Search

Genus Lichenipolystoechotes Fang, Zheng & Wang, 2020 Type species. Lichenipolystoechotes angustimaculatus Fang, Zheng & Wang, 2020 Other included species. Lichenipolystoechotes ramimaculatus Fang, Ma & Wang, 2020, Published as part of Xu, Yifan, Zheng, Bingyu, Fang, Hui, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2021, New fossil giant lacewings from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of China (Neuroptera, Ithonidae), pp. 259-266 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on page 262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5677973, {"references":["Fang, H., Labandeira, C. C., Ma, Y. M., Zheng, B. Y., Ren, D., Wei, X. L., Liu, J. X. & Wang, Y. J. (2020) Lichen mimesis in mid- Mesozoic lacewings. eLife, 9, e 59007. https: // doi. org / 10.7554 / eLife. 59007"]}

Fuscopolystoechotes reticulatus Xu, Zheng, Shih & Wang, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC1A65B9-8258-442B-896D-D62C415A225D (Fig. 1) Etymology. The specific name reticulatus is a Latin word meaning “reticulated”, referring to the reticulated pattern present on forewing of this species. Material. Holotype. CNU−NEU−NN2016005 (Fig. 1A–B); Paratype. CNU−NEU−NN2016008P/C (Fig. 1C), CNU−NEU−NN2016009 (Fig. 1D). Type locality and horizon. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China; Jiulongshan Formation, Callovian-Oxfordian boundary, late Middle Jurassic. Diagnosis. As for the genus due to monotypy. Description. Forewing elongated, ca. 39 mm long and 13 mm wide; membrane dark, with the distinct transparent patches along anterior and posterior margins; trichosors well-defined in most margin except for the proximal half of anterior margin; humeral vein recurrent, producing 4–5 short crossveins; costal crossveins with the distal forks, and absence of interlinked crossveins in between; space between Sc and RA relatively broad, sc-sa crossvein absent; ra-rp crossveins numerous; RP with 18 close-set branches, crossveins in RP area numerous and irregularly arranged, only one outer gradate series present; M forked close to the divergence of RP1 from RP; MA with 4 distal branches, MP with 6 distal branches; Cu proximally branched; CuA with about 9 oblique pectinate branches; CuP dichotomously branched; A1–A3 multi-dichotomously branched distally. Only forewing present, body features unknown.

Lichenipolystoechotes fenestratus Xu, Fang, Shih & Wang, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 65E67F61-A863-41F4-92EC-2BC07B1EFF91 (Figs. 2, 3) Etymology. The specific name fenestratus is a Latin word meaning “window-like”, referring to the diaphanous interior fenestrae in the forewing pattern of this species. Material. Holotype. CNU−NEU−NN2020003 (Fig. 2); Paratype. CNU−NEU−NN2020004 (Fig. 3). Type locality and horizon. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China; Jiulongshan Formation, Callovian-Oxfordian boundary, late Middle Jurassic. Diagnosis. Forewing broad, length-width ratio about 2.7; RP with about 36 branches; crossveins in radial sector rare except for two rows of outer and inner gradate series; RP1 deeply branched. Description. Forewing oval shaped, about 26 mm long, and 9.4 mm wide; trichosors well-defined; membrane with the distinctive disruptive markings, forming 14–15 transparent fenestrae along the margin and five large fenestrae in the middle; humeral veinlet recurrent; costal crossveins mostly simple except for the distal part; ScA present; ScP and RA fused distally; the region between ScP and RA relatively narrow, no crossveins present in between; eleven crossveins preserved between RA–RP area; RP with 36 close-set branches; crossveins in RP area relatively scarce, only one outer gradate series completely present, and the inner gradate series also partly present; the first branch of RP forked deeply with several bifurcated branches; M bifurcated basally, forming relatively abundant pectinate branches distally; CuA branched in middle, forming ca. 10 oblique pectinate branches; CuP simply biforked once, with distal bifurcated branches; A1 and A2 well-developed, forked three times each; A3 residually present. The paratype shows a lighter membrane with similar markings. The venations of holotype and paratype are basically the same with an exception of a plausible difference, i.e. the absence of gradate series of crossveins in paratype. However, this character is possibly not genuine because the crossveins in RP area are commonly difficultly visible owing to the overlapped wings. Remarks. The new species can be easily attributed to Lichenipolystoechotes for the typical markings and highly similar venation, i.e. the length of the wing, the presence of complicated disruptive markings and diverse fenestrae in forewing, the similar configurations of M branches, the multi-branched CuA with 7−11 branches and the bifurcated CuP (Fang et al., 2020). Nevertheless, the new species can be differentiated from the known Lichenipolystoechotes species for the number of RP branches (36 branches in the new species vs. 18 in L. angustimaculatus and 22 branches in L. ramimaculatus). In addition, the branched pattern of the first branch of RP in the new species is also different from other species with more complicated branches.

Genus Fuscopolystoechotes Xu, Zheng, Shih & Wang, gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 504F861B-6DE0-4C99-B962-0E12E3C83164 Type and only species: Fuscopolystoechotes reticulatus Xu, Zheng, Shih & Wang, sp. nov. Diagnosis. Forewing elongated, slightly broad with length-width ratio about 3; membrane fuscous, with the distinct transparent patches along the anterior and posterior margins; costal space narrow at base and then expanded to the max in proximal 1/5 of forewing, and subsequently narrowed gradually, with a distinctly shrinking region in distal half; humeral veinlet recurrent; presence of ScA; costal crossveins mostly biforked distally; absence of scp-ra crossvein; RP with more than 10 branches, RP1 deeply branched at the proximal half; crossveins in radial sector irregularly arranged except for the outer gradate series; M forked near the separated point of RP1 from RP; MA and MP bearing the similarly distal pectinate branches; Cu forked before the separated point of RP; CuA distinctly longer than CuP, forming the pectinate branches in distal; CuP with 3–4 pectinate branches, and each forming the secondary sub-branches; A1 dichotomously branched distally, A2 forked close to the base, A3 single branch, with several distal minor sub-branches. Etymology. The new generic name is a combination of the Latin prefix fusc- and polystoechotes (the representative genus of the Polystoechotes genus-group), referring to dark brown markings of forewing. The gender is masculine. Remarks. The new genus is clearly assigned to the Polystoechotes genus-group of Ithonidae for the combination of following characters: 1) forewing distinctly elongated (cf. relatively broad in Ithone genus-group); 2) absence of interlinked veinlets in between costal crossveins (cf. commonly present in Rapisma genus-group and Principiala genus-group); 3) Sc and RA fused distally (cf. generally separated in Ithone genus-groups and Rapisma genus-groups); 4) crossveins in radial sector regularly arranged or relatively sparse (cf. abundant and commonly irregularly arranged in other groups). The new genus is characterized by its special markings of forewing that is distinctly different from other genera of Polystoechotes genus-group except for Lichenipolystoechotes. However, the forewing markings in the new genus are distinctly broader and more regular comparing to Lichenipolystoechotes. In addition, their venation are also quite different, e.g., the branched costal crossveins, and the more complicated configuration of CuP, to justify setting up a new genus.

Genus Jurakempynus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 Type species. Jurakempynus sinensis Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 Included species. Jurakempynus bellatulus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011; Jurakempynus sinensis Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011; Jurakempynus epunctatus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011; Jurakempynus arcanus Khramov, 2014b; Jurakempynus sublimis Khramov, 2014b., Published as part of Ma, Yiming, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2020, New lance lacewings (Osmylidae: Kempyninae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China, pp. 94-100 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4449731, {"references":["Wang, Y. J., Liu, Z. Q., Ren, D. & Shih, C. K. (2011) New Middle Jurassic kempynin osmylid lacewings from China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56, 865 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0050"]}

Mirokempynus profundobifurcus sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4F979AB9-ABA0-4CEE-BB7A-7391DAC8C5C2 Etymology. From the Latin combination of profund - and bifurcus, meaning deeply dichotomous, referring to MP forked close to the bifurcation point of M. Type material. Holotype CNU-NEU-NN2020001P/C, only the hind wing preserved (Fig. 1). Locality and horizon. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China; Jiulongshan Formation, Aalenian/Bajocian boundary, Middle Jurassic. Diagnosis. As for genus. Description. Hind wing 28.36 mm in length as preserved, 8.59 mm in width. Hind wing (Fig. 1): Membrane decorated with some small spots near the distal one-third of wing; medial nygmata present; RP branches more than 30; crossveins densely distributed in proximal part of RP field; an additional sinuous vein present at RP1 base; MA forming simple bifurcated branches distally; MP1 with 6 distal pectinated branches; MP2 bifurcated at the middle, each sub-branch with simple distal dichotomous branches; CuA parallel with posterior margin, and with more than 20 branches; CuP with 12 pectinated branches; A1 short, only with 5 branches; A2 forming 3 simple branches.

