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The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is accompanied by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation progression, as well as hyperactivation of amine oxidases (AOs), which contribute to disease manifestation. The present study aims to elucidate the effect of semicarbazide (SC), an inhibitor of Cu-containing AOs: lysyl oxidase (LOX), semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), diamine oxidase (DAO), on PF induced in rats by bleomycin (BLM). Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, rats of BLM group received BLM (5 mg/kg, intratracheally once), BLM+SC group obtained 0.005% solution of SC (about 50 µg per capita per day) for three weeks starting immediately after BLM injection, and the Control+SC group drank the same solution as BLM+SC group. The content of cross-linked collagen in total bronchi and free radicals in lung, activities of LOX, SSAO, DAO, polyamine oxidase (PAO), Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in lung and blood were measured. BLM injection induced PF that was confirmed histologically and morphometrically as well as by the elevation of the content of cross-linked collagen and free radicals. The activities of LOX and SSAO involved in post-translational modification of ECM and inflammation were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The activities of DAO, and PAO that control polyamine metabolism were also essentially raised. Among antioxidant enzymes, only GPx was activated in the BLM group as compared to control. These changes were absent in the BLM+SC group. SC intake promoted the fact that the histology and morphometric parameters of lung tissue, the content of cross-linked collagen in the bronchi and free radicals in the lung, as well as the activity of the studied enzymes remained at the control level. Our data suggest that SC suppresses the development of BLM-induced PF by inhibiting AOs activities.

The aim of the research was to compare the content of tobacco smoke obtained from five cigarette brands, 3R4F reference cigarette, and emission derived from IQOS tobacco heating system (Technical regulations of Customs Union “Technical regulations for tobacco products” (TP TC 035/2014) http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/act/texnreg/deptexreg/tr/Pages/tabac.aspx Accessed 5 August 2021). Constituents of the IQOS tobacco heating system stick aerosol, mainstream smoke of five commercial cigarettes, and 3R4F reference cigarette smoke were tested. The list of toxicants that are relevant to human health risks and appear on lists of priority toxicants in cigarette smoke was selected. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and benzo[a]pyrene contents were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods. Most of the analyzed compounds were detected in the IQOS mainstream aerosol at a significantly lower level than in smoke of the 3R4F reference cigarette and commercial cigarettes. The nicotine content decreased in IQOS mainstream aerosol by 33.7–40.3% compared to 3R4F reference cigarettes and by 42.7% compared to cigarette brands. The yields per puff were similar to the data published by the PMI tobacco company (Schaller et al. in Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 81:S27-S47, 11) and independent laboratories (Li et al. in Nicotine Tob Res 21:111–118, 12; Mallock et al. in Arch Toxicol 92: 2145, 13). Our results showed that the content of priority toxic compounds indicated in the WHO/FDA and Health Canada lists (carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and benzo[a]pyrene) and nicotine was significantly lower in case of IQOS tobacco stick aerosol than in the smoke of the 3R4F reference and commercial cigarettes. So our study represents one of the few independent studies on THS products showing similar data on aerosol emissions to those showed by the tobacco industry.

—Aqueous sols of hafnia modified with organic quantum dots, which exhibit pronounced luminescent properties, have been synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of amorphous hydrated hafnium dioxide in the presence of ammonium citrate. It has been shown that malignant human cells of the U-251, MCF-7, and MNNG/Hos lines take up the resulting nanoparticles to a significantly higher degree than human mesenchymal stem cells. Under X-ray radiation (15 Gy), the resulting nanoparticles exhibit radiosensitizing properties against malignant cells of the U-251 and MCF-7 lines, significantly reducing their viability. On the contrary, in relation to human osteosarcoma cells of the MNNG/Hos line, the radiosensitizing properties of the obtained material are much less pronounced.

There has been a significant increase in the oat (Avena sativa. L) consumption recently due to the new scientific data on dietary properties of oats, high content of polyphenols, especially Avenanthramides, and some flavonoids with an antioxidant effect. However, the thick layer of the cell wall in the hypoaleurone area and the uneven distribution of nutrients over the kernel determine the need to find effective technological solutions for their use in food production. The use of whole grain and its sprouting could be one of the possible solutions. Sprouting breaks difficult to digest grain complexes, thus making nutrients available for plant development and easier for human body intake. In the framework of this study, we propose to activate the process of grain sprouting by ultrasonic treatment of water used for preliminary grain soaking. The research results revealed that the proposed method accelerates accumulating of polyphenolic substances, phenolic acids and total antioxidant capacity. The mass fraction of polyphenolic substances in Avena sativa L. samples preliminarily aged in water treated with ultrasound (315W) for 2 minutes was 2.811 mg CAE/g, which is 4.64 times more than the mass fraction of the reference non-sprouted sample. Accumulation of phenolic acids at different treatment modes was intensified by 30.5% and more compared to the non-sprouted grain. Mathematical processing of the total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) results established a reasonable mode of ultrasonic water treatment used for grain soaking - 400 W for 2 minutes, the total antioxidant capacity will be 2.254 mg TEAC / g. Thus, the ultrasonic effect can be recommended as an intensifier in grain sprouting.

