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Based on the excellent nutrient level, the current study was focused on isolation and anti-bacterial activity of the actinomycetes from marine mangrove soil samples. As result, 10 different strains of actinomycetes strains were identified on actinomycetes isolation agar plates. The identified strains were shown with white, clear, uncontaminated well matured spore producing ability. Based on the initial observation, the isolated colonies were actinomycetes. The partially extracted crude compound shown excellent anti-bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae with 15 mm and 13 mm zone of inhibitions were observed at 500 μL concentrations. The minimum inhibition concentration result was also confirmed the 500 μL concentration against both the tested concentration with high inhibition rate. Then, the intracellular damages, decreased cell growth of the crude actinomycetes extract treated bacterial strains were clearly observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope. The extracellular damages of bacterial cell wall and shape of the both the pathogens were clearly shown by scanning electron microscope. Therefore, all the results were clearly supported to the partially extracted crude compound and it has excellent anti-bacterial activity against tested multi drug resistant bacteria.

In this study, the phytochemical, phenolic, flavonoid and bioactive compounds were successfully screened from crude extract of Sargassum wightii by LC-MS analysis after NIST interpretation. Bacterial growth inhibition study result was shown with 24 mm zone inhibition at 200 µg/mL concentration against P. aeruginosa. The increased phenolic content was much closed to gallic acid and the range was observed at 250 μg/mL concentration. In addition, flavonoid contents of the algae extract was indicated more significant with rutin at 200 μg/mL. In result, both the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were more correlated with gallic acid and rutin. Further, the total anti-oxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities were shown increased activity at 200 μg/mL concentrations. Furthermore, the excellent anti-bacterial alteration result was observed at 200 μg/mL concentration by minimum inhibition concentration. Therefore, the result was revealed that the marine algae Sargassum wightii has excellent phytochemical and anti-oxidant activities, and it has improved anti-bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa.

The multi-drug resistant effect of the Gram negative bacteria K. pneumoniae was identified by disc diffusion method using specific UTI panel discs of Kleb 1 HX077 and Kleb 2 HX090 HEXA. Among the multi-drug resistant bacteria, the carbapenem resistant (CR) effect of the K. pneumoniae was screened by specific carbapenem detection antibiotics of HEXA HX066 and HX0103 HEXA by disc diffusion method. In addition, the effective antibiotics were further performed against K. pneumoniae by minimum inhibition concentration method. Further, the carbapenemase genes of VIM 1 and IMP 1 were detected from the isolated strains by multiplex PCR method. Furthermore, the biofilm forming ability of selected carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae was initially identified by tissue culture plate method and confirmed by exopolysaccharide arrest ability of congo red agar assay. Finally, our result was proved that the identified K. pneumoniae is carbapenemase producing strain, and its virulence was extended with strong biofilm formation.

Urinary tract infections are second most important diseases worldwide due to the increased amount of antibiotic resistant microbes. Among the Gram negative bacteria, P. mirabilis is the dominant biofilm producer in urinary tract infections next to E. coli. Biofilm is a process that produced self-matrix of more virulence pathogens on colloidal surfaces. Based on the above fact, this study was concentrated to inhibit the P. mirabilis biofilm formation by various in-vitro experiments. In the current study, the anti-biofilm effect of essential oils was recovered from the medicinal plant of Solanum nigrum, and confirmed the available essential oils by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. The excellent anti-microbial activity and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration of the essential oils against P. mirabilis was indicated at 200 µg/mL. The absence of viability and altered exopolysaccharide structure of treated cells were showed by biofilm metabolic assay and phenol–sulphuric acid method. The fluorescence differentiation of P. mirabilis treated cells was showed with more damages by confocal laser scanning electron microscope. Further, more morphological changes of essential oils treated cells were differentiated from normal cells by scanning electron microscope. Altogether, the results were reported that the S. nigrum essential oils have anti-biofilm ability.

In this study, the 16S rRNA of the marine endophytic actinomycete was characterized and identified as Nocardiopsis sp. strain DMS 2 (MH900226). Partial purification and spectroscopies data were interpreted and confirmed as 1, 4-diaza-2, 5-dioxo-3-isobutyl bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane. Anti-bacterial activity of the crude extract and partially purified compound were shown highest inhibition activity against biofilm forming K. pneumoniae. Minimum biofilm inhibition concentration of identified compound against K. pneumoniae was exhibited at the concentration of 300 µg/mL. Decreased metabolic activity and modified exopolysaccharide production of biofilm forming cells were observed at 350 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL concentration. At the same biofilm inhibition concentration, the intracellular architecture of the biofilm cells and extracellular shape modifications were clearly viewed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. All the in-vitro inhibition results and microscopic images were strongly suggested that the identified compound was a potential anti-biofilm agent against tested K. pneumoniae.