Jurakempynus loculosus sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 35431551-EB67-40EC-BF43-0C7277EEA6E2 Etymology. From the Latin loculosus, meaning subdivided in compartments, referring to the multi-row cells between MA and MP in the hind wing. Type material. Holotype CNU-NEU-NN2020002 (Fig. 2). Locality and horizon. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China; Jiulongshan Formation, Aalenian/Bajocian boundary, Middle Jurassic. Diagnosis. Forewing: slender and oblate, membrane scattered with numerous small markings, especially densely packed at the wing margin; radial crossveins irregularly spaced, not forming gradate series; A2 about half as long as A1, dichotomously branched close to base, the first branch pectinatedly branched. Hind wing: membrane without obvious spots; sinuate and irregular crossveins arranged in intramedial area to produce three rows of irregular cells; CuP long, with 14 oblique pectinated branches medially; anal region relatively small; A1 shorter than half length of CuP, and proximal branches denser to CuP branches; A3 distally fused with the first branch of A2. Description. Only the forewing and nearly two thirds of the hind wing preserved. Forewing about 28.03 mm in length, 8.63 mm in width. Hind wing about 14.10 mm in length as preserved, 7.61 mm in width. Forewing (Fig. 2A and C): nygmata undetected; trichosors well-defined along the wing margin; distally forked subcostal veinlets piecemeally appeared; RP branches more than 20, slightly incurved downward, and closely arranged; MA and MP parallel, sub-equal in lengths, and forming 3–4 simple branches distally; CuA symmetrically biforked distally, each branch forming 3–4 complicated pectinated branches, forming a large triangular region; CuP about three quarters of CuA, with three simple branches; A1 long and parallel to the posterior margin, forming irregular 11 pectinated branches; A3 simple not branched. Hind wing (Fig. 2B and D): membrane spotless, gradually paler near the wing base; costal region basally narrowed and then distinctly expanded; subcostal veinlets simple; numerous crossveins in radial area arranged irregularly, not forming a gradate series; sinuous veins present between the bases of RS1 and MA; M forked at wing base before RP1 from RA; MP with 5 pectinated branches; CuA with 8 pectinated branches, then each branch forming dichotomous branching; A2 with 3 simple branches. Remarks. Five species of Jurakempynus were described from the Daohugou locality of the Middle Jurassic, Shar-Teg locality, Mongolia and Karatau locality, Kazakhstan of the Late Jurassic. The distribution of these localities suggested that the genus experienced a distinct dispersal during the Jurassic. They shared the following apomorphies: forewing CuA forked at the middle, and each fork with complex branches; CuP forming 3–4 distal simple branches; hind wing M region widened, with more than two rows of cells occupying almost the entire length of M; MA and MP only forming distal forks in the hind wing; outer gradate series of both wings apparently lacking in radial area (Wang et al. 2011; Khramov 2014b; Khramov et al. 2017). Jurakempynus loculosus sp. nov. can be distinguished from Jurakempynus epunctatus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 and Jurakempynus bellatulus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 by irregular crossveins forming three rows of cells in the whole M region of hind wing rather than irregular cells only at middle as in J. epunctatus, or cells of M region arranged regularly, as in J. bellatulus. The new species differs from J. sublimis Khramov, 2014, whose M region of hind wing is relatively narrower and with an additional row of cells is short and narrow. Another distinctive feature of the new species is the shape of A2, being relatively long and bent, more than half the length of A1. In addition, compared to Jurakempynus species with preserved forewing (J. sinensis Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 and J. arcanus Khramov, 2014), the forewing of the new species is characterized by a unique shape and markings —being slenderer and oblate (The ratio of the length to the width of forewing is about 3.25, those two species are about 3) instead of falcate and without spotted areas (Wang et al. 2011; Khramov et al. 2014b).

Key to the extinct and extant genera of Kempyninae Two genera Cretosmylus Makarkin, 1990 and Kempynosmylus Makarkin, 2014 are not included in this key due to their lack of key characters of Kempyninae and their subfamilial attributions are still questionable (Winterton et al. 2019). 1. HW MP with deeply forked near the base.................................................................. 2 - HW MP forked at the middle or near the distal.............................................................. 3 2. HW MA with deeply branched, MA forked proximally to MP forking; Wings dark-colored with 3���4 perpendicular light bands..................................... ��� Ponomarenkius Khramov, Liu & Zhang, 2017 (China, Middle���Late Jurassic) - HW MA forked near the wing distal; Membrane hyaline, without wing markings............................................................................................... ��� Mirokempynus gen. nov. (China, Middle Jurassic) 3. HW crossveins between MA and MP sinuous, and forming multiple rows of cells before branching of MP............... 4 - HW crossveins between MA and MP relatively straight, only forming a single row of cells before branching of MP....... 6 4. HW MP with strongly forked approaching the middle, each branch of MP with pectinated or dichotomous branches.............................................................. ��� Sauktangida Khramov, 2014 (Kyrgystan, Early Jurassic) - HW MP with relatively simple pectinated or dichotomous branches near the distal wing............................. 5 5. HW presence of an additional row of regular subcostal veinlets...................................................................................... ��� Arbusella Khramov, 2014 (Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic) (China, Middle Jurassic) - HW absence of the additional regular subcostal veinlets........................................................ ��� Jurakempynus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 (Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic) (Mongolia, Late Jurassic) (China, Middle Jurassic) 6. HW MP deeply forked at the mid-length of wing; gradate series absent of both wings......................................................................... ��� Euporismites Tillyard in Tillyard & Dunstan, 1916 (Australia, Paleogene) - HW MP with dichotomous branches beyond the mid-length of wing; outer gradate series distinct of both wings.......... 7 7. HW M fork wide, crossveins between branches somewhat sinuous; large insect........................................................................... Kempynus Nav��s, 1912 (Australia, New Zealand and western South America) - HW M fork narrower, cells between branches relatively quadrate; small to medium insect............................ 8 8. Wings distinctly falcate; relatively small species (forewing length Euosmylus Kru ��ger, 1913 (New Zealand) - Wings not or slightily falcate; relatively larger species (forewing length> 20.0 mm).................................................................................................... Australysmus Kimmins, 1940 (Australia), Published as part of Ma, Yiming, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2020, New lance lacewings (Osmylidae: Kempyninae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China, pp. 94-100 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4449731, {"references":["Makarkin, V. N. (1990) A new fossil genus and species of Osmylidae from the Lower Cretaceous of East Siberia (Neuroptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 37, 101 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 4810370121","Makarkin, V. N. (2014) A new fossil genus of Osmylidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. Far Eastern Entomologist, 278, 8 - 12.","Winterton, S. L., Martins, C. C., Makarkin, V., Ardila-Camacho, A. & Wang, Y. J. (2019) Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae & Saucrosmylidae): a review of living and fossil genera. Zootaxa, 4581 (1), 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4581.1.1","Khramov, A. V., Liu, Q. & Zhang, H. (2017) Mesozoic diversity of relict subfamily Kempyninae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Historical Biology, 31, 938 - 946. [published online in 2017 and hard copy published in 2019) https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2017.1411351","Wang, Y. J., Liu, Z. Q., Ren, D. & Shih, C. K. (2011) New Middle Jurassic kempynin osmylid lacewings from China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56, 865 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0050","Kimmins, D. E. (1940) A revision of the osmylid subfamilies Stenosmylinae and Kalosmylinae (Neuroptera). Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 165 - 201."]}

Genus Mirokempynus gen. nov. (Fig. 1) Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D4912F2E-63D3-4740-8931-7FAA181A21E5 Type species. Mirokempynus profundobifurcus sp. nov. by monotypy. Diagnosis. Hind wing: RP with a large number of branches, tightly arranged; radial crossveins dense among the proximal one-third RP branches, and sparse distally; outer gradate series well-developed; MP forked two times in the basal and distal one-third part, and intramedial area with one–three rows of regular cells; CuA long, about twice as long as CuP, with strongly pectinated branches; CuP branches pectinated at the middle. Etymology. From the Latin prefix mir-, peculiar and kempynus, the type genus of Kempyninae, referring to the unique branches of MP in the hind wing. Gender is masculine. Remarks. Although the holotype of Mirokempynus profundobifurcus sp. nov. does not preserve forewings, this taxon can be unequivocally assigned to Kempyninae showing the apomorphies of this subfamily, i.e. presence of multiple rows of cells in intramedial area in the hind wing (Winterton et al. 2019; Ma et al. 2020). The new genus is characteristic due to its particular MP branchings and intramedial cells of hind wing. In the new genus, MP is forked near the base of the wing, instead of only forming distal branches, and MP2 bifurcated at the middle, so multiple rows of cells are present due to several longitudinal veins arranged in intramedial area. Among most fossil kempynines, e.g. Arbusella Khramov, 2014 and Jurakempynus Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011, MP of hind wing is commonly branched distally, and the intramedial cells were irregularly arranged and formed by the intramedial crossveins. A similar MP branching pattern in the hind wing is also present in Ponomarenkius Khramov, Liu & Zhang, 2017. However, it is distinctly different from Mirokempynus gen. nov. due to the proximally branched MA, relatively broad hind wing, and presence of stripe-like markings. In addition, CuA of Mirokempynus has more than 20 branches that occupy approximately the half of its length, which is distinctly different from the other genera (Wang et al. 2011; Khramov 2014b; Khramov et al. 2017).

