Search

This article examines the transformative potential of integrating reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) into sixth-generation (6G) wireless non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). The focus is on the RIS's capability to address diverse user requirements, including secure data transmission, power efficiency, extended coverage, and enhanced data rates. The paper delves into the synergy between RISs and NTNs, emphasizing key components like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and advanced radio communications. Additionally, it highlights the crucial role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in optimizing RIS-based beamforming to solve scientific and engineering challenges while ensuring energy efficiency and sustainability in NTN operations. By positioning RISs as a key enabler in shaping the future of wireless communication systems, this research underscores their significance in unlocking the full potential of NTNs and advancing next-generation wireless communications. This paper contributes valuable insights and projections for future research directions, highlighting RISs' potential to revolutionize NTNs for 6G technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have become instrumental in various domains, including agriculture, geographic information systems, media, logistics, security, and defense. These UAVs often rely on wireless communication networks for data transmission, making them vulnerable to cyberattacks. To address these challenges, it is necessary to detect potential threats by analyzing the encrypted Wi-Fi traffic data generated by UAVs. This study aimed to develop a linear SVM model that is enhanced with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques and fine-tuned using Bayesian optimization for intrusion detection systems (IDSs); the model is specifically designed to identify malware threats targeting UAVs. This research utilized encrypted Wi-Fi traffic data derived from three different UAV networks, namely, Parrot Bebop 1, DBPower UDI, and DJI Spark, while considering unidirectional and bidirectional communication flow modes. SVM-based intrusion detection models have been modeled on these datasets, identified their key features using the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technique, and conducted a cost analysis of the proposed modeling approach. The incorporation of the LIME method enabled to highlight the features that are highly indicative of cyberattacks and provided valuable insights into the importance of each feature in the context of intrusion detection. In conclusion, this interpretable IDS model, fine-tuned with Bayesian optimization, demonstrated its superiority over the state-of-the-art methods, proving its efficacy in detecting and mitigating threats to UAVs while offering a cost-effective solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of 5G/6G wireless communications, mobile edge computing (MEC) technology is widely utilized for efficient data transmission. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as the most recent transmission carriers in this landscape. However, the challenges associated with UAV deployment and path planning are often regarded as NP-hard, nonconvex, and nonlinear problems. Traditional optimization techniques struggle to address these complexities effectively. To address this issue, this study proposes "Edge-UAV", a novel mobile edge computing system specifically designed for UAVs. The primary objective of Edge-UAV is to minimize energy consumption and optimize the operational efficiency of UAVs. To achieve this goal, this study introduces a two-stage optimization strategy and a nonhovering transmission strategy. First, the coordinate updating operation of the UAVs' hovering points is decoupled from the path planning task. Additionally, the perturbation-inheritance algorithm is employed to enhance the coordinate updating process. In the second stage, the nonhovering transmission strategy enables UAVs to perform data transmission tasks while in flight, effectively optimizing their working time. This paper provides a detailed elucidation of the roles played by these innovative strategies within the Edge-UAV system. To assess the superiority of the proposed strategies, eight sets of comparative experiments involving 60–200 individual devices awaiting data transmission are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate the significant advantages of the Edge-UAV system in terms of reducing total energy consumption and optimizing the operational hours of UAVs. Through comprehensive experimentation and analysis, this study contributes to the advancement of UAV-assisted mobile edge computing in 5G/6G wireless communication networks. The proposed strategies exhibit promising potential for enhancing the efficiency and performance of UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable metasurfaces provide a promising paradigm for the beamforming of electromagnetic waves in the fifth‐generation (5G) and sixth‐generation (6G) wireless communications with low cost and low complexity. However, most of the existing researches are focused on the sub‐6 GHz spectrum, which limited the gigabits per second (Gb s−1) high‐speed data transmission on future wireless network. Additionally, as a step forward in the development of intelligent metasurfaces, extra peripheral devices are often required to sense environmental variations for self‐adaptive modulations. Here, a wideband millimeter‐wave programmable metasurface is presented for peripheral‐free self‐adaptive signal enhancement in 5G/6G wireless communication. The proposed transmissive programmable metasurface consists of 20×20$20\times 20$ meta‐atoms, exhibiting efficient transmission (≤$\le$1 dB loss) and a stable 1‐bit phase difference from 23.7 to 32.1 GHz, effectively covering the desired 5G millimeter‐wave frequency bands: N257, N258, and N261. By integrating the self‐adaptive algorithm based on received signal intensity into the controller, the programmable metasurface can self‐adaptively establish an optimal or acceptable channel according to the predefined threshold values. To evaluate the performance of the prototype, an experiment on wavefront modulation was first conducted in a microwave chamber, verifying the wideband beamforming performance of the programmable metasurface. Moreover, self‐adaptive signal enhancement and millimeter‐wave wireless communication experiments were conducted in indoor environments, showing a maximum signal enhancement of 21.4 dB and a significant improvement in constellation. The proposed self‐adaptive wideband programmable metasurface demonstrates high potential for application in 5G/6G millimeter‐wave wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new design for a low-profile, miniaturized microstrip diplexer, specifically engineered for qubits mobile wireless networks, emphasizing the crucial roles of computational modeling and fabrication in its development. Employing AWR simulator for the modeling of microstrip device, this approach integrates Step Impedance Resonators as well as T-shaped resonators, resulting in a diplexer that meets the stringent demands of modern communication systems while exhibiting remarkable performance characteristics, including the ability for demonstrating negative group delay (NGD). The importance for microstrip diplexers lies in their ability to efficiently separate and route signals at different frequencies, thereby enhancing overall system performance. Operating at resonant frequencies of 3.19 GHz and 4.42 GHz, this diplexer achieves highly narrowband performance, effectively minimizing interference and enhancing signal integrity within resonant frequency bands that are vital requirements for contemporary mobile applications. The diplexer achieves insertion losses of merely 0.4 dB and 0.5 dB at the respective channels, alongside return losses of 16 dB and 33 dB. Furthermore, it boasts an isolation level exceeding 30 dB between the two channels, ensuring reliable communication with minimal cross-talk, which is vital for maintaining high-quality signal transmission in crowded spectral environments. An integration for NGD not only allows for advanced signal processing capabilities but as well facilitates faster data transmission and improved system responsiveness, attributes increasingly critical in today's fast-paced mobile landscape. Constructed on an FR4 substrate, the low-profile topology for this diplexer makes it particularly suitable for integration into space-constrained mobile devices and wireless communication systems, where