will be exposed; along with relevant discoveries linked to the history of Valparaíso, such as the archaeological finding of the ruins of the San José Castle during building works.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave en español e inglés Se describe cómo la UNESCO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura) se asocia a menudo con su prestigiosa lista de patrimonio mundial. Por una buena razón. La lista es, sin duda, la iniciativa más popular de toda la historia de la organización. Pero la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura es, por supuesto, más que patrimonio mundial. A lo largo de los años se ha ocupado de una serie de temas aparentemente muy diversos, como la educación para la ciudadanía mundial, los programas de traducción literaria, las normas sobre derechos de autor, la investigación sobre la energía nuclear y la asistencia técnica a los países en desarrollo. Pero, ¿cómo se relacionan exactamente las muy diversas actividades con la pacificación y la construcción de la mentalidad y qué papel exacto desempeña la educación además de constituir la "e" del nombre de la organización? Para responder a esto,se trae de vuelta tres seminarios sin pretensiones pero bastante importantes que tuvieron lugar simultáneamente en París al principio de la existencia de la organización, porque se cree que los proyectos posteriores que se iniciaron encarnan lo que los empleados de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura definieron inicialmente como las tareas principales de la organización. ESP

This study clarifies different issues associated with temporary emergency shelters called Agariyas during floods, in the Kumano, area along the Kumano River in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The locations and features of Agariyas were identified through fieldwork. To collect and confirm the location and past existences of Agariyas, interviews were conducted with the elderly. Also, a measurement survey was used to collect data on the types, location, floor plan, and material use of Agariyas. The study confirmed that many Agariyas were built after the 1889 flood, the water level of which influenced their locations. However, currently, very few remain. They were mainly minimally furnished with one to two rooms, a storage space, and a small kitchen for a temporary evacuation period. They were built on terraces or mounded ground. Their architectural features differ depending on the owner, but they were most commonly built using wood, and the roof was covered with cedar bark and rounded stones. Younger generations do not know about Agariyas. To increase the local knowledge and awareness of flood disaster culture, it is important to re-evaluate the tangible and intangible heritage in local communities, which includes the effort and wisdom of ancestors related to local disasters. The Kumano-Hongu Shrine and pilgrimage route attract visitors today. However, addressing the experiences and knowledge of local disaster may add value to the World Heritage site.

The Lion Forest Garden was originally built in 1342, during Yuan Dynasty, and became one of the most famous gardens in Suzhou. In 2000, it was inscribed in the World Heritage List as an extensive property of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou. The Lion Forest Garden is famous for its stony artificial hills covering more than 4,000 square meters, which were continually built during Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty. However, as a long time passed, stony artificial hills appear damaged showing stone cracking - which could be seen in many places-, gaping, weathering, water erosion, and subsidence. Besides, a new underground line will pass through the road west to the Garden. In 2018 and 2019, the Landscape Architecture Engineering Lab of the Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture collaborated with the Lion Forest Garden Administration on a research to define the strategy to monitor these stony artificial hills. Multiple technologies were used, such as 3D Scanning, Ultrasonic Testing, Side-Scan Sonar, sensors, and so forth. During the monitoring, some technologies worked well while others did not. The paper, based on the mentioned research, will discuss the strategy and technologies used in monitoring historical rockeries, describe the procedure, analyse the outcomes, and find out the reasons causing the unsuccess of some technologies.

Collaborative or community archaeology as a methodological approach has a long history and is becoming increasingly common in the Maya world. This article draws from the authors&rsquo, experiences on three distinct archaeological projects to discuss the benefits and obstacles we confronted while conducting collaborative research with contemporary Maya communities as well as lessons we learned that can increase the odds of a mutually beneficial partnership. After summarizing the history of the research projects and the expectations for and contributions of the scientific and community stakeholders, we propose several characteristics that were particularly helpful. These include the need for all parties to engage in sincere and sustained dialogue, to be flexible, and to take others in account when making any plans that affect them. Most importantly, we urge archaeologists to collaborate with community endeavors beyond those that are directly related to their research, offering a few examples of how archaeological skills, equipment, and social capital can be used to address a wide range of local concerns beyond patrimony and heritage.

This paper aims to contribute to the scientific literature in the field of hospitality regarding the relationship between gastronomy and tourism through the experience described by tourists who vis...

