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Background and Objective: There are limited studies analyzing hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients. Our objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with hypercalcemia, estimate its prevalence in the hospital setting, analyze the rate of correction of hypercalcemia, and identify prognostic variables., Materials and Methods: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective, and bicentric study. Adult patients admitted to two hospitals in Málaga (2014-2018) with a diagnosis of hypercalcemia were included. The minimum follow-up was 2 years or until death., Results: A total of 205 patients with hypercalcemia were included (incidence: 0.13%). The mean age (SD) was 68.2 (13.1) years, with a predominance of males (55.1%). The median (IQR) serum calcium at admission was 13.1 (11.8-14.6) mg/dl. The most common etiologies were neoplasms (75.1%), primary hyperparathyroidism, and medications (both 8.8%). The median (IQR) follow-up period was 5.1 (1.7-60.3) weeks. The most commonly used treatments were fluid therapy (86.8%), loop diuretics (70.9%), bisphosphonates (60.7%), and glucocorticoids (46.2%). The rate of correction of hypercalcemia was 65.2%, with a median (IQR) of 6 (3-10) days. The mortality rate was 81.5%. The median (95% CI) survival was 5.1 (3-7.3) weeks. Factors associated with higher mortality were advanced age, neoplastic etiology, serum calcium at admission, and failure to correct hypercalcemia., Conclusions: Hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients is mainly due to neoplastic processes and is associated with high mortality. We observed a low rate of adherence to recommendations for the management of hypercalcemia., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

Hypercalcemia is a known cause of heart rhythm disorders, however its association with ventricular arrhythmias is rare. The authors present a case of a fifty-three years old male patient with a ischemic and ethanolic dilated cardiomyopathy, and severely reduced ejection fraction, carrier of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), admitted in the emergency department with an electrical storm, with multiple appropriated ICD shocks, refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy. In the etiological investigation was documented severe hypercalcemia secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism undiagnosed until then. Only after the serum calcium level reduction ventricular tachycardia was stopped., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare cause of acute pancreatitis, with a reported prevalence of 1.5 to 8%. There is no clear pathophysiological basis, but elevated parathyroid hormone and high serum calcium levels could be responsible for calcium deposit in the pancreatic ducts and activation of pancreatic enzymes, which may be the main risk factor for developing acute pancreatitis. The aim of this report is to describe four cases., Clinical Case: Four cases are reported of severe pancreatitis associated with hypercalcaemia secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism; three of them with complications (two pseudocysts and one pancreatic necrosis). Cervical ultrasound, computed tomography, and scintigraphy using 99mTc-Sestambi, studies showed the parathyroid adenoma. Surgical resection was the definitive treatment in all four cases. None of the patients had recurrent acute pancreatitis events during follow-up., Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypercalcaemia of primary hyperparathyroidism is rare; however, when it occurs it is associated with severe pancreatitis. It is suspected in patients with elevated serum calcium and high parathyroid hormone levels. Imaging techniques such as cervical ultrasound, computed tomography, and scintigraphy using 99mTc-Sestambi, should be performed, to confirm clinical suspicion. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment with excellent results., (Copyright © 2015 Academia Mexicana de Cirugía A.C. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

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Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia and is most frequently identified in early postmenopausal women with hypercalcemia and abnormal parathyroid hormone concentrations. CLINICAL CASE: A 62-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency room in a state of septic shock secondary to pyelonephritis due to extensive renal calcifications, antimicrobial and amine treatment was started, parathyroid hormone was requested, which was very high, and left nephrectomy was performed after exclusion by scintigraphy, with improvement but persistence of leukocytosis, procedures were performed for the study and treatment of pleural effusions, and a diagnosis of overlap syndrome was integrated with right ureterolithotripsy and later, parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSIONS: There are no established treatment guidelines for overlap syndrome. High-risk patients suitable for intensive treatment should be considered for allogeneic transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is the most common gastrointestinal disease in hospital admissions. The predominant causes are: gallstones (40%), prolonged alcohol consumption (30%) and hypertriglyceridemia (2-5%). Other less frequent causes are related to drugs, trauma, ischemia, infections, autoimmune diseases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and hypercalcemia. CLINICAL CASE: A 54-year-old patient with acute pancreatitis associated to goiter, bilateral renal lithiasis, and hypercalcemia, with no important pathological history for the current disease. Therefore, a study protocol was performed as a reason for acute pancreatitis, finding primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma as cause of the acute disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, definitive surgery avoided acute complications, and could prevent disability and chronic or recurrent pancreatitis readmissions, that could lead the patient even to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualizaciones en Osteología is the property of Asociacion Argentina de Osteologia y Metabolismo Mineral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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BACKGROUND: Bone marrow fibrosis