considerations of size and weight are paramount. The design's effectiveness has been thoroughly validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental measurements, demonstrating a strong correlation between predicted and observed consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a visible light communication (VLC) system that analyzes the performance of an optical camera communication (OCC) system, utilizing a mobile phone camera as the receiver and a computer monitor as the transmitter. By creating color channels in the form of a 4 × 4 matrix within a frame, we determine the parameters that affect the successful transmission of data packets. Factors such as the brightness or darkness of the test room, the light color of the lamp in the illuminated environment, the effects of daylight when the monitor is positioned in front of a window, and issues related to dead pixels and light bleed originating from the monitor's production process have been considered to ensure accurate data transmission. In this context, we utilized the PyCharm, Pydroid, Python, Tkinter, and OpenCV platforms for programming the transmitter and receiver units. Through the application of image processing techniques, we mitigated the effects of daylight on communication performance, thereby proposing a superior system compared to standard VLC systems that incorporate photodiodes. Additionally, considering objectives such as the maximum number of channels and the maximum distance, we regulated the sizes of the channels, the distances between the channels, and the number of channels. The NumPy library, compatible with Python–Tkinter, was employed to determine the color levels and dimensions of the channels. We investigate the effects of RGB and HSV color spaces on the data transmission rate and communication distance. Furthermore, the impact of the distance between color channels on color detection performance is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, wireless communication systems have exploded in popularity. Optical wireless technology is an excellent alternative to RF wireless, but it has high capacity, data speed, frequency, and license-free spectrum, and it is simple to implement. Optical wireless communication sends data through air using optical beams. Atmospheric turbulence degrades the functioning of free-breathing space photosensitive interaction methods by causing interruptions due to weather conditions like fog, smoke, and different pollutants. In this paper, free-space optical communications using snow and fog attenuations and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) method is used to determine the turbulence due to the atmosphere. This method improves the data transmission during unfavorable weather conditions by changing the various parameters like receiver aperture size, the wavelength of the transmitter, etc. Furthermore it shows that decrease in air quality and instability are the double significant causes, that can degrade general usage routine, especially when it's foggy or raining heavily. The result shows that the aperture size and wavelength should be changed as per the weather condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light fidelity (Li-Fi) is a pioneering optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that utilizes visible light for wireless data transmission. Since its inception in a TED global talk by Professor Harald Haas in 2011, Li-Fi has captured significant attention in the research community. Smart home automation systems (SHAs) leverage internet of things (IoT) technology to remotely manage and automate various home devices and systems. Li-Fi technology has the potential to enable remote control of devices such as lighting, air conditioning, music systems, security cameras, and door locks within SHAs. This study presents Li-Fi-IoT, a Li-Fi-based system designed for efficient and secure IoT device management in SHAs. A series of experiments demonstrates the system's potential in IoT device control using Li-Fi technology. The research findings highlight the substantial improvement in data transfer speed, energy efficiency, and data security that Li-Fi technology can bring to SHAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rain rate influenced by atmospheric factors is related to rainfall patterns affected by climate change. Attenuation and signal losses due to rain are crucial constraints in communication systems such as 5G, microwave radio links, and communication satellite systems. These communication systems have been deteriorated due to signal fading and distortion when exposed to rain. Signal fading by hydrometeor particles in the atmosphere may occur during wireless signal transmissions at frequencies higher than 10 GHz. In this paper, Hydro-Estimator data for the Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak regions from 2011 to 2022 were extracted to determine the rain rate distribution, which is a crucial parameter for simulating and analyzing rain fade. Climate change affects rainfall distribution when signal transmission with higher frequency carries more data, thus resulting in a higher chance of signal loss and degradation. Long-term forecasts of the signal performance in 5G systems and high-frequency radio link frequencies can be developed by analyzing the effects of climate change based on the rainfall rate and the rain fade distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a flexural Mikaelian lens in thin plate is designed by using conformation transformation. The propagation characteristics of flexural waves in the lens are investigated through rays trajectory equation, simulation analyses, and experimental tests, confirming the self-focusing properties of the Mikaelian lens. Additionally, the study explores the Talbot effect for flexural waves, revealing through simulation studies that the Talbot effect within the Mikaelian lens exhibits nearly diffraction-free properties. Building on the non-diffractive nature of the Talbot effect within the Mikaelian lens, we explore the potential for encoding flexural waves using active interference sources. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate the good performance of the designed active encoding system. This work opens up new avenues for the encoding of flexural waves, presenting promising implications for applications in communication such as structural health monitoring, wireless communication in solid media and data transmission in robotics and other areas related to flexural wave technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) based on radio frequency (RF), merging the sensing and communication functionalities into a single platform, can effectively address the increasing demand for spectrums due to the proliferation of wireless devices. However, the ISAC commonly suffers from spectrum scarcity, high power consumption, and limited sensing capabilities. Here flexible self‐powered optical ISAC (O‐ISAC) is proposed and fabricated by preparing a high‐speed near‐infrared organic photodetector (NIR OPD) that exhibits a broad photodetection ranging from 300 to 1100 nm, specific detectivity over 1013 Jones, and −3 dB cutoff frequency over 1 MHz (λ = 1050 nm) in self‐powered mode, ranking as the fastest among self‐powered NIR OPDs in the region above 1000 nm. The device is fabricated by incorporating a narrow‐bandgap non‐fullerene acceptor BTPSV‐4Cl into the PCE‐10:BTPSV‐4F system to finely tune the film morphology and reduce trap states and energetic disorder. The semitransparent and regular NIR OPDs are integrated on one substrate to fabricate flexible O‐ISAC, realizing simultaneous accurate vital signs monitoring and high‐speed data transmission under ambient, sunlight, and NIR lighting conditions. It is envisioned that the proposed O‐ISAC will inspire a new generation of wireless technology to address RF limitations for emerging applications, such as intelligent healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-density parity check (LDPC) is a channel coding technique widely utilized in the 5G New Radio standard, it is of utmost importance in facilitating proficient and secure communication in noisy environments by effectively minimizing errors during data transmission. It is primarily used in the 5G New Radio (NR) standard for encoding user information on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). The necessity to satisfy the increasing expectations for throughput, latency, and dependability led to the decision to deploy LDPC codes for user data, especially in the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) scenarios of 