134 results
Search Results
2. CO 2 capture performance and characterization of cellulose aerogels synthesized from old corrugated containers.
- Author
-
Miao Y, Luo H, Pudukudy M, Zhi Y, Zhao W, Shan S, Jia Q, and Ni Y
- Subjects
- Adsorption, Gels, Paper, Porosity, Recycling, Sodium Hydroxide chemistry, Urea chemistry, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Carbon Sequestration, Cellulose chemistry
- Abstract
Old corrugated containers with low recyclability were used as raw materials to synthesize a series of aerogels with varying cellulose concentrations in NaOH/urea solution via a freeze-drying process. The resulting aerogels had a rich porous structure with specific surface areas in the range of 132.72-245.19 m
2 .g-1 and mesopore volumes in the range of 0.73-1.53 cm3 .g-1 , and were tested for CO2 sorption at ambient temperature and pressure, displaying excellent CO2 adsorption capacities in the range of 1.96-11.78 mmol.g-1 . Furthermore, the CO2 /N2 selectivity of aerogels decreased with decreasing specific surface area, which was mainly caused by the decrease in CO2 capture. In addition, the CO2 sorption capacity of the sample with 2% cellulose content, CA-2, exceeded the values reported so far for many other sorbents with higher specific surface areas, and showed reasonable cyclic stability for CO2 capture. Therefore, this adsorbent represents an attractive prospect for CO2 uptake at room temperature., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Maximization of CO 2 storage for various solvent types in indirect carbonation using paper sludge ash.
- Author
-
Kim MJ and Kim D
- Subjects
- Calcium Carbonate chemistry, Carbon chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Industrial Waste analysis, Paper, Solvents chemistry, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Carbonates chemistry, Coal Ash chemistry, Sewage chemistry
- Abstract
This study aimed to maximise the amount of CO
2 storage by indirect carbonation using paper sludge ash (PSA), which is an alkaline industrial waste. The properties of the following three types of solvents were considered: acids (acetic acid and hydrochloric acid), ammonium salts (ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate) and others (sodium citrate and water). When carbon dioxide was injected into calcium leachates prepared from PSA using acids, carbonation did not occur, and using ammonium salts as solvent, the carbonation efficiency was low. However, after pH swing of the leachates using sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution for acid and ammonium salt solvents, up to 324 kg CO2 /(ton PSA) and 175 kg CO2 /(ton PSA) were stored, respectively. When carbon dioxide was injected into calcium leachates prepared from PSA using sodium citrate or water, solid was initially generated which later dissolved. In order to solve this problem, CO2 injection was stopped just before the pH of the solution reached 10.5 for sodium citrate and 8.3 for water, resulting in the storage of 136 kg CO2 /(ton PSA) and 29 kg CO2 /(ton PSA), respectively. Solids obtained through carbonation were pure calcium carbonate.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Paper based platform for colorimetric sensing of dissolved NH3 and CO2.
- Author
-
Chen Y, Zilberman Y, Mostafalu P, and Sonkusale SR
- Subjects
- Ammonia chemistry, Biomarkers chemistry, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Colorimetry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Limit of Detection, Paper, Ammonia isolation & purification, Biosensing Techniques, Carbon Dioxide isolation & purification
- Abstract
Paper, a cheap and ubiquitous material, has great potential to be used as low-cost, portable and biodegradable platform for chemical and biological sensing application. In this paper, we are exploring a low-cost, flexible and reliable method to effectively pattern paper for capturing optical dyes and for flow-based delivery of target samples for colorimetric chemical sensing. In this paper, we target the detection of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2), two of the important environmental and health biomarkers. By functionalizing the paper platform with diverse cross-reactive dyes sensitive to NH3 and CO2, their selective sensing within a certain pH range, as well as their detection at different concentrations can be achieved. The images of paper based device were captured by a flatbed scanner and processed in MATLAB(®) using a RGB model and PCA for quantitative analysis. Paper based devices with readout using ubiquitous consumer electronic devices (e.g. smartphones, flatbed scanner) are considered promising approaches for disease screening in developing countries with limited resources., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Carbon prices and incentives for technological development.
- Author
-
Lundgren T, Marklund PO, Samakovlis E, and Zhou W
- Subjects
- Economic Development, Humans, Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence, Models, Theoretical, Sweden, Taxes, Air Pollution prevention & control, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Industrial Waste economics, Paper
- Abstract
There is concern that the carbon prices generated through climate policies are too low to create the incentives necessary to stimulate technological development. This paper empirically analyzes how the Swedish carbon dioxide (CO2) tax and the European Union emission trading system (EU ETS) have affected productivity development in the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1998-2008. A Luenberger total factor productivity (TFP) indicator is computed using data envelopment analysis. The results show that climate policy had a modest impact on technological development in the pulp and paper industry, and if significant it was negative. The price of fossil fuels, on the contrary, seems to have created important incentives for technological development. Hence, the results suggest that the carbon prices faced by the industry through EU ETS and the CO2 tax have been too low. Even though the data for this study is specific for Sweden, the models and results are applicable internationally. When designing policy to mitigate CO2 emissions, it is vital that the policy creates a carbon price that is high enough - otherwise the pressure on technological development will not be sufficiently strong., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Carbon dioxide capture utilizing zeolites synthesized with paper sludge and scrap-glass.
- Author
-
Espejel-Ayala F, Corella RC, Pérez AM, Pérez-Hernández R, and Ramírez-Zamora RM
- Subjects
- Adsorption, Glass chemistry, Paper, Sewage chemistry, Solid Waste analysis, Waste Disposal Facilities, Biofuels analysis, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Methane chemistry, Waste Management methods, Zeolites chemistry
- Abstract
The present work introduces the study of the CO2 capture process by zeolites synthesized from paper sludge and scrap glass. Zeolites ZSM-5, analcime and wairakite were produced by means of two types of Structure Directing Agents (SDA): tetrapropilamonium (TPA) and ethanol. On the one hand, zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized using TPA; on the other hand, analcime and wairakite were produced with ethanol. The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) technique was performed for determining the CO2 sorption capacity of these zeolites at two sorption temperatures: 50 and 100 °C. CO2 sorption capacity of zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized at 50 °C was 0.683 mmol/g representing 38.2% of the value measured for a zeolite ZSM-5 commercial. Zeolite analcime showed a higher CO2 sorption capacity (1.698 mmol/g) at 50 °C and its regeneration temperature was relatively low. Zeolites synthesized in this study can be used in the purification of biogas and this will produce energy without increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentrations., (© The Author(s) 2014.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
- Author
-
Chen HY, Liao W, Wu BZ, Nian H, Chiu K, and Yak HK
- Subjects
- Alkanesulfonic Acids chemistry, Caprylates chemistry, Environmental Pollutants chemistry, Fluorocarbons chemistry, Methanol chemistry, Nitric Acid chemistry, Pressure, Solubility, Temperature, Time Factors, Alkanesulfonic Acids isolation & purification, Caprylates isolation & purification, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Chemical Fractionation methods, Environmental Pollutants isolation & purification, Fluorocarbons isolation & purification, Paper, Silicon Dioxide chemistry
- Abstract
The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO(3) as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO(2)) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO(3) and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO(2), under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Neutralization of acid mine drainage using the final product from CO2 emissions capture with alkaline paper mill waste.