Genus Elliprhagio gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 18DC6062-EF6F-40E8-901B-733F227C0CEE Type species. Elliprhagio macrosiphonius sp. nov. Diagnosis. Flagellum with 10 flagellemeres; proboscis long, labium fleshy, labella small. Wings elliptic and wide; R 2+3 sinuate at the middle, and sharply up-curved distally; crossvein r-m intersecting the upper margin of d cell at basal one third (1/3); four medial veins present, bM 3 and dM 3 straight; anal cell closed before wing margin. Midtibiae with 1 spur. Etymology. From “ ellip- ”, which means elliptic and genus Ragio, referring to the elliptic wings. Gender: masculine. Remarks. Among the snipe flies from the Daohugou locality, the new genus is most similar to Trichorhagio Zhang, 2013 in appearance, especially in venation and body configuration. But they can be distinguished by elliptic wing (vs. triangular wing in Trichorhagio), and the equal length of bM 3 and dM 3 (vs. the bM 3 longer than dM 3). The similar long mouthparts and elliptic wing also present in two other genera Protorhagio Rohdendorf, 1938 and Palaeoarthroteles Kovalev & Mostovski, 1997, which have also been found from the Daohugou. In Protorhagio, costal section between Sc-R 1 is obviously longer than that between R 1 -R 2+3, while not distinct in Elliprhagio. Elliprhagio is distinguished from Palaeoarthroteles (Kovalev & Mostovski 1997; Zhang J. 2011) by the configuration of anal cell being closed (vs. open in Palaeoarthroteles); up-curved R 2+3 at the middle (vs. almost straight R 2+3); straight bM 3 and dM 3 (vs. curved bM 3 and S-shaped dM 3 in Palaeoarthroteles); costal section of R 1 -R 2+3 slightly shorter than Sc-R 1 (vs. costal section of R 1 -R 2+3 no shorter than Sc-R 1 in Palaeoarthroteles) and mesotibiae with 1 apical spur (vs. 2 spurs in Palaeoarthroteles). Moreover, the genus Sinorhagio Zhang, Yang & Ren, 2006, and some species of Palaeobolbomyia (Kovalev 1982; Zhang 2010) in the same locality also possess elliptical wings resembling Elliprhagio. But Sinorhagio can be separated by their straight R 2+3, long R 4 and R 5 branches, and long and narrow d cell. Although Palaeobolbomyia resembles the new genus with similar R 2+3, they can be separated by the absence of M 3 in the former. Comparing with genera from other localities, the genus Orsobrachyceron Ren, 1998 from Liaoning (China) also has similar long proboscis and venation as those of the Elliprhagio gen. nov., but differs from Elliprhagio in the M 3 and M 4 strongly converged to a point at the margin of wing and cell cu closed without a short petiole apically. The other two genera Palaeobrachyceron Kovalev, 1981 and Jurabrachyceron Kovalev, 1981 from the Transbaikalia (Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous) show some similarities in the elliptic wings and configurations of venation with Elliprhagio. However, they can be separated by their configuration of M 3 and M 4: bM 3 much shorter than dM 3, and M 3 parallel to M 4. In addition, Palaeobrachyceron has an extremely long and straight R 5 that is distinctly different from the new genus.

Neuroptera Linnaeus, 1758 Superfamily Psychopsoidea Handlirsch, 1906, Published as part of Bai, Haiyan, Chang, Yu, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, New silky lacewings from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta: Neuroptera Psychopsidae), pp. 182-188 in Zootaxa 4661 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3378460

Lasiopsychops impunctatus sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word ��� impunctatus ��� in reference to the forewings without any colour pattern. Type material. Holotype CNU-NEU-MA2017009 (Fig. 1A) (female, the characters of the body structures are well-preserved, but parts of the hind wings cannot be distinguished.) Locality and horizon. Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Northern Myanmar; lowermost Cenomanian, mid-Cretaceous. Diagnosis. As for the genus by monotypy. Description. Female. Body, 6.40 mm long, densely covered with long hairy setae. Head prognathous, short, about 1.07 mm long. Eyes prominent. Antenna filliorm. Mouthparts chewing, labrum short, mandibles well-developed and maxillary palpi 5-segmented, two segments of labial palps detected (Fig. 2A). Prothorax slightly arched, wider than long, covered with long setae; mesothorax and metathorax also slightly arched (Fig. 2B). Legs slender, 2.98 mm long, with sparse long setae; tibia thickened, with a pair tibial spurs; tarsi 5-segmented, 1 st tarsomere approximately as long as 2 nd ��� 4 th tarsomeres combined, 5 th tarsomere long, subequal to 1 st tarsomere; claws slender and curved, arolium prominent (Fig. 2C). Forewing: 13.14 mm long, 6.14 mm wide, sub-triangular, with long setae along margins and veins; trichosors along the entire margin; basal nygma present; costal space equally broad throughout, most costal cross-veins branched, costal gradate series absent; humeral veinlet strongly bent to wing base with six simple branches; Sc and RA fused distally and straightly reaching the margin; subcostal space with 3 cross-veins preserved; RA space with 5 cross-veins preserved; RP with 11 branches, and most branches dichotomously branched; cross-veins in radial space irregularly arranged, not forming long gradate series; M forked at about 1/3 of wing length, MA with three simple branches distally, MP dichotomously branched distally; Cu branched almost from its base, CuA and CuP forming multiple dichotomous branches distally; anal space well developed, A1 forming eight obliquely pectinate branches, A2 deeply forked, with 3-4 dichotomous branches (Fig. 1B). Hind wing: Smaller than forewing, 10.40 mm long, 4.38 mm wide; trichosors present along entire wing margin; costal space broad throughout, subcostal space and RA space preserved; the branch of RP not distinguishable clearly; an outer gradate series of cross-veins present in radial space (Fig. 1C). Abdomen short. Sternite 8 with many long setae on the margin; tergite 9 greatly expanded ventrally; ectoprocts paired, covered with long setae (due to preservation, female genitalia only discernible in dorsal view); a pair of gonocoxites 9 (gx 9) present (Figs. 2D, E)., Published as part of Bai, Haiyan, Chang, Yu, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, New silky lacewings from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta: Neuroptera Psychopsidae), pp. 182-188 in Zootaxa 4661 (1) on pages 183-185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3378460

Genus Lasiopsychops gen. nov. (Figs. 1,2) Type and only species. Lasiopsychops impunctatus sp. nov. Diagnosis. Forewing easily separated from those of other species of Psychopsidae by a combination of the following character states: (1) costal space broad throughout (vs. narrowed distad in some Mesozoic genera); (2) most costal cross-veins deeply branched (vs. distally branched or unforked in the other genera); (3) absence of the interlinked veinlets between costal cross-veins (vs. general presence of the veinlets in other psychopsid genera); (4) three sc-ra cross-veins sparsely present (vs. often many sc-ra cross-veins present in other psychopsid genera); (5) most RP branches dichotomously branched (vs. RP branches often simply branched in distal in extant and Cenozoic genera); (6) forewing cross-veins in radial space irregularly arranged, not forming long gradate series of cross-veins (vs. gradate cross-veins series present in most psychopsid genera); (7) forewing CuA and CuP forming multiple dichotomous branches distally (vs. pectinate with numerous branches in most psychopsid genera). Etymology. The generic name is derived from the combination of the Greek prefix “ lasio- ” (meaning hairy), referring to the densely hairy wing and body and the common suffix “ psychops ” of the Psychopsidae. Gender is feminine. Remarks. The new genus belongs to the Psychopidae based on the following apomorphic characters: forewing broadly triangular, costal space broad throughout and presence of the basal nygma and vena triplica. The new genus is easily distinguished from Electropsychops based on the shape of forewing, broad costal space and costal gradate series absent. Although the other Burmese amber genus Litopsychopsis only has fragmentary wings preserved, the well-defined gradate series in Litopsychopsis is conspicuously different from that of the new genus (Engel & Grimaldi 2008). Lasiopsychops gen. nov. is distinguished by the deeply forked RP branches that rarely occur in extant and Eocene species of Psychopsidae, but often occur in the Mesozoic psychopsids (Makarkin 2018). This feature was also widely recorded in the related family Osmylopsychopsidae, indicating that the complicated branches of RP should be the primitive character among psychopsid-like insects.