is characterized by increased deposition of reticulin fibers and, in some cases, collagen fibers. There is a series of hematological and non-hematological disorders that are associated with an increase in bone marrow fibrosis. Non-small cell lung cancer represents 85% of all cases of lung cancer. Bone metastasis is one of the most common complications among lung cancer survivors. Some patients with bone metastases may suffer pathological fracture, compression of the spinal cord or malignant hypercalcemia. CLINICAL CASE: A 57-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus and smoking, who presented with a clinical picture of low back pain of 4 months of evolution; at admission he had hypercalcemia, acute kidney injury, anemia and osteolytic lesions. A diagnostic approach of hypercalcemia of neoplastic origin was made. CONCLUSIONS: The approach of a patient with high suspicion of multiple myeloma was carried out, without being able to establish that diagnosis, for which reason an iliac crest biopsy and tomographic study were requested, documenting bone marrow fibrosis associated with metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a rare inherited calcium metabolism disorder in which an alteration of the parathyroid hormone secretion set-point causes hypercalcemia with relative hypocalciuria. Some data suggest that its prevalence is around 74.1 per 100,000 inhabitants. Often, patients are asymptomatic. However, they can develop mild symptoms and an overactive parathyroid adenoma, its main differential diagnosis. The objective was to describe a patient's case and highlight the importance of clinical suspicion and diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations for parathyroid adenomas. Case report. This is the case of a 40-year-old man with a biochemical profile compatible with primary hyperparathyroidism with anatomical and functional images negative for adenoma and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, considering familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Genetic studies evidence a mutation in the calcium sensor receptor gene and confirm the diagnosis. Discussion. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia's main differential diagnosis is an overactive parathyroid adenoma. For both, mild or no symptoms may be present; serum calcium exceeds the upper limit, and parathormone is more than 25pg/ml. The calcium/creatinine clearance ratio should be used to differentiate one from the other and avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations. Besides the lack of information on this topic, evidence supports the use of calcimimetics to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia. Conclusions. Patients with mild hypercalcemia with parathyroid hormone readings above 25pg/ml and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, or patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with negative imaging, should not undergo surgical neck explorations. In these cases, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a reliable diagnosis; Cinacalcet may be administered in cases of symptomatic hypercalcemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute hypercalcemia is a life-threatening condition that most commonly results from malignancy. Local osteolytic hypercalcemia (the local destruction of bone by tumor with calcium release) accounts for about 20% of cancer-related hypercalcemia. Destruction of bone by metastatic cancer is a late event, starting when tumor cells proliferate. Symptoms and complications of bone metastases (pain, pathologic fractures, compression of the spinal cord) become more evident as the disease becomes more extensive. CLINICAL CASE: A 27-year-old female patient that developed acute osteolysis following hypercalcemia of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: What makes the present case unique was the rapid evolution of osteolysis during the hypercalcemic crisis, evidenced by computed tomography, in a temporality of only 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed by hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone levels. The cause of this is mainly by a parathyroid adenoma in 80% of cases. The differential diagnosis includes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Many cases are asymptomatic while others have bone, kidney, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal disease. CLINICAL CASE: A 55-year-old female patient who began her condition approximately 20 years ago with the presence of recurrent urinary tract infections. She was diagnosed with bilateral renoureteral lithiasis that merited extracorporeal ureterolithotripsy with placement of a bilateral JJ catheter in 2018, with no other associated symptoms, hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism was suspected. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is established with blood and urinary biochemical tests. Imaging studies help mainly to assess bone and kidney complications and surgical planning. Preoperative biopsy is not recommended. The only curative treatment is parathyroidectomy. Surgical advances provide minimally invasive approaches. Medical treatment is not curative, but it is an alternative to surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Newborn subcutaneous fat necrosis is a rare, benign, self-limited, non-infectious panniculitis that appears in the first weeks of life and is associated to perinatal hypoxia secondary to fetal o maternal factors. It is characterized by erythematous subcutaneous nodules localized on the back of term or post-term newborns. CLINICAL CASES: Two newborns with history of perinatal distress, both oxytocin conducted births with unknown APGAR. In case 1, the birth was complicated with uterine rupture and in case 2, there was maternal history of diabetes mellitus. Both cases presented at 3 weeks of life, mainly on the back, indurated erythematous violaceous nodules. Laboratory exams reported, in case 1, both persistent hypercalcemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and in case 2 transitory hypertriglyceridemia with favorable outcome in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is generally benign and self-limited. Hypercalcemia is a frequent complication with variable evolution, from asymptomatic to fatal, thus needing a strict control and adequate treatment. The purpose of this written is to make