5G networks. The present system proposes the use of NR-LDPC codes to transmit data across a lognormal multipath fading channel model in the presence of AWGN. Wireless communication channels often use a lognormal multipath fading channel model, where the received signal experiences both multipath fading and lognormal shadowing. The research investigates the effectiveness of NR-LDPC coding in improving QAM-OFDM system performance by analyzing two rate-compatible base graphs and comparing their effectiveness with an uncoded system. This analysis is crucial for optimizing communication network design, especially in scenarios where the integrity of data is of utmost importance. We introduce a new method to improve the 5G NR LDPC code capability under lognormal fading conditions. This approach develops a layered min-sum (LMS) algorithm to provide enhanced error-correcting capabilities. The developed and implemented decoding algorithm represents a significant advancement over traditional detection methods. The outcomes of the simulation provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed NR-LDPC coding techniques in terms of their error correction and identification capabilities. In addition, the developed LMS decoding algorithm was shown to significantly decrease the BER of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless communication networks, secure data transmission remains a critical challenge due to the inherent vulnerabilities and dynamic nature of these networks. Traditional routing protocols often fail to provide adequate security and efficiency, leading to data breaches and communication delays. To address these issues, we propose a Blockchain-Based Greedy Routing Protocol (BBGRP) that integrates blockchain technology with a greedy forwarding strategy to enhance the security and reliability of data transmission in wireless networks. The BBGRP leverages blockchain's decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger to validate the integrity and authenticity of data packets, while the greedy routing approach optimizes the selection of the most efficient transmission paths. Our method incorporates smart contracts to automate route verification, ensuring secure and real-time decision-making processes. Experimental results show that the proposed protocol significantly reduces the packet loss rate by 27.3% and improves data transmission speed by 35.6% compared to traditional routing protocols. Additionally, BBGRP demonstrates a 42.8% enhancement in overall network throughput and a 21.7% decrease in end-to-end latency. The security analysis confirms the robustness of BBGRP against common attacks, such as Sybil and man-in-the-middle attacks, by achieving a 98.4% attack detection rate. These results highlight the potential of blockchain-based routing protocols to revolutionize secure data transmission in IoT and other wireless communication environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is to connect numerous nodes via a multi-hop self-organizing network. A variety of sensor nodes are arranged and positioned in relation to other nodes to provide safe data exchange. Sensor nodes watch as a sink node processes the data. The network includes a variety of assaults, including floods, wormhole, black hole, sinkhole, and so on. One of the most challenging tasks in WSN is secure routing because of the existence of attacks. The technology of attack detection is employed to identify attacks and enhances the security of data transmission. It provides a way to ignore network threats, enabling secure communication. Most recent efforts have been focused on implementing secure data communication in wireless sensor networks. However, the more accurate detection attack was not achieved. Numerous intrusion attackers are available to compromise network data packet communication. To provide better data distribution amongst soldiers in a combat environment, this wireless network invader node needs to be identified. Hence, in a WSN context, data transmission with a military scenario entails armed men engaged in combat, such as fighter aircraft, tankers, and shot ships. Finding intrusion attackers is a difficult task, especially in the highly dynamic military wireless sensor network. Therefore, different techniques are developed in WSN for achieving attack detection accuracy with minimal delay and maximum data delivery rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routing is one of the key architectural facets in the 6G networks that plays a vital role in achieving the immense data transmission rate and features that are expected from the new generation wireless communication. These developments and approaches are discussed here for the next generation of wireless communication systems known as the 6G and the key technologies include AI, ML, and Quantum-inspired computing for improved routing. It also helps the routing algorithms to be intelligent and capable of constantly adapting to the existing network conditions in order to achieve the best transmission of data, reduced latency and the best utilization of the existing resources. The survey also focuses on the use of dynamic network slicing, edge computing and improving the security measures that is an indication of how the new technologies work hand in hand to improve the routing paths of the internet. From this survey, current research trends, technological advancement, and future scope offers a clear view of how 6G networks, as the next evolution over the previous generations, will address the routing problem and foster an advanced interconnected, secure, and responsive communication framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to sustainable development goals 13 which emphasized on Infrastructure, Innovation and Industry. Innovation through creation and development of device is important in order for developing countries like Nigeria to attain her self-realization in industrialization. In this paper, a concrete sensor called "ConSor" was developed to measure onsite strength of concrete using the principle of maturity described in ASTM C-1074. The materials used are DB1386 thermocouple, arduino board having wireless modules and components to enable seamless and wireless communication of data to the web. The device was programmed using C++ to read temperature (heat data) generated from the concrete and convert it using the maturity function (equation) to maturity. The maturity was thereafter converted to strength through calibration from crushed laboratory samples of same mix. The results obtained from the developed device was compared with industry-established concrete sensors (Commandcenter sensor and Hilti concrete sensor) and laboratory samples using appropriate standards of concrete testing. The results obtained at each curing ages for the Consor was closer in accuracy of ±0.05N/mm² to the industry-established concrete sensors for strength and ±0.5°C and for temperature readings. This is a clear indication that the developed device has capacity and suitability to be deployed for onsite strength of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of natural disasters has increased recently, posing a huge threat to human society. Rapid, accurate, authentic, and comprehensive acquisition and transmission of disaster information are crucial in emergency response. In this paper, we propose a design scheme for an aerial remote sensing platform based on real-time satellite communication. This platform mainly includes a civilian heavy-duty unmanned aerial vehicle, ground observation system with the self-developed orthographic image stabilization device, wireless communication system with an airborne mobile communication device using Ku band, ground satellite information receiving station, and data processing and application analysis system. The image stabilization capability of the ground observation system and the communication capability of the wireless communication system were verified through ground and flight tests respectively. The results showed that the stability accuracy of the platform was better than the theoretical threshold, the system transmission rate was not less than 2 M bandwidth, the data packet loss rate was low, and the time delay was not more than 2 s. The images captured in the experiment were clear, with a resolution of less than 1cm and an overlap rate of more than 70%. These all results meet the emergency observation requirement, which indicates that the aerial remote sensing platform based on real-time satellite communication has great potential for application in natural disaster emergency