Similar to UNESCO’s World Heritage Site (WHS), the FAO’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) certification has the potential to draw large numbers of tourists. In the literature...

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la mirada estética de dos grandes cineastas de los años ‘60 y ’70, cuyo trabajo rupturista marcó una época de controversia en Chile. Joris Ivens, pionero de cine realidad, y Aldo Francia, padre del nuevo cine chileno, a través de su obras “A Valparaíso” y “Valparaíso mi amor”, respectivamente, muestran una ciudad poco conocida y valorada por su configuración popular. A través de un análisis histórico del lenguaje fílmico buscamos comprender los lentes de estos cineastas para así reflexionar sobre un patrimonio material e inmaterial de la ciudad de Valparaíso que se crea y recrea entre sus calles, cerros, escaleras y pobreza, más allá de lo conocido y valorado históricamente. La mirada a lo popular, a la gente de a pie, a quienes con esfuerzo y lucha lograron sortear la geografía del puerto, permite cuestionar los patrones y escalas estéticas conocidos. Analizaremos en estas líneas la puesta en valor de la verdadera riqueza patrimonial de Valparaíso -ciudad declarada el año 2003 Patrimonio Mundial de la humanidad-, la que a través de la experiencia fílmica de estos artistas se dejará conocer para consolidar la memoria de una ciudad que se desconoce a si misma. This article aims to analyse the aesthetic gaze of two great filmmakers of the years ' 60 and ' 70, whose groundbreaking work marked a time of controversy in Chile. Joris Ivens, pioneer of cinema reality, and Aldo Francia, father of the new Chilean cinema, through his works "to Valparaiso" and "Valparaiso mi Amor", respectively, show a city little known and valued by its popular configuration. Through a historical analysis of the film language we seek to understand the lenses of these filmmakers in order to reflect on a material and immaterial heritage of the city of Valparaiso that is created and recreates between its streets, hills, stairs and poverty, beyond Historically known and valued. The view to the popular, to the people of walking, who with effort and struggle managed to circumvent the geography of the port, allows to question the patterns and aesthetic scales known. We will analyze in these lines the value of the true patrimonial richness of Valparaiso-City declared the year 2003 World Heritage of Humanity, which through the film experience of these artists is left to know to consolidate the memory of A city that doesn't know itself.

In the Eastern Alps no previous research focused on the impact of wildfires on the occurrence of rockfalls. The investigation of wildfires and post-wildfire rockfalls gains new importance with respect to changes in weather extremes and rapid social developments such as population growths and tourism. The present work describes a wildfire that occurred in August 2018 in a famous world-heritage site in Austria. Indicators of fire severity and rockfall occurrence during and after the fire are described.

[EN] One of the remarkable characteristics of the Ancient Pingyao City Wall, which has been listed as Cultural World Heritage Site in 1997, is the internal rammed earth face, behind the exterior brick finishing. Although many consolidation and restoration treatments were carried out in the past decades, parts of the city wall are still in danger to collapse. Laboratory tests show that the loess soil, the main construction material of the Pingyao city wall, is poor in clay. It is not water resistant without any treatment. From 2011 after quality examination the damaged earthen finishing has been restored only with traditional ramming technique. However, based on the visual inspection done in September 2018, protective lime-earth plasters as sacrificial layer to rammed earth finishing may be a technically and financially sustainable solution., [ES] Una de las características más destacadas de la antigua muralla de la ciudad de Pingyao, declarada Patrimonio Mundial en 1997, es la estructura de tapia tras la fábrica de ladrillo que recubre el perímetro externo. A pesar de las muchas intervenciones de consolidación y restauración llevadas a cabo durante las pasadas décadas, aún existen tramos de la muralla que corren el riesgo de derrumbarse. Se han realizado ensayos de laboratorio que muestran que el material de construcción principal de las murallas de Pingyao, es pobre en arcillas, y por lo tanto, no es resistente al agua sin un tratamiento previo. A partir de 2011 y tras un examen cualitativo, se ha restaurado la tapia dañada usando exclusivamente la técnica tradicional de la tapia. Sin embargo, la inspección llevada a cabo en septiembre de 2018, ha permitido determinar que el uso de morteros mixtos de cal y arena como capa de mortero de sacricio puede ser una solución técnica y económicamente más sostenible.