- Author
-
Pérez-López R, Castillo J, Quispe D, and Nieto JM
- Subjects
- Acids, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Software, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Environmental Restoration and Remediation methods, Industrial Waste, Mining, Paper
- Abstract
In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the applicability of low-cost alkaline paper mill wastes as acidity neutralizing agents for treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD). Paper wastes include a calcium mud by-product from kraft pulping, and a calcite powder from a previous study focused on sequestering CO(2) by carbonation of calcium mud. The neutralization process consisted of increase of pH by alkaline additive dissolution, decrease of metals solubility and precipitation of gypsum and poorly crystallized Fe-Al oxy-hydroxides/oxy-hydroxysulphates, which acted as a sink for trace elements to that extent that solutions reached the pre-potability requirements of water for human consumption. This improvement was supported by geochemical modelling of solutions using PHREEQC software, and observations by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction of reaction products. According to PHREEQC simulations, the annual amount of alkaline additive is able to treat AMD (pH 3.63, sulphate 3800 mg L(-1), iron 348 mg L(-1)) with an average discharge of about 114 and 40 Ls(-1) for calcium mud and calcite powder, respectively. Likewise, given the high potential of calcium mud to sequester CO(2) and of resulting calcite powder to neutralize AMD, paper wastes could be a promising solution for facing this double environmental problem., (Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Recycling of paper: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions.
- Author
-
Merrild H, Damgaard A, and Christensen TH
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring, Air Pollutants analysis, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Global Warming, Paper
- Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been established for recycling of paper waste with focus on a material recovery facility (MRF). The MRF upgrades the paper and cardboard waste before it is delivered to other industries where new paper or board products are produced. The accounting showed that the GHG contributions from the upstream activities and operational activities, with global warming factors (GWFs) of respectively 1 to 29 and 3 to 9 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) paper waste, were small in comparison wih the downstream activities. The GHG contributions from the downstream reprocessing of the paper waste ranged from approximately 490 to 1460 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne( -1) of paper waste. The system may be expanded to include crediting of avoided virgin paper production which would result in GHG contributions from -1270 to 390 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) paper waste. It may also be assumed that the wood not used for virgin paper production instead is used for production of energy that in turn is assumed to substitute for fossil fuel energy. This would result in GHG contributions from -1850 to -4400 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) of paper waste. These system expansions reveal very large GHG savings, suggesting that the indirect upstream and operational GHG contributions are negligible in comparison with the indirect downstream emissions. However, the data for reprocessing of paper waste and the data for virgin paper production are highly variable. These differences are mainly related to different energy sources for the mills, both in regards to energy form (heat or electricity) and fuel (biomass or fossil fuels).
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Intra-puff CO and CO2 measurements of cigarettes with iron oxide cigarette paper using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy.
- Author
-
Crawford DR, Parrish ME, Gee DL, and Harward CN
- Subjects
- Lasers, Quantum Theory, Spectrum Analysis instrumentation, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Carbon Monoxide analysis, Ferric Compounds, Paper, Smoking, Spectrum Analysis methods
- Abstract
The objective of this research was to apply Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) for measuring selected gaseous constituents in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke for experimental cigarettes designed to reduce MS CO using iron oxide cigarette papers. These two complimentary analytical techniques are well suited for providing per puff smoke deliveries and intra-puff evolution profiles in cigarette smoke respectively. The quad quantum cascade (QC) laser high resolution infrared spectroscopy system has the necessary temporal and spectral resolution and whole smoke analysis capabilities to provide detailed information for CO and CO(2) as they are being formed in both MS and SS smoke. The QC laser system has an optimal data rate of 20 Hz and a unique puffing system, with a square wave shaped puff, that allows whole smoke to enter an 18 m, 0.3 L multi-pass gas cell in real time (0.1s cell response time) requiring no syringe or Cambridge filter pad. Another similar multi-pass gas cell with a 36 m pathlength simultaneously monitors the sidestream cigarette smoke. The smoke from experimental cigarettes manufactured with two types of iron oxide papers were compared to the smoke from cigarettes manufactured similarly without iron oxide in the paper using both instrument systems. The delivery per puff determined by the QC laser method agreed with FTIR results. MS CO intra-puff evolution profiles for iron oxide prototype cigarettes demonstrated CO reduction when compared to cigarettes without iron oxide paper. Additionally, both CO and CO(2) intra-puff evolution profiles of the cigarettes with iron oxide paper showed a significant reduction at the initial portion of the 2 s puff not observed in the non-iron oxide prototype cigarettes. This effect also was observed for ammonia and ethylene, suggesting that physical parameters such as paper porosity and burn rate are important. The SS CO and CO(2) deliveries for the experimental cigarettes evaluated remained unaffected. The iron oxide paper technology remains under development and continues to be evaluated.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Carbon dioxide and ammonia emissions during composting of mixed paper, yard waste and food waste.
- Author
-
Komilis DP and Ham RK
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Bioreactors, Environmental Monitoring, Garbage, Paper, Plant Leaves, Poaceae, Soil, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Models, Theoretical, Refuse Disposal
- Abstract
The objective of the work was to provide a method to predict CO2 and NH3 yields during composting of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The compostable portion of MSW was simulated using three principal biodegradable components, namely mixed paper wastes, yard wastes and food wastes. Twelve laboratory runs were carried out at thermophilic temperatures based on the principles of mixture experimental and full factorial designs. Seeded mixed paper (MXP), seeded yard waste (YW) and seeded food waste (FW), each composted individually, produced 150, 220 and 370 g CO2-C, and 2.0, 4.4 and 34 g NH3-N per dry kg of initial substrate, respectively. Several experimental runs were also carried out with different mixtures of these three substrates. The effect of seeding was insignificant during composting of food wastes and yard wastes, while seeding was necessary for composting of mixed paper. Polynomial equations were developed to predict CO2 and NH3 (in amounts of mass per dry kg of MSW) from mixtures of MSW. No interactions among components were found to be significant when predicting CO2 yields, while the interaction of food wastes and mixed paper was found to be significant when predicting NH3 yields.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. pH maintenance of Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp mill effluent by CO2 recycling during trout lethality testing.
- Author
-
Elliott GE, Mitchelmore L, Antoniolli W, and Kruper N
- Subjects
- Animals, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Industrial Waste, Paper, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Toxicity Tests methods, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods, Water Pollutants toxicity
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The effect of occlusion on carbon dioxide emission from human skin.
- Author
-
King RD, Cunico RL, Maibach HI, Greenberg JH, West ML, and Jeppsen JC
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Male, Occlusive Dressings, Paper, Plastics, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Skin metabolism
- Abstract
The effect of occlusion on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate (CDER) of human skin was determined. Occlusive plastic tape elevated the CDER 4.5 times (90nl/cm2/hr) over the normal CDER (20nl/cm2/hr). This increase was noted within a 3-hour period. Non-occlusive paper tape had no effect on CDER. Quantitation of the amount of CO2 under plastic tape revealed that CO2 was present at a concentration of 8-10%. Removal of the plastic tape after 24 hours allowed the CDER to return to approximately normal values within 2 hours. The mechanism by which occlusive plastic tape mediates this dramatic effect on CDER as well as the significance of elevated CO2 concentrations under occlusion are discussed.
