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This study reports new data for 1028 non-fatal occupational accidents dated between January 2010and April 2015 by applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. A comprehensive surveywas conducted at four shipyards in Tuzla, Istanbul and Yalova regions in Turkey and a workplacequestionnaire appropriate for the AHP technique was carried out. The obtained results indicated thatinadequate safety equipment and protective clothing, unsuitable usage of machines and tools, and disobeyingoccupational health and safety (OHS) procedures were the most common risk factors for theaccidents. Hence the preventive measures could be identified by analyzing non-fatal accident data.After the identification of the descriptive measures, the priority order of these measures was asked ofthe occupational safety professionals in the shipbuilding industry, and we used the AHP method toevaluate the results.

Water treatment is essential in the provision of potable drinking water to communities. However, studies have shown that many local conventional drinking water treatment plants in Nigeria are ineffective in removing contaminants. This study evaluated the efficiency of drinking water from Wukari-Ibi plant by assessing water samples before and after treatment and comparing results to national and international drinking water standards. Forty water samples were collected and selected physical and biological parameters were determined according to standard laboratory procedures. The results indicated that after treatment, turbidity (6.74 NTU) and coliform count (17 cfu/100 mL) were still significantly greater than standard guidelines, which suggest that the treatment plant is unable to reduce the concentration of these contaminants to a safe level for consumption. Furthermore, assessing water at consumer taps indicated that broken distribution system is likely serving as a potential pathway for contamination. The plant removal efficiency of colour, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, hardness, and coliform count was computed as 74.7%, 66.57%, 32.58%, 30.11%, and 59.88% respectively. Overall, the removal efficiency was 52.77% which is considered unacceptable for the supply of potable drinking water. The study concludes that cost and poor skilled personnel are the major factors in the inefficient treatment and therefore we suggest a low-cost treatment using activated carbon from locally sourced plants to be incorporated for effective removal of contaminants. There is also a need for government to invest in infrastructure and equipment so as to upgrade the treatment plant.

The scavenging of atmospheric particles from the atmosphere is known to be efficiently carried out by the below-cloud scavenging process. To examine this process, a total of 51 sub-event samplings was carried out in 10 precipitations during a 129-day sampling period. PM2.5 samples were also collected simultaneously. The concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Cu, Mn, and Fe were determined in the sub-events as well as in PM2.5 samples, and the pH values were also measured. The observed volumeweighted mean pH values of the precipitation sub-events were between 6.58 and 8.32, with an average value of 7.28. It was observed that the element with the highest average volumeweighted mean concentration value in precipitation was Na. Among the elements in PM2.5 particles, K had the highest concentration value. Next, the scavenging ratios of the elements were calculated in the precipitations that occurred. According to the averages of scavenging ratios of precipitations, it was determined that the element with the highest scavenging ratio was Na and the element with the lowest scavenging ratio was Fe. In addition, scavenging indexes were also determined in precipitations events. Variations in the scavenging properties of the elements were observed in each sub-event. The novelty of this study is that it is the first study carried out in Istanbul and even Turkey in terms of calculating scavenging indexes in sub-event sampling. Although this study is local, however, the importance of studies like this should not be ignored in terms of testing different air quality models.

This study was investigation employed the batch adsorption method using Bardakçı Clay/Van as an adsorbent to remove crystal violent, a cationic dye from an aqueous solution. The effects of pH, adsorbent amount, interaction time and concentration were investigated to determine the optimal adsorption conditions. The optimal adsorption conditions were determined to be pH=6, 0.6 g adsorbent amount, and the adsorption reached equilibrium at the 25th minute. The equilibrium isotherm was determined using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption equations. It was discovered to conform to the Langmuir isotherm. In the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model, the E value was calculated to E< 8 kJmol-1, indicating that the adsorption process occurs physically. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔHo), Gibbs' free energy (ΔGo) and entropy (ΔSo) were calculated. The adsorption of crystal violet with Bardakçı clay demonstrated that the process was endothermic, occurring both physically and spontaneously.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 340 million infection cases (as of 21 January 2022) and more than 5.57 million deaths globally. In reaction, science, technology and innovation communities across the globe have organised themselves to contribute to national responses to COVID-19 disease. A significant contribution has been from the establishment of wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) surveillance interventions and programmes for monitoring the spread of COVID-19 in at least 55 countries. Here, we examine and share experiences and lessons learnt in establishing such surveillance programmes. We use case studies to highlight testing methods and logistics considerations associated in scaling the implementing of such programmes in South Africa, the Netherlands, Turkey and England. The four countries were selected to represent different regions of the world and the perspective based on the considerable progress made in establishing and implementing their national WBE programmes. The selected countries also represent different climatic zones, economies, and development stages, which influence the implementation of national programmes of this nature and magnitude. In addition, the four countries' programmes offer good experiences and lessons learnt since they are systematic, and cover extensive areas, disseminate knowledge locally and internationally and partnered with authorities (government). The programmes also strengthened working relations and partnerships between and among local and global organisations. This paper shares these experiences and lessons to encourage others in the water and public health sectors on the benefits and value of WBE in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and related future circumstances.

Marine pollution has increased in recent decades, largely due to the proliferation of seafood processing plants and the improper disposal of their associated waste streams. The waste streams consist mainly of shells that are composed of chitin, which is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide biopolymer in nature. Recognizing the value of chitin, the potential for the valorization of crustacean waste for chitin production was explored. In this regard, biogenic crab waste was subjected to chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial treatments for chitin production. The results were employed as inputs for process simulation as a precursor to undertaking performance assessments. This study subsequently showed that the net present values (NPVs) of the chemical-only, enzyme–chemical, and microbial chitin production pathways were GBP 118.63 million, GBP 115.67 million, and GBP 132.34 million, respectively, indicating that the microbial chitin production pathway constituted the most appropriate technology for future investment. Employing a cost–benefit (CB) analysis, the CB ratios for the chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial approaches were determined to be 7.31, 0.45, and 0.23, respectively. These results reinforced the dominant status of the microbial approach for chitin production from crab waste as the preferred valorization strategy. This study was able to provide information regarding the implications of executing alternative scenarios for crustacean waste.

Semi-transparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are an emerging solar-energy-harvesting technology with promising applications, such as rooftop energy supplies for environmentally friendly greenhouses. However, the poor operational stability of OPVs poses challenges to their feasibility as incessantly serving facilities. Here we report a reductive interlayer structure for semi-transparent OPVs that improves the operational stability of OPVs under continuous solar radiation. The interlayer effectively suppresses the generation of radicals from the electron transport layer under sunlight and prevents the structural decomposition of the organic photoactive layer during operation. The defects that serve as the charge carrier recombination sites are nullified by the electron-donating functional groups of the reduced molecules, which improves photovoltaic performance. The semi-transparent OPVs demonstrate a power conversion efficiency of 13.5% and an average visible transmittance of 21.5%, with remarkable operational stability (84.8% retention after 1,008 h) under continuous illumination. Greenhouse results show that the semi-transparent OPV roof benefits the survival rate and growth of the crops, indicating the importance of our approach in addressing food and energy challenges.

This study focuses on developing a novel foam material with ionic functional groups using the most abundant natural resource, cellulose, for the removal of heavy metals. Ionic functionalities were introduced to cellulose-based foam for increased affinity towards heavy metals. Based on the type of cellulose polymer used in the synthesis, four different cellulose based foam material batches were obtained, these are, activated cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and acetylated carboxymethyl cellulose based foam materials. Heavy metal removal capacity of each foam material was tested using cobalt as the model heavy metal. At pH of 6.5, foam dose of 10 g/L, and initial Co2+ concentration of 100 mg/L, heavy metal removal capacities of the foam samples varied between 2% to 36 %, while foam material produced by cellulose acetate revealed the highest removal efficiency, 36%. Co2+ removal efficiency of cellulose acetate based foam increased to 50% when 15 g/L of foam sample was used under otherwise the same experimental conditions. Adsorption behavior of the cellulose acetate based foam material was also studied, which suggested Sips isotherm model as the most suitable adsorption mechanism.

In this study, the effects of the ratio of a motor’s axial length to its pole pitch on efficiency, magnetic flux density distribution, torque, torque/weight, and motor volume were investigated in an outer-rotor (hub) brushless direct current motor. The weight and volume of an electrical machine affects the output power, efficiency and output torque, and it is advantageous to design an electric motor at an appropriate power and high efficiency with an appropriate weight and volume. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize the motor’s axial length and stator outer diameter, which affects the motor volume. Initially, the axial-length-to-pole-pitch ratio of the hub BLDC motor was taken at 0.75. According to this ratio, the dimensions of the rotor outer diameter, rotor inner diameter, stator outer diameter, stator inner diameter, slot height, motor axial length, and magnet thickness were optimally determined. Then, the axial-length-to-pole-pitch ratio was considered as 1, 1.50, 2, and 3, respectively. The effects of the change in the motor’s axial-length-to-pole-pitch ratio on the efficiency, torque, speed, torque/volume, torque/weight, and cogging torque were examined in a simulation environment. According to the motor’s axial-length-to-pole-pitch ratio, the torque value in the final state was 28.65% higher than the torque value in the initial state. In the last part, the motor axial length and the stator outer diameter were defined as variables in a genetic algorithm procedure and optimized. The number of poles and the number of slots were fixed parameters. Simulation studies were carried out using the finite element method via AN-SYS/Maxwell software.