Aggregated forms of α-synuclein are core components of pathohistological inclusions known as Lewy bodies in substantia nigra (SN) neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of α-synuclein in selective loss of SN dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in PD is studied in mice knocked out in the α-synuclein gene. The new mouse strain delta flox KO with a constitutive knockout of the α-synuclein gene models the end point of in vivo deletion of the α-synuclein gene in mice with a conditional knockout and has no foreign sequence in the modified genomic locus, thus differing from all other α-synuclein knockout mouse strains. The effect of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which is used to model PD, was compared between delta flox KO mice and mice of the well-known α-synuclein knockout strain AbKO. Subchronic MPTP administration, which models early PD, was found to reduce the dopamine content and to change the ratio of dopamine metabolites in the striatum to the same levels in delta flox KO, АbKO, and wild-type mice. Overt locomotor defects were not observed after MPTP treatment, but gait testing in a CatWalk XT (Noldus) system revealed identical gait deviations in mice of the two strains and control wild-type mice. Based on the findings, a similar mechanism of neurotoxic damage to DNs was assumed for delta flox KO and AbKO mice.

The article dwells on results obtained via experimental research on working out a gas chromatography procedure for determining trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in ambient air. Experiments were performed on substances which had low limits of detection with gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection (GLC/ECD) when examined substances were absorbed from ambient air on Tenax TA sorbent. Optimal gas chromatography parameters were established with a hardware-software complex based on «Crystal-5000» gas chromatographer and use of a column from IDBPX-VOL series, 60m⋅0.32mm⋅1.8µm, under the following temperatures: column, 50–230о С; evaporator, 250о С; detector, 250о С. The developed capillary gas chromatography procedure allows determining trichloroethylene in concentrations ranging from 0.000146 to 0.00146 mg/m3, and tetrachloroethylene, from 0.000081 to 0.00081 mg/m3 with inaccuracy not exceeding 25.0%. We performed metrological assessment of the procedure and it allowed determining quality of analysis results for trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene; they were as follows: precision, 21.97% and 14.3%: repeatability, 4.22% and 3.38%; reproducibility, 5.66% and 4.9%. Limit of detection (LOD) for trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene was =0.0000038 mg/dm3 and =0.00000083 mg/dm3 accordingly. Limit of quantitative determination (LOQ) was =0.000013 mg/m3 for trichloroethylene, and = 0.0000028 mg/m3 for tetrachloroethylene. The developed procedure allowed detecting contents of the examined substances in ambient air near a construction site and a dry-cleaner’s, trichloroethylene in a range from 0.00001 mg/m3 to 0.0009 mg/m3, tetrachloroethylene, from 0.000011 mg/m3 to 0.00039 mg/m3. This unified high-sensitive and selective procedure is recommended for systemic control over potentially hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air as it allows providing objective and reliable hygienic assessment of chemical safety and quality of the environment and health risk assessment.

In the present work, we examined the effect of the use of pre-sintering technology on the structure of ceramic materials in silicon carbide —boron system. The influence of pre-sintering technology use on the formation of the structure of ceramic materials with the content of boron additive (SiC–xB, where x= 5, 10 wt. %) is determined. Hardness was measured for the obtained materials and scanning electron microscopy was performed. Materials obtained by classic technology had a monolithic structure and porosity characteristic of the solid-state sintering mechanism. The materials obtained by the pre-sintering technology had an equal crystalline structure with low intercrystalline porosity and an almost complete absence of regions with high coherence of boundaries. The highest hardness (27,2 GPa) was possessed by a material containing 10 wt. % boron and obtained by classic technology.

Background: Surface reservoirs remain one of the priority sources of drinking water in the Russian Federation whereas the increasing anthropogenic effect on the environment does not exclude the possibility of contamination of surface waters with toxic compounds. The use of traditional methods of water disinfection with active chlorine aggravates the situation and leads to formation of highly toxic organochlorine compounds. In this regard, one of the urgent hygienic problems is to establish health effect of these toxicants in the population including its most sensitive groups. The objective of the study was to establish and quantify the relationship between concentrations of chloroform and its derivatives in drinking water and blood levels of organochlorine compounds in children consuming potable water with a higher content of chlorine and its derivatives. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on six territories of the Perm Region constituting an observation area where drinking water was noncompliant with hygienic standards by a number of indices, and a comparison area. The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water samples was carried out in accordance with the requirements of sanitary regulations SanPiN 2.1.4.1074–01. The levels of trihalomethanes (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dibromochloromethane, dichlorobromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane) in children’s blood samples were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography in combination with a specific detector to increase selectivity and sensitivity of determination. We used a Kristall-5000 gas chromatograph with an Optima-5 capillary column (25 m × 0.32 mm × 0.5 μL) and a selective electron capture detector (ECD). Results: The data of comprehensive chemical analyses of average levels of trihalomethanes in blood samples of children consuming drinking water with an increased content of determined compounds (up to 3.5 MPC) and the water complying with hygienic standards are presented. We observed significant differences (р

