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Air terminations must be strategically positioned at high-risk points to prevent lightning bypass. The likelihood of a direct lightning strike to points on a building can be evaluated using the dynamic electro-geometrical model (DEGM), which considers the geometric proximity of lightning orientation points in spaces around the structure to meshed points on the structure. This study evaluates the probability of a direct strike to simple structures and the maximum lightning currents that may strike the structure. The DEGM concept is applied within a defined lightning collection volume which saves computation time. Patterns that can lead to alternatives to DEGM are identified within the percentage strike probability for different heights of two cuboid structures. Three floating roof tanks of radii 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m are analysed. Four classes of lightning protection are applied for a simple building in compliance with the International Electrotechnical Commission guidelines using different heights of air termination rods for a gable roof structure. For class I, the lightning strike interception probability of the two rods is 99.96%, 99.90% for class II, 99.72% for class III, and 99.48% for class IV. Magnitude colour-coded 3D diagrams are presented to highlight strike probability and current variations.

This paper aims to represent when the primary lightning protection is not necessary for a photovoltaic power plant with a special dimension if the different security objects are not negligible during the probability and risk calculations. The calculations were made using the Probability Modulated Attractive Volume theory which is capable of special, complicated, or huge structures and objects like a high-performance photovoltaic park.

The rolling sphere method for air termination placement on a structure is easy to apply, but it cannot be used to determine the probability of lightning strike to different points on the structure. The dynamic electro-geometrical model (DEGM) using numerical methods can be implemented to evaluate the interception efficiency of various air termination systems. The DEGM is implemented using the probability function of lightning current distribution which has a discontinuity at 20 kA. This study proposes a way to remove the discontinuity by the introduction of a continuous step function. The effectiveness of various centrally positioned air terminations on structures was also examined. Mesh air terminations are typically installed directly on the roof of protected structures. Using DEGM concept, result shows that lifting the mesh network by the penetration depth does not significantly improve the interception efficiency of the air termination network for a gable roof structure.

This article presents a five-year performance review of an early streamer emission (ESE) air terminal lightning protection system for a large scale PV power plant in Thailand. The comparison effect of a Franklin lightning protection system and the ESE lightning protection system was analyzed for the PV power plant. The ESE lightning protection system was selected to be implemented in the PV power plant. The capacity of the PV power plant studied was 8 MWp on an area of 150,000 square meters in the Nong Ya Plong district, Phetchaburi province, Western Thailand. A Franklin lightning rod type was also designed to be implemented in this PV power plant. The Franklin lightning rod type comprised 122 pieces but the ESE lightning rod type consisted of only 11 pieces. The conceptual design of the Franklin rod type followed the standard of the Council of Engineers, Thailand, and the ESE lightning rod type followed the NFC17102 standard of France. The estimated cost of installation was a key comparison to select the lightning protection system, the total installation cost of the Franklin lightning rod type was USD 197,363.80 and the ESE lightning rod type was USD 44,338.06. The lightning system was applied to the lightning arrester in the power plant to provide good protection, in which the balance of the pole to the mounting position is required to optimize the system performance. The result of the simulation also showed that the shading effects of the Franklin rod type were greater than the ESE rod type. The installation cost of the Franklin lightning rod type was 4.45 times more expensive than the ESE lightning rod type. Therefore, the ESE lightning protection system was selected to be implemented in the PV power plant. From the recorded data of the five-year performance of the ESE lightning protection system (2016–2020), there were three occurrences of a lightning strike on the PV power plant. The ESE lightning protection system effectively protected and prevented the lightning strike to the PV power plant. This study can help and support with the selection of a lightning system for the protection of large scale PV power plants in the future.

This project focuses on the study of lightning protection theory, knowledge and basis. Knowledge of cloud to ground lightning, lightning protection system (LPS), electric field relation, receptors configuration are elaborated. This project is aimed to study the practical parameters of LPS, including the relation between receptor size and electric field strength. Other than that, this project aimed to test three different diameters of receptors 0.2m, 0.5m and 0.8m with different needles numbers and lengths. This paper is aimed to develop a new shape of wind turbine receptors with different needles number and length also to suggest the parameters for receptor diameter and needles. Finite Element Method (FEM) has used for this research, the proper dimensions and shapes of receptors simulated by suggesting the minimum and maximum electric field that accumulates around receptors.

This study was aimed at identifying the causes of continuous failures, fires, and explosions of electrical and electronic systems in educational facilities that result from lightning, which occurs frequently during the summer. The study is also aimed at suggesting prevention measures for such damage. The installation status and problems of lightning protection systems (LPSs) were examined by analyzing the damage compensation data of the Korea Institute of Educational Facility Safety, a questionnaire and field survey, and related laws. A total of 49,989 educational facilities responded to the questionnaire. The survey indicated that out of all the educational facilities, 21% had external LPSs, 6.2% had internal LPSs, 4% had both internal and external LPSs, and only 2.5% had installed bonding in addition to internal and external LPSs. The LPSs were not installed properly because the heights of most educational facilities are less than 20 m although the Building Act stipulates that LPSs should be installed in buildings with a height of 20 m or more. Furthermore, periodic inspections and checkups were not performed because the Electric Utility Act does not apply to LPSs. However, starting in January 2021, the installation and management of LPSs will be conducted in accordance with the Korean Electric Equipment Regulation, which includes the standards for LPSs. A design using a field survey must be performed prior to the installation of LPSs. Based on the survey, an estimate should be calculated, and the design, construction, and supervision should be performed.