The diurnal and seasonal variations of water-soluble ions (WSIs) in fine particles were investigated in an area predominantly affected by traffic emissions in Besiktas, Istanbul between 2017 and 2018. PM2.5 samples were collected at high time resolutions of 2 h during the daytime and 12 h during the nighttime for six sampling campaigns over all seasons. Five inorganic water-soluble ions (SO42-, NH4+, NO3-, PO4-3, and NO2-) were determined using ion chromatography. Source analysis was investigated with principal component analysis (PCA) and bivariate polar plots. In descending order, WSIs concentrations were SO42->NH4+> NO3-> PO4-3>NO2- during the different seasons. The high time-resolved concentrations ranged as follows: sulfate 1.2-1118.1, ammonium 0.3-289.9, phosphate 2.9-107.6, nitrate 4.6-179.7, and nitrite 0.8-9.0 ng/m(3), with yearly averages of 226.5, 59.0, 58.4, 37.9, and 3.3 ng/m(3), respectively. Except for phosphate, all WSIs had strong seasonal variations with high concentrations during the winter and low concentrations during the summer. Molar ratios revealed that the formation of ammonium sulfate was less likely than ammonium nitrate. Principal component analysis resolved secondary aerosols (43.9%), residential heating (34.6%), shipping emissions (8.7%), and vehicle emissions (6.7%) as the major sources of WSIs, OC, EC, and PM2.5 in Besiktas, Istanbul. Sulfate aerosol originated mainly from two nearby areas, SW and NE, of the sampling site tentatively due to residential heating and shipping emissions, respectively.

In this study, a laboratory-scale cooling system, simulating a household refrigerator, was examined experimentally for an average cabinet temperature of 4 degrees C with two different types of phase change materials (PCMs) (water and eutectic solution). The system was tested with various amounts of water and different concentrations of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in water. The influence of different amounts and types of the PCMs on the cabinet air temperature and compressor power consumption was analyzed during the running period. The cabinet air temperature change over time was also observed during the power failure period. The examinations suggest using 1.0 wt.% Na2SO4 solution as the PCM in the cooling systems. This solution provides the lowest energy consumption (19.5 kJ), and the running time percentage (21.7%); while maximizing the energy saving (14.2%). In addition, integrating it as PCM could allow preserving products for long periods without significant quality loss during a power failure; because it prevented the rapid increase of the cabinet air temperature in this scenario. Lastly, when the cycle frequency is considered, it has the best time interval and the number of cycles (5.3). Thus, it has a positive effect on reducing the compressor cycling frequency, which eventually increases the compressor lifespan.

Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one of the widely used wastewater treatment systems in industrial and domestic applications. In this study, the effect of dilution rates (5%, %10, 20%, 50%) on the landfill leachate (LFL) with regard to chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, nitrogen compounds, and organic matter was investigated. The maximum removals were observed when the dilution rate was 20% (v:v,1:5). COD, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), color, nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) removal efficiency was approximately 81%, 61%, 15%, 17%, 1% and 5%, respectively. The results indicated that the adverse effects of the dilution rate on the removal of contaminants are high when it is higher than 1:5 (v:v). The study suggests that the dilution of leachate presents a significant effect on the treatment performance.

© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Approximately 15.4 million people are continuously exposed to various air pollutants in the megacity of Istanbul. Anthropogenic activities in Istanbul generate emissions from mobile sources (i.e., vehicles, aircraft, ships, etc.) and stationary sources such as industrial and residential heating emissions. Biogenic emissions and long-range transport such as desert dust from Sahara and pollutants from Balkan countries also contribute to the local air pollution in Istanbul. In this work, fine (Dp 2.5 μm) particles were collected with a high-volume sampler during four seasons of the period Jan 2017 - Jan 2018. A total of 15 PAHs and 28 n-alkanes were identified and quantified with a newly developed thermal desorption – gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method (TD-GC–MS). Source analysis was performed with PAH and n-alkane diagnostic ratios, and source apportionment was performed with principal component analysis. The yearly averages of PAHs and n-alkanes in the fine fraction were 21.6 ng m−3 and 103.8 ng m−3, with daily averages of 7.1–80.8 ng m−3 and 55.3–204.2 ng m−3, respectively. Approximately 90% of the PAHs and n-alkanes were found in the fine PM fraction in this traffic site. The BaP carcinogenic (BaP-TEQ) and mutagenic (BaP-MEQ) equivalents were on average 5.47 ± 0.64 and 4.72 ± 0.8 ng m−3 in the fine fraction, respectively, and were approximately 6–7 times lower in the coarse fraction. This has important implications due to the respirable nature of fine aerosols and their longer lifetimes in the atmosphere. Multivariate analysis coupled with principal component analysis led to an important result that the organic aerosol mainly originates from two local sources: road traffic (50.4%) and shipping emissions (26.6%). The results found in this work indicate the urgent need for the application of mitigation measures to control road traffic and minimize the emissions from ships passing through the İstanbul Bosphorus.

Sanayinin gelişmesi, nüfusun artması ve şehirleşme gereksinimi, daha çok enerjinin ve kimyasal maddenin tüketimini doğurmuştur. Buna bağlı olarak akaryakıt istasyonlarının sayısı 1990’lı yıllara göre artan bir ivme göstermiştir. Enerji Piyasası Denetleme Kurulu (EPDK) 2022 verilerine göre Türkiye genelinde yaklaşık on üç bin lisanslı aktif akaryakıt istasyonu olduğu ve bu istasyonların faaliyetleri gereği yeraltı akaryakıt tanklarında sürekli olarak binlerce litre akaryakıt ürünleri barındırdıkları bilinmektedir. Akaryakıt istasyonlarının birçoğunun mücavir alan sınırları içerisinde olması, mevcut yeraltı akaryakıt tanklarının yaşlarının 10, hatta 20 yıl üzerinde olması, yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynaklarına yakın mesafede kurulmuş olmaları, gaz detektörü olmayan bodrum katlarının olması, yakıt istasyonlarında olası parlama, patlama, sızıntı gibi nedenlerle toprak ve yeraltı suyu kirliliği başta olmak üzere, çevre ve halk sağlığı açısından birçok potansiyel riski de beraberinde oluşturmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın amacı, 8.6.2010’da yayımlanan ve 237 adet sektörü ve de binlerce tesisi kapsayan Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik (TKKNKKSDY)’in, faaliyetleri sebebiyle binlerce litre petrol ve türevi kimyasal barındıran akaryakıt istasyonlarının özelinde incelenmesi ve buralarda olası toprak ve yeraltı suyu kirliliğinde çevre ve halk sağlığı açısından TKKNKKSDY aşamalarının ortaya konmasıdır. Bu şekilde yaşanan zorlukların azalacağına ve olası kafa karışıklıklarının giderileceğine inanılmaktadır. The development of industry, the increase in population and the need for urbanization have led to the consumption of more energy and chemicals. Therefore, the number of fuel stations showed an increasing momentum compared to the 1990s. According to 2022 data of the Energy Market Supervision Board (EMSB), it is known that there are approximately thirteen thousand licensed active fuel stations throughout Türkiye and that these stations constantly contain thousands of liters of fuel products in underground fuel tanks due to their activities. Fuel stations pose many potential risks in terms of environment and public health, particularly groundwater pollution because most of them are within the borders of the adjacent area, the age of the existing underground fuel tanks is over 10 or even 20 years, they are established near underground and aboveground sources, there are basements without gas detectors, and due to possible flashes, explosions, leaks, etc. The aim of this study is to examine the Regulation on Control of Soil Pollution and Point Source Contaminated Fields (RCSPPSCF), which came into force after being published in the Official Gazette No. 27605 on 8 June 2010, covers 237 sectors and thousands of facilities, specifically for fuel stations that contain thousands of liters of petroleum and derivative chemicals due to their activities and is to reveal the stages of RCSPPSCF in terms of environment and public health in possible soil and groundwater pollution in these areas. It is believed that the difficulties experienced will be reduced and possible confusions will be eliminated.

It is a challenging task for determining the emissions and energy-saving options for counties and countries. In order to overcome this issue, two new concepts are introduced in this study. These are residential base electricity consumption and residential base natural gas consumption. A new model that estimates the total energy consumption of urban residential buildings from the available electricity consumption data is developed. The model employs heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) parameters to predict the energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes. A month with zero or almost zero values of both HDD and CDD is considered as \"base month.\" These months when there is neither heating nor cooling, plays a key role in this study. The proposed model is applied to a county with a population of over 62,000 located in Southern Turkey, and the total electricity consumption is calculated with 1.24% accuracy. The validity and accuracy of the model are tested by theoretical electricity calculations, coal, and wood consumption. Accordingly, while annual electrical heating is equal to 2618 kWh/year for an average house of 96 m(2), for the coal and wood burning households, the annual energy consumption values are 2190 and 2616 kWh/year, respectively.