The investigation of pharmacokinetics of marker substrates of carrier protein P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1-protein) including fexofenadine, is one of the methods of its functional activity evaluation.The aim of the study was to work out the HPLC methods of the quantitative determination of fexofenadine in rabbits’ liver.Materials and methods. The quantitative determination of fexofenadine was performed using Stayer chromatographic system (Akvilon, Russia) with UVV 104 ultraviolet detector. Reverse-phased chromatographic column Luna C18 100Å (250*4.6) was used with 5 µm granulation at 45°С. The сoncentration of fexofenadine was determined by methods of absolute peak area calibration.Results. The work was conducted in the isocratic mode. The composition of the mobile phase consisted of deionized water, acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid at the ratio of 267.4:120:4.33 brought to pH=6.7 with triethylamine. The sample processing was in the form of homogenization of 500 mg of ground liver in 500 µl of purified water with the subsequent centrifugation (1750 g) and selection of the supernatant. The proteins were precipitated by acetonitrile (2.5 ml) acidified with 375 µl of hydrochloric acid by shaking at 500 rev/min. The supernatant was transported into a separate test tube, where methylene chloride, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate were added (2 ml each). Then the solution was again shaken for 10 minutes (500 rev/min). After that, the solution was centrifuged (1750 g) and the supernatant was evaporated on a rotor-vacuum evaporator at 50°С. 300 µl of the mobile phase was added to the dry residue, and 100 µl was injected into the chromatograph. The method was validated in the linear range from 3 to 60 µg/g of fexofenadine with the acceptable intra- and intercycle accuracy, precision and stability. The method was tested on rabbits after the intravenous administration of fexofenadine at the dose of 11 mg/kg.Conclusion. The HPLC methods of fexofenadine quantitative determination in the hepatic tissue of rabbits has been worked out. It can be used for the evaluation of the functional activity of Pgp in preclinical studies.Abbreviations: Pgp – P-glycoprotein, HPLC – high performance liquid chromatography, rev/min – revolutions per minute

The use of mechanochemical activation of the powder at the stage of mixing the components and consolidation by spark plasma sintering made it possible to synthesize material based on silicon carbide, which has a weight loss of less than 0.04% when tested for heat resistance at 1500°C for 100 h. A ceramic material was produced at a consolidation temperature of 1800°C, its hardness was 32 GPa and a critical stress intensity factor was 6 MPa m1/2.

Possible risks associated with the accumulation and migration of mycotoxins during germination of crops are presented. The presence of an acceptable level of surface microflora of grain can, during germination, intensify the accumulation of mycotoxins, which later migrate into the finished product, making it dangerous for the consumer. It is noted that the process of germination of grain crops cannot be carried out without the stage of disinfection. Promising methods of grain disinfection using non-thermal effects of exposure and the results of our own research are given. It is noted that the concept of food safety in world practice today is aimed at preserving the main food ingredients and their properties. Thermal effects lead to an effective reduction in the development of microorganisms, but at the same time cause significant losses of thermolabile compounds and adversely affect the organoleptic, physicochemical and functional properties of the final product. Ultrasonic exposure, nanosecond electromagnetic pulses and exposure to cold plasma are proposed as disinfecting methods. The methods presented today are widely used in world practice. They allow not only to deactivate molds, but also to destroy the already formed aflatoxins in food products (use of cold plasma). Based on the foregoing, it can be said that the danger of pathogenic microflora ingress and aflatoxin accumulation in food products (especially whole grains) is still present, since even a minimal amount of them can cause global harm to public health, therefore, the search and development of new disinfection methods is an urgent problem modern production.

A composite ceramic was obtained from granular silicon carbide dispersion-hardened with eutectic additives of the system Al2O3–MnO–TiO2 was obtained. The influence of the dispersed powder of the eutectic in system Al2O3–MnO–TiO2 on the sintering indicators of the ceramic matrix composite based on the granular silicon carbide was studied as a function of the silicon-carbide/eutectic-additive ratio 99/1, 97/3, and 95/5 and the pressing pressure. It was determined that after firing at 1350°C and pressing under pressure 200 MPa with introduction of 5% (weight content) eutectic additive with composition A or B the porosity is equal to 5.6 and 4.1%; the strength in bending reaches 65 ± 5 and 85 ± 5 MPa, respectively.