- Published
- 1978
14. Letter: The oily paper bag.
- Author
-
Barach AL
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Humans, Paper, Partial Pressure, Carbon Dioxide blood, Hyperventilation therapy, Respiration
- Published
- 1974
15. Mass transfer of Co2 across membranes: facilitation in the presence of bicarbonate ion and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
- Author
-
Suchdeo SR and Schultz JS
- Subjects
- Acetazolamide, Biological Transport, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Diffusion, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Mathematics, Mercury, Models, Biological, Paper, Pressure, Bicarbonates pharmacology, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Carbonic Anhydrases metabolism, Membranes, Artificial
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. [On C. Kunkel's paper, An apparatus for pressure measurement during application of carbon dioxide snow].
- Author
-
GEIER F
- Subjects
- Humans, Carbon Dioxide, Dry Ice, Paper, Pressure
- Published
- 1955
17. CO2 assimilation by chloroplasts illuminated on filter paper.
- Author
-
Coombs J and Baldry CW
- Subjects
- Acetone, Carbon Isotopes, Chloroplasts radiation effects, Chromatography, Paper, Filtration, Paper, Plants, Edible cytology, Trioses, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Chloroplasts metabolism, Glyceric Acids biosynthesis, Light, Phosphates biosynthesis, Radiation Effects
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Ornithine decarboxylase in mouse placenta assayed by a paper disc method for 14 CO 2 capture.
- Author
-
Jones RD, Hampton JK Jr, and Preslock JP
- Subjects
- Absorption, Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Dithiothreitol, Edetic Acid, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, In Vitro Techniques, Indicators and Reagents, Methods, Mice, Mice, Inbred CBA, Mice, Inbred Strains, Ornithine, Paper, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Carboxy-Lyases analysis, Placenta enzymology
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Green University and the reduction of the carbon footprint in academic activities at a public university in Ecuador.
- Author
-
Mendoza Vargas, Emma Yolanda, Saa Saltos, Jorge Wilson, Fiallos Barrionuevo, Alex Rosendo, and Escobar Terán, Harold Elbert
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC universities & colleges , *ECOLOGICAL impact , *CARBON emissions , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The carbon footprint is one of the main factors for measuring CO emissions2, this atmospheric gas represents a worldwide environmental problem. Currently, universities are making inroads into the solution through the quantification and mitigation of CO2. Academic activities and the delivery of physical documents generate high amounts of paper consumption and consequently levels of CO2, which establishes a problem. The objective is to estimate the carbon footprint of the Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) located in Ecuador. The methodology employed consisted of a quantification of the number of files registered in the academic system per year. The files were multiplied by an average number of sheets obtained through a survey applied to teachers. The carbon footprint was determined by multiplying the CO emission factor2 by annual paper consumption. The emissions obtained are 3.21 ton CO2 eq to 3.00 ton CO2 eq for the year 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, respectively. The virtual education implemented at UTEQ contributed to the fulfillment of climate change objectives, due to the non-emitted CO2 emissions determined in this study, an issue that is related to the achievement of a green university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
20. Conserving the Boreal Forest by Shifting the Emphasis of Management Action from Vegetation to the Atmosphere
- Author
-
Fitzsimmons, M. J., Apps, Michael J., editor, Price, David T., editor, and Wisniewski, Joe, editor
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Measuring hemoglobin spectra: searching for carbamino-hemoglobin
- Author
-
Wilfried Uhring, Emmanuel Dervieux, Michael Theron, and Quentin Bodinier
- Subjects
Paper ,Materials science ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Partial Pressure ,Biomedical Engineering ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,010309 optics ,Biomaterials ,Spectrophotometry ,Photoplethysmogram ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,spectrophotometry ,Oximetry ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,General ,transcutaneous monitoring ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Carbon Dioxide ,hemoglobin ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Ambient air ,pulse oximetry ,Pulse oximetry ,Oxyhemoglobins ,photoplethysmography ,Hemoglobin ,Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
Significance: The arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure PaCO2 is a clinically relevant variable. However, its measurement requires arterial blood sampling or bulky and expensive transcutaneous PtcCO2 meters. While the spectrophotometric determination of hemoglobin species—such as oxy-hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HHb)—allowed for the development of pulse oximetry, the measurement of CO2 blood content with minimal discomfort has not been addressed yet. Aim: Characterizing human carbamino-hemoglobin (CO2Hb) absorption spectrum, which is missing from the literature. Providing the theoretical background that will allow for transcutaneous, noninvasive PaCO2 measurements. Approach: A tonometry-based approach was used to obtain gas-equilibrated, lysed, diluted human blood. Equilibration was performed with both CO2, dinitrogen (N2), and ambient air. Spectrophotometric measurements were carried out on the 235- to 1000-nm range. A theoretical background was also derived from that of pulse oximetry. Results: The absorption spectra of both CO2Hb and HHb were extremely close and comparable with that of state-of-the-art HHb. The above-mentioned theoretical background led to an estimated relative error above 30% on the measured amount of CO2Hb in a subject’s blood. Auxiliary measurements revealed that the use of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid did not interfere with spectrophotometric measurements, whereas sodium metabisulfite did. Conclusions: CO2Hb absorption spectrum was measured for the first time. Such spectrum being close to that of HHb, the use of a theoretical background based on pulse oximetry theory for noninvasive PaCO2 measurement seems extremely challenging.
- Published
- 2020
22. Advantages and possibilities of solid recovered fuel cocombustion in the European energy sector
- Author
-
Scheffknecht, Guenter [University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart (Germany). Institut fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD)]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Paper and Paperboard Demand and Associated Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Asia Through 2050.