We aim to classify acoustic events recorded by a fiber optic distributed acoustic sensor (DAS). We derived the information from probing the fiber with light pulses and analyzing the Rayleigh backscatter. Then, we processed this data by a pipeline of processing algorithms to form the input for our machine learning classification model. We put random matrix theory to the test to distinguish the acoustic event of interest from the noise. We conditioned the raw trace using moving average and wavelet-based filtering algorithms to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. For raw, low pass, and wavelet-based filtered signals that we inject into a convolutional neural network, we rely on the magnitude of their complex coefficients to categorize the nature of the event. We also investigate Mel-Frequency Cepstral coefficients specific to the event as an input for the classifier and compare their performance to other signal representations. We run the experiments on the CNN for two-class and three-class classification using datasets from a DAS that is deployed for perimeter security and pipeline monitoring. We obtained the best results when using the MFCCs paired with wavelet denoising, achieving accuracies of 96.4% for the \"event\" class and 99.7% for the \"no event\" class when it comes to the two-class process. The three-class process yielded optimal accuracies of 83.3%, 81.3%, and 96.7% for the \"digging,\" \"walking,\" and \"excavation\" classes, respectively. Finally, the training execution time is exceptionally long because the extensive dataset and the model\"s architecture are complex. As a result, we make efficient use of the CPU and GPU to maximize our machine\"s power using the Keras API\"s sequence data generator. Compared with the serial implementation, we report an improvement of up to 4.87 times. (c) 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

In Turkey, there has been an increase in waste management applications within the context of sustainability activities recently. The most important reason for that was the legal requirements for recycling and disposal of the waste generated by the producers. Developing nations still utilize the storage method, while developed countries recycle almost all produced waste to produce raw materials and energy. Although there is an increase in the number of work conducted on waste management in Turkey, the attained levels are still far from satisfactory. This is mainly due to waste recycling or recovery costs. In order to convert the problem of waste into economic benefits, it is of utmost importance to recycle the waste, avoid the transfer of waste to landfills and to conduct waste management. Thus, an environmentally and economically sustainable productivity would be achieved. In the present study, waste management in Turkey was scrutinized. In this context, types and volume of the waste produced in Turkey and utilized disposal methods were discussed. The present study also provided a general overview on waste disposal business processes such as sanitary landfills, composting and recycling in Turkey. Thus, the study aimed to shed light on future studies on waste management.

The emission of air pollutants has been increasing dramatically because of the high-energy consumption and usage of transportation systems triggered by the industrial revolution. In addition, the development of technology, high demand for conventional sources, unplanned urbanization, and rapid growth of population are some of the most important factors for the increase of particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the last 20 years in Turkey. Ağrı, which is a rural province having more high plateau areas and agricultural lands than residential areas, is less affected by these factors compared to developed cities. In this work, variations of PM10 and SO2 concentrations were evaluated from January to December of 2018. Overall, it was found that SO2 concentrations were well below the regulations, and the majority of the air pollution in Ağrı was due to PM10. Also, concentrations of PM10 were higher than expected due to the location of the station. Hourly PM10 and SO2 concentrations ranged as 9.4-179.7 and 1.4-39.4 µg/m³, with average values of 52.1 and 8.3 µg/m³, respectively. According to the Turkish Aerosol Quality Index (AQI), daily PM10 concentrations were 51% in the “good” class, 44% in the “moderate” class, and 5% in the “sensitive” class. While SO2 measurement values were 100% in the “good” class in 2018. According to the results obtained in this work, it is recommended that more efforts are done to decrease emissions of PM10 throughout the year, particularly during the heating season. Sanayi devriminin tetiklediği yüksek enerji tüketimi ve ulaşım sistemlerinin kullanımı nedeniyle hava kirleticilerinin miktarı önemli ölçüde artmaktadır. Ayrıca, teknolojinin gelişmesi, geleneksel kaynaklara olan yüksek talep, plansız kentleşme ve hızlı nüfus artışı, Türkiye’de son 20 yılda partikül maddenin (PM) ve sülfür dioksitin (SO2) artışının en önemli sebeplerinden bazılarıdır. Yerleşim alanlarına göre daha fazla kırsal alanı ve tarım arazisine sahip kırsal bir il olan Ağrı, gelişmiş illere göre bu faktörlerden daha az etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2018 yılının Ocak-Aralık ayları arasında PM10 ve SO2 konsantrasyonlarının değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Genel olarak, SO2 konsantrasyonlarının yönetmeliklerin oldukça altında olduğu ve Ağrı'daki hava kirliliğinin büyük kısmının PM10'dan kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, İstasyonun konumundan dolayı partiküler madde konsantrasyonları beklenenin üstünde çıkmıştır. Saatlik PM10 ve SO2 konsantrasyonları 9,4-179,7 ve 1,4-39,4 µg/m³ arasında değişirken, ortalama değerler ise sırasıyla 52,1 ve 8,3 µg/m³ olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hava kalitesi indeksine (AQI) göre günlük PM10 konsantrasyonlarının %51’i "iyi", %44’ü "orta" ve %5‘i "hassas" sınıfta bulunmuştur. 2018 yılında SO2 ölçüm değerleri% 100 “iyi” sınıfında yer alırken. Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre PM10 emisyonlarının azaltılması için yıl boyunca ve özellikle ısıtma mevsiminde daha fazla çaba harcanması önerilmektedir.

Increased antibiotic use worldwide has become a major concern because of their health and environmental impacts. Since most antibiotic residues can hardly be removed from wastewater using conventional treatments, alternative methods receive great attention. Adsorption is one of the most efficient and cost-effective treatment methods for antibiotics. Among the adsorbents, clay minerals have garnered increasing attention due to their unique properties including availability, high specific surface area, low cost, cation exchange capacity, and good removal efficiency. This paper reviews the recent progress made in the use of natural and modified clay minerals for the removal of antibiotics from water. First, the sources, occurrence, removal and health effects of the antibiotics commonly encountered in water bodies are described. Antibiotic concentration levels and average removal efficiencies measured in conventional activated sludge treatment systems worldwide are also provided to better address the problem. Second, the review explores the characteristics of clay minerals as adsorbent of antibiotics and the factors affecting the adsorption. The review identifies and discusses the future trends and strategies used to increase the adsorption capacity of clay minerals by modification and combination techniques (intercalation of novel functional groups such as organocations, biopolymers and metal pillared-clay minerals, combination with biochar or thermal activation). The quantitative comparisons of clay minerals\" ability for antibiotic removal are given. Some natural clay minerals have good removal potential for antibiotics, with maximum adsorption capacities over 100 mg/g. For most other adsorbents, surface modifications and combination techniques resulted in improved adsorption properties (including higher surface area, enhanced adsorption capacity, increased stability and mechanical strength). Finally, the application of these adsorbents at pilot scale, using real wastewater samples, their reuse, economic analysis and life cycle assessment are other issues that have been considered.

In this study deep learning and object detection models for image-based plant disease recognition have been carried. Trained models were tested on pictures and in real-time with a video camera for five different diseases in tomato leaves. Object detection algorithm was implemented from the personal computer, and deep learning models were applied via Google Colab. Real-time object detection was achieved in the developed model with YOLOv5 algorithm with the highest accuracy of 93.38% in validation accuracy and 94.48% in training accuracy with the highest value of 92.96% in precision. Furthermore, it has been observed that YOLOv5 algorithm gives faster and more accurate results than the previous versions of YOLO.

Tüketimdeki hızlı artış, doğal kaynakları yok olma aşamasına getiriyor. Mevcut tüketim alışkanlıkların olası ekolojik etkileri, aşırı tüketim, sürdürülemez tüketim kalıplarını ve sürdürülebilir tüketim gibi kavramları ön plana çıkarmıştır. 12.07.2019 tarihinde yayınlanan Sıfır Atık Yönetmeliği ile Türkiye'de atık azaltımı zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Geri dönüştürülebilir atıklar arasında ambalaj atıkları önemli bir paya sahiptir. Sürdürülebilir tüketimin en önemli noktası sosyal yönüdür, ancak genellikle göz ardı edilir. Bu çalışmada sürdürülebilir tüketimin toplumsal bakış açısına ışık tutulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda pilot ürün olarak diş macunu kutuları seçilmiş ve tüketicilerin diş macunu kutuları kullanımına yaklaşımları araştırılmıştır. 300 katılımcıya anket uygulandı. Araştırma sonucunda, katılımcıların %90,7'sinin diş macunu kutularının çıkarılmasını olumlu veya kısmen olumlu karşıladığı görülmüştür. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, sürdürülebilir ekonomi ve döngüsel ekonomi konularında farkındalık düzeyinin yüksek olmadığı; Kişilerin yönlendirilmesinde eksiklikler olduğu tespit edildi. Elde edilen sonuçların karar vericilere ve uygulayıcılara sürdürülebilir tüketimi daha etkin bir şekilde benimsemeleri için yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. The rapid increase in consumption brings natural resources to the stage of extinction. The possible ecological effects of current consumption patterns have highlighted concepts such as excessive consumption, unsustainable consumption patterns, and sustainable consumption. Waste reduction in Turkey has become mandatory with the Zero Waste Regulation published in 12.07.2019. Among the recyclable wastes, packaging wastes hold a significant portion. The most significant point of sustainable consumption is its social aspect however it is often overlooked. In this study, it was aimed to shed light on to social perspective of sustainable consumption. In this context, toothpaste boxes were selected as a pilot product and consumers' approaches to using toothpaste boxes were investigated. A questionnaire was applied to 300 participants. As a result of the study, it was observed that 90.7% of the participants viewed the removal of the toothpaste boxes positively or partially. It was revealed that the level of awareness on sustainable development, sustainable economy, and circular economy are not high; It determined that there were deficiencies in the directing of individuals. It is thought that the obtained results would be a guide for decision-makers and practitioners to adopt sustainable consumption more effectively.