Genus Electropsychops Lu, Zhang, Ohl & Liu, 2017 Type species. Electropsychops handlirschi Lu, Zhang, Ohl & Liu, 2017, Published as part of Bai, Haiyan, Chang, Yu, Shih, Chungkun, Ren, Dong & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, New silky lacewings from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta: Neuroptera Psychopsidae), pp. 182-188 in Zootaxa 4661 (1) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3378460, {"references":["Lu, X. M., Zhang, W. W., Ohl, M. & Liu, X. Y. (2017) New genus and species of silky lacewing (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Zootaxa, 4291 (2), 373 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4291.2.9"]}

STENOSMYLINAE Krüger, 1913a Type genus. Stenosmylus McLachlan, 1867: 267. Diagnosis: Ocelli present; antennae length variable, often between half and full length of FW; pronotum length longer than width; female forecoxa sometimes with narrow process and/or pedicellate setae; wings with subcostal veinlets simple, rarely occasionally forked; trichosors present around entire margin of both wings; FW with single sc-r crossvein basally; FW RP crossveins dense, semi-regularly arranged, lacking distally with distal RP branches variably sinuous; outer gradate series distinct, inner gradate series absent; FW M vein forked at, or beyond the midlength of wing; medial area between MA-MP not expanded and crossveins not sinuous; CuA with more branches in HW than in FW; HW CuP elongate and pectinately branched; female sometimes with FW veins MP, CuA and/or A1 partially incrassate; male abdominal tergites 8 and 9 partially or completely fused, scent glands absent; gonarcus enlarged, subtriangular with setal pile, entoprocesses broad; parameres absent; female sternite 8 modified into a large concave sclerite that acts as a receptacle for gonapophysis 9; gonapophysis 9 enlarged, complex, variously bilobed, located anteriorly to ventral part of tergite 9, not closely associated with gonocoxite 9; gonocoxite 9 often with dark longitudinal stripe; spermatheca ovoid to spherical. Larvae typically have a pale to cream colouration with light brown sclerites (Fig. 1B, C). Comments. In their phylogenetic analyses Winterton et al. (2017) supported previous contentions (e.g., Krüger 1913a; Esben-Petersen, 1917; Kimmins, 1 940; New, 1986) that Stenosmylinae are closely related to Kempyninae, and also Porisminae and Eidoporisminae. In fact, Winterton et al. (2017) could not recover reciprocal monophyly of Stenosmylinae, Porisminae or Eidoporisminae in their phylogeny, thus calling into question the validity of all three as separate subfamilies. It is plausible that the monotypic Porisminae and Eidoporisminae each simply represent highly derived and autapomorphic forms of Stenosmylinae. Stenosmylinae comprise five Australian genera and two genera in South America. No definitive fossil taxa have been discovered, although Jepson et al. (2009) placed Stenosmylina in the subfamily based on an incomplete forewing; herein we consider this genus better placed in Eidoporisminae (see above). Stenosmylinae represent a truly southern hemisphere fauna, with connections between the Australian and South American forms likely pre-dating any trans-Antarctic connection during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene (Winterton et al., 2017). Larval stages are terrestrial, living under bark of trees, in leaf litter and on foliage (Winterton et al., 2017; Martins et al., 2018). Included genera. Carinosmylus New, Euporismus Tillyard, Isostenosmylus Krüger, Oedosmylus Krüger, Phymatosmylus Adams, Stenolysmus Kimmins, Stenosmylus McLachlan., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Kruger, L. (1913 a) Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren-Familie der Osmyliden. II. Charakteristik der Familie, Unterfamilien und Gattungen auf Grund des Geaders. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 74, 3 - 123.","McLachlan, R. (1867) [1868] New genera and species, & c., of neuropterous insects; and a revision of Mr. F. Walker's British Museum Catalogue of Neuroptera, part ii. (1853), as far as the end of the genus Myrmeleon. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 9, 230 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1867. tb 00195. x","Winterton, S. L., Zhao, J., Garzon-Orduna, I., Wang, Y. & Liu, Z. (2017) Phylogeny of lance lacewings (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 555 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12231","Esben-Petersen, P. (1917) New and little-known Australian Osmylidae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kobenhaven, 68, 1 - 5.","New, T. R. (1986 a) A new Australian genus of Stenosmylinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Systematic Entomology, 11, 447 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1986. tb 00537. x","Jepson, J. E., Makarkin, V. N. & Jarzembowski, E. A. (2009) New lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden supergroup of Southern England. Cretaceous Research, 30, 1325 - 1338. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2009.07.012","Martins, C. C., Ardila-Camacho, A. & Courtney, G. (2018) Neotropical Osmylidae larvae (Insecta, Neuroptera): description of habitats and morphology. Aquatic Insects, 39 (2 - 3), 181 - 207."]}

Osmylopsis Handlirsch, 1906 Type species. Abia duplicata Giebel, 1856: 614 (by monotypy) (England) (Early Cretaceous). Comments. This genus is based on a poorly preserved fragment of the apical half of the hind wing. The family affinity of which was hitherto unclear due to an inadequate original description and fragmentary nature of the specimen. Jepson et al. (2012) redescribed O. duplicata and assigned to Osmylidae although the subfamily placement cannot be determined., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Handlirsch, A. (1906 - 1908) Die fossilen Insekten und die phylogenie der Rezenten Formen. In: Ein Handbuch fur Palaeontologen und Zoologen. Engelmann, W., Leipzig, pp. 1 - 640 (1907) + 641 - 1120 (1908) + 1121 - 1430. [issued in 1906]","Giebel, C. G. (1856) Fauna der Vorwelt mit steter Berucksichtigung der lebenden Thiere. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 511 pp.","Jepson, J. E., Makarkin, V. N. & Coram, R. A. (2012) Lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group of southern England. Cretaceous Research, 34, 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2011.10.001"]}

Petrushevskia Martynova, 1958 Type species. Petrushevskia borisi Martynova, 1958: 77 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing ovoid with broadly rounded apex; costal area relatively narrow along entire length, all subcostal veinlets simple; RP1 originating relatively close to origin of RP; RP with 10 closely spaced branches; M fork between origin of RP1 and RP2; MA, MP with few branches; CuA with single fork distally; crossveins in radial to mediocubital spaces randomly spaced except for a single outer gradate series; CuP pectinate, with six branches; Al, A2 pectinate, with 3-4 branches; HW unknown. Comments. Makarkin et al. (2014) assumed that this genus may belong to Mesosmylininae. However, it is possible that it belongs to Protosmylinae as CuP is strongly pectinate, CuA has few branches, and crossveins in the radial to mediocubital spaces are largely randomly spaced (with only a single outer gradate series). In contrast, most genera of Mesosmylininae have multiple distinct gradates series throughout the wing., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Martynova, O. M. (1958) Novye nasekomye iz Permskikh i Mezozoiskikh otlozhenii SSSR. Materialy k Osnovam Paleontologii, 2, 69 - 94.","Makarkin, V. N., Yang, Q. & Ren, D. (2014) A new basal osmylid neuropteran insect from the Middle Jurassic of China linking Osmylidae to the Permian-Triassic Archeosmylidae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, 209 - 214."]}

Yanosmylus Ren in Ren et al., 1995 Type species. Yanosmylus rarivenatus Ren in Ren et al., 1995: 101 (China) (Early Cretaceous). Comments. Yanosmylus is described from a single fragmentary hind wing. The size of the wing is very small (8.0 mm), with simple venation and is unusually small for an osmylid. The branching pattern of the venation presented by Ren et al. (1995) is difficult to reconcile with any group of Osmylidae, and it exhibits few of the diagnostic characteristics of the family that would place it there. At this stage we consider Yanosmylus as incertae sedis in Neuroptera.