- Author
-
Kayo, Chihiro, Hashimoto, Seiji, and Moriguchi, Yuichi
- Subjects
- *
PAPER , *CARDBOARD , *ECONOMIC demand , *CARBON dioxide , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *SULFATE waste liquor , *INDUSTRIAL ecology , *WASTE paper - Abstract
This study estimated paper and paperboard demand, pulpwood demand, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from production of paper and paperboard through 2050 in ten Asian countries. Under scenarios of varying population, gross domestic product (GDP), and per capita paper and paperboard demand, we analyzed the relationship between economic growth and consumption of paper and paperboard. We also evaluated options to reduce CO2 emissions through increased use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, and wood chemical pulping, as well as improvements in pulp, paper, and paperboard production technology. The quadratic curve model (inverted U) for per capita consumption of paper and paperboard against per capita GDP resulted in significant regression coefficients and higher adjusted R2 values than linear and logarithmic curve models for all uses of paper and paperboard. The estimated paper and paperboard demand in the ten countries in 2050 ranged from 112% (328%) to 156% (454%) of total 2005 consumption for the world (for the ten Asian countries). Of this estimated paper and paperboard demand, China accounted for about 50% and India 20%. The estimated pulpwood demand in these ten countries in 2050 ranged from 13% (48%) to 21% (84%) of global (ten country) 2005 wood supply potential. The introduction or increase of the use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, the combination of wood chemical pulping and black liquor, and technological improvements produced CO2 reductions of 24%, 5%, 32%, and 25%, respectively, compared to 2050 emission levels in the no-measure (unadjusted) option, assuming sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Synergies from combined pulp&paper and fuel production
- Author
-
Tunå, Per, Hulteberg, Christian, Hansson, Jens, Åsblad, Anders, and Andersson, Eva
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS gasification , *WOOD-pulp , *PULP mills , *FUEL , *COMPUTER simulation , *FISCHER-Tropsch process , *CHEMICAL synthesis , *METHANOL , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, the prospect of integrating a combined paper&pulp mill with fuel production via biomass gasification was investigated. In the study, three different types of gasifiers (circulating fluidised bed, entrained flow and indirect gasification) and three fuel processes (dimethyl ether, methanol and Fischer-Tropsch wax synthesis) were investigated using computer simulations. The paper reports differences from the stand-alone cases and the integrated cases, using the electricity equivalence efficiency as a measure. Only 6 out of the 18 integrated cases studied displayed a positive result from integration and no obvious fuel selection that stand out as the most beneficial one, however the synthesis of dimethyl ether is, in combination with all gasifiers assessed a rather good choice, with an change in efficiency from integration ranging from −1% to 4%. Dimethyl ether is not the best choice if the electrical equivalence is to be maximised however. In this case the combination of circulating fluidised bed gasification and methanol synthesis should be pursued. The production of Fischer-Tropsch wax should according to the chosen measure not be produced; however there is an added value in the production of a non-oxygenated fuel which has not been taken into account in this particular study. All cases leads to a reduction of 0.4–0.9 kg CO2 per kg of dry biomass used in the process for fuel synthesis and the possibility to export bark is a more significant factor in this respect than which type of fuel is synthesised. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Wheat gluten-coated papers for bio-based food packaging: Structure, surface and transfer properties
- Author
-
Guillaume, Carole, Pinte, Jeremy, Gontard, Nathalie, and Gastaldi, Emmanuelle
- Subjects
- *
GLUTEN , *WHEAT products , *FOOD packaging , *FOOD preservation , *PACKAGED foods , *WATER vapor transport , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Abstract: The objective of the present work was to understand how the structural, surface, water vapour and gas barrier properties of wheat gluten (WG) coated paper could be influenced by the features of paper. For this purpose, a surface treated paper (TP) and an untreated paper (UTP) were compared. Penetration of WG-coating into the bulk of paper was more pronounced in UTP than TP. This led to the formation of a significant junction zone resulting in an interpenetrated structure for WG–UTP, suggesting a composite-like structure, while a bi-layer one was obtained for WG–TP. Differences in WG penetration were related to the hydrophilicity, roughness and porosity of the paper used. Even though the extent of penetration did not greatly affect the surface properties (water and oil resistance), the transfer properties (water vapour, O2 and CO2) of WG-coated papers were significantly improved when WG-coating highly penetrated: while the WG–TP behaved as a micro-perforated material, the WG–UTP behaved as WG-film. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Properties of superhydrophobic paper treated with rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 containing a crystallizing wax.
- Author
-
Werner, Oskar, Can Quan, Turner, Charlotta, Pettersson, Bert, and Wågberg, Lars
- Subjects
HYDROPHOBIC surfaces ,PAPER ,SURFACE chemistry ,ORGANIC solvents ,CONTACT angle ,SCANNING electron microscopy - Abstract
Paper samples were rendered superhydrophobic with Alkyl Ketene Dimer using (1) Airblasting with cryo ground micro particles, (2) crystallizing from organic solvents and (3) spraying with Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) technique. The papers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, contact angle to water measurements and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Advancing contact angles were in the region of 150°–160° and receding contact angles were in the region of 110°–130°. Diagrams showing the drop base diameter vs. the contact angle when water is pumped into, and then withdrawn from, a sessile drop show that a stick slip pattern is present in the advancing phase for a non coated internally sized paper. Papers rendered superhydrophobic with the RESS technique showed a much less pronounced stick slip pattern in the advancing phase but still a stick slip pattern in the receding phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Characteristics of cardboard and paper gasification with CO2
- Author
-
Ahmed, I. and Gupta, A.K.
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS gasification , *CARDBOARD , *PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *SYNTHESIS gas , *TEMPERATURE effect , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *PYROLYSIS , *CHEMICAL kinetics - Abstract
Abstract: Evolutionary behavior of syngas chemical composition and yield have been examined for paper and cardboard at three different temperatures of 800, 900 and 1000°C using CO2 as the gasifying agent at constant flow rate. Specifically the evolution of syngas chemical composition with time has been investigated. Pyrolysis of the sample was dominant at the beginning of the gasification process as observed from the high initial devolatilization of the sample followed by char gasification of material to form syngas for a long period of time. Results provided the role of gasification temperature on kinetics of the CO2 gasification process. Increase in gasification temperature provided increased conversion of the sample material to syngas. Thus the sample conversion to syngas was low at the low temperature of 800°C while at elevated temperatures of 900 and 1000°C substantial enhancement of the kinetics process occurred. The evolution of extensive reaction rate of carbon-monoxide was calculated. Results show that increase in temperature increased the extensive reaction rate of carbon-monoxide. The global behavior of syngas chemical composition examined at three different temperatures revealed a peak in concentration of H2 to exhibit after few minutes into the gasification that changed with gasification temperature. At 800°C gasification temperature peak in H2 was displayed at 3min into gasification while it decreased to only 2min, approximately, at gasification temperatures of 900 and 1000°C. The effect of reactor temperature on CO mole fraction has also been examined. Increase in the gasification temperature enhances the mole fraction of CO yields. This is attributed to the increase in forward reaction rate of the Boudouard reaction (). The results show important role of CO2 gas for the gasification of wastes and low grade fuels to clean syngas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Generation of superhydrophobic paper surfaces by a rapidly expanding supercritical carbon dioxide–alkyl ketene dimer solution
- Author
-
Quan, Can, Werner, Oskar, Wågberg, Lars, and Turner, Charlotta
- Subjects
- *
HYDROPHOBIC surfaces , *PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *SOLUTION (Chemistry) , *SUPERCRITICAL fluids , *DIMERS , *KETENES - Abstract
Abstract: Superhydrophobic alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) layers were successfully produced on top of untreated paper surfaces by a rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 solution (RESS) process. The new method resulted in a degree of hydrophobicity, as measured by contact angles of water droplets on AKD surfaces, dramatically higher, up to 173°, compared to a conventional method consisting in melting AKD granules directly on the paper substrate, giving contact angles of around 109°. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying pre-expansion pressure (100–300bar), pre-expansion temperature (40 and 60°C) and spraying distance (10 and 50mm) on the properties of the treated surfaces. The surfaces were analyzed regarding AKD particle size, surface morphology and hydrophobicity with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements. The average AKD particle size after RESS processing was between 1 and 2μm depending upon the experimental conditions used, being slightly smaller when using higher pre-expansion pressure and temperature as well as shorter spraying distance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Behaviour of Paper Treated in a Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere.