This article proposes to obtain clean water, which can be a solution for the lack of precipitation and drought, which is expected to increase in the future, to obtain minerals from the seas as an alternative to today's expensive mining operations and to produce clean energy on a single system. The system described in this study aims to obtain mining products more easily, risk-free and cheaper by bringing a different perspective to the mining sector, which creates serious environmental problems today. In addition, an alternative to other systems that use various filters and chemicals while obtaining clean water from sea water has been introduced, and energy generation while obtaining clean water has been handled on the same system. While the prototype of the proposed facility has been realized, various suggestions and methods have been presented for the future success of the system.

Ambalajların geri dönüşüm ve geri kazanılmasıyla tabii kaynaklarımız korunmakta, enerjide tasarruf sağlanmakta ve böylelikle ülke ekonomisine katkıda bulunulmaktadır. Ambalaj Atıklarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği kapsamında ambalaj malzemelerinin insana ve çevreye zarar vermeyecek türden olması, aynı zamanda geri dönüştürülebilir nitelikteki malzemelerden üretilmesi vurgulanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda ambalaj atıklarının geri dönüşümü ve kazanımıyla sadece ülke ekonomisine katkıda bulunmakla kalınmayıp insanların ve çevrenin sağlığı da korunmuş olur. Nüfusun hızlı artması, teknolojideki gelişmeler ve hayat düzeyinin yükselmesi ile meydana gelen çevresel kirliliğin kontrol edilmesi ve sonuç olarak azaltılması bugünün önemli problemlerindendir. Bundan dolayı belediyeler ambalaj atıklarının geri dönüşümünün sağlanması amacıyla birçok proje ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu çalışmada, Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesinde ambalaj atıklarının kaynağında ayrı toplanması “Ambalaj Atıkları Yönetim Planı” kurallarına göre ele alınmakta ve kuruluşta ambalaj atıklarının nerede, nasıl, ne zaman ve ne tür bir toplama sistemiyle toplandığına ilişkin genel bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Geri Kazanım Projesi’nin tatbiki Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneğinde incelenip mali ve çevresel değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır., With the recycling and recovery of packaging, our natural resources are protected, energy savings are achieved and thus the country's economy is contributed. Within the scope of the packaging waste control regulation, it is emphasized that the packaging materials should not harm people and the environment, and that they should also be produced from recyclable materials. In this context, recycling and recovery of packaging waste not only contributes to the country's economy, but also protects the health of people and the environment. Controlling the environmental pollution caused by the rapid increase in the population, the developments in technology and the increase in the standard of living is one of the important problems of today. Therefore, municipalities have put forward many projects in order to ensure the recycling of packaging waste. In this study, separate collection of packaging waste at the source in Ankara Metropolitan Municipality is handled according to the rules of "Packaging Waste Management Plan" and general information about where, how, when and with what kind of collection system the packaging wastes are collected in the organization is presented. The implementation of the Recycling Project is examined in the example of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, and financial and environmental evaluations are made.

This review aims to understand the impacts of plasticizers on the thyroid system of animals and humans. The thyroid gland is one of the earliest endocrine glands that appear during embryogenesis. The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones (TH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) that are important in the regulation of body homeostasis. TH plays critical roles in regulating different physiological functions, including metabolism, cell growth, circadian rhythm, and nervous system development. Alteration in thyroid function can lead to different medical problems. In recent years, thyroid-related medical problems have increased and this could be due to rising environmental pollutants. Plasticizers are one such group of a pollutant that impacts thyroid function. Plasticizers are man-made chemicals used in a wide range of products, such as children’s toys, food packaging items, building materials, medical devices, cosmetics, and ink. The increased use of plasticizers has resulted in their detection in the environment, animals, and humans. Studies indicated that plasticizers could alter thyroid function in both animals and humans at different levels. Several studies demonstrated a positive and/or negative correlation between plasticizers and serum T4 and T3 levels. Plasticizers could also change the expression of various TH-related genes and proteins, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and transporters. Histological analyses demonstrated thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to several plasticizers. In conclusion, plasticizers could disrupt TH homeostasis and the mechanisms of toxicity could be diverse.

In this study, pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and aluminum-containing low-density polyethylene (C-LDPE) was carried out at different temperatures, and the use of the liquid product obtained because of pyrolysis in different processes as commercial wax in future studies was investigated. For this purpose, rheology measurement was performed for density determination, melting point determination, carbon residue determination and viscosity determination on liquid product samples. Then, GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis, which is an analytical method combining the features of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, was performed to identify different substances in liquid product samples. After the elements in the sample were ionized in gas chromatography, they were sent to mass spectroscopy, where they were separated into mass/charge ratios, then the necessary measurements were made. According to the test results, While the density and melting point determination values of the liquid product obtained from the pyrolysis of LDPE and C-LDPE plastic wastes were exactly compatible with the density and melting point of commercial waxes, it was observed that the viscosity values were lower than commercial waxes. It was determined that the carbon residue values of the samples were close to the carbon residue values of commercial waxes in the market. As a result, it has been understood in future studies that the liquid product obtained from the pyrolysis of plastic wastes can be used instead of commercial waxes if the impurities are removed., Yapılan bu çalışma ile düşük yoğunluklu polietilen (LDPE) ve alüminyum içeren düşük yoğunluklu polietilen (C-LDPE)’nin farklı sıcaklıklarda pirolizi gerçekleştirilerek, piroliz sonucunda elde edilen sıvı ürünün ileriki çalışmalarda ticari vaks olarak farklı proseslerde kullanımı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, sıvı ürün numunelerine yoğunluk tayini, erime noktası tayini, karbon kalıntısı tayini ve viskozite tayini için reoloji ölçümü yapılmıştır. Daha sonra sıvı ürün numunelerinin içindeki farklı maddelerin tanımlanması için gaz kromatografisi ve kütle spektrometresinin özelliklerini birleştiren analitik bir yöntem olan GC-MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analizi yapılmıştır. Numunedeki elementler gaz kromatografisinde iyonlaştırıldıktan sonra kütle spektroskopisine gönderilmiş ve burada kütle/yük oranlarına ayrılmışlardır, daha sonra gerekli ölçümler yapılmıştır. Yapılan deney sonuçlarına göre; LDPE ve C-LDPE plastik atıklarının pirolizinden elde edilen sıvı ürünün yoğunluk ve erime noktası tayini değerleri ticari vaksların yoğunluk ve erime noktası ile birebir uyumlu iken, viskozite değerlerinin ise ticari vakslardan daha düşük olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Numunelerin karbon kalıntısı değerlerinin de piyasadaki ticari vaksların karbon kalıntısı değerlerine yakın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak ileride yapılan çalışmalarda ticari vaksların yerine plastik atıkların pirolizinden elde edilen sıvı ürünün safsızlıklıkları giderildiği takdirde kullanılabileceği anlaşılmıştır.

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Hazardous substances used and produced by different industrial activities pose a potential risk to the environment and to human health. Different physicochemical and/or biological processes are used in industrial wastewater treatment; these methods, however, may not be effective in removing these substances. This study was carried out to comparatively evaluate the removal of hazardous substances through conventional wastewater treatment processes that are used by major industries in Turkey. A four-season monitoring study was carried out in textile manufacturing and leather production sectors, representing industrial activities in Turkey. Samples were analyzed for 45 priority substances defined by the European Union and 250 specific pollutants listed in the Turkish Regulation on Surface Water Quality. For both wastewaters, where biological treatment was performed after pretreatment, their characteristics showed that organics were almost completely removed. except for dichloromethane (44–51% removals) and dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (64–69% removals). Additionally, different removal ratios (16–97%) were obtained for metals; the poorer removal was observed for B, Ba, Ag, Sb, and Si. The remaining metals (Cu, Pb, Sb, V, Si for textile; Cr, Cu, Sb, Si for leather effluents) in the treated wastewaters were still higher than environmental quality standards (EQS) of receiving water bodies. The study revealed that existing treatment processes were not adequate for efficient hazardous substance removal and there is an urgent need to improve them. Finally, advanced treatment technologies were suggested for specific pollutants together with their unit treatment costs.