The current study was concentrated to detection of anti-cancer compound from marine Streptomyces akiyoshiensis GRG 6 (KY457710) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The partial purification of TLC was moved three different active spots. Among the spots, the third spot of the extract was shown excellent anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The available anti-cancer compounds present in the partially purified extract was confirmed by GC–MS data interpretation. Three fractions of the compounds were purified by preparative HPLC and their respective spectrum was confirmed by analytical HPLC. Active anti-cancer fraction was separately purified by preparative HPLC and the cytotoxicity result was shown with 100 µg/mL concentration. The anti-cancer compound of pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 was detected by LC-MS analysis after interpretation with GC–MS data. Further, the morphological damages and increased proliferation with more death cells of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 treated MCF-7 were observed by phase contrast and fluorescence microscope techniques. Finally, the nuclear condensation and increased necrotic cells of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 treated MCF-7 cells was clearly identified by fluorescence microscope techniques using Hoechst 33,342 stain. Therefore, our result was prove, the pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 rich Streptomyces akiyoshiensis GRG 6 (KY457710) as a potential anti-cancer agent against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

The development of antibiotic resistant in K. pneumoniae is an emerging thread worldwide due to the poor antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue, researchers are focused on plant material and their essential oils to fight against multi drug resistant bacteria. In this context, the current study was concentrated in medicinal plant of guva leaves and their essential oils to combat multi drug resistant bacterial infections. The essential oils were successfully screened and confirmed by HRLC-MS analysis. The anti-bacterial ability of the compounds were loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles and proved by FT-IR analysis. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils morphology was compared with chitosan alone in SEM analysis and suggested that the material was loaded successfully. Further, the anti-bacterial ability of the chitosan loaded essential oils were primarily confirmed by agar well diffusion method. At the 100 µg/mL of lowest concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils, the multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae was inhibited with 96% and confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration experiment. Hence, all the experiments were proved that the essential oils were successfully loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles, and it has more anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae.

In this study, the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity of marine brown algae Turbinaria ornata (T. ornate) extract was purified by soxhlet apparatus method. The invitro studies of total anti-oxidant activity and DPPH hydroxyl scavenging activity assays were suggested that the T. ornata extract has more anti-oxidant activity. Agar well diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration results were exhibited excellent inhibition effect of T. ornata extract against P. aeruginosa at 300 µg/mL concentration. The time-dependent bacterial inhibition assay was also confirmed the 300 µg/mL concentration at 24 h. Further, the increased death cells and extracellular shape alteration results were observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. Therefore, our result was suggested that the T. ornata extract as a promising anti-bacterial agent for multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa.

The Caulerpa taxifolia is excellent marine green algae, which produced enormous bioactive compounds with more biological activities. Also, it is an excellent source for synthesis of Ag NPs with increased bioactivity against various infections. In our study, the marine algae marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs was synthesized effectively. The synthesized Ag NPs was characterized well using UV-spectrometer and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and confirmed as synthesized particle was Ag NPs. The available structure of the Ag NPs was morphologically identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and exact minimum size, polydispersive spherical shape of the entire Ag NPs structure was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Further, the anti-cancer efficiency of biosynthesized Ag NPs against A549 lung cancer cells was found at 40 µg/mL concentration by cytotoxicity experiment. In addition, the phase contrast images of the result were supported the Ag NPs, which damaged the A549 morphologically clearly. Finally, florescence microscopic images were effectively proved the anti-cancerous effect against A549 lung cancer cells due to the condensed morphology of increased death cells. All the confirmed in-vitro results were clearly stated that the Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs has superior anti-cancer agent against A549 lung cancer cells.