response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the networking technologies is called a wireless sensor network, and what it does is link sensor nodes by using wireless communication as the channel of connection. A haphazard and random distribution of nodes is carried out throughout the deployment process within the network area. As a result, the distances between the nodes do not remain constant. The nodes have a high sensing capacity, but their range of perception and battery life are also severely limited. The wireless data may be sensed by all of the nodes inside their respective sensing regions. Consequently, there are a variety of new applications that make use of WSN applications, particularly in surveillance monitoring applications such as those used in hospitals, buildings, forests, and airspace monitoring. The transmission of the data to the appropriate server or data centre that is linked with the cloud or the internet is experiencing greater difficulties as a result of the growing amount of monitoring data. This indicates that a significant quantity of data is lost as a result of the fact that wireless transmission is affected by environmental factors such as precipitation, humidity, and wind storms. It is vital to create and execute an innovative routing protocol to deliver greater throughput and raise the overall Quality of Service of the WSN applications in order to solve the difficulties that have been outlined above. This study paper presents a metaheuristic algorithm based optimal routing protocol for WSN application, which boosts the overall quality of service of any surveillance monitoring applications. To achieve this goal, the protocol was designed for wireless sensor networks. It does so in an effective manner, resulting in decreased delay and energy consumption as well as enhanced throughput and PDR. Based on the findings of the experiments, it has been hypothesised that the proposed metaheuristic algorithm-based routing protocol is capable of performing better routing for any type of surveillance monitoring and remote monitoring, as well as successfully transmitting any type of data, including numerical, video, and image data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for wireless connectivity has grown tremendously over the last few decades. A new perspective of wireless communication will soon be positioned worldwide. In the years beyond, the millimeter-wave spectrum for the mobile communication infrastructure has improved spectral efficiency. The problem of the technical challenges may be detected, identified, and resolved in different designs as traditional solutions involve the software tricks that prevent the modes of operation that trigger the trouble. In this research, we carry out the proposed Millimetre assisted wave technologies using 6G federated learning and high-performance computing for 6G assisted wireless communication systems for voice data optimization. Millimeter-wave technology is a specific part of the radio frequency spectrum, between 24 and 100 GHz. The outcome of this proposed technique will be voice data optimization in the 6G cellular networks for next-generation networks to improve the 6G assisted networks federated learning from existing cellular network technology generation, established on the tool of Flight stack or Autopilot. The observational results express to assess the performance of the device, we acquire theMillimetre assisted wave technologies and federated learning and high-performance computing at various data transmission rates and modulations, including real-time data transfer up to 96 Gbit/s at 420 GHz, with a low bit error rate and good signal-to-noise ratio. With 18 dBm emitted power at 0.4 THz, this method creates and transmits a signal with a 160 Gbits per second net rate across a 15 m distance. This monolithic dual-DFB PIC-based THz generating technique represents an important advancement toward completely integrated, economically viable, and energy-efficient THz transmitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light‐emitting diodes and photodiodes, often acting as transmitters and receivers, are two key optical components for constructing an optical communication system. Recently, solar‐blind optical wireless communication (SB‐OWC) has emerged as a promising free‐space communication platform due to its unique advantages, including low background noise, high security, and non‐line‐of‐sight ability. However, the development of deep ultraviolet (DUV) emitters and detectors is still in its early stages with relatively low efficiency and poor detection capability, which hampers the further progress of SB‐OWC. Herein, a triangular‐shaped micro‐sized diode (T‐μ‐diode) is reported that can significantly boost its DUV emission and detection performance compared with a regular circular‐shaped micro‐diode (C‐μ‐diode) due to improved current injection and enhanced light extraction/absorption behavior. Specifically, the T‐μ‐diodes demonstrate superior light output power with a −3 dB modulation bandwidth over 566 MHz operating at an extremely high current density of 2 kA cm−2 while possessing a higher photo‐responsivity of ≈160 mA W−1 with a faster response speed of 5.1 ns, surpassing the traditional C‐μ‐diodes in both light emitting and detecting modes. Importantly, a bidirectional on‐chip data transmission system is realized by simply switching the operation mode of two T‐μ‐diodes monolithically fabricated on the same platform with boosted emission and detection functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a novel wavelength shift keying (WSK) technique that is combined with the conventional intensity modulation scheme for the transmission of point-to-point bidirectional data at the rate of 10 Gbps in each direction. We observe that WSK technique has not been investigated for implementation in point-to-point free space optical (FSO) links. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first one to perform this investigation. Our proposed link uses WSK in the downlink direction while we re-use the optical carriers for the transmission of uplink data. The use of WSK in the downlink direction enables us to perform balanced detection at the receiver, resulting in 3 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity compared to simple direct detection. We present bit error rate (BER) results for the signals transmitted in both the directions under different turbulence conditions and FSO link lengths. It was observed that the downlink signals generally perform better compared to the uplink due to the use of balanced detection and higher intensity fluctuations induced over the re-used optical carrier transmitted in the uplink direction.Please check and confirm that all the author names (given name, family name) and initials are correctly identified. The author names and initials are CORRECT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-satellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC) is frequently utilized for fast data transmission between various far away satellites in free space. Thousands of users are connected via broad-area applications that use network topologies with many frequencies per optical fiber and a range of transmission rates and capacities. Multiple frequencies being transmitted simultaneously on a fiber having a nanometer range (1300–1600) that is a powerful feature of an optical communications link. When coupled with optical amplifiers, the WDM idea creates communication lines that provide rapid user-to-user communication throughout national borders. A well-known drawback of free space optics (FSO) or Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) is degradation in optical signal power, in addition to its appealing advantages. The traditional system is improved in order to solve this issue. Using the optisystem-15 simulator, we analyzed the IsOWC link's capability for fast data transfer based on subjective factors including received power, Q-factor and BER. 16-channels multiplexed with modulation technique transmitters to the system are explained by the projected model. The link has been used at various data rates, distances, and external Match-Zehnder modulation. Applied a series hybrid optical amplifier of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a laser amplifier that exists prior to and after the OWC line with the given parameters. Different OWC ranges with a loop control of 3 loops that made total link length 1600 km, and searching different data rates to show their impact on system efficiency, which showed a great enhancement in results that are crucial to the current inter-satellite