Kırmızı et tüketimi insanların sağlıklı beslenmesinde ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyinin belirlenmesinde önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışma Siirt ili Merkez ilçede kırmızı et tüketim alışkanlığını ve tüketimi etkileyen faktörleri incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Veriler tesadüfi örnekleme metoduyla belirlenen 161 kişi ile yüzyüze anket yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Deneklerin yaklaşık olarak yarısı kadınlardan oluşmakta ve çoğunluğu Siirt ilinde sadece ikamet ettiklerini belirtmiştir. Araştırmaya katılanların çoğunluğu lise-lisans derecesine sahip, evli ve orta yaşlı insanlardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar genellikle koyun etini, orta fiyatlı etleri ve alım yeri olarak da kasabı tercih etmektedirler. Katılımcıların kırmızı eti tercih etmesinde alışkanlık başta olmak üzere lezzetli ve sağlıklı olması gibi faktörler de etkili olmuştur. Tüketiciler kırmızı et satın alırken alım yerinin hijyenik olmasına ve ürünlerin etiketli olmasına daha çok dikkat etmişlerdir. Tüketicilerin et tüketim miktarları üzerine ailedeki birey sayısı, aylık ortalama gelir ve aylık ortalama gıda harcaması etkili olmuştur. Sonuç olarak Siirt ilinde daha çok koyun etinin tüketildiği ve bu durumun bölgede küçükbaş hayvancılığın yaygın olmasından ve dolayısıyla alışkanlıktan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir., Red meat consumption is an important factor in healthy eating of people and determining the level of development of countries. This study was conducted to investigate the red meat consumption habits and the factors affecting red meat consumption in Siirt City Center. Data were obtained by surveying face to face from 161 people which are determined with random sampling method. Approximately half of the participants consisted of women and the majority stated that they lived only in Siirt province. The majority of the participants were married and middle-aged people with a high-school degree. Participants generally prefer sheep meat, medium-priced meats and butchers as their place of purchase. Factors such as being delicious and healthy, especially habit, were effective in the participants' preference for red meat. Consumers have paid more attention to the hygienic place of purchase and labeling of products when buying red meat. The number of individuals in the family, average monthly income and average monthly food expenditure were effective on the meat consumption of consumers. As a result, sheep meat is consumed more in Siirt province and this situation is thought to be due to the widespread sheep and goat breeding in the region.

In this paper, a remotely controllable, differentially driven wheeled mobile robot was developed in order to build 2D maps of unknown indoor environments; this system would eliminate the need to pre-explore such environments. Main aim of the study is to develop a system with high accuracy by using minimum number of sensors and a processor with low cost especially for comparatively small indoor areas. The distance traveled was calculated using the wheel odometry method. Obstacles surrounding the robot, the distance traveled, and the robot’s orientation were obtained using an ultrasonic distance sensor, optical encoder, and a 3D orientation sensor (also known as an Attitude and Heading Reference System –AHRS), respectively. In addition, the characteristics of the system hardware components were empirically explored, and the errors resulting from the sensors were evaluated. The non-linearity percentage error arising from the encoder was defined and then compensated for. The hysteresis behavior of the ultrasonic distance sensors was also empirically tested. All of the tasks were conducted by using a low-cost FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) board. This study used the graphical development platform, National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW, and it’s FPGA Module which is used for programming of embedded systems instead of the text-based HDLs (Hardware Description Languages). This distinguishes the proposed system from similar prior studies.

Toprakmikroflorasının önemli bir kısmı Bacilluscinsi bakterilerden oluşur. Bu bakterilerden elde edilen amilazların daha fazlastabilite, yüksek verimlilik ve düşük üretim maliyetine sahip olma gibiözellikleri vardı. Bundan dolayı topraktan izole edilen Bacillus cereus WYS01, Bacillusthuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillusthuringiensis ES2I3P, Bacillus cereusTG16 mikroorganizmalardan α-amilazın izolasyonu ve karakterizasyonunugerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada bütün bakterilerin maksimum enzimüretiminin 36. saatte, pH 7.0 ve 40 ºC’de olduğu tespit edildi.Mikroorganizmalar arasında spesifik aktivitesi en yüksek olan Bacillus cereus WYS01’tur. Enzimaktivitesine sıcaklık ve pH gibi önemli etkisi olan parametrelere bakıldı. Bacillus thuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillus thuringiensis ES2I3P ve Bacillus cereus TG16 bakterilerinin 40ºC de, Bacillus cereus WYS01’in ise60 ºC de maksimum aktiviteyi gösterdiği tespit edildi. Bütün mikroorganizmalaren fazla pH7.0 da α-amilaz aktivitesini gerçekleştirdi. Bu çalışmadaendüstriyel ve biyoteknolojik yönden önemi olan amilazın bakteriler tarafındanelde edildiği belirlendi., An important part of the soilmicroflora is made up of Bacillus bacteria.Amylases obtained from these bacteria are known to have greater stability,higher productivity and lower production costs. Therefore, isolation andcharacterization of α-amylase from Bacilluscereus WYS01, Bacillus thuringiensisVITLW1, Bacillus thuringiensisES2I3P, Bacillus cereus TG16microorganisms isolated from soil was carried out. Inthestudy, the maximumenzyme production of all bacteria was determined to be at pH7.0and 40 ºC at the36th hour. Bacilluscereus WYS01 hadthe highest specific activity among microorganisms. The parameters which haveimportant effects on the enzyme activity such as temperature and pH wereinvestigated. It was seen that Bacillusthuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillusthuringiensis ES2I3P and Bacilluscereus TG16 bacteria showed maximum activity at 40 ºC while this was 60 ºCfor Bacillus cereus WYS01. Allmicroorganisms carried out α-amylase activity at pH7.0. In this study, it wasdetermined that amylase, which is important for industrial and biotechnologicalaspects, was obtained by bacteria.

Buçalışmada Karadeniz’de Sinop yarımadası civarında yakalanan izmarit balığı (Spicara smaris) etinin amino asitiçeriği ve bu balığın boy ağırlık ilişkisi belirlenmiştir. Amino asitiçeriğinin belirlenmesinde; bir karışımdaki istenen maddeyi ileri düzeydeayırıp tanımlayabilir ve ölçebilir özellikteki LC-MS / MS (Sıvı KromatografiKütle Spektrometresi) cihazı kullanılmış ve bu yöntemle izmarit balıkları içinsonuçlar ilk kez rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada esansiyel (EAA) ve esansiyelolmayan (NEAA) toplam 19 adet amino asit tespit edilmiştir. Esansiyel aminoasitler toplam amino asit miktarının %52,44’ünü oluşturmuştur. İzmarit etindeen yüksek oranda tespit edilen EAA miktarları sırasıyla lysin (2,10±0,215 g/100g), leucine (1,68±0,115 g/100 g), arginine (1,18±0,030 g/100 g) ve valine (1,09±0,070g/100 g) şeklindedir. İzmarit etinde en yüksek oranda tespit edilen NEAAmiktarları ise sırasıyla glutamic asit (2,88±0,010 g/100 g), aspartik asit(2,16±0,280 g/100 g), alanine (1,32±0,000 g/100 g) ve glycine (1,05±0,060 g/100g) şeklindedir. Araştırmada incelenen balıkların ağırlık - boy ilişkisi W =0,0044TL3,3423, R2 = 0,990, N = 45, P < 0,05 şeklindehesaplanmıştır. Ağırlık boy - ilişkisi (WLR) denkleminin korelasyon katsayısı (r) istatistiksel olarak sıfırdan farklı(P < 0,05), b değeri iseistatistiksel olarak b = 3 den (izometrik büyüme) farklı bulunmuştur (Pauly ttest P < 0,05). Bu sonuçlarKaradeniz’de uzatma ağlarıyla avlanan izmarit balıklarının AA bakımından zenginve pozitif allometrik büyüme özelliği gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur., In this study, the amino acid content and the weight - lengthrelationship (WLR) of the picarel (Spicarasmaris) caught off Sinop peninsula in the Black Sea were determined.Determination of amino acid content of picarel; the LC-MS / MS (LiquidChromatography Mass Spectrometry) devices was used and the results obtainedfrom this method were reported for the first time for picarel. A total of 19amino acids were identified as essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA).The EAAs composed for 52.44% of the total values of amino acids. The highestamounts of EAA detected in the meat of picarel were lysine (2.10 ± 0.215 g / 100 g), leucine (1.68 ± 0.115g / 100 g),arginine (1.18 ± 0.030 g and valine (1.09 ± 0.070 g / 100 g), respectively. Thehighest amounts of NEAA in the meat of picarel were determined as glutamic acid(2.88 ± 0.010 g / 100 g),aspartic acid (2.16 ± 0.280 g / 100 g), alanine (1.32 ± 0.000 g / 100 g ) and glycine (1.05 ±0.060 g / 100 g),respectively. The weight – length relationship (WLR) of the fish was calculatedas W = 0.0044TL3.3423, R2 = 0.990, N = 45, P < 0.05.The correlation coefficient (r) ofthe WLR equation was statistically different from zero (P < 0.05) and also b value was statistically different fromb = 3 (isometric growth) (Pauly ttest P < 0.05). These results show that the picarel caught in the Black Seahave rich AA contents and show positive allometric growth.

This paper contains the molecular parameters, vibrational properties and some theoretical calculations of 1,8-diaminooctane. Bond angles, bond lengths, vibrational properties, dipole moments, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential of 1,8-diaminooctane were performed with using density functional theory calculations with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Vibrational properties were interpreted with the by using scaled quantum mechanical force field. This study enables us to figure out the vibrational and structural properties and some electronic properties of the 1,8-diaminooctane by means of the theoretical and experimental studied methods.