OSMYLIDAE Leach, 1815 (‘lance lacewings’) Type genus. Osmylus Latreille, 1802: 289. Diagnosis. Adult head with dorsal tentorial arms weakly developed; ocelli usually present, medial ocellus sometimes reduced (e.g., Paryphosmylus) or all ocelli completely absent (e.g., Gumillinae); palpimaculae absent; antennae filiform; wings with basal subcostal veinlet simple in costal area, sometimes forked but never recurrent; single basal crossvein (sc-r) between Sc and R, rarely more than one (e.g., Porismus, Archaeosmylidia); Sc and RA fused apically and joining costal margin before wing apex in both wings; single branch of RP, subsequently pectinately branched (5 or more branches); FW radial branches frequently curved posteriorly in apical half of wing, sometimes sinuous; FW medial vein fork variably placed along wing, HW medial vein fork near wing base; FW CuP pectinately (rarely dichotomously) branched; cubital field relatively large in both wings; nygmata typically present; trichosors present in both wings (rarely reduced to apical margin); end twigging along wing margin present, sometimes extensive and multi-layered; jugal lobe present; female gonocoxite 9 (gx 9) (i.e., gonopophysis lateralis) elongate and with terminal stylus; female with a pair of sclerotised spermathecae; male genitalia with well-developed arched gonarcus with paired entoprocesses fused laterally; mediuncus curved; parameres present or absent, sometimes fused into single arched sclerite; larva (Fig. 1) with straight, highly elongate jaws; gular-like sclerite absent; seven Malphigian tubules, of which five are incorporated into the cryptonephridium; eversible claws present on paired prolegs on last abdominal segment. Comments. The monophyly of Osmylidae relative to other lacewings is unquestioned, based on a series of both adult and larval characters. The distinction of Osmylidae from Archeosmylidae and Saucrosmylidae is more problematic, and some authors consider the latter to be a subfamily of Osmylidae. Saucrosmylidae can be separated from Osmylidae based on the expanded area between veins RA and RP, with multiple rows of crossveins present. Archeosmylidae is differentiated from Osmylidae by the absence of pectinate branching in the posterior part of the wing and RP branches not sinuous distally. The larval characters listed here as synapomorphic for the family reflect our lack of knowledge of larval stages of closely related fossil families Saucrosmylidae and Archeosmylidae and the subfamily Mesosmylininae. Once larval stages are discovered for more Osmylidae and any of the fossil families, then the larval definition for Osmylidae may need modification. The family is divided into the nine subfamilies: Osmylinae, Kempyninae, Stenosmylinae, Gumillinae, Spilosmylinae, Eidoporisminae, Porisminae, Protosmylinae and Mesosmylininae. Beutel et al. (2010) provided a detailed study of the adult head morphology, MacLeod (1964) examined the head sclerites of the larva and Matsuno & Yoshitomi (2016) proposed terminology for the larval sclerites., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Leach, W. E. (1815) Entomology. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.), Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Vol. 9. Pt. 1. Blackwood, Edinburgh, pp. 57 - 172.","Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere de Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart, Paris, 467 pp.","Beutel, R. G., Zimmermann, D., Krauss, M., Randolf, S. & Wipfler, B. (2010) Head morphology of Osmylus fulvicephalus (Osmylidae, Neuroptera) and its phylogenetic implications. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 10, 311 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 010 - 0024 - 0","Matsuno, S. & Yoshitomi, H. (2016) Descriptions of three larvae of Osmylus species from Japan (Neuroptera: Osmylidae), with a proposed naming system for the larval sclerites. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 348 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.9"]}

Huiyingosmylus Liu et al., 2013 Type species. Huiyingosmylus bellus Liu et al., 2013: 388 (by original designation). Diagnosis. FW broadly subtriangular, posterior margin strongly and regularly sinuate distally; RA area with six oblique, irregularly arranged rows of cells, RP with seven branches before distal curve anteriorly and with numerous distal branches angled posteriorly and densely arranged; area between multiple longitudinal veins among radial medial and cubital fields with additional rows of cells; area between 1A and 2A with more than two rows of cells; end-twigging greatly elongate with forks originating relatively distant from wing margin; HW unknown. Comments. The only known specimen is a well-preserved forewing with distinctive markings, including multiple spots. Similar spots are found in Daohugosmylus and Ulrikezza.

Sinosmylus Yang, 1992 (Fig. 23) Type species. Sinosmylus hengduanus Yang, 1992: 450 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Wings elongate, ovoid; FW extensively mottled infuscate; HW mostly hyaline except for pterostigma, wing margin and wing base; FW subcostal veinlets forked near wing margin distally, some veinlets forked at base, interlinking crossveins absent; RP diverging from RA close to wing base, FW RP1 originating close to origin of RP; RP with two distinct gradate series present in both wings, other crossveins largely absent, resulting in elongate radial cells; FW M vein forked slightly beyond origin of RP1; multiple crossveins present between MP and CuA in FW and CuA and CuP in both wings; female genitalia with spermathecae ovoid; male genitalia not known. Comments. Sinosmylus is unique among Osmylinae for the scarce RP crossveins besides the gradate series. Hitherto no new material is collected except for the only one female specimen of the type species from southeastern China., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Yang, C. (1992) Neuroptera. In: Chen, S. (Ed.), Hengduan shan qu kun chong. Vol. 1. Ke xue chu ban she, Beijing, pp. 438 - 454."]}

Lahulus Navás, 1930 Type species. Lahulus babaulti Navás, 1930: 9 (by original combination). Diagnosis. Prothorax slightly longer than wide; wings hyaline with yellow venation, narrow with obtuse apex, posterodistal wing margin convex; pterostigma with brown marks; outer gradate series distinct, remainder of crossveins irregularly arranged; Cu forked at wing base; FW RP with 13–15 branches, slightly curved with bifurcated apex; FW subcostal area with most veinlets forked, those in the distal half somewhat sinuous; a single crossvein between R and M veins; CuA with three branches; some maculae present in cubital region; HW costal area narrow at base with only few costal crossveins forked; RP with 13 branches; male ectoproct sub-triangular with hook shaped ventral projection; male abdomen yellow with yellow setae. Comments. The monotypic genus Lahulus Navás is known only from the original description and neither the type or additional specimens of the sole species have been located in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Little is discernible about this genus from the description by Navás (1930), but he does state a clear similarity with the genus Hyposmylus Krüger, a genus now considered a synonym of Osmylus. According to Navás description, Lahulus has the simpler costal area and more reticulated pterostigma when compared to Hyposmylus. We cannot immediately conclude Lahulus is a synonym of Osmylus though, as the male genitalic drawing by Navás (1930), albeit simplistic, is unlike any other found in the family; it will require further examination to determine the validity of the genus., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Navas, L. (1930) Insectos del Museo de Paris. 5. a serie. Broteria, Zoologica, 26, 5 - 24."]}

Eidoporismus Esben-Petersen, 1917 (Fig. 6) Type species. Eidoporismus pulchellus Esben-Petersen, 1917: 4 (by monotypy). Diagnosis. Ocelli present; genal area not enlarged; wings relatively narrow, elongate, posterior margin straight distally, membrane hyaline with faint mottled markings; venation dark; costal area relatively narrow along length, crossveins veins simple, lacking interlinking crossveins; single sc-r crossvein basally; RP with 7–10 branches, crossveins numerous throughout both wings; distal part of radial field sinuous and lacking crossveins; FW RP1 arising distant from origin of RP, close to 1/3 of wing length; outer gradate series distinct, inner gradate series absent; FW vein M forking in distal half of wing and distal to origin of first branch of RP, medial area expanded only slightly; FW CuA with few dichotomous branches, CuP and 1A elongate and pectinately branched; HW CuA elongate, pectinately branched, CuP relatively short, ending before first RP branch origin; trichosors present along entire wing margin in both wings; female forecoxa with ventral spine-like process present but lacking patch of pedicellate setae. Male tergite 9 ventrally broad; gonarcus quadrangular with medial portion broad, setose at posterior angles, lacking anterior arm; posterior portion of entoprocessus subtriangular, widened distally and membranous; mediuncus with a narrow posteroventral extension. Female gonapophysis 9 with anteriorly directed, paired processes with distal half forked and multilobed; sternite 8 concave with a pair of lateral narrow arms; spermathecae spherical, spermathecal ducts short. Comments. Esben-Petersen (1917) incorrectly attributed Eidoporismus to Krüger (in litt.) when describing E. pulchellus; here it is instead attributed to Esben-Petersen. Esben-Petersen (1917) described the genus based on a single female and New (1983b) described the male and discussed the close relationship of this taxon with Stenosmylinae and Porisminae; this conclusion was subsequently supported by Winterton et al. (2017) in their phylogeny of the family., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Esben-Petersen, P. (1917) New and little-known Australian Osmylidae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kobenhaven, 68, 1 - 5.","New, T. R. (1983 b) Revision of the osmylid subfamilies Porisminae and Eidoporisminae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 763 - 770. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9830763","Winterton, S. L., Zhao, J., Garzon-Orduna, I., Wang, Y. & Liu, Z. (2017) Phylogeny of lance lacewings (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 555 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12231"]}