OWC link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal design of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas is significant for next-generation smartphone solutions with the appearance of further communication. This paper describes the design, simulation, and measurements of a ten-element MIMO antenna for n79 at 4.4–5.0 GHz, n102 at 5.925–6.425 GHz, and n104 at 6.425–7.125 GHz ranges that will be implemented in today's smartphones. The proposed antenna system has a maximum dimension of 158 mm × 60 mm and will use the low-cost FR-4 as the dielectric material. The design procedure is carried out with a lot of care to ensure that it does not compromise the spatial characteristics and at the same time minimizes the mutual coupling between the nearby antenna dimensions. High isolation and low ECC values are simulated using capturing techniques on the antenna geometry and its element position for proper MIMO performance improvement. The constructed antenna system portrays good performances in the intended bands as evidenced by the reflection coefficient values, radiation patterns, and individual gains. The performance of the above proposed ten-element MIMO antenna system in terms of bandwidth efficiency, diversity gain, and channel capacity loss is discussed. It also satisfies the demands of current standards of wireless communications and provides future possibilities for higher data transmission rates and message reliability in next-generation smartphone applications. Here, the application of the FR-4 substrate is remarkable as it provides comparatively better performance with significantly easier manufacturing and less cost, and thus, the design has good possibilities to be commercially viable. This work can be understood to form part of ongoing research in enhancing the advancement of the smartphone's antenna technology, which offers a scalable approach to the prospective spectrum altitude and the emergent surge in the data rates of mobile communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize the spectrum allocation strategy of existing wireless communication networks and improve information transmission efficiency and data transmission security, this study uses the independent correlation characteristics of chaotic time series to simulate the collection and control strategy of bees, and proposes an artificial bee colony algorithm based on uniform mapping and collaborative collection control. Furthermore, it proposes an artificial bee colony algorithm based on uniform mapping and collaborative collection and control. The method begins by establishing a composite system of uniformly distributed Chebyshev maps. In the neighborhood intervals where the nectar sources are firmly connected and relatively independent, the algorithm then conducts a chaotic traversal search. The research results demonstrated the great performance of the suggested algorithm in each test function as well as the positive effects of the optimization search. The network throughput rate was over 300 kbps, the quantity of security service eavesdropping was below 0.1, and the spectrum utilization rate of the algorithm-based allocation method could be enhanced to 0.8 at the most. Overall, the performance of the proposed algorithm outperformed the comparison algorithm, with high optimization accuracy and a significant amount of optimization. This is favorable for the efficient use of spectrum resources and the secure transmission of communication data, and it encourages the development of spectrum allocation technology in wireless communication networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous maturity and adoption of mobile devices enabled by wireless communication technology, people are more apt to record their sport exercise data or healthcare data through various lightweight and smart devices, e.g., mobile phones and smart watches. Meanwhile, massive sport data or healthcare data keep being produced with time, which forms a main source of big healthcare data. Deep mining and analysis of such healthcare data are of positive significance for accurately recognizing the real-time health condition of mobile users and further recommend appropriate sport items to them. However, traditional centralized healthcare data mining and recommendation approaches require mobile users to transmit their health data collected by mobile devices to a remote cloud platform, which often involves heavy data transmissions from mobile devices to cloud platform. As a consequence, the transmission cost is high and the time delay is long. Moreover, long-distance data transmissions are prone to disclose user privacy. Considering these limitations, we bring forth a novel time-efficient and privacy-preserving healthcare data integration and mining approach for sport item recommendation, based on edge-cloud collaboration mechanism. At last, we design a group of simulation experiments to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. Experimental comparisons indicate a good balance between different evaluation metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of data transmission systems based on wireless radio communication channels allowed the construction of fundamentally new networks – mesh networks, which are used not only in smart technologies, but are the basis for the construction of cyber-physical and socio-cyber-physical systems (objects of critical infrastructure). The object is the process of ensuring reliable and secure data transmission based on the use of wireless radio communication channels. A mathematical model of information resources protection system functioning is proposed to ensure the signs of immunity and security of the automated data transmission system. To identify threats, a unified classifier and flow state estimation technique are used, which take into account the hybridity and synergy of targeted (mixed) attacks on communication channels. The critical points of the infrastructure elements, as well as the information that circulates and/or is stored, are determined. The assessment of compliance with the regulators’ requirements, both international and state regulatory acts, and the presence and ability of the security system elements to ensure the required level of infrastructure elements protection is taken into account. The proposed approach allows to determine: coefficients of information and internal availability of a wireless radio communication channel, the vector potential of the lagging magnetic field as a result of data transmission work. When evaluating the coefficient of a wireless radio communication channel internal availability, it is proposed to take into account coherent reception of the signal. At the same time, the immunity factor of the wireless radio communication channel is much higher than 1, which provides sufficient protection of information. A technical solution is proposed that will allow the level of confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and reliability of a wireless radio communication channel to approach 100 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the modern era, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based wireless sensor networks (WSN) are rising technologies in wireless communication. Through UAV, the sensed data can be forwarded to the base station. However, the increase in network users leads to several malicious attacks on UAVs. Hence, it affects the performance of a WSN platform while transmitting private information through UAVs. Therefore, the proposed study intends to develop an effective malicious UAV detection approach using a machine‐learning algorithm. Initially, the deployed sensor nodes in WSN are utilized to collect the environmental data. These sensor nodes transmit the collected data to the UAV. During data transmission, the sensor nodes generate a feed packet (authentication parameter) and forward it to the UAV along with the sensed information. The feedback packet is encrypted through a proxy re‐encryption scheme to secure the input data. These encrypted packets with the sensed input data are then transmitted to the base station. Finally, the feedback packet is decrypted and attains the actual input information. From the received data, the classification is performed using a proposed support vector machine with a shuffled frog leap (SVM‐SFL) approach. The proposed approach is implemented with the NS3 Python tool, and the results are analyzed by evaluating several performance matrices. Compared with other existing methods, the proposed study obtained improved results in terms of accuracy (98.61%), precision (98.5%), sensitivity (98.63%), and F‐measure (98.62%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthcare industry went through reformation by integrating the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to enable data harnessing by transmission mediums from different devices, about patients to healthcare staff devices, for further analysis through cloud-based servers for proper diagnosis of patients, yielding efficient and accurate results. However, IoMT technology is accompanied by a set of drawbacks in terms of security risks and vulnerabilities, such as violating and exposing patients' sensitive and confidential data. Further, the network traffic data is prone to interception attacks caused by a wireless type of communication and alteration of data, which could cause unwanted outcomes. The advocated scheme provides insight into a robust Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for IoMT networks. It leverages a honeypot to divert attackers away from critical systems, reducing the attack surface. Additionally, the IDS employs an ensemble method combining Logistic Regression and K-Nearest Neighbor algorithms. This approach harnesses the strengths of both algorithms to improve attack detection accuracy and robustness. This work analyzes the impact, performance, accuracy, and precision outcomes of the used model on two IoMT-related datasets which contain multiple attack types such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), Data Injection, and Distributed Denial of Services (DDOS). The yielded results showed that the proposed ensemble method was effective in detecting intrusion attempts and classifying them as attacks or normal network traffic, with a high accuracy of 92.5% for the first dataset and 99.54% for the second dataset and a precision of 96.74% for the first dataset and 99.228% for the second dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locating an underwater sensor node over the seabed and acquiring fast, secure data communication between the node and an underwater vehicle could lead to advancements in underwater exploration and marine technology. Currently, the seabed is extensively mapped using multibeam sonar modules, providing detailed information about the bed. Because of its high computational requirements and cost, multibeam sonar is not suitable for this application. The aim of this article is to deploy an experimental setup with a single-beam sonar to localize the node, and then, establish a communication link. The single beam sonar has a 30° beamwidth, which can be improvised to have a full range scan using a custom pan-tilt mechanism setup. To accomplish the full-scale area mapping, underwater servo motors have been used in our customized pan-tilt mechanism. Once the localization is done using a custom pan-tilt mechanism, a line-of-sight optical wireless communication is established with a 200 kbps data rate. The channel is modeled based on the test pool experiments. The channel model is used to simulate underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) to a longer link length and higher data rate. An underwater link length of 3.13 m was achieved at 1 W and 1 Gbps data rate with a Q factor of 6 and BER of 10−9. For this test setup and simulation parameters, various parameters such as BER and quality factor are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of new power systems, diverse new power services have imposed stricter requirements on network resources and performance. However, the traditional method of transmitting request data to the IoT management platform for unified processing suffers from large delays due to long transmission distances, making it difficult to meet the delay requirements of new power services. Therefore, to reduce the transmission delay, data transmission, storage and computation need to be performed locally. However, due to the limited resources of individual nodes in the local power wireless communication network, issues such as tight coupling between devices and resources and a lack of flexible allocation need to be addressed. The collaborative allocation of resources among multiple nodes in the local network is necessary to satisfy the multi-dimensional resource requirements of new power services. In response to the problems of limited node resources, inflexible resource allocation, and the high complexity of multi-dimensional resource allocation in local power wireless communication networks, this paper proposes a multi-objective joint optimization model for the collaborative allocation of communication, storage, and computing resources. This model utilizes the computational characteristics of communication resources to reduce the dimensionality of the objective function. Furthermore, a mouse swarm optimization algorithm based on multi-strategy improvements is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that this method can effectively reduce the total system delay and improve the utilization of network resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) system aims to deliver wireless power over a distance of a few meters. Communication among devices for the purpose of WPT in the far-field WPT system is unique as its purpose is to establish, maintain and monitor a WPT session among devices in the system. For proper functionality of a WPT system, a number of communication-, control- and management-related challenges need to be addressed. Hence, here an application layer protocol specifically designed for a WPT system is presented. The protocol provides essential control, management and communication functionalities to establish, maintain and monitor a WPT session. Some features of a WPT system require low-latency communication, hence enhancements for a networking protocol stack are also proposed. To validate the effectiveness of the presented application layer protocol along with the enhancements proposed for the networking protocol stack, a set of experiments was carried out over a real WPT system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed protocol possesses the features essential for a WPT system, and the proposed enhancements for the networking protocol stack provide low-latency communication along with lower control overhead compared with an existing state-of-the-art network protocol stack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to discuss epidemic communication for drones to share information in flight and to develop a wireless system for implementation. Various theoretical studies have been conducted on epidemic communication, but their applications are not clear, so a system that assumes practical use is developed. As the main evaluation items, we analyzed the effect of communication interference between drones on the amount of data transmission, and furthermore, proposed an optimal transmission method depending on the flight speed. In these analysis results, we designed functions to be implemented in drones, developed wireless devices, and confirmed their operation through demonstration tests using actual drones. Based on the results of this research, we succeeded in identifying issues to be addressed in order to implement the system on drones and in developing an epidemic communication system based on the results of demonstration experiments, thereby contributing to the realization of inter-drone communication in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the control task of a wireless power transfer (WPT) charger designed for electric vehicles (EVs). The challenge is to maintain a constant battery charging current when the WPT is controlled on the ground side. Indeed, the intermittent latency involved in the wireless data communication between the ground and vehicle sides leads to system instability. To overcome this issue, a new control approach has been proposed in this paper. The proposed technique ensures indirect control of the battery charging current through control of the current on the ground side. The control technique relies on an adaptive hill-climbing algorithm in conjunction with a PI-based controller. The adaptive parameter is adjusted online, during the operation of the charger, only when a new measure of the battery charging current is received on the primary side. This makes it possible to avoid the need for real-time wireless data communication. It should be noted that this aspect is crucial in ensuring the controller's robustness and stability of the system regardless of potential delays in wireless communication and large misalignments between the coils. The validity of the proposed control technique has been confirmed through simulation. In addition, experimental validation, using a laboratory test bed, demonstrated satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the transmission of data at high speed, the requirement of using a larger bandwidth increases due to the rise in wireless communication technologies like smart devices, mobiles, etc. An abrupt increase in the requirement for internet data due to an increase in internet users demanded time-to-time upgrades in available techniques. A significant modernization has been done by technology in mobile and wireless communication and networking fields. Therefore, the development of mobile communication began with the First Generation (1G) and has progressed continuously to the Fifth Generation (5G). To address the weaknesses of previous generations, each successive generation has been developed with improvements. Fifth Generation (5G) is the latest technology in wireless communication cellular systems, providing the highest internet speeds to everyone, anywhere, anytime. 