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For achieving the fine pitch chip-on-film (COF) in display devices, wet chemical spray etching behaviors of the copper (Cu) films in the etching solutions with different cupric chloride (CuCl2) and...

Pd, Rh, Pt are employed in a wide range of applications, such as catalytic converters, fuel cells and electronic devices. In the last years, an increasing pressure on their market was recorded due to a growing demand and limited resources. Therefore, the recovery of these materials from wastes represents an interesting goal to be achieved. The most widely proposed techniques for recovering the palladium from wastes are leaching and ion exchange. Strong oxidizers, acids and high temperature (343–363 K) are used for leaching, leading problems for the environment and the safety. In this work the attention was focused on a system containing zero-valent palladium nanoparticles in which the leaching is performed in mild acidic conditions, by using chloride solutions containing cupric ions (NaCl/CuCl2). The process was studied at varying temperature, pH, chloride and cupric ion concentrations. Good results were obtained at pH 5.0 and temperatures between 288 K and 333 K. The process is more acceptable than the traditional ones from a safety point of view being characterized by less severe conditions (pH and temperatures). A shrinking spherical particles model was adopted to analyse the experimental data from which a development under a kinetic control was demonstrated.

As a refractory gold mineral, pyrite needs to be oxidised prior to gold leaching. In this study, the effect of [Cl−] concentration (40.6–149.8 g/L), [Cu2+] concentration (0.8–31.6 g/L), pH (1.5–2.5) and temperature (25–90 –C) on the pyrite leaching rate was investigated. In addition, the open circuit potential (OCP) values of pyrite in cupric chloride solution were investigated. A linear regression model was constructed to predict pyrite dissolution rate i.e. corrosion current density. It was shown that the temperature had a significant positive effect on pyrite dissolution, while increased cupric ion concentration was also shown to provide some dissolution enhancement. According to the regression analysis, pH had no effect on the corrosion current density at OCP. Dissolution rates of pyrite varied between 0.05 and 2.9 µm/h. The activation energy values varied from 20 to 90 kJ/mol, indicated that the pyrite dissolution reaction rate was controlled by the chemical reaction or mixed mechanism rather than diffusion alone. The simultaneous increase in corrosion potential and corrosion current density indicated that the anodic pyrite dissolution reaction was rate determining at OCP.

A reaction of silole anion {[MeSiC4Ph4]−•[Li+ or Na+] (1) with anhydrous ferrous chloride (FeCl2) in THF (tetrahydrofuran) gives 1,1′-bis(1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadienyl) [Ph4C4Si(Me)-(Me)SiC4Ph4] (2) with precipitation of iron metal in high yield. Silole dianion {[SiC4Ph4]2−•2[Li+] (3) is added to anhydrous cupric chloride (CuCl2) in THF at −78 °C, then the dark red solution changes into a greenish solution. From the solution, a green solid is isolated, and stirring it in toluene at room temperature provides quantitatively 1,1′-bis(1-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadienyl) [Ph4C4Si(Cl)-(Cl)SiC4Ph4] (4) with precipitation of copper metal in toluene. The green solid is suggested to be 1,1′-bissilolyl bisradical [Ph4C4Si-SiC4Ph4]2• (8), and lithium cuprous chloride salts {[Li2CuICl2]+•[CuICl2]−}. Both reactions are initiated by single-electron transfer (SET) from the electron-rich anionic silole substrates (1 and 3) to iron(II) and copper(II).

Impacts of zinc sulphate and cupric chloride on characteristics and antioxidant capacities of glycated products (GPs) derived from casein hydrolysate (CH) and xylose were studied. The browning degree of xylose–CH GPs was the largest at zinc sulphate addition of 15 mg L−1, while its browning degree increased with cupric chloride extended from 0 to 15 mg L−1. Loss of free amino groups, fluorescence intensity and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of xylose–CH GPs increased with the increase of cupric chloride addition, but loss of amino groups, fluorescence intensity and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were largest at the zinc sulphate addition of 15 mg L−1. The addition of zinc sulphate and cupric chloride promoted production of higher and smaller molecular substances in xylose–CH GPs and CH. Therefore, zinc sulphate and cupric chloride promoted glycated reaction of xylose and CH and enhanced antioxidant activity of xylose–CH GPs.