Aim. Eribulin is an active cytostatic, associated with a wide range of mechanisms of antitumor effects, but eribulin efficiency and safety in patients with breast cancer (BC), associated with cerebral metastases are still poorly understood. Materials and methods. We analyzed the combined Russian experience of eribulin application in BC patients associated with brain metastases; the analysis included 459 Russian women with advanced BC who had received at least 2 course of eribulin during the period from 2014 to 2018; 35 of 459 patients had brain metastases (40.0% - luminal HER2-negative subtype, 31.4% - triple negative subtype and 28.6%h - HER2-positive BC). The median age was 52 years (39 - 80 years of age). In most cases, the patient had two or more metastatic brain lesions (68.6%; the median was - 3); brain radiotherapy was used in 62.8% of patients before eribulin treatment and in 5.8% of patients was held stereotactic radiation therapy during eribulin chemotherapy. We analyzed the efficiency of eribulin application (the therapy continued until disease progression, the development of unacceptable toxicity, or impossibility to apply the drug for any other reason). Results. The results showed that clinical efficacy (objective response rate + stabilization of disease lasting for more than 6 months) was 48.6%: partial response - in 20% of patients and stabilization of disease - 62.9%; tumor growth control was in 82.9%. Median PFS in all group of patients with brain metastases was 4.1 months and was similar to median PFS in patients who received radiotherapy before eribulin treatment or without eribulin - 4.1 vs 3.47 months; p=0.798. Conclusions. The application of eribulin in BC patients with brain metastasis are absolutely justified, the drug demonstrates the efficiency in a retrospective analysis in a Russian population. The determination of the optimal algorithm for the treatment of patients with metastatic BC associated with brain metastasis requires a multidisciplinary approach and further research.

Aim. The aim of the study is to examine the efficacy and safety of eribulin in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (BC) in Russian clinical practice. Materials and methods. The analysis included 459 patients with advanced BC from 44 federal and municipal medical clinics in Russia and received at least 2 courses of treatment with eribulin in accordance with the registered indications for drug. The average age of women was 56 years (between 29 and 81 years), 83% of patients had HER2-negative tumor subtype (49.9% - luminal BC and 33.1% - triple-negative BC) HER2-positive biological tumor subtype was registered in 17% of patients. Visceral metastases were diagnosed in 73% of patients and three-zone and multiple zone metastases were diagnosed in 41.6% of cases. The median number of prior lines of therapy in patients with disseminated disease was 2; anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy was applied in 94.3% of patients, and 38.1% of patients were recived CT plus capecitabine. Standard treatment regimen with eribulin was cotinuing (1.4 mg/m² as a 2-5-minute intravenous infusion administrated on days 1, 8 of a 21-day cycle) until disease progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or impossibility of the drug administration for any other reason. We estimated the efficacy and safety of treatment with eribulin in Russian patients with HER2-negative BC. Results. Objective response rate was achieved in 20.5% of cases, complete response rate was in 3.2%, partial - 17.3%, and the stable disease rate was marked in 52.7% of women, and in 19.7% of these cases was prolonged more than 6 months. The frequency of objective response was higher in luminal BC group compared with triple-negative BC: 23.5% vs 15.8%; tumor growth control 76.9% vs. 67.8%, respectively; p

Effect of cadmium at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM on biomass increment, mineral nutrient elements (potassium, calcium, and magnesium) accumulation, and oxalic acid pools in organs of Amaranthus cruentus L. plants growing under water culture conditions was investigated. It was established that cadmium in the tested concentrations did not exert any pronounced damage effect on amaranth plants, which was in part shown to be associated with its predominant accumulation in roots and minimization of its transfer into young leaves. It was demonstrated that, in sublethal concentrations, this metal exerted growth response in the above ground amaranth organs expressed in stimulation of young leaves' growth, while simultaneously inhibiting growth processes in mature leaves. The results obtained are discussed in the context of determination of plant growth response to the effect of cadmium by certain metabolic changes whose functional manifestations consisted in carbon metabolism intensification and increase in water-insoluble oxalate content in amaranth leaves. Simultaneous observed increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in young and mature amaranth leaves is considered as additional evidence in favor of accelerating leaves' ontogenesis pace under the effect of sublethal doses of cadmium.

Consolidation of commercial silicon carbide powder was performed by means of spark plasma sintering. It is shown that mechanical preactivation is a promising method for introducing a high content of boron additives into silicon carbide. The effect of the boron-additive amount on sintering, microstructure, and properties of the ceramic material was studied. A ceramic showing promise for use as a structural material in nuclear reactors and gas-turbine engines was obtained on the basis of silicon carbide with boron weight content 10%, density 3.12 g/cm3, hardness 31.9 GPa, and crack resistance 5.65 MPa·m1/2.

The article is devoted to the study of antioxidant activity (AOA) food ingredients (FI) containing fucoidan used as dressers bakery and dairy products, and evaluate their impact on the quality and persistence of the products. The use of FI possessing AOA in food production will ensure their functionality from the point of view of increasing the resistance of the body to noninfectious diseases. Objects of research were fucoidan from different manufacturers, as well as experimental samples of bread wheat and yoghurt-based products restored dry milk. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of FI based on fucoidan showed that the total concentration of antioxidants varies in significant range from (43,32 ± 0,2) to (69,17 ± 0,2) mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g was Also determined the effect of any FI on the organoleptic and physico-chemical quality parameters of bread and yogurt product in storage. The use of FI in the technology of bread contributes to the prolongation of periods of storage. Thus the deviation values increased humidity decreases by 1.3%, porosity – by 1.4%. In addition, we studied the temperature stability of fucoidan after baking bread. The residual content of his made up 0,196 ± 0.0015 mg/g when introducing 0.2 g. study of the effect of FI with fucoidan on the inhibition of the processes of molding bread confirmed the strong bactericidal properties of fucoidans, due to the high AOA. During storage of yoghurt for 120 hours was observed decrease in the activity of capacity operated of acidity that may be due to the action of FI.