the pediatrician and first contact doctor conscious that, even though the subcutaneous fat necrosis may appear severe, usually is self-limited with an excellent prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Actualizaciones en Osteología is the property of Asociacion Argentina de Osteologia y Metabolismo Mineral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTP) is the third most common neuroendocrine disorder, its main cause is parathyroid adenoma. Within the classification, those adenomas that weigh more than 3.5 g are classified as giant parathyroid adenomas (APG), and are associated with a worse evolution and malignancy. The purpose of this article is to present our diagnostic and therapeutic approach of a patient with HPTP associated with a mediastinal APG. A search in the international literature of the last 10 years revealed that only 8 other centers have reported the extraction of an APG of similar dimensions to ours and in a similar location. Case presentation: A 66-year-old woman with a history of multinodular goiter, thyroid profile and parathormone (PTH) measurement were requested, with a report of 350.60 pg/mL. A thyroid/parathyroid scintigraphy was performed with 99mTc sestaMIBI which reported persistence of a focal area of the concentration located in the topography of the lower pole of the right thyroid lobe. This study was complemented with SPECT-CT, which reported an image of hyperfunctioning right inferior parathyroid compatible with adenoma and the patient was diagnosed with PTH. Finally, resection was performed, obtaining a tumor measuring 7.0 × 4.5 × 2.0 cm, with a weight of 24.5 g. Conclusions: Our case highlights the use of imaging studies to facilitate localization and achieve diagnosis together with clinical presentation and biochemical profile. Selective treatment was achieved safely through a minimally invasive transcervical technique, combined with the measurement of PTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is defined as an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated or inadequately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels resulting from the excessive secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid glands. The cause of this disorder is due, in 85%, to a single parathyroid adenoma and most cases (95%) are sporadic, without an identifiable etiologic factor. PHP is asymptomatic in most patients, however, classic symptoms or signs include those derived from renal involvement, where nephrolithiasis is the most frequent clinical manifestation, and those derived from bone affectation and hypercalcemia. The diagnosis is biochemical, without the need for an imaging study, which is performed only as pre-surgical locator tests. The definitive treatment is surgical, being the parathyroidectomy with cervical approach the procedure of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma is a high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is described in patients with HIV infection, post-transplant and advanced age. It appears in the fourth decade of life and the oral cavity is the most common site of affection. Its neoplastic cells express markers of plasma cells such as CD138, CD38. In its pathogenesis the Epstein-Barr virus has been implicated. The most challenging consideration in the differential diagnosis is with multiple myeloma, since the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of these two entities are very similar. Treatment with EPOCH (etoposide, epirubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisone) associated with antiretroviral treatment is the most effective option, improving survival to 17 months. Case report: Male of 35 years with HIV and symptoms of organic dysfunction associated with myeloma. Protein electrophoresis and bone marrow aspiration were performed, ruling out multiple myeloma. Continuing with the diagnostic approach and with suspicion of bone neoplasia, a bone biopsy was performed with report of plasmablastic lymphoma CD 138+ and Ki-67 80%, Epstein-Barr positive. He received chemotherapy with EPOCH, with a six-month survival. Conclusions: The presence of organic dysfunction related to myeloma motivated the search for said pathology and the presence of plasmablastic lymphoma was determined; clinical, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and radiographic correlation are essential for correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Medicina e Saúde de Brasília is the property of Revista de Medicina e Saude de Brasilia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: There are few reported cases of acute pancreatitis secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Clinical case: Nine-year-old male patient with significant obesity. His current condition of four days of evolution, with abdominal pain in the epigastrium that progressively increased in intensity. Upon admission, the patient was seriously ill. Pancreatitis was confirmed by laboratory results (lipase 1.805 U/L, amylase 784 U/L) and abdominal tomography (cyst and necrosis of the pancreas). Serum calcium was persistently elevated. Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (314.4 pg/dL) and parathyroid adenoma identified in ultrasound. Conclusions: Primary hyperparathyroidism should be one of the possible causes of pancreatitis in children, particularly when hypercalcemia is detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Parathyroid cancer is rare. Usually presented as primary hyperparathyroidism, sometimes as hypercalcemic crisis, with general malaise, nausea, vomiting, mood disturbances and low weight. In some cases it occurs as osteitis fibrosa cystica, diffuse osteopenia, osteoporosis and pathological fractures. The diagnosis is usually made by surgical biopsy shows invasion of adjacent structures, or local and distant metastases. The treatment is surgical resection of the tumor, without the use of adjuvant therapies. Their recurrence rate is high, 25 to 100%. Poor prognostic factors are lymph node metastases at initial presentation, distant metastases and nonfunctional carcinomas. Case report: Male patient consulted for 64 years in general conditions, bradypsychia, polyuria, headache and neck mass. He also had hypercalcemia and high elevation of PTH. Surgical resection of the cervical mass was performed, with rapid biopsy atypia and mitosis 1/10, and hyperplastic thyroid