- Author
-
Kobiakova, Valeria I. and Dobrusina, Svetlana A.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *ATMOSPHERIC chemistry , *ATMOSPHERE - Abstract
Presents a study that investigated the influence of a modified, carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere on the properties of paper. Types of paper used in the experiment; Properties of the paper samples treated in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide; Behavior of paper treated in a carbon dioxide modified atmosphere.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Biodegradation and Disintegration of Paper Products in the Composting Environment.
- Author
-
Venelampi, Olli, Weber, Assi, Ronkko, Timo, and Itavaara, Merja
- Subjects
- *
BIODEGRADATION , *RECYCLED products , *PAPER , *COMPOSTING , *LIGNINS , *CARBON dioxide , *BAGS - Abstract
Presents a study that investigated the biodegradability and disintegration of paper product and its effects on compost quality. Effect of lignin content of materials in the low biodegradability level based on microbial degradation and measurement of carbon dioxide evolution; Degradation of nylon bags; Results of data analysis.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. CO
- Author
-
Yingju, Miao, Hongchao, Luo, Manoj, Pudukudy, Yunfei, Zhi, Wenbo, Zhao, Shaoyun, Shan, Qingming, Jia, and Yonghao, Ni
- Subjects
Paper ,Carbon Sequestration ,Sodium Hydroxide ,Urea ,Recycling ,Adsorption ,Carbon Dioxide ,Cellulose ,Gels ,Porosity - Abstract
Old corrugated containers with low recyclability were used as raw materials to synthesize a series of aerogels with varying cellulose concentrations in NaOH/urea solution via a freeze-drying process. The resulting aerogels had a rich porous structure with specific surface areas in the range of 132.72-245.19 m
- Published
- 2019
32. Displacement dewatering of sludge with supercritical CO2.
- Author
-
Asafu-Adjaye, Osei, Via, Brian, Sastri, Bhima, and Banerjee, Sujit
- Subjects
- *
SUPERCRITICAL carbon dioxide , *SEWAGE sludge , *SLUDGE conditioning , *WATER efficiency , *SUPERCRITICAL water , *CARBON dioxide , *POLYWATER , *SEWAGE - Abstract
• Supercritical CO 2 displaces water from alum, wastewater, and paper sludge. • Multistage dewatering increases the degree of dewatering. • The expanding CO 2 blows out the water during decompression. Supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2) displaces water from wastewater, alum, and papermill sludge. The sCO 2 appears to enter the sludge matrix through viscous fingering through the entrained water. Because the water removed far exceeds the solubility of water in sCO 2 , it must be displaced by the sCO 2 rather than dissolved out. Adding a small amount of soap to the sludge converts some of the bound water into free water, which can then be displaced by sCO 2. Application of the sCO 2 in multiple stages greatly enhances dewatering as compared to a single stage process. Approximately 70, 70 and 85% of the initial water can be removed from alum, wastewater and paper sludges, respectively, through a five-stage process. Staged application of sCO 2 doubles the efficiency of water removal over a single-stage process of the same duration. It is proposed that when the sCO 2 entrained in the sludge is decompressed between stages some of the water is explosively displaced by the expanding CO 2. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Short communication on the role of cellulosic fiber-based packaging in reduction of climate change impacts.
- Author
-
Schenker, Urs, Chardot, Julia, Missoum, Karim, Vishtal, Alexey, and Bras, Julien
- Subjects
- *
CARBON dioxide , *PACKAGING recycling , *FOOD packaging , *CLIMATE change , *PACKAGING materials , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
• Cellulose-based solutions can improve environmental performance of food packaging. • Food products require specific barrier functions from cellulose-based packaging. • Eco-design enables quantifying environmental performance and identifying trade-offs. • Fulfilling the barrier requirements for food product packaging is crucial. This short communication describes the climate change impacts of using cellulose, and more precisely cellulosic fiber-based materials, in food packaging, representing current and emerging industrial state of the art technology, without specific reference to current scientific advances. First, the different types of cellulosic fiber-based packaging materials, which can be used to replace fossil-based packaging materials, are presented for flexible and rigid applications. The focus is on technological solutions with packaging properties that enable the protection of commonly sold food products. The manufacturing processes associated with these cellulosic fiber-based materials is described and the environmental impact assessment of 4 selected case studies presented: stand-up pouches, flexible flow wraps, frozen or chilled food trays, and molded pulp lids. A simplified eco-design Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was then performed to compare each solution with its fossil-based counterpart. Differences and similarities between the various cellulosic solutions have been identified. Furthermore, the assessment confirms that cellulosic fiber-based materials have reduced environmental impacts as compared to fossil-based counterparts, if a similar packaging weight is obtained. Indeed, all impacts of plastics are between 3 and 5 kg CO 2 eq/kg, while all impacts of cellulosic fiber-based materials are below 1.5 kg CO 2 eq/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Maximization of CO
- Author
-
Myoung-Jin, Kim and Dami, Kim
- Subjects
Paper ,Sewage ,Carbonates ,Solvents ,Industrial Waste ,Carbon Dioxide ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Coal Ash ,Carbon ,Calcium Carbonate - Abstract
This study aimed to maximise the amount of CO
- Published
- 2018
35. Greenhouse Gas Emissions after Application of Landfilled Paper Mill Sludge for Land Reclamation of a Nonacidic Mine Tailings Site
- Author
-
Pascal Tremblay, Simon Durocher, Jean-François Boucher, Patrick Faubert, Claude Villeneuve, Normand Bertrand, Rock Ouimet, and Philippe Rochette
- Subjects
Greenhouse Effect ,Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Industrial Waste ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Mining ,Greenhouse Gases ,Soil ,Land reclamation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Management practices ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Waste management ,biology ,business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,Reforestation ,Paper mill ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Carbon Dioxide ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Tailings ,Waste Disposal Facilities ,Greenhouse gas ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Trifolium repens ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Large areas of mine tailings are reclaimed by applying organic amendments such as paper mill sludge (PMS). Although mining industries can use PMS freshly generated by paper mills, operational constraints on paper industries make temporary landfilling of this material an unavoidable alternative for the paper industries, creating the most prominent PMS source for mining industries. This study aimed to quantify soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (N2O, CO2, and CH4) after application of landfilled PMS (LPMS; i.e., excavated from a landfill site at a paper mill) and LPMS combined with a seeding treatment of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on nonacidic mine tailings site prior to reforestation. Soil N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes were measured after applications of 50 and 100 Mg dry LPMS ha−1 during two consecutive snowfree seasons on two adjacent sites; LPMS was applied once in the first season. The LPMS application increased N2O emissions (7.6 to 34.7 kg N2O-N ha−1, comprising 1.04 to 2.43% of applied N) compared with the unamended control during the first season; these emissions were negligible during the second season. The LPMS application increased CO2 emissions (~5800 to 11,400 kg CO2–C ha−1, comprising 7 to 27% of applied C) compared with the unamended control on both sites and in both seasons. Fluxes of CH4 were negligible. White clover combined with LPMS treatments did not affect soil GHG emissions. These new GHG emission factors should be integrated into life-cycle analyses to evaluate the C footprint of potential symbioses between the mining and paper industries. Future research should focus on the effect of PMS applications on soil GHG emissions from a variety of mine tailings under various management practices and climatic conditions to plan responsible and sustainable land reclamation.