Industrial silicon carbide powder was consolidated with boron by the spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) method. It was shown that a preliminary mechanical activation is a promising method for introduction of high concentrations of boron into silicon carbide. The influence exerted by the boron concentration on the sintering and properties of the material based on silicon carbide was examined. A ceramic based on silicon carbide with 10 wt % amorphous boron was obtained with density of 3.12 g cm–3, hardness of 31.9 GPa, and crack-resistance coefficient of 5.7 MPa m1/2. The ceramic is promising as a construction ceramic for nuclear reactors and gas-turbine engines.

Procedure for synthesis of heterogeneous polyoxometalate catalysts based on sodium vanadomolybdophosphate or sodium peroxo vanadomolybdophosphate and supported by AV-17-8ChS anion exchanger was developed, their synthesis was performed, and the catalysts were studied in the course of oxidation of ferulic acid with peroxyacetic acid. A chromato-mass-spectrometric analysis was used to determine the main oxidation products, the composition of which agrees with the suggested conversion mechanism of ferulic acid in the process under study. It was shown that the regeneration of a spent catalyst via treatment with peroxyacetic acid can restore its original activity.

Highly porous cellular material (HPCM) made from ceramic based on SiC is prepared with addition as a binder of 20% previously synthesized mullite with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% Y2O3 added (above 100% with respect to mullite). The HPCM was prepared by duplicating a matrix of foam polyurethane and sintering at 1350 and 1450°C and has open permeable porosity of about 95%. The ultimate strength in compression of the HPCM obtained did not exceed 0.15 MPa, and for sintered bars that simulate bridges it did not exceed 1.5 MPa. Strength increases with an increase in Y2O3 content and firing temperature.

An effective method for preparing dense granular ceramic from SiC with a residual porosity of less than 5.0% is the use of additives of oxide system eutectic compositions. The effect of fine eutectic powder in the Al2O3–MnO–SiO2 system depending on the composition of the charge, compaction pressure and firing temperature on the sintering performance of granular SiC ceramics, is considered. It is established that after firing ceramic at 1250°C with 15 wt.% of eutectic additive, its porosity is 4.2%, and the ultimate strength in bending reaches (95±5) MPa.

A method for the synthesis of methacryloylguanidine trifluoroacetate was developed for the first time and its radical (co)polymerization was carried out in various solvents. The polymerization proceeds homogeneously in water, methanol, and DMSO up to high conversion and heterogeneously in acetone after reaching 20% conversion. For the first time, methacryloylguanidine trifluoroacetate and methylmethacrylate copolymers were synthesized in acetone and DMSO; the copolymerization constants for this system in acetone were determined to be r1 = 1.41 ± 0.24 and r2 = 0.11 ± 0.01. Preliminary biological tests showed a fairly high biocidal and fungicidal activity of the synthesized copolymers.

Nowadays starch has become an important food and technical product widely used in various sectors of food industry. The article provides the materials of research studies of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of modification of starch as an instrument of enhancing its technical properties. Modified starch, which is several-fold cheaper, allows to significantly reduce the base cost of the final product. It is used for: sausage production, binding of free moisture; production of sauces, ketchup, mayonnaise for relevant consistency; production of yoghurts or kefir for desired texture; production of confectionery and bakery products for better appearance, etc. Regardless its field of use, the modified starch, which is manufactured in such countries as Russia, China, USA, India and others, acts as thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer. The main problem while using starch is the increase of viscosity with ageing of aqueous solutions; this happens due to partial crystallization of polymer chains. Contemporary research studies on development of efficient ways of targeted alteration of natural properties of native starch have recently been actively progressing, since starch modification through chemical (acid, oxidizing hydrolysis), biochemical (enzymatic hydrolysis), and physical activation (mechanical, temperature, ultrasonic and wave) is not only of scientific value, but may also be used in industry. It is worth noting that methods of gene engineering are not used for the modified starch manufacture. However, the Expert Committee assembled under such organizations as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and WHO (World Health Organization) recommended unlimited use of only the starches which undergo enzymatic processing. Other kinds of chemically-processed starches need further studying. That is why physical methods of modification are of major interest for they allow to activate starch in a non-agent way and still alter its properties.

