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Aims: To compare the smear layer removal efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.2% Chitosan nanoparticles, and QMIX 2 in 1 at apical third of root canal system, using Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) irrigation system and analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted mandibular single-rooted premolar noncarious human teeth were selected. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1: Irrigated with 1 ml of 17% EDTA, Group 2: With 0.2% Chitosan nanoparticles, and Group 3: With QMix2in1 (Dentsply Sirona, USA); 15 teeth in each group as final irrigant. The root canals were sequentially cleaned and shaped till 0.30 mm/0.09 taper and were irrigated with 1 ml of 5% sodium hypochlorite and 1 ml of 0.9% saline, after introducing each file into the canal. Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) system was used as delivering unit for all irrigation solutions with separate syringes. The tooth samples were sectioned and analyzed under SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi–square test. Results: All three irrigation solution in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 removed smear layer. Group 3 showed a significant difference in smear layer removal from the root canal system than Group 1 and Group 2. Conclusions: The final irrigation with QMix2in1 (Dentsply Sirona, USA) solution aids in better smear layer removal at the apical third of the root canal system, using Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) irrigation system.

Meloxicam (MLX) is currently used in the therapeutic management of both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as pain, injuries, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis in both humans and animals. Gastrointestinal toxicity and occasional renal toxicity were observed in patients taking it for a long-term period. Meloxicam’s late attainment of peak plasma concentration results in a slow onset of action. The goal of the current study was to prepare and characterize chitosan encapsulated meloxicam nanoparticles (CEMNPs) with high bioavailability and less gastro intestinal toxicity in order to prevent such issues. The size of the prepared CEMNPs was approximately 110–220 nm with a zetapotential of +39.9 mV and polydispersity index of 0.268, suggesting that they were uniformly dispersed nanoparticles. The FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of MLX in the prepared CEMNPs. The pharmacokinetics have been studied with three groups of male Wistar rats receiving either of the treatments, viz., 4 mg·kg−1 of MLX and 1 or 4 mg·kg−1 of CEMNPs. Plasma samples were collected until 48 h post administration, and concentrations of MLX were quantified by using reverse (C18) phase HPLC. Non-compartmental analysis was applied to determine pharmacokinetic variables. Upon oral administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax) was reached in 4 h for CEMNPs and 6 h for MLX. The mean area under the plasma MLX concentration-time curve from ‘zero’ to infinity (AUC0–∞), half-life (t1/2β), and mean resident time (MRT) of 1 mg·kg−1 of CEMNPs was 1.4-, 2-, and 1.8-fold greater than 4 mg·kg−1 of MLX. The prepared CEMNPs demonstrated quicker absorption and prolonged release along with a significant improvement in the bioavailability of MLX, paving a prospective path for the development of drugs with enhanced bioavailability with less side effects.

Meloxicam (MLX) is currently used in the therapeutic management of both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as pain, injuries, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis in both humans and animals. Gastrointestinal toxicity and occasional renal toxicity were observed in patients taking it for a long-term period. Meloxicam's late attainment of peak plasma concentration results in a slow onset of action. The goal of the current study was to prepare and characterize chitosan encapsulated meloxicam nanoparticles (CEMNPs) with high bioavailability and less gastro intestinal toxicity in order to prevent such issues. The size of the prepared CEMNPs was approximately 110–220 nm with a zetapotential of +39.9 mV and polydispersity index of 0.268, suggesting that they were uniformly dispersed nanoparticles. The FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of MLX in the prepared CEMNPs. The pharmacokinetics have been studied with three groups of male Wistar rats receiving either of the treatments, viz., 4 mg·kg−1 of MLX and 1 or 4 mg·kg−1 of CEMNPs. Plasma samples were collected until 48 h post administration, and concentrations of MLX were quantified by using reverse (C18) phase HPLC. Non-compartmental analysis was applied to determine pharmacokinetic variables. Upon oral administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax) was reached in 4 h for CEMNPs and 6 h for MLX. The mean area under the plasma MLX concentration-time curve from 'zero' to infinity (AUC0–∞), half-life (t1/2β), and mean resident time (MRT) of 1 mg·kg−1 of CEMNPs was 1.4-, 2-, and 1.8-fold greater than 4 mg·kg−1 of MLX. The prepared CEMNPs demonstrated quicker absorption and prolonged release along with a significant improvement in the bioavailability of MLX, paving a prospective path for the development of drugs with enhanced bioavailability with less side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work suggests employing an unique Chitosan-g-Maleic anhydride-g-ethylene dimethacrylate copolymer to remove the harmful heavy element copper. By adjusting variables like the concentration of the monomer, the concentration of the initiator, and the temperature during the chain polymerization reaction, the graft copolymer was developed. The copolymer obtained at the optimum condition was picked out to study its adsorption property towards Cu2+ ions. The adsorption factors, such as the amount of adsorbent, contact time, pH, and initial concentration of the metal solution, which affect the adsorption process, were looked at using the batch adsorption mode. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to analyse the equilibrium adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and characterisation of a polymeric composite incorporating graphene, hydroxyapatite, and chitosan as an adsorbent to remove chromium (VI) from wastewater. The FTIR and XRD studies supported the composite's production. Analysis of surface morphology and heat stability involved TGA and SEM studies. A batch adsorption was run to determine the efficacy of the adsorbent by varying contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH. The kinetics of the adsorption process were examined using pseudo-first and second order kinetic models after the equilibrium data had been fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The findings showed that pseudo second order kinetics was utilised for the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto chitosan-grafted graphene/hydroxyapatite (CS-g-Gr/HA) composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of sodium alginate (AL)/ chitosan (CS)/ carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) beads as an adsorbent for removing the divalent metal ions such as Cu (II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution was assessed in the current work using a batch adsorption technique. FT-IR and XRD measurements were used to investigate the formation of the ternary beads. The percentage removal of metal ions was investigated in batch mode as a function of metal ion solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The observed outcome shows that the best pH for removing both metal ions was reported to be 5.0. The incorporation of experimental data in theoretical modelling exhibits that the adsorption would be multilayer through pseudo-second order (R² > 0.9) kinetics. The removal efficiency of ternary beads reveals that copper ions (Cmax = 203.69 mg/g) were removed better than nickel ions (Cmax = 194.05 mg/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schiff base of carboxymethyl chitosan/p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (CMC-SB), as well as its complexes with cobalt (CMC-SB-Co), nickel (CMC-SB-Ni), and zinc (CMC-SB-Zn), were synthesised and studied using FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Schiff base metal complex production has been verified by the FTIR and XRD data. According to the thermal studies, the CMC-SB Zinc combination has better thermal stability than other complexes. The material is porous and rough, and the SEM results show that it has several potential uses in the biological field. The zinc complexes have increased activity when it comes to catalysis. It has been determined by the MTT test and ALP activity that the synthesised sample is non-toxic, compatible, and has good antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic, economically important disease of domestic ruminants. Continuous efforts are being made to develop a potent vaccine for JD which confer a longer immunity. The present study was aimed at developing chitosan nanoparticles coupled JD vaccine and assess its efficacy. Methods: Potency of a heat killed, chitosan nanoparticle coupled JD vaccine developed with an Indian isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) was tested in 107 goats. Pre and post immunization blood samples were collected at different time points and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used for assessing IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12 gene expressions. Immunized animals were challenged with a field isolate of MAP and the immune response was assessed. Result: Immunized goats were safe with no untoward reactions. Cytokine gene expression studies indicated a good Th1 response during 3-14 wk post immunization. The initial Th1 response was followed by a good Th2 response with a better IL-10 response than the IFN-γ and IL-2 responses in vaccinated animals at 23 wk PI. Both Th1 and Th2 responses were significantly higher in immunized animals at 23 and 34 weeks post challenge indicating a protective immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been recently used for various applications in aquaculture, especially as drug carriers. The aim of this study was to synthesise and investigate a superlative method of CSNP synthesis for application in aquaculture through aquaculture‐based toxicology screening methods. Two different methods were analysed: the first a direct ionic gelation method (A) and the other involving a low‐molecular‐weight chitosan microparticle intermediate method (B). Dynamic light scattering characterisation revealed that the CSNP particle sizes were 192.7 ± 11.8 and 22.9 nm from methods A and B, respectively. The LC50 values for brine shrimp toxicity were found to be 1.51 and 0.02 ppt in 24 h for methods A and B, respectively. Acute toxicity studies in Litopenaeus vannamei rendered LC50 values of 3235.94 and 2884.03 ppt in 24 h for methods A and