Copper etching is considerably important process in electronics industry, particularly in the fabrication of printed circuit board. Various etchants can be used for this purpose, but nowadays cupric chloride is more accepted etchant, because of its high etch rate and easy regeneration properties. In the present study, copper etching process with cupric chloride etchant was investigated. In the etching of copper, the most important etching parameter is etch rate, therefore the investigation was based on the various effects on etch rate. The influence of etchant concentration, additives and etching temperature were examined. It is also important to regeneration/recycle of waste etchant from environmental point of view. Thus, various cupric chloride etchant regeneration processes were investigated.

Desulfurization and demineralization of lignite coal with cupric chloride was studied in sealed Pyrex tubes. Temperature, time, volume of cupric chloride solution, and weight of coal were varied to optimize the efficiency. Maximum removal of total sulfur was 50% at 150°C, of pyritic sulfur was 66% at 200°C, and of organic sulfur was 56% at 150°C. A maximum of 54% demineralization was achieved with hot water at 150°C. During this study, the behavior of copper for its reactivity with coal material, washability and retention in ash was also studied.

An efficient tandem method for the annulation of 1-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-amides with various substituted benzaldehydes, heteroaryl aldehydes, alkyl aldehydes or even acetals, promoted by cupric chloride, to synthesize 2-substituted pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-ones is reported. This approach provides a useful method for constructing the privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. Electron-donating groups on both partners could accelerate the reaction.

In this study, the reaction mechanism of Hg(0) vapor oxidation over cupric chloride (CuCl 2 ) was investigated using 10% (wt) CuCl 2 /α-Al 2 O 3 for mercury emissions control from coal-fired power plants. The CuCl 2 /α-Al 2 O 3 sample showed >90% Hg(0) oxidation with excellent resistance to SO 2 at 140 °C in a simulated flue gas containing 10 ppmv HCl, 2000 ppmv SO 2 , and 6% O 2 gases balanced with N 2 gas. In the absence of HCl and O 2 gases, Hg(0) vapor was found to be oxidized by consuming atomic Cl of CuCl 2 and reducing it to CuCl, following a Mars–Maessen mechanism. The reduced CuCl could be re-chlorinated back to CuCl 2 by replenishing empty Cl atoms under 10 ppmv HCl and 6% O 2 gases readily present in coal combustion flue gases even under 2000 ppmv SO 2 concentration for continuous Hg(0) oxidation. Cl 2 gas generation was not observed over CuCl 2 at 140 °C, indicating a heterogeneous catalytic reaction. CuCl 2 shows potential that can be realized in a honeycomb or plate catalyst bed.

For on-site copper recovery in print circuit board factories, we propose a novel technology to obtain cupric oxide with a low content ratio of chloride from high chloride concentration waste, such as cupric chloride etchant waste. Our technology is designed to avoid formation of double salt and accumulation of cupric hydroxide. In the proposed method, etchant waste mixed with hydrogen peroxide solution is added to sodium hydroxide solution by stepwise addition. We performed lab-scale experiments on the influence of reaction pH conditions on the content ratio of chloride in recovering cupric oxide. The results show that recycled cupric oxide tends to contain a lower content ratio of chloride under higher starting temperatures and higher final pH conditions of the reaction. We also confirmed the optimized conditions; the starting temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution is higher than 70 °C, and the final pH of the reaction is 11.5 to 12. Based on the optimized temperature and pH conditions, we also performed a pilot trial to recover cupric oxide from real etchant waste. Then, we successfully obtained cupric oxide with a content ratio of chloride in 80 mg-Cl/kg-CuO.

Treatment of N,N-dimethyl 2-[2-(2-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl]anilines (1) with 10 mol % of palladium chloride and 2 equiv of cupric chloride in refluxing THF gave benzo[a]carbazoles (6) in good yields. A mechanistic study showed that this reaction must proceed through formation of haloindole (7) followed by a palladium(II)-catalyzed atom transfer cyclization reaction to give the benzo[a]carbazoles.

The coordination behavior of pyridylmethylthioether type of organic moieties having N2S2 donor set [L 1 = 1,2-bis(2-pyridylmethylthio)ethane, L 2 = 1,3-bis(2-pyridylmethyl-thio)propane and L 3 = 1,4-bis(2-pyridylmethylthio)butane] with copper(II) chloride and copper(II) bromide have been studied in different chemical environments. Copper(II) chloride assisted C S bond cleavage of the organic moieties leading to the formation of copper(II) picolinate derivatives, whereas, under similar experimental conditions, no C S bond cleavage was observed in the reaction with copper(II) bromide. The resulted copper(II) complexes isolated from the different mediums have been characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic tools.