Eleven vanillin derivatives was synthesized, characterized successfully and their antibacterial and anticandidal properties were investigated on seven bacterial species and four candida species. These bacterial species are Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis and candidal species are Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. Most of the synthesized compounds were showed good activity against studied microorganisms compared with Chloramphenicol. Compounds 2c, 2d and 2k were exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities especially on Escherichia coli. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were found to be the most susceptible species amongst the investigated microorganisms

Power Quality problems, which have become an important consumer issue in recent years, are defined as changes in voltage, current, or frequency in the power system. Among the factors affecting energy quality in grid-connected PV systems are island mode operation, current and voltage harmonics, transients, flicker, interruption, DC offset, notches, frequency changes, voltage sag / swell, voltage imbalances in the system and power factor. Because of the power quality problems, several transmission and distribution losses can occur due to both the consumers and the generators. Also, the integration of PV power plants to the main grid will cause several power quality problems, and a reliable operation of the grid with PV power plants is a significant issue for distributed generation. Thus, the first step in preparing a reliable algorithm for detecting power quality events occurring in the current grid is to model a power system in which power quality impairments can be analyzed. In this work, the power quality disturbances that occur in the low-voltage grid that is fed through both the main grid and the grid-connected PV system are modeled and investigated. Developed electric power distribution model includes simulation of voltage sags caused by three phase fault, transformer energization and asynchronous motor switching, voltage swells caused by three phase fault, transients due to large capacitor bank switching, harmonics and notches caused by the load connected via the power converter. Examination of the power quality disturbances with simulation clearly revealed the resulting waveforms, the response of the electrical power system to the fault conditions. Another advantage of the realized study is that the developed model can be used to measure the performance of the PV connected distributed generation system in fault detection and classification studies.

It is generally preferred to use of plant species that have a natural spread in a region as a beverage. It is known that, different plants are used in making herbal coffee in our country. Especially in times of war and for economical reasons, it was not possible for our people to reach a cup of coffee made from coffee beans, and in such cases it was tried to benefit from different plants. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., known as “nohut” in Turkish), which is a member of the Fabaceae family, is one of the most important legumes as a source of vegetable protein and one of those herbal coffees. In this study we compiled the information we obtained about chickpea coffee such as how to make it, how to serve it and its features etc. in Işıkeli village of Biga (Çanakkale). We believe that, this study will contribute to the survival of the chickpea coffee tradition as the traditional usage of chickpea is about to disappear nowadays., Genellikle yerel bir içecek olarak bir bölgede doğal yetişen bitki türlerinin kullanılması tercih edilir. Ülkemizdebitkisel kahve yapımında farklı bitkilerin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Özellikle savaş zamanlarında ve ekonomiknedenlerle, halkımızın kahve çekirdeklerinden yapılmış bir fincan kahveye ulaşması mümkün olmamış ve bu gibidurumlarda farklı bitkilerden faydalanmaya çalışılmıştır. Fabaceae familyasının bir üyesi olan Nohut (Cicerarietinum L.), bitkisel protein kaynağı olarak en önemli baklagillerden biridir ve bitkisel kahve yapımındakullanılır. Bu çalışmada, Biga’nın (Çanakkale) Işıkeli köyünde nohut kahvesi hakkında elde edilen bilgiler ile nasılyapıldığı ve nasıl servis edildiği hakkındaki bilgiler derlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile günümüzde geleneksel kullanımıyok olmak üzere olan nohut kahvesi geleneğinin hayatta kalmasına katkıda bulunulacağı düşünülmüştür.

Salıncak burçlarına, çaplama işlemi ve ardından kumlama işlemi uygulanmıştır. Yüzey pürüzlülük ve sıkılıkdeğerleri ölçülen burçlar çıkma işlemine tabi tutularak çıkma mukavemetleri belirlenmiştir. Benzetim için SolidWorks programı kullanılarak modellenmiş ve programın simülasyon kısmında çözdürülmüştür. Çelik salıncak ilealüminyum burç arasında ki sürtünme katsayısı 0,61 iken 8681,7 Newton, 0,3 iken 4102, 2 olarak bulunmuştur.Analizde ideal 179 mikron sıkılığında iken çıkan von mises gerilmesi 317,8 ve 370,4 mPa malzemelerin akmagerilmeleri ortalamalarında çıkarak burcun yerinden çıkma kuvvetleri hakkında muhakeme yapmamızı sağlıklıhale getirmiştir. Analizlere bakıldığında sıkılık değerleri kadar sürtünme katsayısının da etkili olduğu ortayaçıkmıştır. Surface roughness and firmness values were determined by bending the measured bushings. It was modeledusing the Solid Works program for simulation and solved in the simulation part of the program. The coefficientof friction between the steel bushing and the aluminum bushing was 0.61, while the 8681.7 Newtons were 0.3and 4102, 2, respectively. In the analysis, von mises stress, which was obtained at an ideal 179 micron, made ithealthy for us to make reasoning about the displacement force of the bushing by averaging the yield stresses of317,8 and 370,4 mPa materials. When the analyzes were examined, it was found that the coefficient of frictionwas as effective as the tightness values.

Bu çalışma, 18 ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin Boluekolojik koşullarında verim, verim unsurları ve kalite özelliklerininbelirlenmesi amacıyla 2016-2017 ve 2017-2018 vejetasyon dönemlerinde tesadüfblokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmadaçeşitlerin bitki boyu, başaklanma süresi, başak uzunluğu, başakta başakçıksayısı, başakta tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığı, bin tane ağırlığı,hektolitre ağırlığı, protein oranı, yaş gluten oranı ve tane verimi değerleriincelenmiştir. İncelenen tüm özellikler bakımından çeşitler arasındaistatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. İki yılın ortalamasınagöre çeşitlerin bitki boyları 80.7-112 cm, başaklanma süreleri 135.7-146.1 gün,başak uzunlukları 7.3-10 cm, başakta başakçık sayıları 16.5-21.2 adet, başaktatane sayıları 27.2-49.7 adet, başakta tane ağırlıkları 0.93-2.25 g, bin taneağırlıkları 35.8-47.2 g, hektolitre ağırlıkları 69.3-80.9 kg, protein oranları% 12.6-16.2, yaş gluten oranları % 24.9-34.6 ve tane verimleri 515.2-790.7kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en yüksek tane verimiLucilla, Rumeli ve Aslı çeşitlerinden elde edilmiştir. &nbsp, This study was conductedduring 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 under the ecological conditions of Bolu with theobjective to determine the yield, yield components and quality traits of 18bread wheat varieties. This study was done according to randomized completeblock design with four replications. In this study, data was recorded onparameters of varieties such as plant height, heading time, spike length,number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight perspike, 1000 kernel weight, hectoliter weight, protein content, wet glutencontent, and grain yield. There was a statistically significant differenceamong the varieties based on the traits recorded. Two years average dataindicated a plant height of 80.7-112 cm, heading time of 135.7-146.1 days,spike length of 7.3-10.0 cm, number of spikelets per spike of 16.5-21.2, numberof grains per spike of 27.2-49.7, grain weight per spike of 0.93-2.25 g,hectoliter weight of 69.3-80.9 kg, protein contents of 12.6-16.2%, wet glutencontents of 24.9-34.6%, and grain yield of 515.2-790.7 kg/da. The highestyielding varieties were Lucilla, Rumeli and Aslı.

Bu çalışmada, sürekli iletim kipinde çalışan azaltan da-da dönüştürücüsü için ikinci mertebeden bir kayma kipdenetleyicisinin tasarımı sunulmuştur. Önerilen denetleyici doğrusal olmayan bir denetim türü olup, sabitanahtarlama frekansında çalışmaktadır. Yük ve giriş gerilimi değişimleri altında önerilen denetleyiciningeçerliliği PSIM benzetim sonuçları ile doğrulanmıştır., In this study, the design of a second-order sliding mode controller is presented for the buck converter incontinuous conduction mode. The proposed controller is a nonlinear control type and operates at a fixedswitching frequency. The validity of the proposed controller under load and input voltage variations is verifiedby the PSIM simulation results

Geleneksel yöntemlerle yapılan tasarım ve çizim teknikleri, bilgisayar teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle hızlı bir şekildedijitalleşmektedir. Bu süreçte özellikle mimari uygulama projeleri, detay çizimleri, üç boyutlu modeller vefotogerçekçi görüntüler (render) bilgisayar destekli tasarım programlarında gerçekleştirilmektedir. “YapıRessamlığı” mimari çizim odaklı eğitim verilen bir ön lisans programı olması sebebiyle bu teknolojikgelişmelerden direkt etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada “Yapı Ressamlığı” ön lisans programında Bilgisayara DestekliTasarım (BDT) derslerinin süreçsel gelişiminden bahsedilerek, yapılan anket çalışmasıyla öğrencilerin BDTdersleri kapsamında öğrendikleri programlarla ilgili izlenimleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre derskapsamında öğretilen programların, öğrenci tarafından daha çok benimsenip kullanıldığı görülürken özelliklemezuniyet sonrası kullanacaklarını düşündükleri Autocad, Sketch Up ve Photoshop yazılımlarına daha çok ilgigösterdikleri sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Design and drawing techniques made with traditional methods are rapidly digitalized by the development ofcomputer technology. Within this period, especially architectural application projects, detail drawings, three-dimensional models and photorealistic images (render) are carried out in computer-aided design programs. Since,“Architectural Drafting” is an associate degree program that has a education style focuses on architectural drawing,it is directly influenced by these technological developments. In this study, the process development of theComputer Assisted Design (CAD) courses in the “Architectural Drafting” associate degree program is discussedand the students' impressions about the programs they learned within the CAD courses were revealed by thequestionnaires. According to the results of the questionnaires, it is seen that the programs taught in the course havebeen adopted and used more by the students and they show more interest to the softwares like Autocad, Sketch Upand Photoshop that can be used after graduation.