nodule. After this, PTH decreased levels as well as levels of calcium. Discussion: Patients with parathyroid cancer tend to have higher serum calcium and PTH of values. For diagnosis, it is not recommended to use needle biopsy, risk of spread and the poor performance of this technique. Conclusion: Despite being rare, you should think parathyroid cancer in the context of a patient with hypercalcemia, especially if you have very high PTH. The clinical suspicion of this diagnosis is directly related to the possibility of treatment and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FUNDAMENTO: Vários mecanismos têm sido propostos contribuir para a disfunção cardíaca em modelos de obesidade, tais como alterações nas proteínas do trânsito de cálcio (Ca+2) e nos receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Todavia, o papel desses fatores no desenvolvimento da disfunção miocárdica induzida pela obesidade ainda não está claro. OBJETIVO: Este estudo pretende investigar se a obesidade induzida por um ciclo de dieta hipercalóricas resulta em disfunção cardíaca. Além disso, foi avaliado se essa alteração funcional em ratos obesos está relacionada com o prejuízo do trânsito de Ca+2 e do sistema beta-adrenérgico. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos, 30 dias de idade, foram alimentados com ração padrão (C) e um ciclo de cinco dietas hipercalóricas (Ob) por 15 semanas. A obesidade foi definida pelo aumento da porcentagem de gordura corporal dos ratos. A função cardíaca foi avaliada mediante análise isolada do músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo em condições basais e após manobras inotrópicas e lusitrópicas. RESULTADOS: Em comparação com o grupo controle, os ratos obesos apresentaram aumento da gordura corporal e intolerância a glicose. Os músculos dos ratos obesos desenvolveram valores basais semelhantes; entretanto, as respostas miocárdicas ao potencial pós-pausa e aumento de Ca+2 extracelular foram comprometidas. Não houve alterações na função cardíaca entre os grupos após a estimulação beta-adrenérgica. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade promove disfunção cardíaca relacionada com alterações no trânsito de Ca+2 intracelular. Esse prejuízo funcional é provavelmente ocasionado pela redução da atividade da bomba de Ca+2 do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a) via Ca+2 calmodulina-quinase.BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to cardiac dysfunction in obesity models, such as alterations in calcium (Ca2+) handling proteins and β-adrenergic receptors. Nevertheless, the role of these factors in the development of myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obesity induced by hypercaloric diets results in cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether this functional abnormality in obese rats is related to abnormal Ca2+ handling and the β-adrenoceptor system. METHODS: Male 30-day-old Wistar rats were fed with standard food (C) and a cycle of five hypercaloric diets (Ob) for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined as increases in body fat percentage in rats. Cardiac function was evaluated by isolated analysis of the left ventricle papillary muscle under basal conditions and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and glucose intolerance. The muscles of obese rats developed similar baseline data, but the myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus and increased extracellular Ca2+ were compromised. There were no changes in cardiac function between groups after β-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSION: Obesity promotes cardiac dysfunction related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ handling. This functional damage is probably caused by reduced cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) activation via Ca2+ calmodulin kinase.

A sarcoidose é uma doença sistêmica de etiologia desconhecida, caracterizada pela inflamação crônica granulomatosa, que acomete com maior frequência os pulmões, a pele e os olhos e, muito raramente, detectamos envolvimento renal na patologia. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma paciente de 47 anos, branca, internada em uma unidade de emergência de Hospital Universitário, devido a sintomas e achados radiológicos sugestivos de pneumonia. Desde o início da internação ela se apresentava com quadro laboratorial de insuficiência renal aguda, inicialmente atribuída ao histórico recente de uso abusivo de anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, devido à evolução arrastada e aparentemente desfavorável, inclusive com necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS), a paciente foi submetida a uma biópsia renal para esclarecimento diagnóstico e avaliação prognóstica. A descrição histológica mostrava um quadro de nefrite intersticial aguda granulomatosa, característico de sarcoidose renal, diagnóstico confirmado após revisão do prontuário médico, que revelava internação anterior devido a evento pulmonar da doença. Iniciado tratamento com prednisona 1 mg/kg/dia, a paciente evoluiu com melhora do quadro de insuficiência renal aguda, não mais necessitando de TRS. Atualmente, a paciente é mantida em acompanhamento ambulatorial com função renal estável.Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation, which affects most frequently the lungs, skin, and eyes, and most rarely the kidneys. We report the case of a 47-year-old, white, woman admitted to the emergency unit of a university-affiliated hospital due to symptoms and radiologic findings suggestive of pneumonia. Since the beginning, her laboratory tests showed acute renal failure, initially attributed to the recent history of abuse of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, because of her protracted and apparently unfavorable evolution, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT), she underwent renal biopsy for diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Histology showed acute granulomatous interstitial nephritis, characteristic of renal sarcoidosis, which was confirmed after review of the medical record disclosing a previous admission due to lung involvement of the disease. Treatment with prednisone (1mg/kg/day) was initiated, acute renal failure improved, and the patient no longer required RRT. Currently she is followed up on an outpatient service, and her renal function is stable.

Hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism is a rare etiology for acute pancreatitis, oscillating between 1.5 and 7% in the different series. Although the cause-effect relationship and the pathophysiology of the condition are not clear, it seems that the association among them is not incidental, and serum calcium could be a major risk factor, so that pancreatitis would come to occur during severe hypercalcemia attacks. Mutations in different genes have been proposed as well to justify why only some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia develop acute pancreatitis. References to cases like these ones are rare in the literature. We report two patients with acute pancreatitis associated with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, one of them with a fatal outcome.La hipercalcemia secundaria a hiperparatiroidismo es una causa rara de pancreatitis aguda, variando entre el 1,5-7% según las series consultadas. Aunque la relación causal y la fisiopatología del proceso no están totalmente aclaradas, parece claro que la asociación no es incidental y que los niveles de calcio sérico serían un factor de riesgo mayor, desencadenándose los cuadros de pancreatitis durante las crisis de hipercalcemia. También se han descrito alteraciones en diversos genes que podrían estar implicados, justificando por qué sólo unos pocos pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario e hipercalcemia sufren pancreatitis aguda. Existen muy pocas referencias en la literatura a casos como los que nos ocupan. Presentamos a continuación dos pacientes con cuadros de pancreatitis aguda asociados a hiperparatiroidismo e hipercalcemia, uno de ellos con desenlace fatal.

INTRODUÇÃO: Dosagens indiscriminadas de cálcio sérico podem levar à detecção de pacientes assintomáticos, com hipercalcemia, em que o hiperparatireoidismo primário é a causa mais comum. OBJETIVO: Discutir a forma de avaliação da hipercalcemia detectada em população atendida em regime ambulatorial, avaliando a sua freqüência, com ênfase na pesquisa de hiperparatireoidismo primário. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo envolvendo 1.049 indivíduos, de 40 a 60 anos, com dosagens séricas de cálcio e albumina, e calculado o valor de cálcio corrigido. Na presença de elevação do cálcio corrigido, foram dosados cálcio iônico, fósforo, paratormônio (PTH) e calciúria. RESULTADOS: A idade foi 49,7 ± 13,7 anos e 188 (17,9%) indivíduos apresentaram valores elevados de cálcio corrigido. Desses, 90 pacientes compareceram à segunda avaliação e 19 (2%) mantiveram quadro de hipercalcemia. Os níveis de cálcio iônico (média: 1,2 ± 0,01 mmol/l) foram normais em todos os indivíduos. A calciúria foi 185,8 ± 111,8 mg/24 horas. Os níveis de PTH (média: 46 ± 11,8 pg/ml) foram elevados em três casos, com cintilografia de paratireóides normal. DISCUSSÃO: A queda na freqüência de hipercalcemia com base no valor do cálcio corrigido e, sobretudo, após dosagem de cálcio ionizável sugere que a dosagem de cálcio livre seja preferida como triagem. Na população estudada não foi diagnosticado hiperparatireoidismo, sugerindo distribuição variável da doença em diferentes populações. CONCLUSÃO: Deve ser questionada a dosagem rotineira de cálcio sérico em indivíduos sem quadro clínico que indique a necessidade da realização desse exame. Quando realizada, a dosagem de cálcio iônico deverá ser preferida.INTRODUCTION: Indiscriminate serum calcium measurement may lead to the identification of asymptomatic patients with hypercalcaemia, which is caused mostly by primary hyperparathyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the frequency of hypercalcaemia and the type of assessment of this condition in an outpatient population, with emphasis on the investigation of primary hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study 1,049 subjects (age range: 40 to 60 years old) underwent serum calcium and albumin determination and the corrected calcium values were calculated. When there was a rise in the corrected calcium level, ionized calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and urinary calcium were measured. RESULTS: The average age was 49.7 ± 13.7 years old, and 188 subjects (17.9%) had elevated corrected calcium levels. Among these, 90 patients underwent the second investigation and 19 (2%) remained hypercalcemic. Ionized calcium levels (average: 1.2 ± 0.01 mmol/L) were normal in all subjects. Urinary calcium was 185.8 ± 111.8 mg/24 hours. PTH levels (average: 46 ± 11.8 pg/mL) were elevated in three subjects whose parathyroid scintigraphies were normal. DISCUSSION: The fall in the frequency of hypercalcaemia based on corrected serum calcium levels and mostly after determination of serum ionized calcium suggests that determinations of serum free calcium are a better screening test. No subject was diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism, what suggests an uneven distribution of the disease in different populations. CONCLUSION: Routine serum calcium determinations in asymptomatic patients must be questioned. When serum calcium determination is thought necessary, ionized calcium levels should be favored.