Kolbasinella Khramov, 2014a Type species. Kolbasinella elongata Khramov, 2014a: 304 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Hind wing narrow; RP1 originating at approximately 1/5 wing length; RP with 12 branches MA pectinately branched near wing margin (7 closely spaced branches); numerous regularly arranged crossveins throughout wing, outer gradate series poorly formed near wing margin; MP with only a few pectinate branches; CuA strongly pectinate (ca. 19 very short branches); FW unknown. Comments. Kolbasinella was placed in Gumillinae by Khramov (2014a) due to the crossvein density and lack of trichosors in the wing margin. While these are indeed traits exhibited (in part) by Gumillinae, they are not diagnostic of the subfamily; some Gumillinae do have trichosors in the distal part of the wing (e.g., Gumilla). Unfortunately, since Kolbasinella is only known from a hind wing, the justification presented by Khramov (2014a) for placement in Gumillinae is equivocal as important diagnostic antennal and forewing features are absent. The hind wing of Kolbasinella does not show the vein CuP but based on the shape of the other wing veins and the wing margin, it suggests that CuP is at least not elongate and pectinately branched, therefore placing it in one of three subfamilies, Spilosmylinae, Protosmylinae or Gumillinae. However, the genus is tentatively retained in Gumillinae here as its hind wing does not possess the basal sinuate crossvein 1r-m, a state diagnostic for the subfamily (1r-m is present in Spilosmylinae and Protosmylinae). The lack of end-twigging in the posterior part of the wing is typical of Gumillinae but could also be due to the elongate shape of the wing and the proximity of the longitudinal veins (i.e., M and Cu) to the wing margin., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Khramov, A. V. (2014 a) Lacewings of the family Osmylidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Upper Jurassic of Asia. Paleontological Journal, 48 (3), 300 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030114030095"]}

Rudiosmylus Ren & Yin, 2003 (Fig. 65A) Type species. Rudiosmylus ningchengensis Ren & Yin, 2003: 6 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Hind wing relatively narrow, subtriangular, slightly curved posteriorly with a narrow apex; subcostal veinlets rather dense, forked, with many interlinking crossveins; RA area with at most four rows of irregular cells; RP very slightly curved anteriorly, and with seven branches before distal curve anteriorly distal branches of RP with some crossveins and irregular forking; end-twigging irregular, elongated with forks originating relatively distant from wing margin; area between MA and MP with two rows of cells. CuA and CuP deeply forked, branches of CuA forming a large triangular area; FW unknown. Comments. Only known from the holotype, which consists of an almost complete and well-preserved hind wing.

Enodinympha Ren & Engel, 2007 (Fig. 7C) Type species. Enodinympha translucida Ren & Engel, 2007: 214 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Antenna distinctly longer than forewing; scape elongate; wings narrow, medium sized; forewing with numerous crossveins throughout wing, regularly arranged but not forming gradates; RP with 12 branches; RP1 originating distant from origin of RP, approximately 1/3 wing length; M fork proximal to origin of RP1, closer to origin of RP, near 1/6 wing length; MA unbranched except for end-twigging near wing margin; MP with few pectinate branches near wing margin; CuA pectinately branched near wing margin, 4–5 branches, some with endtwigging; CuP strongly pectinate (nine simple branches); A1 pectinate with six branches; HW with numerous crossveins throughout wing; MP pectinate; CuA strongly pectinate (13 branches); CuP simple. Comments. Placement of this genus in Gumillinae is clear based on the long antennae, narrow costal margin and distal origin of RP1. The forewing medial vein forking very close to the wing base is uncommon among genera of Gumillinae, as it typically forks closer to the middle of the wing. The relatively large number of RP branches (12) and numerous regular crossveins is also uncommon in Gumillinae, as most members of this subfamily have 5– 7 (or fewer) branches and far fewer, irregular crossveins. This genus is likely closely related to Tenuosmylus and Epiosmylus. Li et al. (2018) recently transferred Nilionympha imperfecta to Enodinympha., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Ren, D. & Engel, M. S. (2007) A split-footed lacewing and two epiosmylines from the Jurassic of China (Neuroptera). Annales Zoologici, 57, 211 - 219.","Li, Q., Ren, D. & Wang, Y. (2018) Revision of the gumilline genus Nilionympha with a new species from the Middle Jurassic of China (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Zootaxa, 4399 (1), 146 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4399.1.13"]}

Protosmylus Krüger, 1913a (Figs 37–38) Type species. Osmylus pictus Hagen in Berendt, 1856: 86 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Antennae comparatively long (with 38–52 flagellomeres), approximately equal to ⅔– wing length; ocelli present; female procoxa with elongate, lobed process on anterior surface; wings ovoid, hyaline, FW with dark irregular mottling; costal area relatively broad basally, subcostal veinlets simple, relatively closely spaced; both wings with relatively few crossveins in RA-RP area, RP with 8–9 branches; HW with stem of RP relatively long and curved, shorter in FW; two distinct gradate series in both wings; FW M fork at level of origin of RP1; FW MA with 3–4 pectinate branches, MP with 2–3 pectinate branches; FW CuA and CuP pectinately branched, both subequal in area of branching along wing margin; FW A1 with three pectinate branches. Comments. The genotype of the subfamily Protosmylinae, Protosmylus was originally described based on a single forewing (Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856; Haug, 2003; Scheven, 2004; Wichard et al., 2009). The holotype of P. pictus is presumed lost, although a number of more complete specimens matching this species (and other new species) exist in museums and private collections. The comparatively long antenna is unique among Protosmylinae genera, which typically have relatively shorter antennae. The presence of an elongate process on the female forecoxa is also unique to this genus and is a character typically found in other subfamilies (e.g., Osmylinae). Protosmylus belongs to a group of very similar genera comprising Osmylidia, Pseudosmylidia, Protosmylina and Lysmus, although it also has some features consistent with Jurosmylus and Juraheterosmylus, suggesting a slightly more distant relationship. Included species. P. pictus (Hagen in Berendt, 1856) (Europe) (late Eocene), Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Kruger, L. (1913 a) Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren-Familie der Osmyliden. II. Charakteristik der Familie, Unterfamilien und Gattungen auf Grund des Geaders. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 74, 3 - 123.","Hagen, H. A. (1856) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Neuropteren der vorwelt bearbeitet von F. J. Pictet-Baraban [sic; for Pictetdel la Rive], und Dr. H. Hagen. In: Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der Vorwelt gesammelt, in verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Dr. Georg Carl Berendt, GC, Berendt, ed. Bd. 2. Nicholaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin, pp. 41 - 125.","Pictet-Baraban, F. J. & Hagen, H. A. (1856) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Neuropteren der Vorvelt. Bd. 2. Abt. 2 of Berendt, G. C., Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der Vorwelt, Berlin, pp. 482.","Scheven, J. (2004) Bernstein-Einschlusse: Eine untergegangene Welt bezeugt die Schopfung. Erinnerungen an die Welt vor der Sintflut. Kuratorium Lebendige Vorwelt, Hofheim a. T., 160 pp.","Wichard, W., Grohn, C. & Seredszus, F. (2009) Aquatic insects in Baltic amber. Wasserinsekten im Baltischen Bernstein, Kessel, Remagen, 336 pp."]}

Ensiosmylus Khramov, 2014a Type species. Ensiosmylus acutus Khramov, 2014a: 302 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Hind wing narrow, slightly falcate; subcostal veinlets relatively widely spaced; stem of HW RP relatively long, RP1 originates far from origin of RP; RP with 17 branches, slightly sinuous distally, crossveins semi-regular in arrangement with distinct outer gradate series present; HW MA with very few dichotomous branches close to wing margin, MP with five pectinate branches; HW CuA with ten regular pectinate branches, with few forks, CuP with single terminal fork; A1 with three pectinate branches; FW unknown. Comments. Khramov (2014a) assigned this genus to Spilosmylinae based on the branching pattern of the anal veins and crossvein pattern in the radial and medial areas. However, a typical feature of Spilosmylinae (i.e., the presence of a spur-like process on the basal part of the hind wing MP directed proximally) is not discernible in the fossil. The hind wing figures presented by Khramov (2014a) have the veins identified following Kukalov-Peck & Lawrence (2004) (i.e., MA labelled as MP, MP as CuA, CuA as CuP and so on). The presence of a simple CuP vein in hind wing could place Ensiosmylus in Spilosmylinae, but the feature also occurs in Protosmylinae and Gumillinae; consequently, its placement in Spilosmylinae is tentative until a more complete specimen is known; placement in Gumillinae may be precluded by the presence of a well-define outer gradate series., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Khramov, A. V. (2014 a) Lacewings of the family Osmylidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Upper Jurassic of Asia. Paleontological Journal, 48 (3), 300 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030114030095","Kukalov-Peck, J. &, Lawrence, J. F. (2004) Relationships among coleopteran suborders and major endoneopteran lineages: evidence from hind wing characters. European Journal of Entomology, 101, 95 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2004.018"]}