The domestication of animals was crucial for the civilization evolutionary experiment. The main characteristic of domesticated animal is tame behavior towards man. D.K. Belyaev suggested that the domestication was carried out by man of the Stone Age as unintended selection of nonaggressive animals. This hypothesis was confirmed at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, by unique long-lasting selection of silver foxes, Norway rats and American minks for nonaggressive behavior towards man. The review concentrates on the role of the brain neurotransmitters in the mechanism of animal domestication. Specifically, it describes the effect of selective breeding for nonaggressive behavior on the brain neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) system. Our data showed that produced by domestication the conversion of wild, aggressive animal to non-aggressive towards man is associated with changes in the expression of key molecular members determining the brain 5-HT system functioning. Significant difference between aggressive and nonaggressive animals in the 5-HT metabolism, in the expression of principle metabolic enzymes and 5-HT receptors was shown in different species of mammals (silver foxes, Norway rats and American minks). Higher concentration of 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, increased activity of the principle enzyme in 5-HT synthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase-2) and decreased activity of the principle enzyme in 5-HT degradation (monoamine oxidase A) was shown in the midbrain of domesticated silver foxes and rats. The expression of the 5-HTA receptor gene, the density and functional activity of 5-HTA receptors in nonaggressive rats were increased. The review provides converging lines of evidence for our hypothesis that the changes in the brain 5-HT contributes to a mechanism underlying correlative patterns of domestication, i.e. changes in the pivotal for stress response and for the reproduction pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-gonadal systems.

The quantitative parameters of structural-phase state of Fe–27% Cr–2% Ni–2.8% C cast iron are determined via X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy before and after adding ultradisperse TiO2, ZrO2 and cryolite powders. The contributions from individual physical mechanisms in increasing the yield stress of cast irons are quantitatively assessed. It is established that the main contribution to the durability of modified Fe–27% Cr–2% Ni–2.8% C cast iron come from solid-solution, dispersion, and grain-boundary mechanisms of hardening.

The paper has deal with the monitoring of the lake bottom sediments which were contaminated by oil during emergency spill. The results of geochemical study of chloroform bitumoids extracted from sediment samples showed that the processes of transformation of oil hydrocarbons lasted for 10 years since the oil spill. This is indicated a decrease in the residual oil content and changes in the chemical composition of bitumoids. The hydrocarbons content was decreasing and resinous-asphaltene components was increasing as oxygen-containing groups and bonds in the chemical structure of bitumoids. In the individual composition of hydrocarbons the significant redistribution of saturated hydrocarbons was occurring both within the homologous series and between different homologous series, the CPI coefficient and the biodegradation coefficient Prophy/nC17+nC18 was increasing. By 2017 in absence of new oil spills the chemical composition of bottom sediments had closed to a state inherent in the native organic matter of bottom sediments of coastal lake facies, which characterized by the presence of compounds typical for higher plant lipids (dominance of high molecular weight n-alkanes of composition nC23–nC33 with a significant predominance of odd homologues, a high content of oxygen-containing compounds – solid saturated fatty acids, aliphatic esters and saturated ketones).

New methods for the preparation of guanidine methacrylate, methacryloyl guanidine, and its hydrochloride have been proposed, and the physicochemical characteristics of the products have been studied. A number of kinetic parameters of the radical polymerization of these monomers have been determined (the rate and the rate constant in the initial section as well as the order of the reaction rate with respect to the concentration of the initiator for methacryloyl guanidine hydrochloride). It has been found that the classical general rules are followed: The conversion increases with an increase in temperature, while the characteristic viscosity decreases. The main NMR spectroscopic parameters of polymethacryloyl guanidine hydrochloride have been determined. According to preliminary biological tests, polymers have sufficiently high bactericidal activity and can be used as stand-alone biocidal preparations or as functional additives in composite materials.

The conditions for the synthesis of zircon crystals from a fluxed solution are studied. It is proposed that CaCl2 be used as flux. Samples of luminescent zircon are obtained with activation by Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions. The luminescence properties of the materials obtained are investigated and the luminescence spectra of pure zircon (synthesized using Li2MoO4 and CaCl2 as fluxes) are compared with those of activated zircons and standard YAG luminophore. The activated zircon obtained can be used as radiation converters, for example, as a red luminophore in illumination devices.

The negative impact on an organism is made by lack of culture of food of the population and low physical activity. It leads to violations of carbohydrate and lipidic exchange, development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Relevance of development of foodstuff, in particular – the confectionery promoting decrease in risk of developing of such pathologies is proved. A research objective – development of a compounding of wafers with the lowered glycemic index. As an object of a research the wafers baked in house conditions are chosen. In work various characteristics are analysed (hygroscopicity, a cariogenicity sweet degree, power value, a glicemic index and a glycemic response) the sweetening substances, the choice of fructose as sugar substitute for production of wafers with the lowered glycemic index is reasonable. By optimization of a compounding of wafers the amount of sugar was replaced with amount of sweetener, equivalent on sweet. As a result of predesigns the interval of a variation of amount of the fructose entered into a compounding of wafers is established. Further assessment of the indicators of quality forming consumer demand of products – appearance, taste, a smell, existence of a crunch is carried out. Humidity of the received wafers after their production and in the course of storage is also investigated. Decrease in a glycemic index was fixed by amount of glucose in blood. Its measurements saw by means of the glucose meter "on an empty stomach" and after the use of wafers to a complete recovery of level of sugar in blood. The confectionery made on the optimized compounding practically doesn't differ on caloric content from a control sample, and glucose level in blood after their use on about 20% below.