Geçmişimizden bize emanet edilen, günümüzde ise gelecek kuşaklarımıza bırakma borcumuz olan mimari eserleriaraştırmak, onları yaşatmak hepimizin görevidir. Restorasyon konusunda çeşitli örnek mimari yapıları bulunanTaraklı geçmişten günümüze kadar gelen, Osmanlı mimarisine ait örnekleriyle kültürel mirasımızın var olduğuönemli bir yerleşim birimidir. Taraklı’nın sahip olduğu anıtsal ve sivil yapıların etkin bir restorasyonu için fizikselyapısı, tarihsel mimari değerleri ve çevresiyle ile birlikte ele alınıp incelenmiştir. Ali Pektaş Evi’nin rölöve analizçalışmaları yapılarak restitüsyon önerisi doğrultusunda restorasyon çalışmaları proje ve resimlerle desteklenmiş,uygulama aşamasında uygulanan tekniklerle birlikte yapının özgünlüğü bozulmadan gerekli denetim altındakontrolleri yapılarak çalışmalar tamamlanmıştır., It is our duty of all of us to investigate and keep alive the architectural works that have been entrusted to us in ourpast and which we owe to our future generations. Taraklı, which has various examples of architecturalconstructions regarding restoration, is an important settlement unit where the cultural heritage is present withexamples belonging to Ottoman architecture coming from the past to the present day. The physical structure ofTaraklı for the effective restoration of monumental and civil structures is studied and studied together with itshistorical architectural values and surroundings. Ali Pektaş House's restoration analysis works were carried outand the restoration work was supported with projects and pictures by the restitution suggestion and studies werecompleted with necessary controls under the supervision without deteriorating the originality of the constructiontogether with the techniques applied during the application phase. The restoration works of Ali Pektaş House havebeen completed with necessary controls under the supervision without deterioration of the originality of therestoration work done with the projects and pictures and the techniques applied with application techniques.

Bir yayın haberleşme yönteminde bir kaynaktan çoklu kullanıcılara mesaj iletimi için genellikle içerisindeşifreleme yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı şemalardan yararlanılır. Bu şema yapıları anahtar sunucu işlemleri açısındanmerkezi ve de-merkezi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Bu çalışmada günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan iki merkeziyöntem olan Mantıksal Anahtar Hiyerarşisi (MAH) ve Tek Yönlü Fonksiyon Ağacı (TFA) şemalarınadeğinilmiştir. Yayın haberleşme için bir şema önerilmiş ve kullanıcı ekleme/çıkarma işlemlerinde anahtar iletimsayıları-boyutları ve kullanıcılarda bulunan anahtar sayıları-boyutları açılarından mevcut şemalar ilekarşılaştırılmıştır. In a broadcast communication method,the schemes in which encryption methods are used are often used totransmit messages from a source to multiple users. These schemes are divided into central and de-central interms of key server operations. In this work, two central methods which are widely used nowadays arementioned: Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) and One Way Function Tree (OFT) schemes. A scheme for broadcastcommunication is proposed and compared with the existing schemes in terms of numbers-sizes of keytransmissions in user joining/removing and numbers-sizes of keys in the user.

Waspaloy gibi işlenebilirliği zor malzemelerin işleme verimliliğini artırmak için, kesme sıvısı kullanımı büyükönem taşımaktadır. Ancak, aşırı kesme sıvısı kullanımı çevre, çalışan sağlığı ve üretim maliyeti gibi konulardaimalatçıları endişelendirmektedir. Bu endişeleri minimuma indirmek için kullanılan alternatif yöntemlerdenbirisi de Minimum Miktarda Yağlama (MMY) sistemidir. Bununla beraber, kesme sıvısı miktarının azaltılmasıiçin çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, MMY sisteminde kullanılan kesme sıvısının içerisinenanopartikül katkı maddesi eklenerek kullanılan kesme sıvısı miktarını daha da azaltmak amaçlanmıştır. Buamaç doğrultusunda, Waspaloy süper alaşımı; kuru, MMY ve NanoMMY (hacimce %1 Al 2 O 3 ) şartları altındaişlenmiş ve soğutma/yağlama yöntemleri arasındaki farklar ortaya konulmuştur. Frezeleme deneyleri esnasındaçıktı olarak takım aşınması seçilmiştir. Kesme parametresi olarak ise üç farklı kesme hızı (20, 40, 60 m/dak) veüç farklı ilerleme hızı (0,05-0,10 ve 0,15 mm/dev) seçilmiştir. Deney sonuçlarının analizine göre, optimumaşınma değeri 20 m/dak kesme hızı, 0,05 mm/dev ilerleme ve NanoMMY şartları altında gerçekleşmiştir. The use of cutting fluids is of great importance in order to increase the machinability efficiency of difficult-to-cut materials such as Waspaloy. However, the use of extreme cutting fluid is concerned by manufacturers in suchissues as the environment, human health and production cost. One of the alternative methods to minimize theseconcern is the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) system. Moreover, researches are continued to reduce theamount of cutting fluids. In this study, it was intended to further reduce the amount of cutting fluid sonanoparticle was added to the contents of the cutting fluid in the MQL system. For this purpose, Waspaloymilling experiment were carried out under dry, MQL and NanoMQL (1 vol% Al 2 O 3 ) conditions and the differences between cooling/lubrication methods have been revealed. Tool wear was selected as outputparameter during milling experiments. Three different cutting speeds (20, 40, 60 m/min) and three different feedrates (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm/rev) were selected as cutting parameters. According to the analysis of theexperiment results, the optimum wear value was 20 m/min cutting speed, 0.05 mm/rev feed rate and NanoMMYcutting conditions.

Alüminyum alaşımları günümüzde, yüksek dayanım ve ağırlık oranı, iyi korozyon ve yorulma direnci nedeniyle,otomotiv ve havacılık sanayinde, plastik enjeksiyon kalıplarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Buçalışmada, 80x80x30 mm ebatlarında 5754-H111 temperlenmiş alüminyumun alaşımına, kaplamalı ve kaplamasızkesici uçlarla yüzey frezeleme işlemi uygulanmış ve yüzey frezeleme işlemi esnasında kesme parametrelerininyüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde Taguchi L 27 ortogonal dizini ile üç faklı kesici uç(Kaplamasız, Al 2 O 3 -TiCN-TiN kaplamalı, TiAlN Nano kaplamalı), kesme hızı (250, 350, 550 m/dak), ilerlemeoranı (0.1, 0.2, 0.35 mm/diş) ve üç faklı kesme derinliği (1, 1.5, 2 mm) kullanılmıştır. Deneyler sonunda eldeedilen değerler, sinyal-gürültü oranı (S/N), varyans analizi (ANOVA), üç boyutlu grafikler ve regresyon metodukullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneylerden sonra en düşük yüzey pürüzlülüğü; kaplamasız kesici uç, 1 mmkesme derinliği, 350 m/dak kesme hızı ve 0.35 mm/diş ilerleme oranında elde edilmiştir. Bu kesme şartları içinyüzey pürüzlülük değerleri hesaplamalarda 0.26 ?m olarak bulunmuş, doğrulama deneylerinde 0.29 ?m olarakölçülmüştür. Aluminum alloys have been widely used in plastic injection molds in the automotive and aerospace industries dueto their high strength and weight ratio, and good corrosion and fatigue resistance. In this study, 5754-H111tempered aluminum alloy piece with 80x80x30 mm dimensions was machined with face milling operation usingcoated and uncoated inserts. The effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness during face milling wereinvestigated. In the experiments, different inserts (uncoated, Al 2 O 3 -TiCN-TiN coated, TiAlN Nano coated), cuttingspeeds (250, 350, 550 m/min), feed rates (0.1, 0.2, 0.35 mm/tooth) and cutting depths (1, 1.5, 2 mm) — eachhaving three conditions — were used with the Taguchi L 27 orthogonal array. The values obtained at the end of the experiments were evaluated using signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), variance analysis (ANOVA), three-dimensionalgraphs, and regression analyses. The minimum surface roughness was obtained using the uncoated insert at 1 mmcutting depth, 350 m/min cutting speed and 0.35 mm/tooth feed rate. The surface roughness values for these cuttingconditions were found as 0.26 ?m in the calculations and measured as 0.29 ?m in the verification experiments.