PROPOSTA: Revisão de trabalhos científicos referentes à incorporação do gálio no tecido ósseo, ao mecanismo da atividade terapêutica desse elemento, bem como a formação, crescimento e solubilidade da hidroxiapatita na presença dos sais de gálio. JUSTIFICATIVA: Diferente de outras drogas que impedem a perda de cálcio, os sais de elemento traço gálio são eficazes em hipercalcemia severa. O gálio (geralmente na forma de nitrato) aumenta a concentração de cálcio e fósforo no osso, influindo nos osteoclastos de maneira direta não tóxica, em doses surpreendentemente baixas. Apesar de que os detalhes do mecanismo de ação do gálio não são bem esclarecidos, está comprovado que esse mecanismo envolve a inserção do gálio na matriz de hidroxiapatita, protegendo-a contra a reabsorção e melhorando as propriedades biomecânicas do sistema esquelético. Este fármaco age também nos componentes celulares do osso, impedindo sua absorção ao diminuir a secreção ácida dos osteoclastos. São necessárias mais publicações sobre o uso do gálio no tratamento de várias doenças onde prevalece esta patologia. CONCLUSÕES: Devido as suas características interessantes e promissoras, o gálio merece ser futuramente avaliado do ponto de vista experimental e clínico, como um agente antiabsortivo em ortopedia, traumatologia e doenças relacionadas com o câncer. Maior conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos pode fornecer as idéias para estratégia terapêutica, com o objetivo de diminuir hipercalcemia e perda óssea. Espera-se que novos compostos do gálio sejam desenvolvidos e avaliados clinicamente.PURPOSE: To review the literature concerning the incorporation of gallium into bone tissue, mechanisms of therapeutic activity of this element, as well as the formation, growth and solubility of hydroxiapatite in the presence of gallium salts. JUSTIFICATION: In contrast to other calcium-saving drugs, salts of trace element gallium are effective in severe hypercalcemias. Gallium (most commonly in the form of its nitrate) enhances calcium and phosphorus content of the bone and has direct, noncytotoxic effects on osteoclasts at markedly low doses. Although the details of gallium action on the bone are still uncertain, it is well established that the mechanism involves gallium insertion into the hydroxiapatite matrix protecting it from resorbtion and improving biomechanical properties of the skeletal system. The drug also acts on the cellular components of bone to reduce bone resorbtion by decreasing acid secretion by osteoclasts. More has to be published about the use of gallium in managing a series of clinical conditions in which this pathology is pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: Due to its interesting and promising profile gallium merits further experimental and clinical evaluation as an antiresorbtive agent in orthopaedics, traumatology and cancer-related conditions. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms involved may provide insights for therapeutic strategies aimed at diminishing hypercalcemy and bone loss. New gallium compounds are expected to be developed and tested clinically.

Poucas áreas de diagnóstico laboratorial apresentaram evolução recente mais acelerada do que os testes para o diagnóstico e monitoramento das doenças osteometabólicas. Novos conhecimentos sobre fisiopatologia, além de novidades nas modalidades terapêuticas e nos testes diagnósticos tornaram o campo na área de diagnósticos muito mais complexo, efetivo e interessante. O diagnóstico diferencial das hiper e hipocalcemias, assim como a definição e o seguimento da terapêutica para osteoporose são duas áreas onde progressos sensíveis puderam ser constatados. Por outro lado, o aproveitamento de todo esse potencial exige dos profissionais que atuam na área um conhecimento cada vez maior, de forma que o emprego dos novos testes seja feito com eficácia e coerência.Few areas in the clinical laboratory field presented a more accelerated recent evolution than that of the tests for diagnosis and monitoring of osteometabolic diseases. Newer knowledge about physiopathology, newer therapeutic modalities and new diagnostic tests, turned this field much more complex, effective and interesting. The differential diagnosis of hyper and hypocalcemia and the definition and follow-up of osteoporosis therapeutics, are two of the areas where a more significant progress has been made. On the other side, the good use of all this potential asks the professionals working in this area an even deeper knowledge, so that the new tests are employed with efficacy and coherence.