Research is devoted to studying properties of YAG:Ce luminophores prepared by reverse heterophase coprecipitation followed by annealing. Luminophore specimens are synthesized using fluxes of different composition and with different grain size. Property indices are determined for the specimens obtained by electron-probe analysis methods for phase chemical composition, x-ray phase analysis, and spectrofluorimetry.

On the basis of the analysis of published data the role of P-glycoprotein, carrier protein, in rational pharmacotherapy in cardiology was shown on the example of its substrates – digoxin, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. Determination of C3435T polymorphism of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), encoding P-glycoprotein, in pharmacotherapy with digoxin, antiplatelet drugs (clopidogrel tikagrelol, prasugrel) and anticoagulants (dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) is not feasible in routine practice. Drug in- teractions have clinical implications for the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy in coadministration of these drugs with P-glycoprotein substrates, inducers and inhibitors.

A sorption of metals from multicomponent nitric acid solutions that simulate process solutions resulting from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel was studied. The sorbent used was a highly porous polymeric sorbent impregnated with crown ethers. Chemicals used in the work were dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and its alkyl-substituted derivatives: di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 (DTBDB18C6) and diisooctyldibenzo-18-crown-6 (DIODB18C6). Sorption coefficients were determined for all elements. With the aim to study the possibility of isolation of 241Am from multicomponent solutions, separation factors for Am and ballast elements were determined. The possibility of application of sorbents impregnated with crown ethers for recovery of 241Am from multicomponent process solutions was shown.

Bioactive aldehydes are among main factors of proteins postsynthetic modifications, which are the cause and consequence of many diseases. Comparative study of some aldehydes modifying action on gelatin was carried out in vitro. Gelatin samples (20 mM) were incubated with: ribose, deoxyribose, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, formaldehyde, acrolein (20 mM each) and their combinations in 0.1 M Na-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.02% sodium azide at 37 °C in the dark for 30 days. We investigated the fluorescent properties of these samples and their molecular weight distribution by electrophoresis. It has been revealed that formed adducts had different fluorescence spectra. According to fluorescence intensity these aldehydes were put in order: formaldehyde < methylglyoxal < acrolein < ribose < deoxy­ribose < glyoxal. The electrophoresis results showed fragments of gelatin molecular weight redistribution. By this index, the aldehydes rating was as follows: ribose < deoxyribose < acrolein < glyoxal < formaldehyde < methylglyoxal. Comparison of these two ratings indicates that aldehydes with a lower ability to form fluorescent adducts have higher abili­ty to form intermolecular crosslinks. Therefore, the traditional clinical fluorescent test of a patients’ skin surface for collagen crosslinks determination has to be verified by other tests for proteins postsynthetic modifications.

Liquid-phase extraction and sorption (solid-phase extraction) of AmIII, EuIII, UVI, and TcVII with alkyl (N,N-dibutylcarbamoylmethyl)methylphosphinates (ADM) from nitric acid solution were studied. The solvate numbers of extracted UVI, AmIII, EuIII, and TcVII complexes and the separation factors for AmIII/EuIII (fAm/Eu), TcVII/EuIII (fTc/Eu), and UVI/TcVII (fU/Tc) pairs were determined. It was shown for the extraction of AmIII and sorption of PuIV that various ADM derivatives are most efficient for the extraction and sorption concentration of actinides: the heptyl derivative (C7) is efficient for extraction and the decyl derivative (C10) is most efficient for sorption.

Acyllactam groups and aromatic polyimides were grafted to the surface of single walled carbon nanotubes. The modified nanotubes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. It was shown that the nanotubes with grafted acyllactam groups or polyimide macromolecules form homogeneous stable in time dispersions in a melt of e-caprolactam.

Antitumor effect of paclitaxel used as the monotherapy or in combination with cyclophosphamide was studied on CBA/LacSto mice with transplanted LS and RLS tumors characterized by high (LS) and low (RLS) sensitivity to cyclophosphamide. The therapeutic effects of cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel were summed in animals with drug-resistant RLS tumor, while combined use of these drugs in LS tumor highly sensitive to the apoptogenic effect of cyclophosphamide was no more effective than cyclophosphamide alone.

Existing approaches to improving the quality of dry-quenched coke are appraised. The influence of the composition of the circulating gas on the quality of the cooled coke in the dry-quenching system is investigated. The composition of the circulating gas (its CO and CO2 content) is found to significantly affect the ash content in metallurgical coke and also the reactivity CRI and strength CSR of the coke after reaction with carbon dioxide. It has no influence on the mechanical strength M 25 and wear M 10.

The effect of treatment with various chemical modifiers on the physicomechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers was studied. The structures of the finished reinforcing systems were analyzed. The hardening kinetics of an epoxide binder in the presence of the modified fibrous systems were studied. It was found that modification of PAN filament improved the mechanical properties of epoxide composites based on it.