- Published
- 2017
36. Carbon dioxide capture utilizing zeolites synthesized with paper sludge and scrap-glass
- Author
-
Fabricio Espejel-Ayala, A Morales Pérez, R.M. Ramírez-Zamora, R Chora Corella, and R Pérez-Hernández
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Analcime ,Thermal desorption spectroscopy ,engineering.material ,Solid Waste ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Waste Management ,Air treatment ,Wairakite ,Zeolite ,Sewage ,Waste management ,Sorption ,Carbon Dioxide ,Pollution ,Waste Disposal Facilities ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Biofuels ,Carbon dioxide ,Zeolites ,engineering ,Glass ,Methane - Abstract
The present work introduces the study of the CO2 capture process by zeolites synthesized from paper sludge and scrap glass. Zeolites ZSM-5, analcime and wairakite were produced by means of two types of Structure Directing Agents (SDA): tetrapropilamonium (TPA) and ethanol. On the one hand, zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized using TPA; on the other hand, analcime and wairakite were produced with ethanol. The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) technique was performed for determining the CO2 sorption capacity of these zeolites at two sorption temperatures: 50 and 100°C. CO2 sorption capacity of zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized at 50°C was 0.683 mmol/g representing 38.2% of the value measured for a zeolite ZSM-5 commercial. Zeolite analcime showed a higher CO2 sorption capacity (1.698 mmol/g) at 50°C and its regeneration temperature was relatively low. Zeolites synthesized in this study can be used in the purification of biogas and this will produce energy without increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
- Published
- 2014
37. Carbon neutrality aimed for World Environment Day celebrations in Hangzhou
- Subjects
World Environment Day -- Rites, ceremonies and celebrations -- 2019 AD ,Afforestation ,Carbon dioxide ,Purchasing ,Automobiles ,Paper ,Business, general ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
HANGZHOU, June 4, 2019 (Xinhua via COMTEX) -- Organizers of 2019 World Environment Day celebrations in Hangzhou said the four-day event, which began on Sunday, will be 'carbon neutral.' A [...]
- Published
- 2019
38. A review on engineering of cellulosic cigarette paper to reduce carbon monoxide delivery of cigarettes
- Author
-
Jinsong Li, Pedram Fatehi, Xueren Qian, Wanshan Ren, and Jing Shen
- Subjects
Paper ,Carbon Monoxide ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,Tobacco Products ,Pulp and paper industry ,Permeability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Engineering ,chemistry ,Cellulosic ethanol ,Carbon dioxide ,Materials Chemistry ,Fiber ,Composite material ,Sidestream smoke ,Cellulose ,Carbon monoxide - Abstract
In cigarette production, the cellulosic paper essentially derived from flax fibers or other fiber materials is used as the wrapping material. During smoking of cigarettes, the highly toxic carbon monoxide is produced. To decrease the amount of carbon monoxide emission in the mainstream smoke, the engineering of all cigarette components including cellulosic cigarette paper and tobacco column is critical. This review summarizes the concepts related to engineering of cigarette paper. These mainly include permeability control, increased use of burn additives, optimization of fiber basis weight, engineering of calcium carbonate fillers, and incorporation of catalysts/oxidants. In particular, catalytic and/or oxidative conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide has been very widely reported. The control of permeability/diffusivity of cigarette paper is also of critical importance for enhanced diffusion of carbon monoxide out of the cigarette. The development of new concepts and combination of various concepts may lead to breakthroughs in this area.
- Published
- 2014
39. Application of dynamic models to estimate greenhouse gas emission by wastewater treatment plants of the pulp and paper industry
- Author
-
Omid Ashrafi, Laleh Yerushalmi, and Fariborz Haghighat
- Subjects
Greenhouse Effect ,Paper ,Models, Statistical ,Denitrification ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Environmental engineering ,General Medicine ,Carbon Dioxide ,Wastewater ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Aerobiosis ,Water Purification ,Anaerobic digestion ,Bioreactors ,Biogas ,Greenhouse gas ,Industry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,Nitrification ,Anaerobiosis ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in wastewater treatment plants of the pulp-and-paper industry was estimated by using a dynamic mathematical model. Significant variations were shown in the magnitude of GHG generation in response to variations in operating parameters, demonstrating the limited capacity of steady-state models in predicting the time-dependent emissions of these harmful gases. The examined treatment systems used aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid-anaerobic/aerobic-biological processes along with chemical coagulation/flocculation, anaerobic digester, nitrification and denitrification processes, and biogas recovery. The pertinent operating parameters included the influent substrate concentration, influent flow rate, and temperature. Although the average predictions by the dynamic model were only 10 % different from those of steady-state model during 140 days of operation of the examined systems, the daily variations of GHG emissions were different up to ± 30, ± 19, and ± 17 % in the aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid systems, respectively. The variations of process variables caused fluctuations in energy generation from biogas recovery by ± 6, ± 7, and ± 4 % in the three examined systems, respectively. The lowest variations were observed in the hybrid system, showing the stability of this particular process design.
- Published
- 2012
40. Waterproof Active Paper via Laser Surface Micropatterning of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Author
-
Girish Chitnis and Babak Ziaie
- Subjects
Paper ,Ferrofluid ,Materials science ,Fabrication ,Laser ablation ,Surface Properties ,Iron ,Lasers ,Water ,Nanotechnology ,Carbon Dioxide ,Laser ,Surface energy ,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ,law.invention ,Cellulose fiber ,laser ablation ,magnetic ,actuators ,patterning ,ferrofluid ,MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES ,ELECTRONICS ,PLATFORM ,law ,General Materials Science ,Cellulose ,Magnetite Nanoparticles ,Microscale chemistry ,Micropatterning - Abstract
Paper is one of the oldest and most abundant materials known to man. Recently, there has been a considerable interest in creating paper devices by combining paper with other functional materials. In this letter, we demonstrate a simple fabrication technique to create water-resistant ferro-patterns on wax paper using CO2 laser ablation. A resolution of about 100 mu m is achieved which is mostly limited by the cellulose fiber size (similar to 50 mu m) in the wax paper and can be improved by using a smaller cellulose matrix. Laser ablation results in modification of surface morphology and chemistry, leading to a change in surface energy. We also present a 2D model for ferrofluid deposition relating the size of the pattern to the amount of ferroparticles deposited on the surface. Finally, a paper gripper is presented to demonstrate advantages of our technique, which allows microscale patterning and machining in a single step.