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Resumen Introducción La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad sistémica de etiología desconocida que raramente se presenta en la infancia. Generalmente afecta los pulmones; sin embargo, puede involucrar diversos órganos. Ocasionalmente afecta el estado general, y origina fiebre, hepatomegalia y esplenomegalia. Caso clínico Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de doce años de edad con sarcoidosis infantil de inicio tardío, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado con un estudio histopatológico de ganglio linfático. El paciente cursó con afección general, hipercalcemia, eritema nodoso, alteraciones pulmonares graves, adenopatías, hepatomegalia y masa testicular. Recibió tratamiento con esteroides, con excelente respuesta clínica. Conclusiones Se resalta la importancia de considerar el diagnóstico de sarcoidosis en los pacientes con hepatomegalia, adenopatías, daño pulmonar difuso, eritema nodoso, masa testicular e hipercalcemia, así como la necesidad del abordaje multidisciplinario para valorar el compromiso orgánico múltiple y el inicio oportuno de la terapia con esteroides, con el fin de evitar la progresión de la enfermedad. Background Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology that rarely occurs in children. It usually affects the lungs, however, it may involve various organs. It occasionally affects the general condition, and causes fever, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Case report We report the case of a twelve-year-old adolescent with late-onset childhood sarcoidosis which diagnosis was confirmed by lymph node histopathological study. The patient presented general condition, hypercalcemia, erythema nodosum, severe lung disorders, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and testicular mass. He received treatment with steroids, with excellent clinical response. Conclusions We highlight the importance of considering the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients with hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, diffuse lung damage, erythema nodosum, testicular mass and hypercalcemia, as well as the need for a multidisciplinary approach to assess multiple organ involvement and the early beginning of steroid treatment in order to prevent the progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La enfermedad ósea sintomática es infrecuente en el hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP), y cuando se presenta puede transcurrir mucho tiempo antes del diagnóstico. Con el objetivo de revisar y actualizar conceptos acerca del compromiso esquelético en el HPTP buscamos en nuestros archivos casos de pacientes en quienes las manifestaciones iniciales o principales de la enfermedad hubieran sido las alteraciones óseas. Materiales y métodos: revisamos los archivos de la Sección de Ortopedia y del Departamento de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (2000-2006) en busca de casos de hiperparatiroidismo con presentación clínica inicial o principal en los huesos. De cada caso resumimos los hallazgos clínicos, paraclínicos y de seguimiento más relevantes. Basados en estos casos hicimos una revisión del tema. Resultados: encontramos tres casos que cumplían estas características. En los tres la atención inicial fue motivada por una fractura; sin embargo, los tres habían tenido síntomas sistémicos inespecíficos de varios meses o años de evolución. Otras alteraciones óseas detectadas fueron: lesiones osteoblásticas múltiples, desviación de la columna, deformidades en los dedos, osteopenia, dolores óseos y tumor pardo. Los síntomas extraesqueléticos incluían alteraciones gastrointestinales, neurológicas, adinamia y disminución de peso. En los tres casos se detectó adenoma paratiroideo. Conclusiones: aunque infrecuentes, las alteraciones esqueléticas en el HPTP comprometen múltiples huesos y suelen asociarse con síntomas extraesqueléticos inespecíficos. Si se tiene en mente esta enfermedad, se debe medir el calcio sérico como prueba inicial que ayudará al diagnóstico. Symptomatic bone disease is not usual in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Increased awareness of the various manifestations of the disease may lead to earlier diagnosis before devastating and irreparable effects have occurred. Our aim was to review skeletal manifestations of PHPT as an important presentation of the disease. Material and methods: We reviewed archives at our institution (2000-2006) searching for cases of PHPT with bone disease being the initial or main clinical manifestation. Clinical and laboratory data, radiological features and outcome were registered. Based on this information, we carried out a review. Results: We found three cases with these inclusion criteria. In all of them, the initial bone manifestation was a fracture; however, every one had suffered from unspecific systemic manifestations for several months or years. Other bone alterations were: multiple osteoblastic lesions, spine deviation, finger deformity, bone pain, decreased bone mineral density, and brown tumor. Extra-skeletal manifestations in our cases included: gastrointestinal alterations, neurological symptoms, weight loss and depressed mood. In all cases a parathyroid