Cupric chloride-impregnated activated carbon sorbents (CuCl2-ACs) showed good performance in Hg0 oxidation and adsorption in previously published entrained-flow test results. In addition, our previ...

Symmetrical azo compounds were synthesized from primary aromatic amines using n-BuMgBr as a base, oxygen as an oxidant, and CuCl2 as a catalyst.

Treatment of methyl 2-[6-substituted-3(Z)-hexen-1,5 -diynyl]benzoates (1) with five mol% of palladium chloride and three equivalents of cupric chloride in refluxing acetonitrile gave dibenzo[b,d ]pyran-6-ones (2) in modest to good yields.

The use of [bmim][BF4], [bmim][PF6], and [bmim][Cl] ILs as the solvents in Pd(II)‐catalyzed enyne cyclization of 2′‐alkenyl 2‐alkynoates in the presence of cupric chloride has been investigated. The Z/E stereoselectivity of the reaction could range from 90:10 to 4:96 by tuning the amount of LiCl in ILs. After the separation of the product, the IL–catalyst mixture could be recovered by treatment with hydrochloric acid and recycled several times without an obvious loss of catalytic activity.

An electrochemical cell was formed by enclosing a commercial catalyst containing cupric chloride supported by γ-alumina between electrodes of copper and iron. The voltage obtained is a logarithmic function of the vapour pressure of the water sorbed by the support. Voltages of a few hundred millivolts are obtained at relative pressures between 0.1 and 0.8 and temperatures between 25 and 170°C.

Spent acidic cupric chloride etchant waste and tin stripping waste from printed circuit board (PCB) industry are classified as hazardous wastes. They contain significant amounts of metals and acid. Usually, spent cupric chloride and tin stripping solutions are shipped off-site for reclamation. At the moment, a large proportion of acidic cupric chloride etchant waste and tin stripping waste are treated by neutralization, resulting in metal-bearing sludge that often ends up in special landfills. This wastes valuable natural resources, which could otherwise be recycled. This paper presents a review of some patented methods developed for the regeneration of acidic cupric chloride etchant waste and tin stripping waste. These methods are based on electrowinning, cementation, solvent extraction, precipitation and membrane technology. The advantages and disadvantages of these developed processes are summarized. It can be seen that there is still a need to develop more efficient and economical processes for the regeneration of acidic cupric chloride etchant waste and tin stripping waste.

Copper has been separated from iron and steel by chlorine–air mixtures at 800°C. It was found that, contrary to predictions based upon thermodynamics, cupric chloride was the favoured copper product rather than cuprous chloride. This was due to the high vapour pressure of cupric chloride. It was found that in order to prevent the reaction between iron and cupric chloride it was necessary to preoxidise the iron to form an impervious oxide film. Copper contents lower than 0·05 wt-% were readily obtained after 10 min exposure to the gas, even when starting with several per cent of copper mixed with the iron or steel.

A simple and effective method for the highly regio- and stereospecific synthesis of (Z)-3-chloroacrylate esters is described. Using terminal acetylenes and primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic alcohols as substrates, the carbonylation reactions were carried out under carbon monoxide (1 atm) at room temperature in the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl2 and 3 equiv of cupric chloride. Isolated yields of (Z)-3-chloroacrylate esters ranging from 30% to 72% were obtained. Our results show that the polarity of the alcohol−benzene solvent plays an important role in the stereochemistry of the products.

The characteristic spirodienone structure of the discorhabdin alkaloids is readily formed by reaction of the tyramine-substituted indoloquinonimines 26, 35, and 36 with cupric chloride, triethylamine, and oxygen. This cyclization provides a possibly biomimetic route to discorhabdins C and E (41 and 42). The unbrominated spirodienone 40 reacts with hydrogen over Pd/C to give enone 46. Bromination at the alpha position gives a mixture of bromoenones that undergo smooth conversion to dethiadiscorhabdin D (4) upon treatment with basic alumina.

Homo-coupling of alkyl halides in aqueous media can be mediated by manganese/cupric chloride to give the dimerisation products in good yield. Cross-coupling can also be controlled to give the desired product.

The complex of cupric chloride with DMF immobilized on the surface of silica gel exhibits high catalytic activity in the reaction of tetrachloromethane withn-decane. The fact that the reaction is inhibited by phenols and oxygen implies that it occurs by a radical mechanism. The immobilized catalyst that contains copper atoms connected through chlorine bridges and organic donor ligands is the most effective.