Sulphur reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are predominately involved in reduction and oxidation of sulphates and hydrogen sulphide, respectively, in pond and assist in maintaining healthy pond environment for shrimp culture. Hence, the present study aims to find out SOB two different Penaeus vannamei culture systems. Total 43 isolates from earthen ponds and 38 from plastic-lined ponds were obtained using thiosulphate agar and Starkey medium. The isolates were tested for their efficacy to reduce the pH of the growth media from 8.0 to ≤5.0 within 15 days of incubation. Data revealed the sulphate production was in the range of 2.5 to 195.36 mg/100 ml. The bacterial isolates from earthen pond showed significantly higher (P< 0.05) sulphate ion production compared to bacteria isolated from the plastic-lined pond. Among all these isolated bacteria, fifteen isolates possess autotrophic metabolism. SOBs were able to tolerate salt up to 13%. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolated SOB revealed that as Bacillus species and Micrococcus sp. were present in the plastic-lined pond isolates whereas, Bacillus sp., Geobacillus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anoxibacillus sp. and Alkalibacillus sp. were present in the earthen ponds. Thus, the earthen pond has more diverse SOB than in the plastic-lined pond.

The removal of toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated environments is a great challenge and requires an alternative rapid, efficient, economical bioremediation approach. Henceforth, bioflocculant producing endophytic actinobacterial sp. was isolated from heavy metal contaminated marine environments for heavy metal biosorption process. After molecular characterization, the isolated actinomycete starin was Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642). It was indicated that the maximum flocculating activity of 80.90% with glucose, and yield is 4.52 g L1. The optimum flocculating activity was reached at pH 7 in the presence of CaCl2 ions. Further, the bioflocculent produced Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) was characterized by fourier transform infrared analysis spectra (FTIR) and displayed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino groups and characteristic of more polysaccharide and protein. The heavy metal sorption by bioflocculant Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) was effectively removed 55.90% Cd, 85.90% Cr, 74.7% Pb, and 51.90% Hg. Therefore, this study was proved that the bioflocculant derived from endophytic actinobacteria, Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) as a effective alternative method for decreasing the heavy metals towards sustainable environmental management.

The present study was designed to identify the potential bioactive compound from endophytic actinomycetes (EA) Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 2 (KT 235641) against selected extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Initially, the multi drug resistance (MDR) effect of selected uropathogens was confirmed by respective UTI panel of Hexa antibiotics disc methods. The zone of inhibition ≤22 mm for ceftazidime, ≤ 27 mm for cefotaxime and ≤8 mm zone of MIC stripe against both the uropathogens of phenotypic methods confirmed, the selected strains were ESBL producer. Among the various EA extracts, GRG 2 extract showed excellent antibacterial activity against both ESBL producing P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia by agar well diffution method. The molecular identification of selected GRG 2 strain was named as Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 2 (KT235641). The antibacterial metabolites present in the TLC elution was exhibited at 274 nm by UV visible spectrometer. The partial purification of preparative HPLC fraction 3 showed 14, 16 mm against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Based on the antibacterial effect, the FT-IR, GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of fraction 3 was confirmed as 1, 4-diaza-2, 5-dioxo-3-isobutyl bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane (DDIBN). Further, the dose dependent inhibition of DDIBN against both ESBL producing pathogens was observed at 75 μg/mL by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The increased cell death and disrupted cell membrane integrity were observed at MIC of DDIBN by confocal laser scanning electron microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results were proved that the DDIBN has potential antibacterial metabolites against ESBL producing pathogens and it can be applied for various other biomedical fields.

Marine sponge alkaloid aaptamine is a promising anti-bacterial and anti-cancer drug against ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria and HepG 2 human liver carcinoma cell line. The antibacterial activity of aaptamine against selected ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria was inhibited at the concentration of 55 µg/mL. At the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 50 µg/mL, the aaptamine was significantly effective against all the ESBL positive uropathogens. Importantly, the inhibition was much high compared to other marine compounds through intracellular damage and morphological modification by confocal laser scanning electron microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, the cytotoxic efficacy of aaptamine against HepG 2 cells was showed at 75 µg/mL very effectively and this concentration was indicated as IC50 dose. The morphological and intracellular nuclear damage of aaptamine treated HepG 2 cell was detected by florescence microscope using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) combination and Hoechst 33342 staining assays. The nuclear fragmentation of aaptamine treated HepG 2 cells were confirmed by expression of Caspase-9, Caspase-8, Caspase-3 cleavage, which provide the suggestion for the induction of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. In addition, the western blot analysis of appatamine treated HepG 2 cells also confirmed that the expression genes were damaged and the aaptamine showed dose and time dependent relationship. Hence, our findings suggest, the marine natural compounds aaptamine might be a potential alternative agents for ESBL producing uropathogens and human liver cancer therapy.