Sometimes an analysis of findings may not meet initial expectations. This outcome emerged after a six-month period of immersion in the life of a Chinese World Heritage Site. Both authors are familiar with the site – the first from living in the village and the second from visiting the village on many occasions for more than a decade. The paper describes a process of reflection and suggests this is rarely considered in the tourism academic literature. It indicates the outcomes of that process of reflection in coming to a much more Chinese centred cultural model of place meanings. The study reinforces the need for researchers to undertake self-questioning as a first step to the re-interrogation of findings to find hitherto silent nuances to fully understand the cultural and political contexts of tourism-induced change.

The Statements of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) concerns the core justification for nominating and inscribing cultural and natural heritage properties on the UNESCO World Heritage List, ever since 2007. Ten criteria are specified and measured independently for the selection process. The 2008 ICOMOS Report “What is OUV” has been a successful example to interpret OUV as an integral concept by inspecting the associations of the selection criteria in all inscribed properties. This paper presents a novel methodology for interpreting OUV using computational techniques of Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, and Graph Visualization. Firstly, frequent phrases appearing in Statements of OUV are used to construct a lexicon for each selection criterion; Secondly, three similarity matrices are constructed as graphs to represent the pair-wise associations of the criteria; Lastly, the lexicon and graphs are visualized in 2D. The study shows that the lexicon derived from computational techniques can capture the essential concepts of OUV, and that the selection criteria are consistently associated with each other in different similarity metrics. This study provides a quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the Statements of OUV and the associations of selection criteria, which can be seen as an elaborated computational extension of the 2008 Report, useful for future inscription and evaluation process of World Heritage nominations.

Space technology offers effective tools to monitor the status of World Natural Heritage sites. East Rennell Island, which covers approximately 37,000 hectares (ha) and a marine area extending three nautical miles into the sea, was added to the list of endangered World Natural Heritage sites in 2013. Deforestation and natural disasters have increasingly threatened sustainable development on the island. Based on analyses of multi-source time series of remote sensing data (e.g., MODIS and Worldview), the forest cover change on Rennell Island from 2000 to 2020 and its future trends were mapped and analysed using Sen + Mann–Kendall and Hurst index models. A land cover classification system derived from high-resolution Worldview images was developed as a baseline for monitoring and analysing future forest cover changes on the island. Our results showed that (1) the areas of vegetation degradation and improvement were basically equal from 2000 to 2020. (2) The forest cover change trend had weak continuity, and significant improvements could be achieved in areas with damaged vegetation given sufficient protection measures and financial input. (3) This heritage site has a strong vegetation regeneration ability, and human activities such as mining, logging, and road construction, which could greatly disturb the unique ecosystem, should be restricted.

Background Despite an increasing number of surveys and a growing interest in birdwatching, the population and distribution of Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus), a species endemic to the East Asian–Australasian and Central Asian Flyways, remains poorly understood, and published information about the species is largely outdated. In boreal spring 2019, over 22,432 Asian Dowitchers were recorded in a coastal wetland at Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China, constituting 97.5% of its estimated global population. Methods In 2019 and 2020, we conducted field surveys at Lianyungang to determine the numbers of Asian Dowitchers using the area during both southward and northward migrations. We also assessed the distribution and abundance of Asian Dowitchers elsewhere along the China coast by searching literature and consulting expert opinion. Results The coastal wetlands of Lianyungang are the most important stopover site for Asian Dowitchers during both northward and southward migrations; they supported over 90% of the estimated global population during northward migration in two consecutive years (May 2019 and 2020). This area also supported at least 15.83% and 28.42% (or 30.74% and 53.51% using modelled estimates) of the global population during southward migration in 2019 and 2020 respectively. Coastal wetlands in the west and north of Bohai Bay also have been important stopover sites for the species since the 1990s. Although comprehensive, long-term monitoring data are lacking, available evidence suggests that the population of the species may have declined. Conclusions The high concentration of Asian Dowitchers at Lianyungang during migration means the species is highly susceptible to human disturbances and natural stochastic events. The coastal wetlands of Lianyungang should be protected and potentially qualify for inclusion in China’s forthcoming nomination for World Heritage listing of Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea-Bohai Gulf of China (Phase II) in 2023. Additional research is needed to understand Asian Dowitchers’ distribution and ecology, as well as why such a high proportion of their population rely on the Lianyungang coast.