adenoma was detected. Conclusions: Although infrequent, bone disease in PHPT involves multiple sites and usually is associated with unspecific extra-skeletal manifestations that permit to suspect the diagnosis. Serum calcium determination may lead to the correct diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o caso de uma criança com paracoccidioidomicose, que apresentou hipercalcemia associada a múltiplas lesões osteolíticas. DESCRIÇÃO: Menino de 6 anos, internado com história de febre e hepatoesplenomegalia há 1 mês. À internação, apresentava-se em regular estado geral, descorado, com linfonodomegalia generalizada e hepatoesplenomegalia. Os exames laboratoriais identificaram anemia (hemoglobina = 6,8 g/dl), eosinofilia (1.222/mm³), plaquetopenia (102.000/mm³) e hipoalbuminemia (albumina = 2,2 g/dl). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi identificado no mielograma. A partir da segunda semana de internação, apresentou artralgia, hipoatividade e dificuldade à deambulação, sendo constatada hipercalcemia (dosagem máxima de 14,9 mg%) e redução da função renal, que duraram pouco mais de 2 semanas. No 42º dia de internação, foram vistas, na radiografia de tórax, múltiplas lesões líticas em clavículas, escápulas, costelas e úmeros, com escorregamento epifisário de úmero bilateral. Apresentou nefrocalcinose e nefrolitíase, com redução no clearance de creatinina e evidências de lesão tubular. No final do segundo mês de internação, na cultura do lavado gástrico, foi identificado Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recebeu tratamento para paracoccidioidomicose e tuberculose e está há mais de 3 anos em acompanhamento, sem nenhuma seqüela. COMENTÁRIOS: O desenvolvimento da hipercalcemia sintomática, levando à lesão renal e associada a lesões ósseas múltiplas e disseminadas, nunca foi descrito em paracoccidioidomicose. Embora tenha sido diagnosticada tuberculose pulmonar, que pode estar relacionada à hipercalcemia, a forma abrupta como se instalou e como se normalizou sem o tratamento específico para tuberculose sugere que a lise óssea foi o fator mais importante na gênese da hipercalcemia.OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a child with paracoccidioidomycosis who presented hypercalcemia with multiple osteolytic lesions. DESCRIPTION: A 6-year-old boy was admitted with a one-month history of fever and hepatosplenomegaly. On admission, he looked sick, pale, and had disseminated lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory findings included anemia (hemoglobin = 6.8 g/dl), eosinophilia (1,222/mm³), thrombocytopenia (102,000/mm³), and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin = 2.2 g/dl). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was identified in bone marrow examination. In the second week after admission, the patient presented joint pain, poor activity and difficulty in walking. He presented hypercalcemia (maximum value = 14.9 mg%) and reduction in renal function, which lasted for two weeks. On the 42nd day after admission, his chest X-ray showed lytic lesions in clavicle, scapula, ribs, and humerus, with bilateral slipped capital humeral epiphysis. The patient presented nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis, reduction in creatinine clearance and evidence of tubular lesions. At the end of the second month after admission, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in gastric lavage. The child received treatment for paracoccidioidomycosis and tuberculosis and has not had any sequelae for 3 years. COMMENTS: The development of symptomatic hypercalcemia leading to renal lesion, associated with multiple osteolytic lesions, had never been described in paracoccidioidomycosis. Although pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed and could be related to hypercalcemia, the sudden onset of hypercalcemia and its normalization without specific treatment for tuberculosis suggests that bone lysis was the most important factor in the genesis of hypercalcemia.

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Hypercalcemia is a rare metabolic disorder in children and is potentially fatal. It has a wide differential diagnosis, including cancer. Here, we report the case of a previously healthy 3-year-old who was admitted to the emergency room with fatigue, hyporeactivity, fever and limping gait that had evolved over 5 days and that was progressively worsening. On examination the patient was unconscious (Glasgow coma score: 8). Laboratory tests indicated severe hypercalcemia (total calcium 21.39mg/dL, ionized calcium 2.93mmol/L) and microcytic anemia. Hyperhydration was initiated, and the child was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with calcium-free solution was instituted, which brought progressive normalization of serum calcium and an improved state of consciousness. Zoledronate was administered, and metabolic and infectious causes and poisoning were excluded. The bone marrow smear revealed a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy in children is rare and occurs as a form of cancer presentation or recurrence. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration should be considered in situations where there is imminent risk to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]