The aim of this study is to identify potential antibacterial compounds of endophytic actinomycetes (EA) from marine algae Caulerpa racemosa for inhibit the multi drug resistant (MDR) Gram negative bacteria (GNB) including Eschericia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), Klebsiella pnumonia (K. pnumoniae) and Enterobacter sp., which were confirmed by UTI panel antibiotic discs. Among the 100 EA, five strains were showed better antogonistic activity against all the selected uropathogens. In the ethyl acetate extract, the NMS 5 strains of EA showed excellent anti-bacterial activity against all the MDR uropathogen. Further, the NMS 5 extract was partially purified from thin layar chramatogaraphy (TLC) and spot 3 of TLC crude compound showed 14, 12 mm zone of inhibition against both the uropathogens. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of crude exhibited the inhibition percentage was 87 and 84 at 120 µg/mL concentration. The MIC was confirmed by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and it was indicated same as MIC. The treated NMS 5 crude compound of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia cells were showed more dead cells, intracellular damage and morphological damage with disaggregated cells by confocal laser scanning electron microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hence, the present study was revealed that the algae derived EA have the potential anti-bacterial metabolites for inhibition of MDR bacteria and it can be applied for various other infections after further purification.

The aim of the current study is to identify bioactive compound from marine endophytic actinomycetes (MEA) isolated from Gulf of Mannar region, Southeast coast of India. Among the isolated actinomycetes, strain GRG 4 exhibited excellent ability to inhibit isolated colistin resistant (CR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), which is a emerging threat to the world. The strain was identified as Streptomyces coeruleorubidus GRG 4 (KY457708), based on morphological, biochemical, phenotypic and genotypic characters. The bioactive metabolites present in the methanolic extract were partially purified by TLC and preparative HPLC. The active HPLC fraction 2 showed 15, 20 mm zone of inhibition against both CR P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae respectively. Analytical HPLC and FT-IR results of fraction 2 showed with carbonyl group. Both GC-MS and LC-MS results confirmed that the fraction 2 contained chemical constituents of Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (BEP). The compromised structure with loosely integrated and ruptured cell wall of BEP treated CR bacteria were observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 75 μg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dose. Further, cytotoxic effect of BEP against A549 human lung cancer cells revealed complete inhibition by cell proliferation and apoptosis was observed at 100 μg/mL in 24 h treatment. In addition, irreversible ROS dependent oxidative damage was clearly observed at the IC50 concentration of BEP. The toxicity of BEP was also studied against Vibrio fischeri (V. fischeri) and found to be highly toxic after 15 and 30 min of treatment. Based on the results it could be concluded that the identified compound BEP is a potent inhibitor for CR bacteria and A549 lung cancer cells.

Based on the untreated biofilm formation in urinary tract infections (UTIs), current study was focused on the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilm formation using Nerium oleander (N. oleander) essential oils. Initially, the LC-MS analysis of antibacterial potential of hydro distillated N. oleander essential oils was detected by LC-MS analysis. Initially, the antibacterial nature of essential oils was detected by agar well diffusion method against biofilm forming P. aeruginosa. Then, the possible anti-bacterial fractions of the essential oils were purified by preparative HPLC, and confirmed by analytical HPLC peaks. Possible anti-bacterial components of the fractions were merged together and confirmed by agar well diffusion method. Consecutively, the and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration experiment was proved that the concentration of 200 µg/mL of purified essential oils was very effective against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. The decrease survival rate of the MTT assay result was also supported the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration result. Finally, all the results were more evident; the HPLC purified N. oleander essential oils as a promising anti-biofilm factor against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.

In the present study, the chemical composition of Morinda citrifolia essential oils was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and was found to contain several anti-cancer compounds including L-scopoletin, nordamnacanthal, β-morindone, α-copaene, 9-H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole, β-thujene and terpinolene. The physico-chemical characterization of chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles and Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles combination was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering coupled with zeta potential. The morphological observation obtained by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy provided clear indication that the immobile chitosan polymer formed a coating onto the Morinda citrifolia essential oils surface. The cytotoxic effect of Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles against A549 cells were investigated, resulting in 54% inhibition at 40 μg/ml