The lands of North Africa under Roman rule were for a long time considered to be of great wealth, and thanks to the development of agriculture it was possible to obtain surpluses that were exported throughout the Mediterranean. Thamugadi was a rich and prosperous colony that served to show the power of Rome in North Africa thanks to its sumptuous buildings and infrastructures, which reflected the advantages of the Roman way of life compared to other peoples. It is considered one of the best urban examples from Roman times, and in 1982 it was classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The UNESCO Conventions for the Protection of the material World Heritage (1972) and for the Preservation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (ICH) (2003) use the listing practice for wo...

Well-developed in the context of climate change, the concept of adaptive capacity has so far not been applied extensively to the study of World Heritage management. This paper applies the analytic framework of adaptive capacity to better understand how institutional attributes enable or hinder systemic adaptation in managing World Heritage sites as boundaries of practice expand due to changing concepts of heritage and emerging management challenges. Drawing upon case studies from Southeast Asia, the study proposes a refined framework with the following dimensions of adaptive capacity: cognitive frames, learning capacity, resources, formal governance measures, organizational relationships, and agency.

This article proposes that the Dutch Wadden Sea, a tidal wetland, can be protected by recognizing that it can own itself, in keeping with the emerging international trend of granting rights and leg...

The aims of this study is to find out how the Development of Kedah Natural Tourism Object in the Development of Leuser Ecowisata Area. The descriptive method of this study using qualitative research. The result shows that the SWOT analysis, Kedah Nature Tourism Objects shows that the position of the Kedah Nature Tourism Objects is in quadrant 1, this indicates that Kedah Nature Tourism Objects are in a very favorable position where the power possessed by Kedah Nature Tourism Objects such as the entrance to the Leuser Mountain which is one of the World Heritage has interesting flora and fauna and beautiful natural panorama and the air is still cool and clean can cover weaknesses and threats such as lack of facilities and infrastructure, unprofessional management and so forth. This position also makes Kedah Nature Tourism Objects can take all the opportunities available such as making Kedah Natural Tourism Objects a place for flora and fauna research for students and potential souvenirs, and so on.

Ecological risk assessment plays an important role in avoiding disasters and reducing losses. Natural world heritage site is the most precious natural assets on earth, yet few studies have assessed ecological risks from the perspective of world heritage conservation and management. A methodology for considering ecological threats and vulnerabilities and focusing on heritage value was introduced and discussed for the Bogda component of the Xinjiang Tianshan Natural World Heritage Site. Three important results are presented. (1) Criteria layers and ecological risk showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. Extremely high-risk and high-risk areas, accounting for 13.60% and 32.56%, respectively, were mainly gathered at Tianchi Lake and Bogda Glacier, whereas the extremely low-risk and low-risk areas, covering 1.33% and 17.51% of the site,were mainly distributed to the north and scattered around in the southwest montane region. (2) The level of risk was positively correlated with the type of risk, and as the level of risk increases, the types of risk increase. Only two risk types were observed in the extremely low-risk areas, whereas six risk types were observed in the high-risk areas and eight risk types were observed in the extremely high-risk areas. (3) From the perspective of risk probability and ecological damage, four risk management categories were proposed, and correlative strategies were proposed to reduce the possibility of ecological risk and to sustain or enhance heritage value.

For the past two centuries or so, education systems in Africa have changed from parental- to school-based training. With this pedagogical shift, children and young people are mentored using school ...

Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley is a semi-arid zone in the south of Mexico. It was inscribed in the World Heritage List by the UNESCO in 2018. This unique area has wide biodiversity including several endemic plants. Unfortunately, human activity is constantly affecting the area. A way to preserve a protected area is to carry out autonomous surveillance of the area. A first step to reach this autonomy is to automatically detect and recognize elements in the area. In this work, we present a deep learning based approach for columnar cactus recognition, specifically, the Neobuxbaumia tetetzo species, endemic of the Valley. An image dataset was generated for this study by our research team, containing more than 10,000 image examples. The proposed approach uses this dataset to train a modified LeNet-5 Convolutional Neural Network. Experimental results have shown a high recognition accuracy, 0.95 for the validation set, validating the use of the approach for columnar cactus recognition.