An efficient tandem method for the annulation of 1-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-amides with various substituted benzaldehydes, heteroaryl aldehydes, alkyl aldehydes or even acetals, promoted by cupric chloride, to synthesize 2-substituted pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-ones is reported. This approach provides a useful method for constructing the privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. Electron-donating groups on both partners could accelerate the reaction.

Treatment of N,N-dimethyl 2-[2-(2-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl]anilines (1) with 10 mol % of palladium chloride and 2 equiv of cupric chloride in refluxing THF gave benzo[a]carbazoles (6) in good yields. A mechanistic study showed that this reaction must proceed through formation of haloindole (7) followed by a palladium(II)-catalyzed atom transfer cyclization reaction to give the benzo[a]carbazoles.

The characteristic spirodienone structure of the discorhabdin alkaloids is readily formed by reaction of the tyramine-substituted indoloquinonimines 26, 35, and 36 with cupric chloride, triethylamine, and oxygen. This cyclization provides a possibly biomimetic route to discorhabdins C and E (41 and 42). The unbrominated spirodienone 40 reacts with hydrogen over Pd/C to give enone 46. Bromination at the α position gives a mixture of bromoenones that undergo smooth conversion to dethiadiscorhabdin D (4) upon treatment with basic alumina.

Symmetrical azo compounds were synthesized from primary aromatic amines using n-BuMgBr as a base, oxygen as an oxidant, and CuCl2 as a catalyst.

Cupric chloride oxidation of Bolu-Goynuk lignite was studied using a four-level factorial design with four process variables: temperature, time, cupric chloride concentration and particle size of the lignite. The main aim was to remove the organic sulphur from the lignite. Maximum organic sulphur removal was achieved by the oxidation of lignite with a particle size of 0.3mm at 150 °C for 210min using 50g CuCl 2 per 100ml of solution.

Oxidation of arylaminomagnesium compounds by cupric chloride has been investigated. A possible oxidation reaction mechanism is considered.

In this work, the Eh pCl diagram of the CuCl-H2O system was established, and the kinetics of copper dissolution in cupric chloride solution were studied with an emphasis on possible difficulties that may occur during copper electrowinning. The results were used to guide an investigation of copper electrowinning from cupric chloride solution.

Treatment of methyl 2-[6-substituted-3(Z)-hexen-1,5 -diynyl]benzoates (1) with five mol% of palladium chloride and three equivalents of cupric chloride in refluxing acetonitrile gave dibenzo[b,d ]pyran-6-ones (2) in modest to good yields.

The use of [bmim][BF4], [bmim][PF6], and [bmim][Cl] ILs as the solvents in Pd(II)‐catalyzed enyne cyclization of 2′‐alkenyl 2‐alkynoates in the presence of cupric chloride has been investigated. The Z/E stereoselectivity of the reaction could range from 90:10 to 4:96 by tuning the amount of LiCl in ILs. After the separation of the product, the IL–catalyst mixture could be recovered by treatment with hydrochloric acid and recycled several times without an obvious loss of catalytic activity.

Oxidation of arylaminomagnesium compounds by cupric chloride has been investigated. A possible oxidation reaction mechanism is considered.

A novel hexanuclear copper (I) cluster coordination compound has been synthesised by the reaction of N-ethoxy-carbonyl-N'-o-chlorophenylthiourea with cupric chloride in ethanol solution.

Although the copper-containing waste from semiconductor or printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing contains a high concentration of copper, it is usually transported and treated outside of the factories. We studied a novel treatment technology for on-site recycling in the factories. In this technology, cupric oxide with a low-chloride-content was obtained from waste with a high copper concentration, such as cupric chloride etchant waste and cupric sulfate plating waste. In the proposed method, copper-containing waste mixed with H2O2 solution is added to NaOH solution by stepwise addition. In laboratory experiments, we optimized the reaction conditions and obtained low-chloride-content CuO from actual cupric chloride etchant waste and cupric sulfate plating waste. Based on the laboratory experiments, we constructed the first practical plant at a PCB factory and obtained low-chloride-content CuO.

The title complex, was synthesised by the reaction of N-benzoyl-N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiourea with cupric chloride in ethanol solution. Desulfurisation of the hydroxyethylthiourea forms the oxazoline ligand.