5G has attracted many global researchers, universities, and research institutes to invent new techniques for enhancement in channel capacity and spectrum utilization of communication systems. This paper describes the evolution of cellular networks, expectations from 5G, the challenges and advantages of 5G, and the techniques on which 5G relies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless short-range communication has become widespread in the modern era, partly due to the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology. This technology is now utilized in various sectors, including lighting, medical, and industrial applications. This article aims to examine the historical, present, and forthcoming advancements in wireless short-range communication. Additionally, the review will analyze the modifications made to communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, RFID and NFC, in order to better accommodate modern applications. Batteryless technology, particularly batteryless NFC, is an emerging development in short-range wireless communication that combines power and data transmission into a single carrier. This modification will significantly influence the trajectory of short-range communication and its applications. The foundation of most low-power, short-range communication applications relies on an ultra-low-power microcontroller. Therefore, this study will encompass an analysis of ultra-low-power microcontrollers and an investigation into the potential limitations they might encounter in the future. In addition to offering a thorough examination of current Wireless short-range communication, this article will also attempt to forecast future patterns and identify possible obstacles that future research may address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial Modulation(SM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) Multi-Mode Index Modulation (MM-OFDM-IM) techniques have significant advantages in Energy Efficiency(EE) and Spectral Efficiency(SE), respectively. The combination of multi-dimensional index modulation technology can apply multiple physical resources to meet the high demand for data transmission and system capacity in wireless communication systems. Therefore, SM and MM-OFDM-IM systems can be flexibly combined to construct an OFDM Multiple Mode Space Frequency Composite Index Modulation (MM-OFDM-SFCIM) based on space frequency combination. This system can retain the silent subcarriers in traditional subcarrier index modulation technique, expanding new composite coefficient dimensions and improving its SE and EE. Aiming at the complex characteristics of this system, this paper proposes a joint detection algorithm EL-REML (REML based on symbolic Energy and LLR) based on symbolic energy and log-likelihood. The simulation results show that the MM-OFDM-SFCIM system achieves about 30% improvement in SE compared to traditional space-frequency combination systems, and the EL-REML algorithm proposed in this system achieves a 3-4 dB improvement in BER (Bit Error Rate) compared to the LLR algorithm. Compared with traditional ML algorithm, this algorithm has lower computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a refined mathematical model to evaluate the quality of mobile radio channels within cyber-physical systems, employing the topological transformation of stochastic networks. The operation of the radio channel is conceptualized as a stochastic network, enabling the derivation of critical metrics such as an equivalent function, mathematical expectation, variance, and the time distribution function of the implemented processes. The model uses the Gamma distribution for the initial distribution functions of random variables, enhancing its analytical precision. A significant advancement of this study is the development of a comprehensive model that describes the data transmission process through phases of connection establishment, information transmission, and connection maintenance. The innovative aspect of this research lies in applying an equivalent function to a stochastic network that includes a logical "AND" node with gamma-distributed incoming branches. The stochastic network presented in the article, which includes a logical "AND" node, helps to elucidate the mechanism for obtaining an equivalent function for such networks, allowing the application area of the GERT method to be expanded. This methodological enhancement extends the previously limited scope of topological transformation methods, which only applied to exponential distribution models for the timing of branch inputs. By integrating a Gamma distribution, the model simplifies the equivalent function and reduces the computational complexity required to assess the radio channel's quality, ensuring the accuracy needed for engineering calculations. Moreover, the proposed method requires 25–40% fewer series members than the traditional Taylor series decomposition, while maintaining comparable computational complexity for the typical series members. Furthermore, the maximum absolute error in the calculations is capped at 9 × 10−3, which is well within acceptable limits for engineering purposes. Primarily designed for radio channels in cyber-physical systems, the model's applicability extends to wireless communications, providing a valuable tool for evaluating channel efficiency and security in the face of increasing cyber threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's health-monitoring applications, there is a growing demand for wireless and wearable acquisition platforms capable of simultaneously gathering multiple bio-signals from multiple body areas. These systems require well-structured software architectures, both to keep different wireless sensing nodes synchronized each other and to flush collected data towards an external gateway. This paper presents a quantitative analysis aimed at validating both the wireless synchronization task (implemented with a custom protocol) and the data transmission task (implemented with the BLE protocol) in a prototype wearable monitoring platform. We evaluated seven frequencies for exchanging synchronization packets (10 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 70 Hz) as well as two different BLE configurations (with and without the implementation of a dynamic adaptation of the BLE Connection Interval parameter). Additionally, we tested BLE data transmission performance in five different use case scenarios. As a result, we achieved the optimal performance in the synchronization task (1.18 ticks as median synchronization delay with a Min-Max range of 1.60 ticks and an Interquartile range (IQR) of 0.42 ticks) when exploiting a synchronization frequency of 40 Hz and the dynamic adaptation of the Connection Interval. Moreover, BLE data transmission proved to be significantly more efficient with shorter distances between the communicating nodes, growing worse by 30.5% beyond 8 m. In summary, this study suggests the best-performing network configurations to enhance the synchronization task of the prototype platform under analysis, as well as quantitative details on the best placement of data collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the communication difficulties encountered in cross-media wireless optical transmission through simulated research on the utilization of orthogonal time and frequency space (OTFS) modulation technology. Our analysis and comparison demonstrate that OTFS significantly improves the reliability and throughput of data transmission in intricate multipath channel settings. In contrast to conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology, OTFS