Recently, marine sponge drug fascaplysin has been found to have the potential to overcome cancer, particularly those of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, the decreased cell viability of HepG2 cells treated by fascaplysin was identified by MTT assay at very low IC50 concentration (1 µmolL−1). The morphological evidence of both acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and Hoechst 33342 staining assays confirmed the increased cell death of the treated HepG2 cells and the red nucleus of the cells noticed that the chromatin condensation of apoptosis also occurred at IC50 concentration of fascaflycin. Consequently, the HepG2 cell apoptosis induced by fascaplysin was proved by the translocation of phosphatidylserine exhaustion of DNA fragmentation, the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. The results of western blot and quantitative PCR methods suggested that fascaplysin down-regulated the expression of BCL-2, up-regulated expression of p53, increased cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 to activate caspase dependent apoptosis in HCC cells and cleared the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, fascaplysin inhibited migration and invasion of HepG2 cells by suppressing expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were clearly stated, the selected drug was potent anticancer activity against HepG2 cells. Hence, it is concluded in this study that marine sponge derived fascaplysin has the excellent inhibitory ability against HepG2 cancer cells. Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Fascaplysin, Cytotoxicity IC50 concentration, Western blot

Activity of zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnO NS) synthesized using actinomycetes of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) was analyzed for anti-biofilm activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Proteus mirabilis BDUMS1 ( KY617768 ) and Escherichia coli BDUMS3 ( KY617770 ) uropathogens. Characterization of synthesized ZnO NSs was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis absorption spectrum, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, raman spectrum, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Biofilm formation was evaluated by tissue culture plate method (TCP) and congo red agar assay (CRA). It was observed that the synthesized ZnO NSs showed significant antibacterial activity against the selected MDR strains. Further, these synthesized ZnO NSs holds the capability to deliver antibiofilm activity against MDR strains such as P. mirabilis BDUMS1 ( KY617768 ) and E. coli BDUMS3 ( KY617770 ).

Magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs as well as bacterial cellulose (BC)/Fe3O4 and graphene (Gr)/BC/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by spectroscopic, crystallographic and microscopic characterization techniques. Their antibacterial activities were subsequently tested against ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Gr/BC/Fe3O4 NCs showed 100% antibacterial activity, whereas BC/Fe3O4 NCs and Fe3O4 NPs showed values of 97.3% and 94.6% as well as 96.6% and 94.3%, respectively, for E. coli and P. mirabilis at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Gr/BC/Fe3O4 NCs against E. coli and P. mirabilis were found to be 60 and 70 μg/mL, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of Fe3O4 NPs as well as BC/Fe3O4 and Gr/BC/Fe3O4 NCs were quantified by UV–visible spectrophotometry against organic dye molecules including bromothymol blue (BTB), rhodamine B (Rh-B) and methylene blue (MB) upon exposure to visible light. Gr/BC/Fe3O4 NCs showed the fastest (40 min) and 100% degradation efficiency against BTB, whereas 100% of Rh-B and MB were degraded within 50 min and 70 min, respectively. Our results demonstrate the multifunctionality of Gr/BC/Fe3O4 NCs for use as highly efficient antibacterial agent and photocatalyst.

In this study, the pure, pale white, powdery nature and pigment produced endophytic actinomycetes strains were isolated from marine Sea grasses sample. The isolated strains were endophytes as confirmed by surface sterilization and validation methods. The anti-bacterial efficacy materials of the crude compound were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction using various organic solvents. Anti-bacterial efficacy of the isolated actinomycetes strain RMN 10 was exhibited excellent anti-bacterial activity against K. pneumoniae at increasing concentration. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the crude actinomycetes compound has excellent anti-bacterial activity at 250 µg/mL concentration and this concentration was fixed as a MIC. Further, the structural and shape damages of actinomycetes crude compound treated K. pneumoniae cells were clearly identified in SEM images. All the invitro experiments were proved that the actinomycetes compound has excellent anti-bacterial activity against K. pneumoniae.

The Aegle marmelos essential oils (AMEOs) were loaded on surface of the chitosan nanoparticles (CHs NPs), and it performed against carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae. The physiochemical characterizations of CHs, CHs NPs and AMEOs-CHs NPs were confirmed by FTIR and powder XRD. The morphological observation, size, shape of the SEM and TEM results confirmed that the AMEOs was successfully coated onto the chitosan surface. Further, the excellent minimum inhibitory activity of AMEOs-CHs NPs against CR K. pneumoniae was observed at 40 μg/mL. The increased death cells, morphological damages, and shape modification were confirmed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope respectively. In addition, the invitro anti-carbapenemase activity, and changed color intensity of AMEOs-CHs treated result confirmed that the AMEOs-CHs has carbapenenemase enzyme degradation ability. Importantly, the fragmented DNA and suppressed VIM 1 and IMP 1 genes expression results were clearly indicated that the AMEOs-CHs was very excellent anti-bacterial material. Finally, the molecular docking results were more supported to the invitro evidences, and proved that the AMEOs-CHs as valuable biomaterials owing to their ability to fight against multi drug resistance bacteria.