A new simple, colorimetric method was developed on the basis of a chemical reaction of amine group in ambroxol hydrochloride with carbon disulphide to form dithiocarbamic acid, which on further reaction with cupric chloride forms a colored copper chelate. The yellowish-orange chromophore has absorption maxima of 448 nm and obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 10-100 µg/ml. Results of the analysis were statistically validated by recovery studies. The method was found to be suitable for routine determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in tablet formulation.

Bei der Umsetzung von Scandium mit Ammoniumchlorid entstehen (im Beisein von CuCl2) in Kupferampullen die beiden neuen Ammoniakate des Scandiumtrichlorids, ScCl3(NH3) und ScCl3(NH3)2. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden aus Einkristalldaten bestimmt; beide kristallisieren im triklinen Kristallsystem. In ScCl3(NH3)2 liegen voneinander isolierte, unsymmetrische Dimere (Oktaederdoppel) gemas [Sc-mer-(NH3)3/1Cl1/1Cl(2/2)×2Sc(NH3)1/1Cl3/1] vor. Auch die Kristallstruktur von ScCl3(NH3) ist durch Oktaederdoppel gekennzeichnet: [Sc(NH3)2/1Cl2/1Cl2/2]2; die Dimeren sind jedoch uber Kanten zu Zickzackketten gemas [Sc(NH3)1/1Cl1/1Cl4/2] verknupft. Two New Ammoniates of Scandium Trichloride, ScCl3(NH3) and ScCl3(NH3)2 Reactions of scandium with ammonium chloride in the presence of cupric chloride in sealed copper ampoules yield colorless single crystals of the two new ammoniates of scandium trichloride, ScCl3(NH3) und ScCl3(NH3)2. The crystal structures were determined from single crystal data; they both crystallize with the triclinic crystal system. In ScCl3(NH3)2 isolated unsymmetrical dimers of double octahedra, according to [Sc-mer-(NH3)3/1Cl1/1Cl(2/2)×2Sc(NH3)1/1Cl3/1] are the characteristic structural features. The crystal structure of ScCl3(NH3) also contains double octahedra, [Sc(NH3)2/1Cl2/1Cl2/2]2; these dimers are, however, connected via common edges forming infinite zig-zag chains according to the formulation [Sc(NH3)1/1Cl1/1Cl4/2].

Sheepshead ( Archosargus probatocephalus ), Atlantic croaker ( Micropogon undulatus ) and pinfish ( Lagodon rhomboides ) were each exposed to aqueous solutions of reagent grade cupric chloride in artificial seawater in four static bioassays. The 24, 48, 72 and 96-h TL m were determined to be, respectively, 4.17, 3.02, 2.19 and 1.14 mg Cu 2+ ·I −1 for sheepshead, 9.15, 7.55, 7.20 and 5.66 mg Cu 2+ ·I −1 for croaker, and 7.33, 4.43, 4.14 and 2.75 mg Cu 2+ ·I −1 for pinfish. These results are compared with literature values of experimental concentrations of copper producing subtle behavioural changes in these species.

Reaction involving iodine and cupric chloride has been applied to the synthesis of iodinated dihydrotestesterones while radiolabelled estradiol-17-diphosphates and dihydro-testosterone were prepared by the same path using Na125I.

The reaction of aryl- and vinylmercurials, cupric chloride, 5% aqueous NH4Cl, oxygen, catalytic amounts of Li2pPdCl4 and vinylic oxetanes affords an excellent route to functionally-substituted homoallylic alcohols.

Products from the oxidative coupling of 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene and polynuclear hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and pyrene) with AlCl3-CuCl2 included the respective dehydro dimers and trimers, accompanied by higher oligomers.

Copper powder was produced by electrodeposition from an electrolyte containing copper sulphate and sulphuric acid. The effect of varying the current density, the solution temperature and agitation as well as the addition of different chemicals was investigated on the size, shape and properties of the powder and the energy consumed. The best conditions were found to be a low current density, a high bath temperature, solution agitation and a low concentration of copper sulphate. The addition of sodium sulphate, cupric chloride and benzotriazole was beneficial and reduced the energy consumption.

Process variables, including impurity control, are described for a promising scrap reclamation technique.

The oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline with copper(II) is studied in different solvents. The contributions of the specific solvation, protolytic activity and dielectric properties to the overall solvent effect are reported.

Effusion and transpiration study of vaporization processes occurring when solid cupric chloride is heated