World Heritage Sites have a duty, through educational and information programmes, to strengthen appreciation and respect by their peoples of the cultural and natural heritage of that site. The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site (JCWHS) showcases nearly 185 million years of Earth’s history across 95 miles of coast and exemplifies some of the most spectacular rocks, fossils and landforms in the world. However, imparting these values to non-specialist audiences of all ages, abilities and needs provides unique challenges and opportunities. A critical factor for success in addressing such a wide audience is ensuring that content is relevant, meaningful and focused on the expectations of the end user. In this paper we present our learning framework that is based around two approaches. Firstly, we map out the needs and expectations of each of our four core audience groups and set out guidelines for who we should aim our content at and how that should be delivered. Secondly, we set out three pathways (Inspire, Curious and Motivated) through which a person may choose to engage with the Jurassic Coast. We argue that if our tailored content and experiences can resonate with a person at an emotional and intellectual level, they will ultimately become devoted to the Jurassic Coast. Through empowering a community of people who understand and appreciate the geoheritage of the Jurassic Coast, they can become advocates and champions for its protection and conservation in the future.

The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site is a landscape defined by change and process. As such, the approach to its heritage must be similarly flexible and active. A balance must be found between celebrating these processes of change, whilst also conserving those invaluable discoveries and features that so define this coast, as well as encouraging ongoing research and public engagement. This delicate task can be aided firstly by thinking about this geologically defined World Heritage Site as a landscape. In this way it is possible to develop rich and nuanced narratives between the human and geological. Secondly, by embracing new technologies and methodologies to record, archive and communicate features and finds, as well as the process of change itself. Here, we explore these ideas through two unique sites of geological and palaeontological interest discovered in the process of quarrying. To balance keeping the sites open to the public with the risk of natural and human damage to the sites, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry was used to create accurate, high-resolution, georeferenced 3D models. The process and potentials of the technique are discussed, alongside a discussion of the broader ideas of heritage and approaches already at play on this coastline.

This study examines residential architecture in the historic core of Erbil, a registered World Heritage Site, for its use of climate responsive strategies. The analysis seeks to explain the...

World Heritage sites provide a key mechanism for protecting areas of universal importance. However, fifty-four UNESCO sites are currently listed as “In Danger”, with 40% of these located in the Middle East. Since 2010 alone, thirty new sites were identified as under risk globally. We combined big-data and remote sensing to examine whether they can effectively be used to identify danger to World Heritage in near real-time. We found that armed-conflicts substantially threaten both natural- and cultural-heritage listed sites. Other major risks include poor management and development (globally), poaching (Africa mostly) and deforestation (tropics), yet conflict is the most prominent threat. We show that news-mining of big-data on conflicts and remote sensing of nights-lights enabled us to identify conflict afflicted areas in near real-time. These findings provide a crucial avenue for developing a global transparent early-warning system before irreversible damage to world heritage takes place.

As other economic sectors, tourism has been affected by the irruption of the new economy. Transportation, accommodation, and other services related to tourism are undergoing great changes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between motivations, satisfaction and consumer behavior in the people who visit the city of Córdoba and who use the services of the collaborative economy, specifically concerning accommodation. A survey was carried out on a representative sample of tourists who visited Córdoba and who stayed in tourist apartments. Results show a positive influence of the motivations on the consumer behavior, as well as on the satisfaction of the tourists who practice collaborative tourism in the city of Córdoba.

This article investigates the complex relations between heritage and memory through an analysis of the UNESCO World Heritage ‘Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution’ and its component...

In an era of digital imagery, the analog film archives around the world continue to age and perish. With a decaying film stock and conditions such as inadequate storing and limited reliable backup methods, an irreversible and progressively more rapid loss of recorded material is observed. Since the 1930’s the FIAF (International Federation of Film Archives) has been contributing to significant efforts in order to avoid the permanent loss of these materials. UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), understanding the certainty of such a future gave the official status of World Heritage to international film archives in the 1980s in an effort to promote the works for its preservation. Despite these efforts though, constraints in fostering these works still exist. The 5G Networks that are being architected to pave the way for new technological services by 2020, will help to overcome some of those difficulties. This paper will address the service orchestration to protect the film archives around the world under the new 5G era.