B, respectively. Zebrafish toxicity studies revealed mortality rates of 21.67% and 55% at 20 mg/L concentration for methods A and B, respectively, with an increased expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in method B. From these findings, it can be concluded that a comparatively reduced toxicity of CSNPs derived from ionic gelation method makes it more appropriate for application in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The chitosan-copper oxide (Chi-CuO) biopolymer nanocomposites were synthesized by a simple green chemistry method using ascorbic acid as a reducing and capping agent. The intense peak around 300 nm was observed in the UV-visible spectrum indicating the formation of CuO nanoparticles. The prepared Chi-CuO nanocomposites were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). SEM and XRD pattern showed cubic shape for Chi-CuO nanocomposites with average crystalline size of 17 nm, as calculated using Debye-Scherrer’s formula. The FT-IR spectral studies showed the Cu-O bond formation with chitosan to form nanocomposites. Synthesized nanocomposites showed significant anti-microbial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Penicillium notatum, assayed using the agar well diffusion method. It also showed sporicidal activity against B. subtilis and exhibited effective biofilm-inhibitory activity against B. subtilis (69%/100 μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (63%/100 μg/mL).Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, asymmetric tubular lipid structures have been formed under the specific condition of gentle hydration or by using hydrodynamic and/or electrical elongation of vesicular lipid structures. Small-size lipid tubes are, however, very difficult to allocate or align in the vertical direction on the specific site of the substrate and, therefore, the ability to produce them selectively and in large quantities as an array form is limited. Herein, we propose an easy and novel method to fabricate selective and vertical lipid tube arrays using template-guided gentle hydration of dried lipid films without any external forces. A lipid solution was drop-dispensed onto a porous membrane and dried to form a lipid film. Then, the lipid-coated porous membrane was transferred to a glass substrate by using a UV-cured polymer layer to achieve tight bonding. Upon swelling with an appropriate buffer, expansion forces due to osmotic pressure during the gentle hydration process were highly constrained to confined pores, thereby resulting in the nucleation of tube-like lipid structures through the pores. Interestingly, according to the aspect ratio of pores (ARpore, pore length/pore diameter), different shapes of lipid structures, including vesicular, oval, and tube-like, were generated, which indicates the importance of the ARpore, as well as the pore diameter, during fabrication of tubular lipid structures. Also, this approach was easily modified with 1% chitosan to enhance the stability of the lipid tubes (＞30 min in life time), by lipid coating twice and by using unsaturated lipids to increase tube length (＞30 μm in length). Therefore, in the future, the simple but robust template-guided gentle hydration method will be a useful tool for fabricating addressable and engineered lipid tube arrays as a sensory unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilising Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimised the ETM-CS-NPs. Using RSM, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI and ZP were analysed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3) and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimised ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs’ anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elimination of heavy metals from wastewater has been a significant process to improve the aquatic source's quality. Various materials act as very effective adsorbents to remove heavy metals, which cause toxicity to plants and all other living organisms. Thus, the present work focuses on removing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) ions containing wastewater using biodegradable and cost-effective chitosan-based hydrogel composite. The composite was prepared via chemical cross-linking of radical chitosan with polyacrylamide and N,N′-Methylene bisacrylamide and blended with orange peel. The synthesis of the adsorbent has been confirmed by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy – Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The adsorption power of the composite of metal ions at different time, pH, adsorbent dosages, different metal ion concentrations were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results concluded that the optimum pH for Cr(VI) and Cu (II) were 4 and 5, contact time: 360 min, adsorbent dosage: 4 g, and initial metal ion concentration: 100 mg/L for each metal ions. The adsorption isotherm models follow the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. From the results, the adsorption capacity was observed to be 80.43% for Cr(VI) and 82.47% for Cu(II) ions, respectively. • Surface tailoring of chitosan to form a hydrogel composite. • Batch adsorption studies on the removal of wastewater containing Cr and Cu ions. • Low cost and efficient CS-BENT-g-AM/OP + MBA hydrogel for wastewater treatment. • Synergistic effect of biopolymers on heavy metal removal efficiency. • Adsorption via electrostatic interaction and ion exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]