- Published
- 2012
41. Duodenal Chemosensing and Mucosal Defenses
- Author
-
Jonathan D. Kaunitz and Yasutada Akiba
- Subjects
Paper ,Duodenum ,Extramural ,Gastroenterology ,Carbon Dioxide ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pharmacology ,Chemoreceptor Cells ,Physiological responses ,Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ,Gastric Acid ,Bicarbonates ,Esophagus ,Biochemistry ,Receptors, Purinergic P2Y ,Humans ,Duodenal mucosa ,Amino Acids ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Receptors, Calcium-Sensing - Abstract
The duodenal mucosa is exposed to endogenous and exogenous chemicals, including acid, CO2, bile acids and nutrients. Mucosal chemical sensors are necessary to exert physiological responses such as secretion, digestion, absorption, and motility. We propose a mucosal chemosensing system by which luminal chemicals are sensed via mucosal acid sensors and G-protein-coupled receptors. Luminal acid/CO2 sensing consists of ecto- and cytosolic carbonic anhydrases, epithelial ion transporters, and acid sensors expressed on the afferent nerves in the duodenum. Furthermore, a luminal L-glutamate signal is mediated via mucosal L-glutamate receptors, including metabotropic glutamate receptors and taste receptor 1 family heterodimers, with activation of afferent nerves and cyclooxygenase, whereas luminal Ca2+ is differently sensed via the calcium-sensing receptor in the duodenum. Recent studies also show the involvement of enteroendocrine G-protein-coupled receptors in bile acid and fatty acid sensing in the duodenum. These luminal chemosensors help activate mucosal defense mechanisms in or- der to maintain the mucosal integrity and physiological responses. Stimulation of luminal chemosensing in the duodenal mucosa may prevent mucosal injury, affect nutrient metabolism, and modulate sensory nerve activity.
- Published
- 2011
42. Bioelectrochemical system accelerates microbial growth and degradation of filter paper
- Author
-
Norio Matsumoto, Yasuo Igarashi, Masahiko Morita, Shin-ichi Hirano, Daisuke Sasaki, Naoya Ohmura, and Kengo Sasaki
- Subjects
Paper ,Bioelectric Energy Sources ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Biology ,Methanothermobacter ,Bacterial growth ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Methane ,Cathodic protection ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Bioelectrochemical reactor ,Electrochemistry ,Cellulose ,Bacteria ,Ecology ,General Medicine ,Biodegradation ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaea ,Refuse Disposal ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Microbial population biology ,Carbon dioxide ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Bioelectrochemical reactors (BERs) with a cathodic working potential of -0.6 or -0.8 V more efficiently degraded cellulosic material, i.e., filter paper (57.4-74.1% in 3 days and 95.9-96.3% in 7 days) than did control reactors without giving exogenous potential (15.4% in 3 days and 64.2% in 7 days). At the same time, resultant conversions to methane and carbon dioxide in cathodic working chamber of BERs by application of electrochemical reduction in 3 days of operation were larger than control reactors. However, cumulative methane production in cathodic BERs was similar to those in control reactors after 7 days of operation. Microscopic observation and 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that microbial growth in the entire consortium was higher after 2 days of operation of cathodic BERs as compared with the control reactors. In addition, the number of methanogenic 16S rRNA gene copies in cathodic BERs was higher than in control reactors. Moreover, archaeal community structures constructed in cathodic BERs consisted of hydrogenotrophic methanogen-related organisms and differed from those in control reactors after 2 days of operation. Specifically, the amount of Methanothermobacter species in cathodic BERs was higher within archaeal communities than in those control reactors after 2 days of operation. Electrochemical reduction may be effective for accelerating microbial growth in the start-up period and thereby increasing microbial treatment of cellulosic waste and methane production.
- Published
- 2010
43. Energy recovery from secondary pulp/paper-mill sludge and sewage sludge with supercritical water treatment☆
- Author
-
Pascale Champagne, Chunbao Charles Xu, and Linghong Zhang
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Sewage ,Bioengineering ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pressure ,Organic chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Carbon Monoxide ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Temperature ,Water ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,Carbon Dioxide ,Pulp and paper industry ,Supercritical fluid ,chemistry ,Biofuels ,Carbon dioxide ,Water treatment ,business ,Methane ,Sludge ,Hydrogen ,Syngas ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Secondary pulp/paper-mill sludge (SPP) and sewage sludges (primary, secondary, and digested sewage sludges) were treated in supercritical water at temperatures ranging between 400 degrees Celsius and 550 degrees Celsius over 20-120 min for energy recovery. Low temperature and short reaction time favored the formation of heavy oil (HO) products, which were mainly composed of a variety of phenol and phenolic compounds, as well as some nitrogen-containing compounds, long-chain alkenes and alcohols, etc., with high gross calorific values (>36 MJ/kg). By contrast, the formation of synthetic gases, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and other light hydrocarbons, were not significantly affected by reaction time but greatly enhanced with increasing temperature. The highest gas yield was obtained at 550 degrees Celsius, where 37.7 wt.% of the SPP (on dry basis) was converted into gases, with hydrogen yields as high as 14.5 mol H(2)/kg SPP (on a dry basis). In comparison to sewage sludges, SPP exhibited a greater capability for the production of HO and gases owing to its higher contents of volatiles and alkali metals, indicating a prospective utilization potential for SPP as a source of bio-energy.
- Published
- 2010
44. Recycling of paper: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions
- Author
-
Hanna Merrild, Anders Damgaard, and Thomas H. Christensen
- Subjects
Paper ,Air Pollutants ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Environmental Engineering ,Carbon Dioxide ,Global Warming ,Pollution ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been established for recycling of paper waste with focus on a material recovery facility (MRF). The MRF upgrades the paper and cardboard waste before it is delivered to other industries where new paper or board products are produced. The accounting showed that the GHG contributions from the upstream activities and operational activities, with global warming factors (GWFs) of respectively 1 to 29 and 3 to 9 kg CO2-eq. tonne— 1 paper waste, were small in comparison wih the downstream activities. The GHG contributions from the downstream reprocessing of the paper waste ranged from approximately 490 to 1460 kg CO2-eq. tonne —1 of paper waste. The system may be expanded to include crediting of avoided virgin paper production which would result in GHG contributions from —1270 to 390 kg CO2-eq. tonne— 1 paper waste. It may also be assumed that the wood not used for virgin paper production instead is used for production of energy that in turn is assumed to substitute for fossil fuel energy. This would result in GHG contributions from —1850 to —4400 kg CO2-eq. tonne— 1 of paper waste. These system expansions reveal very large GHG savings, suggesting that the indirect upstream and operational GHG contributions are negligible in comparison with the indirect downstream emissions. However, the data for reprocessing of paper waste and the data for virgin paper production are highly variable. These differences are mainly related to different energy sources for the mills, both in regards to energy form (heat or electricity) and fuel (biomass or fossil fuels).
- Published
- 2009
45. Anaerobic biodegradation of cellulosic material: Batch experiments and modelling based on isotopic data and focusing on aceticlastic and non-aceticlastic methanogenesis
- Author
-
Théodore Bouchez, M. Lemunier, Xian Qu, Vasily A. Vavilin, Pinjing He, Christian Duquennoi, Laurent Mazéas, COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGAI CHN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MOSCOW RUS, and SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT DORE GARGENVILLE
- Subjects
Paper ,0106 biological sciences ,animal structures ,Methanogenesis ,010501 environmental sciences ,Models, Biological ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Total inorganic carbon ,010608 biotechnology ,Anaerobiosis ,SOWASTE ,Cellulose ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Carbon Isotopes ,biology ,Chemistry ,Environmental engineering ,Methanosarcina ,Biodegradation ,biology.organism_classification ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Carbon dioxide - Abstract
Utilizing stable carbon isotope data to account for aceticlastic and non-aceticlastic pathways of methane generation, a model was created to describe laboratory batch anaerobic decomposition of cellulosic materials (office paper and cardboard). The total organic and inorganic carbon concentrations, methane production volume, and methane and CO(2) partial pressure values were used for the model calibration and validation. According to the fluorescent in situ hybridization observations, three groups of methanogens including strictly hydrogenotrophic methanogens, strictly aceticlastic methanogens (Methanosaeta sp.) and Methanosarcina sp., consuming both acetate and H(2)/H(2)CO(3) as well as acetate-oxidizing syntrophs, were considered. It was shown that temporary inhibition of aceticlastic methanogens by non-ionized volatile fatty acids or acidic pH was responsible for two-step methane production from office paper at 35 degrees C where during the first and second steps methane was generated mostly from H(2)/H(2)CO(3) and acetate, respectively. Water saturated and unsaturated cases were tested. According to the model, at the intermediate moisture (150%), much lower methane production occurred because of full-time inhibition of aceticlastic methanogens. At the lowest moisture, methane production was very low because most likely hydrolysis was seriously inhibited. Simulations showed that during cardboard and office paper biodegradation at 55 degrees C, non-aceticlastic syntrophic oxidation by acetate-oxidizing syntrophs and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were the dominant methanogenic pathways.