displays better resilience and transmission effectiveness. We foresee additional enhancements and progress in OTFS technology to present a sturdier and more efficient resolution for wireless communication, thereby providing valuable perspectives and encouragement for associated research initiatives. Our results underscore the capability of OTFS technology to transform wireless communication systems in demanding multipath channel conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The simplicity of integration and co-type features of microstrip antennas make them intriguing for a broad variety of applications, particularly with the growing usage of mmWave bands in wireless communications and the constant rise in data transfer in communication situations. Method: This paper proposes a novel design of micrstrip patch antenna for mmWave B5G communication. The main idea is to realize four-mode antenna the operates in four different frequencies. The geometry is rectangular patch whose resonance frequency is adjusted by varying the walls and pins of the structure. Results: Simulation results show that the proposed antenna design has improved fractional bandwidth and performance as compared with existing antennas. Discussion: The observed curve indicates that, in agreement with the modeling findings, there are four resonance spots in the operational frequency region of 2.5-3.4 GHz: 2.68 GHz, 2.9 GHz, 3.05 GHz, and 3.3 GHz, which correspond to TM1/2,0, TM3/2,0, and TMRS, respectively, and TM1/2,2 four resonant modes, within the frequency range, the observed antenna gain peak is around 9 dBi, which is consistent with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern wireless communication systems, the scarcity of spectrum resources poses challenges to the performance and efficiency of the system. Spectrum prediction technology can help systems better plan and schedule resources to respond to the dynamic changes in spectrum. Dynamic change in the spectrum refers to the changes in the radio spectrum in a wireless communication system. It means that the available spectrum resources may change at different times and locations. In response to this current situation, this study first constructs a communication collaborative spectrum sensing model using channel aliasing dense connection networks. Then, combining convolutional neural network and gated cyclic unit network in deep learning technology, a communication spectrum prediction model is built. It aims to achieve accurate perception and prediction of spectrum resources through the aforementioned spectrum sensing and prediction models. The results confirm that the proposed perception model has inconsistent perception accuracy under different number of secondary users, with a maximum of 0.99. It is verified that the proposed spectrum prediction model achieves a high prediction accuracy of 0.95 within 208 s and its performance outperforms current similar models. The results are based on the model's deep learning analysis of massive historical communication data, in which the optimized shuffle dense net model plus convolutional gated recurrent unit model is the key to achieve fast and accurate prediction. On the contrary, the highest spectrum prediction accuracy of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Convolutional Neural Networks-Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) models are 0.86, 0.90, and 0.85, respectively. And the model needs to run for a longer period of time, up to 324, for ConvLSTM to reach the prediction accuracy value of 0.95. In summary, the perception and prediction model built by this research has good performance, and its application in the field of wireless communication can assist staff in better monitoring spectral changes, thereby making more efficient use of spectral resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of green areas in urbanized cities is crucial to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization. However, these areas can influence the signal quality of IoT devices that use wireless communication, such as LoRa technology. Vegetation attenuates electromagnetic waves, interfering with the data transmission between IoT devices, resulting in the need for signal propagation modeling, which considers the effect of vegetation on its propagation. In this context, this research was conducted at the Federal University of Pará, using measurements in a wooded environment composed of the Pau-Mulato species, typical of the Amazon. Two machine learning-based propagation models, GRNN and MLPNN, were developed to consider the effect of Amazonian trees on propagation, analyzing different factors, such as the transmitter's height relative to the trunk, the beginning of foliage, and the middle of the tree canopy, as well as the LoRa spreading factor (SF) 12, and the co-polarization of the transmitter and receiver antennas. The proposed models demonstrated higher accuracy, achieving values of root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.86 dB and standard deviation (SD) of 3.8614 dB, respectively, compared to existing empirical models like CI, FI, Early ITU-R, COST235, Weissberger, and FITU-R. The significance of this study lies in its potential to boost wireless communications in wooded environments. Furthermore, this research contributes to enhancing more efficient and robust LoRa networks for applications in agriculture, environmental monitoring, and smart urban infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research addresses energy consumption, latency, and network reliability challenges in wireless sensor network communication, especially in military security applications. A multi-agent context-aware model employing the belief-desire-intention (BDI) reasoning mechanism is proposed. This model utilizes a semantic knowledge-based intelligent reasoning network to monitor suspicious activities within a prohibited zone, generating alerts. Additionally, a BDI intelligent multi-level data transmission routing algorithm is proposed to optimize energy consumption constraints and enhance energy-awareness among nodes. The energy optimization analysis involves the Energy Percent Dataset, showcasing the efficiency of four wireless sensor network techniques (E-FEERP, GTEB, HHO-UCRA, EEIMWSN) in maintaining high energy levels. E-FEERP consistently exhibits superior energy efficiency (93 to 98%), emphasizing its effectiveness. The Energy Consumption Dataset provides insights into the joule measurements of energy consumption for each technique, highlighting their diverse energy efficiency characteristics. Latency measurements are presented for four techniques within a fixed transmission range of 5000 m. E-FEERP demonstrates latency ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 s, while multi-hop latency values range from 2.7 to 2.9 s. These values provide valuable insights into the performance characteristics of each technique under specified conditions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) dataset reveals the consistent performance of the techniques in maintaining successful packet delivery within the specified transmission range. E-FEERP achieves PDR values between 89.5 and 92.3%, demonstrating its reliability. The Packet Received Data further illustrates the efficiency of each technique in receiving transmitted packets. Moreover the network lifetime results show E-FEERP consistently improving from 2550 s to round 925. GTEB and HHO-UCRA exhibit fluctuations around 3100 and 3600 s, indicating variable performance. In contrast, EEIMWSN consistently improves from round 1250 to 4500 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling data communication mainly includes mud pulse telemetry and electromagnetic wave telemetry. These methods have the advantages of economy and convenience, but they also have the disadvantages of low data transmission rate and large signal attenuation. A data transmission system while drilling was designed based on the key technologies and basic principles of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM). The hardware of the system includes the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) motherboard and daughter board, power amplifier circuit and piezoelectric transducer. The software used in the system is C and Python. Compared with traditional methods, new methods using acoustic signals have many advantages. This new wireless transmission system was designed by combining down-hole data transmission with wireless communication. This method has advantages in oil exploration and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]