Teknolojinin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte cihazların uzaktan kontrol ihtiyacı hızla artmıştır. Cihazların bir ağüzerinden uzaktan etkileşebilir hale getirilmesi nesnelerin interneti sayesinde mümkündür. Bu çalışmadaüzerinde ESP8266 wifi modül barındıran Nodemcu V3 geliştirme kartı tercih edilerek cihazların uzaktankontrolü sağlanmıştır. Burada NodemCU V3, android yazılım tabanlı uzaktan yönetim uygulaması ve bir prizdenoluşan akıllı bir sistemin entegrasyonu sağlanmıştır. ESP8266 modülü ile yönetilmek istenen cihazlar kontroledilebilmektedir. Kullanılan sensörler ESP8266 aracılığıyla anlık olarak veri iletmektedir. İnsanların çoğugünlük yaşamlarını evleri dışında geçirdiği için ev ortamında karşılaşabileceği gaz kaçağı, cihazların prizdeunutulması, ışıkların açık bırakılması vb. olumsuz durumlarda ister internet tarayıcısı üzerinden isterse mobiluygulama üzerinden prizlerin uzaktan kontrolünü sağlayabileceklerdir. Bu şekilde daha güvenli ve ekonomik biryaşam imkânı sağlanmış olacaktır., With the rapid development of technology, the need for remote control of devices has increased rapidly.Remotely interacting devices over a network is possible through the Internet of Things. In this work, remotecontrol of the devices is provided by using the NodemCU V3 development card. The integration of NodemCUV3, Android software based remote management application and an intelligent system consisting of a socket isprovided. With the ESP8266 module, devices that need to be managed can be controlled. The sensors used,transmits data instantaneously through ESP8266. Since most people spend their daily lives outside their homes,they will be able to remotely control the power outlets through both the Internet browser and the mobileapplication, in cases of gas leakages, plugged in devices, open lights, etc. In this way, a safer and moreeconomical life will be provided.

The recent pandemic scenario has caused demand for green products that have medicinal aspects, as well as greener approaches for global health. Natural dye from plants, particularly from harmal seeds, is an excellent alternative to carcinogenic yellow synthetic dyes. The current study has been conducted to isolate natural colorants from harmal seeds in methanolic medium through Gamma-Assisted Extraction (GAE). The dyeing variables that are necessary for shade development before and after mordanting were selected. It has been found that 6 kGy is the optimal absorbed dose for extraction of colorant from 6 g of powder to isolate the colorant in the methanolic medium through the Gamma-irradiated extraction mode (GAE). To get excellent results, 30 mL of methanolic extract containing 6 g/100 mL of Glauber salt was sued for dyeing of irradiated wool at 45 °C for 65 min. For improving the color strength and acceptable rating of fastness, 9% of henna, 3% of acacia, 10% of turmeric, and 7% of pomegranate extracts as pre-bio-mordants as well as 7% of acacia, 3% of pomegranate, 9% of henna, and 10% of turmeric extracts as post-mordants have given high results compared to when chemical mordants have been used. It was concluded that Gamma-ray treatment has excellent color strength in the dyeing of bio-mordanted wool using harmal seed extracts under mild conditions, and has good fastness ratings after using chemical and bio-mordanting methods as well.

As universities are considered living laboratories with the practical learning of today\"s students and tomorrow\"s decision makers, practitioners, as well as parents, it is important to understand to what extent separate waste collection can be achieved in universities. This study aims to determine the amount, composition, and recycling potential of the generated waste in the Marmara University Anadoluhisari campus in Turkey, in order to develop a waste management strategy in line with national legislation and sustainable global practices. In addition, this study aims to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, behavior, and motivation of campus stakeholders towards this strategy. A separate waste collection application was carried out on the campus. In order to determine the amount of mixed waste before this application and the amount of fractionated waste after this application, daily waste weighing was carried out in certain periods between November 04, 2019 and November 01, 2020. For the social aspect of the study, a survey was conducted on campus students, administrative officers and academic personnel studying and working at different faculties. From the technical aspect, it was found that the recycling potential of campus waste was high (69%). However, when the social aspect of the study was examined, it was determined that only 16% of campus occupants had knowledge of Zero Waste Regulation. Furthermore, none of the group felt directly responsible for separated waste collection. Only 26% of the campus population, who carried out this practice on campus, stated that waste is separately collected on campus. Based on plastic bottle discarding behavior reported, only 16% of participants were found to be very conscious about waste recycling. It was concluded that recyclable waste separation was carried out by students who were unaware of its purpose. Among the studied groups, the academic personnel were relatively more conscious than the other groups. Ac-cording to campus stakeholder\"s opinions, incentives and basic education were the main factors for improving solid waste management.

Increasing world population and technological developments affect the balance between rural life and urban life. The advantages of urbanization make the attraction of rural life less attractive. This situation has consequences such as increasing urban population and decreasing rural population. This study emphasizes the necessity of maintaining the balance between rural and urban areas by concentrating on problems such as technological developments that cause differences between rural and urban areas, socio-cultural activities in urban areas, insufficient educational opportunities in rural areas, making urban areas more attractive economically. The aim of this study is to contribute to the reduction of this difference to minimum levels by concentrating on the problems that cause differences between rural and urban areas., Artan dünya nüfusu ve teknolojik gelişmeler kırsal yaşam ile kentsel yaşam arasındaki dengeyi etkilemektedir. Kentleşmenin getirmiş olduğu avantajlar, kırsal yaşamın cazibesini daha az çekici hale getirmektedir. Bu durum, kent nüfusunun giderek artması ve kırsal nüfusun da giderek azalması gibi sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, kentsel nüfus-kırsal nüfus arasındaki dengeyi bozan sebepleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Yapılan bu çalışma ile kır-kent arasındaki farklılıklara sebep olan teknolojik gelişmeler, kentsel alanlardaki sosyo-kültürel faaliyetler, eğitim olanaklarının kırsal bölgelerde yetersiz olması, ekonomik açıdan kentsel alanların daha cazip gelmesi gibi problemler üzerinde yoğunlaşarak kır-kent arasındaki dengenin korunması gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Kırsal kalkınma planlarında uygulanacak politikaların, stratejilerin, yaklaşımların bütünsel olarak değil, bölgesel olarak incelenmesi, kalkınma hedeflerinin daha doğru yürütülmesini sağlayacaktır.

With the discovery of Göbekli Tepe, Urfa has proven to be one of the oldest settlement in history and has been named "Zero Point of History" due to this feature. What happened in the history left countless artifacts and historical mysterious in Urfa and turned it into an open-air museum. One of the most important current mystery is why the life of Göbekli Tepe disappeared. It is an important fact that civilizations disappear not only for reasons such as war, but also due to environmental problems and sometimes, on the contrary, they have survived for many years. Based on these facts; this study aimed to draw attention to the issue of "erosion", which continues to be a major environmental threat and problem for today's world, and this issue has been studied specifically for Göbekli Tepe. In the light of all this information, an answer was sought for the question of whether Göbekli Tepe was undergrounded by human or natural means.

Many developing countries apply technology-based discharge standards that set quantitative limits on pollutant discharges. These standards do not inherently consider ambient constraints and, therefore, cannot guarantee to protect aquatic life from hazardous pollutants. It is a challenge for developing countries to enforce water-quality-based limits for wastewater discharges and guarantee the intended use of water. This study aims to develop a strategy that suits the needs of developing countries for a transition from technology-based discharge standards to water-quality-based discharge limits. To this end, a pilot monitoring program was carried in the Gediz River Basin in Turkey. Surface water, industrial, and urban wastewater samples were collected and analyzed for 45 priority pollutants identified by the European Union and 250 national river basin specific pollutants. The monitoring results revealed that the environmental quality standards (EQSs) were exceeded for 8 priority, and 28 specific pollutants. This finding indicated that the existing technology-based discharge standards are not satisfactory to guarantee the intended water quality, and there is a need for adopting a new strategy for the implementation of water-quality-based discharge limits in Turkey. As a widely applied approach for determining water-quality-based discharge limits, firstly, conservative mass balance with and without consideration of mixing zone was evaluated. The results indicated that this approach was not applicable due to the receiving environment concentrations being higher than the EQSs. As an alternative approach, the dilution methodology, which considers the level of dilution occurring at the immediate discharge point, was tested. The results proved that the dilution methodology is the most appropriate strategy for developing countries with relatively poor surface water quality to improve the water quality to the level where the conservative mass balance approach can be applicable.

The heat accumulated in the inner parts of the earth's crust is transmitted to the fluid in the geothermal aquifer by means of transportation. The geothermal fluid is transported to the surface either by wells or naturally. In this study, the geothermal fluid in Tuzla geothermal field in Çanakkale city was examined due to its high boron content (10.3 mg L-1). It was aimed to remove boron from geothermal fluid by adsorption in order to prevent possible negative effects on the environment. Fly ash was obtained from Çan thermal power plant. The specific surface area of the fly ash was 14.6 m2 g-1 and the particle size was between 1.45 and 186 µm. According to ASTM C618 standard, fly ash was classified as Class C. Fly ash was composed of anhydrite, lime, hematite, cristobalite, quartz, calcite and feldspar. Various parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature were studied experimentally for the removal of boron from the geothermal fluid. The suitability of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle kinetic models to experimental data was examined. The data obtained from the isotherm studies were applied to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models.

Sanayileşme ve üretimin artmasıyla birlikte iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kavramının da önemi artmaktadır. Bu durumdan dolayı günümüzde çevreye çok fazla önem verilmektedir. Çevreye verilen önemden dolayı da atıksu arıtma tesislerinin de sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Atıksu arıtma tesisleri fiziksel yapı ve çalışma koşullarının sebep olduğu durumlardan dolayı iş kazaları ve meslek hastalıklarının fazlasıyla yaşandığı bir ortamdır. Çalışanların olması gereken koruyucu aşılarını olmaları, kişisel koruyucu donanım malzemelerini kullanmaları, çalışma alanlarında yeterli sayıda uyarıcı levhalarının olması, iş güvenliği ve ilk yardım eğitimlerini düzenli olarak almaları iş kazalarını ve meslek hastalıklarını azaltıcı etkiye neden olur. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda idarecilerde bilgilendirilmelidir.