Laccosmylus Ren & Yin, 2003 (Fig. 65B) Type species. Laccosmylus calophlebius Ren & Yin, 2003: 8 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Wings broadly sub-triangular with undulate distal posterior margin, FW narrower than HW, both wings with extensive dark markings; both wings with RA area with 4–7 poorly formed rows of cells, RP sharply curved anteriorly in distal part of wing, RP with 5–7 branches before distal curve anteriorly; 1–2 rows of cells between MA and MP; end-twigging greatly elongate with forks originating relatively distant from wing margin. Comments. Laccophlebius comprises three distinctive species with wings dark markings and undulate posterior margins distally (Ren & Yin, 2003; Fang et al., 2018)., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Ren, D. & Yin, J. (2003) New ' osmylid-like' fossil Neuroptera from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 111, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2003) 111 [0001: NOFNFT] 2.0. CO; 2","Fang, H., Ren, D., Liu, J. & Wang, Y. (2018) Revision of the lacewing genus Laccosmylus with two new species from the Middle Jurassic of China (Insecta, Neuroptera, Saurosmylidae). Zookeys, 790, 115 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 790.28286"]}

Tetanoptilon Bode, 1953 Type species. Tetanoptilon brunsvicense Bode, 1953: 266 (by original designation) (Germany) (Early Jurassic). Comments. The genus is represented only by a single hind wing which was redescribed by Ponomarenko (1995). This specimen does not allow us to determine the systematic position of the genus since it is represented only by a hind wing with a set of unusual characteristics (e.g., 1r-m is crossvein-like; subcostal veinlets arising nearly perpendicular to Sc; the proximal branches of RP are widely spaced; intracubital area is broad basally). Based on the elongate and densely pectinate branching pattern of the hind wing CuP, we can preclude placement in Gumillinae, Spilosmylinae and Protosmylinae. The density of crossveins and pectinate branching of the posterior wing veins likely also reflected in the unknown forewing of this genus, which would also suggest that it cannot be placed in Mesosmylininae or Archeosmylidae. While we agree with its placement in Osmylidae, we cannot definitively place it in any of the remaining subfamilies (e.g., Stenosmylinae, Osmylinae, Porisminae, Eidoporisminae)., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Bode, A. (1953) Die Insektenfauna des Ostniedersachsischen Oberen Lias. Palaeontographica: Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt (A), 103, 1 - 375.","Ponomarenko, A. G. (1995) [1996] Upper Liassic neuropterans (Insecta) from Lower Saxony, Germany. Russian Entomological Journal, 4, 73 - 89."]}

Sogjuta Martynova, 1958 (Fig. 17) Type species. Sogjuta speciosa Martynova, 1958: 77 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing ovoid, relatively small and rounded apically; costal area relatively narrow along entire length, subcostal veinlets mostly simple, widely spaced along entire wing; RP with 8–9 branches; RP1 originated relatively far from origin of RP; M forked basal to origin of RP1; MA and MP distally dichotomously branched; crossveins in radial to mediocubital spaces arranged in three regular gradate series; CuA with few pectinate branches (2–4); CuP pectinately branched (4–5); HW unknown. Comments. Martynova (1958) originally placed Sogjuta in Nymphitidae and was later moved to Osmylidae by Lambkin (1988). Khramov (2011) described a second species and characterised the genus further. The small size and rounded shape of the forewing, along with the branching pattern of the medial and cubital veins supports placement in Mesosmylininae (Khramov, 2011; Makarkin et al., 2014). Three gradate series in the forewing separates Sogjuta from Mesosmylina, which has 5–6 gradates. Included species. S. shartegica Khramov, 2011 (Mongolia) (Late Jurassic) S. speciosa Martynova, 1958 (Kyrgyzstan) (Early Jurassic), Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Martynova, O. M. (1958) Novye nasekomye iz Permskikh i Mezozoiskikh otlozhenii SSSR. Materialy k Osnovam Paleontologii, 2, 69 - 94.","Lambkin, K. J. (1988) A re-examination of Lithosmylidia Riek from the Triassic of Queensland with notes on Mesozoic ' osmylid-like' fossil Neuroptera (Insecta: Neuroptera). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25, 445 - 458.","Khramov, A. V. (2011) Two new lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Upper Jurassic locality Shar-Teg (Mongolia). Paleontological Journal, 45, 174 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030111020080","Makarkin, V. N., Yang, Q. & Ren, D. (2014) A new basal osmylid neuropteran insect from the Middle Jurassic of China linking Osmylidae to the Permian-Triassic Archeosmylidae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, 209 - 214."]}

Cratovoluptia Martins-Neto & Rodrigues, 2009 Type species. Cratovoluptia criptoneura Martins-Neto in Martins-Neto & Rodrigues, 2009: 16 (by original designation) (Brazil) (Early Cretaceous). Comments. Martins-Neto & Rodrigues (2009) assigned this genus to Osmylidae. However, based on the drawings provided it shows that this fossil more appropriately belongs to Ithonidae (Rapisma -genus group) based on features such as rounded wings, very broad costal area, and branching pattern of forewing medial vein., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Martins-Neto, R. G. & Rodrigues, V. Z. (2009) New Neuroptera (Insecta, Osmylidae and Mesochrysopidae) from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous of northeast Brazil. GAEA, 5, 15 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.4013 / gaea. 2009.51.02"]}

Babykamenia Ponomarenko & Shcherbakov, 2004 Type species. Babykamenia eskovi Ponomarenko & Shcherbakov, 2004: S203 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing elongate with few crossveins present; trichosors and end-twigging present along posterior margin; costal area narrow; RA beyond junction with Sc only slightly arched along wing length; narrow terminal forks numerous along posterior wing margin although few amongst distal RP branches; RP origin towards base of wing; RP with twelve close-set branches, proximal ones almost parallel to longitudinal wing axis along most of length, not curving towards posterior wing margin in distal part of wing; M forked distal to origin of RP1 with numerous end-twigging; CuA pectinately branched around wing midpoint (distal to separation of MA and MP) closer to wing margin and comprising four branches; CuP forks proximal to CuA branching with anterior branch forking once more; 1A pectinate, with more branches than CuA or 2A; HW unknown. Comments. Typical of stem group taxa, Babykamenia (like other Archaeosmylidae) exhibits plesiomorphic features such as RP originating basally in the wing and CuP forked with branches occupying a smaller area of the wing than M. These features lead Ponomarenko & Shcherbakov (2004) to suggest a closer relationship with Archeosmylidae and Permithonidae, although recent evidence suggests that while they are both stem group taxa, the resemblance is superficial. Permithonidae are older than Archeosmylidae and likely represent stem-group neuropteridans, while Archeosmylidae represent stem-group Osmylidae (see Engel et al., 2018)., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Ponomarenko, A. G. & Shcherbakov, D. E. (2004) New lacewings (Neuroptera) from the terminal Permian and basal Triassic of Siberia. Paleontological Journal, 38, 198 - 203. [S 198 - S 203]","Engel, M. S., Winterton, S. L. & Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Phylogeny and Evolution of Neuropterida: Where have wings of lace taken us? Annual Review of Entomology, 63, 531 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-ento- 020117 - 043127"]}

Stenosmylina Jepson et al., 2009 Type species. Stenosmylina medialis Jepson et al., 2009: 1327 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing narrowly ovoid; costal area relatively narrow, basal subcostal veinlets simple, relatively widely spaced; RP1 originating far from fork of RA-RP; M forked in distal part of wing; CuA pectinate; CuP strongly elongate and pectinately branched (14 branches); A1 pectinately branched; A2 with one short branch; preserved crossveins rather widely spaced and not forming gradate series; HW unknown. Comments. This genus is known only from a single forewing fragment. Jepson et al. (2009) suggested that the genus most resembled members of Mesosmylina (Mesosmylininae). The fork of the forewing medial vein in the distal half of the wing, near the wing margin is a distinctive feature of members of Porisminae and Eidoporisminae, as noted by Jepson et al. (2009) as also occurring in Stenosmylina. This condition is also present in genera of Stenosmylinae. Another feature of the forewing of that Stenosmylina shares with Porisminae, Eidoporisminae and some genera of Stenosmylinae (e.g., Stenosmylus) is the origin of the first branch of RP near the middle part of the wing, distant from the origin of RP on RA. These aforementioned characters, as well as the overall venation shared by Eidoporismus and Stenosmylina support provisional placement of the latter in Eidoporisminae., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Jepson, J. E., Makarkin, V. N. & Jarzembowski, E. A. (2009) New lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden supergroup of Southern England. Cretaceous Research, 30, 1325 - 1338. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2009.07.012"]}