Our study is to evaluate the potential bioactive compound of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) and its antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant strains (MDRS) on urinary tract infections (UTIs). Two brown algae samples were collected and were subjected to isolation of endophytic actinomycetes. 100 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from algal samples based on observation of morphology and physiological characters. 40 strains were active in antagonistic activity against various clinical pathogens. Among the strains, 10 showed better antimicrobial activity against MDRS on UTIs. The secondary metabolite of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) has showed tremendous antibacterial activity against UTI pathogens compared to other strains. Influence of various growth parameters were used for synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as optimum pH 7, incubation time 5–7 days, temperature (30 °C), salinity (5%), fructose and mannitol as the suitable carbon and nitrogen sources. At 100 μg/ml concentration MIC of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) showed highest percentage of inhibition against Proteus mirabilis (85%), and E.coli, Staphylococcus auerues, Psuedomonas aeroginasa, Enterobactor sp and Coagulinase negative staphylococci 78–85% respectively.

The ability of a natural stabilizing and reducing agent on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was explored using a rapid and single-pot biological reduction method using Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) biomass. The UV–visible spectral analysis of Ag NPs was found to show a maximum absorption peak located at a wavelength position of ∼422 nm for initial conformation. The major peaks in the XRD pattern were found to be in excellent agreement with the standard values of metallic Ag NPs. No other peaks of impurity phases were observed. The morphology of Ag NPs was confirmed through TEM observation, demonstrating that the particle size distribution of Ag NPs entrenched in spherical particles is in a range between 20 and 50 nm. AFM analysis further supported the nanosized morphology of the synthesized Ag NPs and allowed quantifying the Ag NPs surface roughness. The synthesized Ag NPs showed significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against biofilm positive methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS), which were isolated from urinary tract infection as determined by spectroscopic methods in the concentration range of 5–60 µg/ml. The inhibition of biofilm formation with coloring stain was morphologically imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Morphological alteration of treated bacteria was observed by SEM analysis. The results clearly indicate that these biologically synthesized Ag NPs could provide a safer alternative to conventional antibiofilm agents against uropathogen of MR-CoNS.