- Published
- 2009
46. Biodegradation of paper waste under controlled composting conditions
- Author
-
B. León Chicote, M. Aguilar Larrucea, P. Arraiza Bermúdez, and J.V. López Alvarez
- Subjects
Paper ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Municipal solid waste ,Waste management ,Compost ,Industrial Waste ,cardboard ,Carbon Dioxide ,Biodegradation ,engineering.material ,Raw material ,Refuse Disposal ,Bacteria, Aerobic ,Soil ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Dry weight ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Organic matter ,Trituration ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
The presence of paper in municipal solid waste (MSW) interferes with the efficiency of composting plants. The compost feedstock to these plants is between 12% and 27% paper on a dry weight basis, with an initial C:N ratio ranging from 32:1 to 57:1. Tests of the last aerobic biodegradability (LAB) of the type of paper present in paper and cardboard packaging were carried out, following UNE-EN 14046 standards. The results obtained, measured through the quantity of CO(2) generated over 45 days, compared with the maximum that could be produced (ThCO(2)), showed that the presence of paper retards, to a great degree, the biodegradation of organic material in general. Specifically, the presence of papers with a degradation D (%) >60% at 45 days (white (W) and recycled paper (R)) could be allowed, but always in proportions that did not exceed 27% in dry weight. These results can be achieved with an industrial level process, pre-treated by trituration.
- Published
- 2009
47. Abundance of 14C in biomass fractions of wastes and solid recovered fuels
- Author
-
Helmut Rechberger and Johann Fellner
- Subjects
Paper ,Waste Products ,Fossil Fuels ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Bulky waste ,Fossil fuel ,Biomass ,Commercial waste ,Fraction (chemistry) ,Carbon Dioxide ,Wood ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Reference Values ,Environmental chemistry ,Greenhouse gas ,Carbon dioxide ,Carbon-14 ,Carbon Radioisotopes ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
In recent years thermal utilization of mixed wastes and solid recovered fuels has become of increasing importance in European waste management. Since wastes or solid recovered fuels are generally composed of fossil and biogenic materials, only part of the CO(2) emissions is accounted for in greenhouse gas inventories or emission trading schemes. A promising approach for determining this fraction is the so-called radiocarbon method. It is based on different ratios of the carbon isotopes (14)C and (12)C in fossil and biogenic fuels. Fossil fuels have zero radiocarbon, whereas biogenic materials are enriched in (14)C and reflect the (14)CO(2) abundance of the ambient atmosphere. Due to nuclear weapons tests in the past century, the radiocarbon content in the atmosphere has not been constant, which has resulted in a varying (14)C content of biogenic matter, depending on the period of growth. In the present paper (14)C contents of different biogenic waste fractions (e.g., kitchen waste, paper, wood), as well as mixtures of different wastes (household, bulky waste, and commercial waste), and solid recovered fuels are determined. The calculated (14)C content of the materials investigated ranges between 98 and 135pMC.
- Published
- 2009
48. Limits for Combustion in Low O 2 Redefine Paleoatmospheric Predictions for the Mesozoic
- Author
-
Jennifer C. McElwain and Claire M. Belcher
- Subjects
Paper ,Multidisciplinary ,Atmosphere ,Temperature ,Parts-per notation ,Humidity ,Mineralogy ,Bryophyta ,Extinction, Biological ,Combustion ,Wood ,Fires ,Paleoatmosphere ,Time ,law.invention ,Oxygen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Thermal ,Carbon dioxide ,Phanerozoic ,Animals ,Environmental science ,Candle - Abstract
Several studies have attempted to determine the lower limit of atmospheric oxygen under which combustion can occur; however, none have been conducted within a fully controlled and realistic atmospheric environment. We performed experimental burns (using pine wood, moss, matches, paper, and a candle) at 20°C in O 2 concentrations ranging from 9 to 21% and at ambient and high CO 2 (2000 parts per million) in a controlled environment room, which was equipped with a thermal imaging system and full atmospheric, temperature, and humidity control. Our data reveal that the lower O 2 limit for combustion should be increased from 12 to 15%. These results, coupled with a record of Mesozoic paleowildfires, are incompatible with the prediction of prolonged intervals of low atmospheric O 2 levels (10 to 12%) in the Mesozoic.
- Published
- 2008
49. Release of Trace Organic Compounds during the Decomposition of Municipal Solid Waste Components
- Author
-
Fangxiang Xu, Bryan F. Staley, Steven J. Cowie, Gary R. Hater, and Morton A. Barlaz
- Subjects
Paper ,Air Pollutants ,Municipal solid waste ,Plant Stems ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Carbon Dioxide ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,Poaceae ,Decomposition ,Refuse Disposal ,Plant Leaves ,Terpene ,Food waste ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Landfill gas ,Food ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic Chemicals ,Anaerobic decomposition ,Methane ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
Landfill gas contains numerous speciated organic compounds (SOCs) including alkanes, aromatics, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, chlorofluoro compounds, and siloxanes. The source, rate and extent of release of these compounds are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the release of SOCs and the regulated parameter, non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) during the decomposition of residential refuse and its major biodegradable components [paper (P), yard waste (YW), food waste (FW)]. Work was conducted under anaerobic conditions in 8-L reactors operated to maximize decomposition. Refuse and YW were also tested under aerobic conditions. NMOC release during anaerobic decomposition of refuse, P, YW, and FW was 0.151, 0.016, 0.038, and 0.221 mg-C dry g(-1), respectively, while release during aerobic decomposition of refuse and YW was 0.282 and 0.236 mg-C dry g(-1), respectively. The highest NMOC release was measured under abiotic conditions (3.01 mg-C dry g(-1)), suggesting the importance of gas stripping. NMOC release was faster than CH4 production in all treatments. Terpenes and ketones accounted for 32-96% of SOC release in each treatment, while volatile fatty acids were not a significant contributor. Release in aerobic systems points to the potential importance of composting plants as an emissions source.
- Published
- 2006
50. Properties of superhydrophobic paper treated with rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 containing a crystallizing wax
- Author
-
Werner, Oskar, Quan, Can, Turner, Charlotta, Pettersson, Bert, and Wågberg, Lars
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.