Euporismites Tillyard in Tillyard & Dunstan, 1916 Type species. Euporismites balli Tillyard in Tillyard & Dunstan, 1916: 44 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing costal area with subcostal veinlets simple; branches of RP numerous, strongly sinuous distally, radial crossveins dense, except in distal part; outer gradate series apparently absent; end-twigging largely absent in medial and cubital regions; HW with MP relatively deeply forked; CuA probably strongly pectinate. Comments. The type species was described based on a compression fossil hind wing fragment. This was later re-examined by Riek (1952) who assigned to this species an apical 1/2 of a forewing from the same locality and horizon. Later, these two specimens were re-examined by Lambkin (1987) who assigned to the species another hind wing fragment from a nearby locality (i.e., Dinmore) of the same horizon. It is very possible that the holotype and additional specimen represent different species and maybe even subfamilies. Lambkin (1987) mentioned some differences between the two but consider them as examples of intraspecific variation. The hind wing venation of the holotype is similar to Euporismus (Stenosmylinae) as believed by Tillyard & Dunstan (1916) and Riek (1952) (cf. Tillyard, 1916, fig. 1, and Lambkin, 1987, fig. 1). The incomplete preservation of the holotype does not allow precise determination of the subfamily, but the venation of the Dinmore specimen certainly belongs to Kempyninae based on the presence of the basal sinuous crossvein 1r-m and the deeply forked MP., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Tillyard, R. J. & Dunstan, B. (1916) Mesozoic and Tertiary insects of Queensland and New South Wales. Descriptions of the fossil insects and stratigraphical features. Publications, Geological Survey of Queensland, 253, 1 - 63.","Riek, E. F. (1952) The fossil insects of the Tertiary Redbank Plains Series. Part I: An outline of the fossil assemblage with descriptions of the fossil insects of the orders Mecoptera and Neuroptera. Papers from the Department of Geology, University of Queensland, 4, 1 - 14.","Lambkin, K. J. (1987) A re-examination of Euporismites balli Tillyard from the Palaeocene of Queensland (Neuroptera: Osmylidae: Kempyninae). Neuroptera International, 4, 295 - 300.","Tillyard, R. J. (1916) Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. ii. Descriptions of new genera and species of the families Osmylidae, Myrmeleontidae, and Ascalaphidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 41, 41 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15306"]}

Euporismus Tillyard, 1916 (Fig. 48) Type species. Euporismus albatrox Tillyard, 1916: 41 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Female forecoxa with numerous weakly pedicellate setae arranged into irregular rows along outer ventral edge, anteroventral process absent; wings relatively broad and slightly falcate; both wings dark infuscate with stark contrasted white mottled markings and large irregular white patches apically; FW stem of RP short, RP originating close to wing base, RP1 originating close to origin of RP; RP branches strongly sinuous distally in both wings; FW end-twigging irregular and intermittent along posterior margin of wing; FW M forked midway along wing, both MA and MP pectinately branched; female with FW veins regular, not incrassate; FW CuA and CuP distally strongly arched towards posterior wing margin; FW 2A very short, terminates in wing margin level with origin of RP1; male tergites 8 and 9 entirely fused, ectoproct without angular process; gonarcus apex broadly truncate; entoprocesses curved and apically clubbed; female spermatheca spherical. Comments. Euporismus is a monotypic genus from Southern Queensland with spectacularly marked wings. It is represented by very few specimens in collections; collection labels indicate that this species was found sitting on large rocks in a river bed (Tillyard, 1916), which is unusual for a member of Stenosmylinae as species of this subfamily are typically found far from water (Winterton et al., 2017). Certain wing characters in Euporismus are very similar to Oedosmylus and Stenosmylus, suggesting a close relationship with these genera (Tillyard, 1916; Kimmins, 1 940)., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Tillyard, R. J. (1916) Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. ii. Descriptions of new genera and species of the families Osmylidae, Myrmeleontidae, and Ascalaphidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 41, 41 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15306","Winterton, S. L., Zhao, J., Garzon-Orduna, I., Wang, Y. & Liu, Z. (2017) Phylogeny of lance lacewings (Neuroptera: Osmylidae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 555 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12231"]}

Pseudosmylidia Makarkin, 2017 Type species. Pseudosmylidia relicta Makarkin, 2017: 582 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Antennae less than FW length; wings ovoid, hyaline; costal area broad, basally and distally narrowed; subcostal veinlets simple basally and forked distally, sub-parallel and relatively widely spaced throughout; relatively few crossveins in RA-RP area; stem of RP relatively short, with 10 branches; end-twigging along posterior margin irregular and multi-layered; three distinct gradate series arranged in parallel through radial and medial areas; FW M fork at level with origin RP2; MA and MP with very few pectinate branches; FW CuA pectinately forked (four branches), area of branching of FW CuP smaller than area of CuA; A1 elongate and pectinate branched. Comments: The forewing CuA with more branches than CuP is distinctive for this genus and suggests a close relationship to Jurosmylus, the only other protosmyline genus to exhibit this condition., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Makarkin, V. N. (2017) A remarkable new genus of Protosmylinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from late Eocene Florissant, Colorado. Zootaxa, 4268 (4), 581 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4268.4.9"]}

Mesosmylidus Jepson et al., 2012 Type species. Mesosmylidus vulgaris Jepson et al., 2012: 38 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing narrowly ovoid; costal area broad basally and likely narrowed distally, subcostal veinlets simple, relatively widely spaced; RP1 originating relatively far from origin of RP; M fork distinctly basal to origin of RP1; radial and medial crossveins in basal half of the wing not arranged in gradate series; MA field area smaller than MP field area; CuA with very few pectinate branches distally; CuP strongly pectinate (ca. 10 branches); A1 elongate and strongly pectinate (at least 4 branches); HW unknown. Comments. Only known from a single forewing fragment, the subfamily affinity of this genus is unclear. Jepson et al. (2012) suggested that it may belong to Mesosmylininae, but its forewing crossveins are not arranged to series and the forewing CuP is greatly elongate and pectinately branched compared with CuA, precluding it from Mesosmylininae and indicating more appropriate placement in Protosmylinae., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Jepson, J. E., Makarkin, V. N. & Coram, R. A. (2012) Lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group of southern England. Cretaceous Research, 34, 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2011.10.001"]}

Kempynosmylus Makarkin, 2014 (Fig. 11C) Type species. Kempynosmylus zherikhini Makarkin, 2014: 9 (by original designation). Diagnosis. Forewing ovoid; RP with numerous branches (>16), strongly sinuate distally; numerous regularly arranged crossveins in basal half of wing, outer gradate series apparently absent; FW M forked nearly level with origin of RP2, approximately at level of A2 termination, MA few branched, MP pectinately branched (5–6 branches); FW CuA (3–4 branches) and CuP (11–12 branches) both pectinately branched; A1 elongate, strongly pectinate (≥13 branches) with some irregular end-twigging; A2 strongly pectinate (7 branches); A3 with a few pectinate branches; HW unknown. Comments. Based on an incomplete forewing fragment, the apparent kempynine affinity of this genus (cf. Osmylinae) remains tentative. Characters such as the numerous basal crossveins, position of the medial fork and sinuate distal branches of RP suggest that is should be placed in Kempyninae but not conclusively and placement in Osmylinae cannot be ruled out. The wing venation of Kempynosmylus is similar to Arbusella and Jurakempynus, genera similarly lacking the outer gradate series. The status of the genus relative to these genera (and its subfamilial placement) will be clearer once additional, more complete material is discovered., Published as part of Winterton, Shaun L., Martins, Caleb Califre, Makarkin, Vladimir, Ardila-Camacho, Adrian & Wang, Yongjie, 2019, Lance lacewings of the world (Neuroptera: Archeosmylidae, Osmylidae, Saucrosmylidae): review of living and fossil genera, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4581 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4581.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2633842, {"references":["Makarkin, V. N. (2014) A new fossil genus of Osmylidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. Far Eastern Entomologist, 278, 8 - 12."]}