In this study, the anti-cancer compound was extracted from Chrysanthemum morifolium (C. morifolium) by soxhlet apparatus method. The available anti-cancer compounds of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract were clearly detected by LC-MS analysis based on the retention time, percentages of height and occupied area. The anti-cancer compounds were separately screened from mixed compounds by NIST Wiley library interpretation. Further, the silver nanoparticle (Ag NPs) was synthesized from C. morifolium extract, and their surface plasmon resonance effect of the extract was scanned by UV–vis spectroscopy at 410 nm. Morphological identification of size and shape of the Ag NPs was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images. Further, the anti-cancer effect of synthesized Ag NPs was exhibited more cytotoxicity effect at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, the morphological damages of A549 cells were clearly confirmed by fluorescence microscope using AO/EB fluorescence stain. Finally, the results were suggested that the biosynthesized Ag NPs has potential anti-cancer agent against A549 lung cancer cells.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with anti-bacterial effects against the biofilm-producing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were synthesized using the marine seaweed Gracilaria corticata (G. corticata). Physiochemical characterization using UV-spectrometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the synthesized material consisted of Ag NPs. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the shape, size, surface morphology, and available chemical composition of the Ag NPs. Furthermore, the rich phenolic and flavonoid content of G. corticata has excellent antioxidant activity, which was confirmed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The highest antibacterial activity and biofilm reduction (88 %) of Ag NPs treated K. pneumoniae was observed at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations respectively. The bacterial viability and exopolysaccharide production of K. pneumoniae significantly decreased after treatment with Ag NPs. Morphological alterations and intracellular damage were confirmed by SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Finally, the toxicity results showed a 90 % inhibitory effect against Artemiafranciscana (A.franciscana) at 100 μg/mL after 24 h of incubation. Based on our results, we propose that the Ag NPs biosynthesized using seaweed are an eco-friendly and effective bio-medical material, unlike those produced via chemical methods.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized biologically using leaf extract of Camilla japonica. The typical UV–visible spectral peak of CuO NPs was observed at a wavelength of ∼290 nm, which confirmed their successful synthesis. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses, the synthesized CuO NPs were found to possess spherical shape. Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) results revealed that the CuO NPs are almost pure with atomic percentages of 50.92 for Cu and 49.08 for O. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed the presence of an absorption peak located at a wavenumber position of ∼480 cm−1 typical for highly pure CuO NPs. TEM images displayed that the particles are relatively uniform in size ∼15–25 nm. The P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia showed complete resistance against Hexa 077 antibiotic discs. The result of ≤22 ceftazidime and ≤27 cefotaxime confirmed that both the uropathogens were ESBL producers. The ≥8 mm of the MIC stripe further confirmed that both the uropathogens were ESBL producers. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of CuO NPs against selected ESBL producing P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 100 μg/mL. The decreased cell viability and damaged membrane construction of both the uropathogens were observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) using AO/EB stains at desired MIC dose. The morphological damage of the bacterial cells was demonstrated by SEM analysis. Hence, based on the above in vitro findings, the results suggested that the CuO NPs are efficient antibacterial compounds against ESBL producing bacteria, and that the plant leaf mediated CuO NPs can be considered as novel and promising material to act against various infectious bacteria.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are diverse public health complication and caused by range of pathogens, however mostly Gram negative bacteria cause significant life threatening risks to different populations. The prevalence rate and antimicrobial resistance among the Gram negative uropathogens alarmed significantly heighten the economic burden of these infections. In this study, we investigated the antibiofilm efficiency of Pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) extracted from endophytic actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 1 (KT235640) against P. mirabilis and E. coli. The extracted compound was characterized through TLC, HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compound, Pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1, 4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) inhibits both bacterial biofilm formation as well as reduces the viability of preformed biofilms. Furthermore, CLSM image shows cell shrinkage, disorganized cell membrane and loss of viability. The SEM result also confirms the cell wall degradation in treated cells of the bacteria. Hence, the Pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) is active against P. mirabilis and E. coli.

The accelerative outgrowth of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) was mainly due to incessant relentless influence of antibiotics thereby increasing incidence and death rate which was obvious from the survey of ESBLs producing bacteria related health problem. In the present paper, we synthesized and characterized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing using Camellia japonica leaf extract, bactericidal action of these NPs against extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBLs) positive E. coli and P. mirabilis clinical strains owing the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) percentage 83, 81% at 100 μg/mL concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) final inhibiting concentration at 150 μg/mL. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results evident for loss of viability, cell shrinkage, disarrangement of cell membrane, and cell wall lysis activity of ZnO NPs against ESBLs positive E. coli BDUMS3 (KY617770) and P. mirabilis BDUMS1 (KY617768) strains. From the results, it was observed that the biologically synthesized ZnO NPs has stronger antibacterial effect against ESBLs producing bacterial strains. Nevertheless, current date there is no reports of antibacterial activity of metal oxide (ZnO) NPs against ESBL producing gram negative bacteria. Consequently, this finding is the first report in this respect and it shows band gap energy and ROS accumulation to damage the cell wall and inhibit the growth of ESBL producing gram negative strains.

This article addresses the effect of Na+-Montmorillonite (MMT) on cryogenic mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP). Polypropylene/Montmorillonite (PP/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by using twin-screw extruder incorporating the polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-mA) as compatibilizer is used for better dispersion of nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The dispersion and exfoliation of MMT in the nanocomposites were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction(X-RD). Mechanical behaviors of PP/MMT nanocomposites at both room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) were investigated in terms of tensile, flexural and impact properties. The mechanical results showed that the tensile strength of PP/MMT nanocomposites at both RT and 77 K reached the maximum at the 5wt. % MMT content, increased by 3.1% and 13.2%, respectively, as compared with those of pure PP sample. The notched impact strength at RT increased from 22.33 J/m for the pure PP matrix to 36.53 J/m for the nanocomposite with the 5wt% MMT content. The fracture surfaces of neat PP and PP/MMT nanocomposites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the dependence of the storage modulus and loss modulus of the MMT content was examined by Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) at cryogenic temperature.