Peroxide delignification of cellulose fibers in acid medium in presence of polyoxometalates as catalysts was studied. The effects of the hydrogen peroxide concentration, the catalyst nature, and the addition of the alkali processing stage on the process of delignification of leafy and coniferous celluloses were investigated.

In this work we studied the effect of oxidation on the sorption properties of carbon materials, produced on the basic of activated carbons FAS and VSK in relation to radionuclides Am(III) and Tc(VII). It has been found that the oxidation increases the distribution coefficients for the extraction of radionuclides of sorption nitric acid raising agents. As to identify the mechanism of the oxidation influence on the sorption properties the physical and chemical properties of the synthesized samples (porous surface structure, IR-spectrums etc.) were studied. The possibility of removal of radionuclides from the real industrial solutions of complex composition using of the obtained carbon nanomaterials was investigated.

This work studies the effect of the porous structure of carbon adsorbent samples obtained using the method of electron-beam processing (EBP) on their physico-chemical properties and sorption properties in respect to Tc(VII). A complex study of the porous structure of the chosen samples was performed. The possibility is shown of developing a thinner porous structure in these carbon materials including micro- and mesopores by means of regulation of radiation exposure combined with treatment by different reagents. It is found that treatment by modifying agents (urea, thiourea, potassium rhodanide) of sorbing materials obtained by radiation processing of the initial plant material enhances their sorption properties in respect to the Tc(VII) anions.

Samples of MoSi2-WSi2 composite materials with additions of magnesium alumosilicates are obtained by solid phase sintering at 1650–1800°C in an argon atmosphere of powdered mixtures of initial components and disintegrated cast samples of 70% MoSi2–30% WSi2 (Mo0.7W0.3Si2), synthesized in an SHS reactor. The influence of the content of tungsten and oxide additive on oxidation of samples in air at 750°C for 100 h is studied. It is found that 70% MoSi2–30% WSi2 composite materials are less exposed to oxidation than MoSi2 and WSi2, and addition of 20 vol % magnesium alumosilicates decreases the rate of low temperature oxidation.

Data on the formation of surface structures during the adsorption of sulfur dioxide on alumina-supported metal and oxide catalysts in the presence of oxygen were reviewed. The results of our IR spectroscopic and thermal desorption studies of the interaction of the SO2+O2 mixture with the 9% Ni-Cu-Cr/2% Ce/(θ + α)-Al2O3 catalyst are presented. At 673 K chemisorption of SO2 takes place (absorption band 1165 cm−1, Tdesm = 673 K), and SO2 is oxidized to form sulfate structures (absorption bands 1235, 1140, 1100, 985, and 615 cm−1, Tdesm = 973 K), which decompose into SO2 and O2 at 973 K and decay when reduced in H2.

Epidemiological studies have shown that severe inflammatory responses occur in patients with hyperglycemia. The molecular nature of these changes is currently under intense investigations. A central role of nuclear receptors PPAR has been shown in the regulation of metabolic changes associated with hyperglycemia, a selective agonist of nuclear receptor PPARγ rosiglitazone is used as a hypoglycemic drug. Rosiglitazone is known to have anti-inflammatory effects, but its properties as an anti-inflammatory drug in hyperglycemic conditions have not been studied. This was an aim of our work. We used a human cell culture model of hyperglycemia: HeLa cells incubated in the conditions of 25 mM glucose for 3 days. Control cells were incubated with 5 mM glucose. The cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is known to trigger innate immune response through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 and influence mRNA expression levels of three of PPAR (α, β/δ, γ) isotypes as well as cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). We have shown that under hyperglycemic conditions expression levels of PPARα and PPARβ/δ decreased almost twofold, expression level of COX-2 also decreased, while expression levels of COX-1 and PPARγ remained unchanged compared to those under normal glucose concentration. LPS administration in control cells leads to a 1.5–2.5-fold stimulation of expression of COX-2 and PPAR isotypes. In contrast, under hyperglycemia, LPS exhibited no effect on expression of COX-2 and the PPAR isotypes, which indicates potential mechanisms of hyperglycemia-related alterations in innate immunity. Rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARγ, decreased expression level of PPARβ/δ and abolished the effect of LPS under hyperglycemia. Rosiglitazone also reduced expression level of COX-1 and COX-2, which indicates on the agonist possible role as an anti-inflammatory agent under high glucose concentrations. These data broaden applicability of rosiglitazone as an anti-inflammatory agent in hyperglycemic conditions.

Technology is described for manufacturing dense ceramic from very fine powder based on zirconium dioxide partly stabilized with yttrium oxide. Some engineering properties of the manufactured ceramic are defined. Its microstructure and phase composition are studied. Ceramic properties with impact-wave loading are studied, and values of dynamic elastic limit and spalling strength are obtained.

In article data of the research devoted to studying of pharmacokinetic of simvastatin at experimental hypothyreosis are resulted. It is shown changes of pharmacokinetic parameters of main metabolite of drug – β-hydroxyacid of simvastatin, which says about decrease of bioavailability and correlation of these changes with level of T4.