This research paper deals with the loading of different wt.% of Montmorillonite (MMT) thermal properties of polypropylene (PP). PP/MMT nanocomposites have been manufactured by melt blending method using maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) coupling agents. Melt blending was achieved by using twin screw extruder. The MAH-g-PP used as coupling agent and helped the good dispersion of the nanofiller in polymer matrix. The crystallization behavior of PP and its nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC isothermal curves showed an increase in the crystallization temperature along with increasing degree of crystallinity.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) which indicated good thermal stability of PP matix in Na+-MMT nanocomposites.Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated significant improvement in the storage modulus and loss modulus compared with neat PP.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on torque in drilling of aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite (Al-15%SiC-4%Gr). The drilling parameters used here was spindle speed, feed rate, drill diameter for 3 levels. The optimized parameter of aluminium hybrid composite was found by taguchi's L 27 orthogonal array experimentation. The significant parameter was found by ANOVA method. Minitab software has been used for Taguchi's technique. The fabrication technique adopted was stir casting technique. The experiments are conducted on computer numeric control vertical machining centre using multifaceted carbide drills of 4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm diameter under dry drilling conditions. A response surface analysis is carried out. The effect of drilling parameters on Torque is studied and presented. The results indicated that feed rate is the main parameter which influences the Torque in drilling of hybrid metal matrix Composites.

Biofouling, especially microfouling, is a major concern with the use of titanium (Ti) in the marine environment as a condenser material in cooling water systems. Earlier, copper-nickel (Cu/Ni) alloys were extensively used in marine environments due to their high corrosion and biofouling resistance. However, the choice of condenser material for the new fast breeder reactor in Kalpakkam is Ti to avoid steam side corrosion problems, which may pose a threat to steam generator parts having sodium as the secondary coolant. This study evaluates the surface modification of Ti using nano films of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) to utilize the antibacterial property of copper ions in reducing microfouling. The surface modification of Ti was carried out by the deposition of a Cu/Ni bilayer and (Cu/Ni)(10) multilayer films using a pulsed laser deposition technique. Various surface characterization studies revealed that the deposited Cu/Ni films were thin and nanocrystalline in nature. The antibacterial properties were evaluated using total viable count and epifluorescence microscopic techniques. The results showed an apparent decrease in bacterial attachment on multilayered and bilayered Cu/Ni thin films on Ti surfaces. Comparative studies between the two types of films showed a bigger reduction in numbers of microorganisms on the multilayers.

The ethanolic extract of Hypnea muciformis (red algae) was tested for hepatoprotective activity against experimentally induced liver damage by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in male albino rats. The levels of serum enzymatic and biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase, 5' nucleotidase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, lipid peroxides and albumin were determined. The CCI4 induced lesions in the liver significant increased the levels of serum marker enzymes SGPT and SGOT, bilirubin, creatinine and decreased urea. The oral treatment with ethanolic extract of H. muciformis exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing the CCL4 caused changes in the biochemical parameters such as total protein, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea. These parameters were restored towards the normal levels as shown by the enzymatic tests. In addition, H. muciformis significantly decreased the liver weight of CCl4 intoxicated rats. Apparently the H. muciformis extract interfered with the free radical formation, which resulted in hepatoprotective activity. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the LD50 value was more than 3 g/kg body weight. These results clearly indicated that this seaweed contained some active principles in its ethanolic extract which acted as an antidote against the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.

Biofouling is one of the major impediment in the use of titanium, which is otherwise excellent material with respect to corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, for seawater-cooled condensers of power plants. The routine chlorination treatment and sponge ball cleaning may not be successful to keep the titanium condenser tube clean over a period extending to years. This brings into focus the relevance of surface modification of titanium to improve the antimicrobial properties, which can effectively supplement the present treatment programmes. In this study antimicrobial thin film of copper (Cu) is developed on titanium surfaces, as copper is known to be very toxic to microorganisms and effectively kills most of the microbes by blocking the respiratory enzyme system. The preparation of nanocrystalline thin films of copper on titanium surfaces was done by pulsed DC magnetron-sputtering technique. Then this thin film was characterized using Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Antimicrobial properties of these specimens were evaluated by exposure studies in seawater. Results showed two order decrease in the bacterial density on copper coated surface and epifluorescence micrographs depicted very few fluorescing cells and no biofilm formation clearly demonstrating the superior antibacterial capability of this nanocrystalline copper thin film.