The integration of renewable energy (RE) sources is increasing day by day because of their permanent existence and the limited quantities of fossil fuels. One of the most promising RE sources is photovoltaic (PV) technology, which is developing quickly in many countries worldwide. PV cells generate electricity by converting the sunlight to DC voltage. Hence, to maximize the output power obtained from PV arrays, they must be located in outdoor areas or rooftops. Consequently, they are frequently subjected to lightning strikes, which may cause damage to PV arrays, service interruption, and additional cost for PV replacement. Therefore, an adequate lightning protection system (LPS) must be installed to protect the PV panels. In addition, the transient performance of PV panels during lightning strikes must be analyzed well. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the superior modeling methods of PV systems during lightning strikes. In addition, the paper displays the different platforms to simulate the transient effects of lightning strikes on PV systems. The lightning transient effects on PV arrays are studied based on the system modeling to assess the recommended LPS designs studied in the literature.

The 8MW solar farm is located in northern Thailand. The solar farm is divided into 8 substation units (SUs), each unit is 1MW/substation. The solar farm was struck by lightning at night, then the solar modules of SUs no. 1 and 5 were damaged approximately 4,209 modules and unable to generate electricity. Inspections and diagnostics were conducted under obtained data and engineering conditions such as the design of a solar farm, lightning protection system, etc. It was found that the lightning protection design was incomplete. In this paper, we propose a solar module damage diagnosis, destruction mechanism, overvoltage test, and ETS lightning protection guidelines.

The high-speed maglev train would be the highest point in the maglev system under high-speed operating, which makes the train body easy to be attacked by lightning strike directly. Therefore the lightning protection system need to be emphasized to ensure the safety and reliability of the on-board low-voltage equipment. The grounding system is the crucial part in lightning protection of maglev system. Therefore, in this paper, the applicability of lightning protection standards to maglev system are discussed. The lightning protection measurements of high-speed railway are used as references to offer a proposal to lightning protection design of maglev system. The discharge path and electric structure of wheel-rail train system is compared with maglev system to illuminate the differences and similarities between the two system in lightning protection design. The requirements of maglev lightning protection system are highlighted and several lightning protection design proposals for on-board devices, cables and train body are proposed.

As one of primary lightning protection designs, direct lightning protection system has always been the focus in lightning protection research. In nowadays, with the rapidly development of lightning protection technology, direct lightning protection system for grounding stationary object is advanced, especially the launch sites around the world have all established reliable direct lightning protection systems. However, as to a motive object on the ground (e.g. a vehicle), those traditional direct lightning protection systems can seldom exert their curative effect, especially when the vehicle is moving in an open wide environment. Until now, it is hard to use any existed direct lightning protection system on a motive vehicle, which makes the vehicle becomes more vulnerable and easier to undertake a lightning strike. This paper provides a vehicular movable direct lightning protection design for a motive vehicle, on the purpose of making a reference for direct lightning protection measure for those vehicles on the moving condition.

This article describe procedure of modeling and simulations of lightning protection photovoltaic modules. To do this task has been chosen Ansys Electronic Desktop environment. At the beginning in article is present idea of investigations electric and magnetic field distribution between lightning protection system and PV modules. Then two modeling configurations are proposed: one with PV modules separated to LPS and the other with PV modules connected to LPS. The last configuration having a connection between photovoltaic system and LPS is practically used in case when the lightning separation distance cannot be achieved. Next are present results of simulations for various distances in each configuration. Finally conclusions based on obtained results are present.

This paper introduces application of genetic algorithm (GA) in designing air-termination system of the high-voltage (HV) open-air substation external lightning protection system (LPS). As far as the authors are informed, this is the first proposal for using GA in designing LPS of substations. The complex air-termination system, as a part of the external LPS of HV substation, is known to be cumbersome to design using traditional techniques, where optimisation is often relegated to the trial-and-error approach. In addition, traditional methods are often associated with geometric constraints and implementation difficulties. This paper proposes a novel approach which utilizes a combination of statistical LPS efficiency and GA in designing techno–economically optimal external LPS of open-air substations. The LPS optimisation problem is particularly well suited to the GA solution approach, due to the stochastic nature of lightning, expert knowledge involved in constructing the fitness function, and the fact that the optimal solution is not, strictly speaking, a unique value (it can be obtained using different combinations of the air-termination system elements). Proposed approach offers a LPS designer unique and valuable assistance in optimally arranging elements of air-termination system for obtaining maximum lightning shielding effects with minimum total investments.

A frequency-domain-based electromagnetic model of the lightning protection system of buildings is presented in this paper. Numerical model can accurately take into account all conductors of the lightning protection system, i.e., air- termination system, down-conductor system and earth-termination system. Using the presented electromagnetic model, attenuation effects of a grid-like spatial shield — sometimes used in lightning protection of buildings — will be analyzed for both the electric field and the magnetic field caused by a lightning strike. Three-dimensional distributions of the fields inside the shield are provided in the paper.

Lightning is natural phenomenon that is the result of electrostatic events in the cloud for their difference in charge between the clouds or the difference in charge between the cloud and the earth and become involved in the discharge and generate an electric arc that we can see as lightning. To protect the building from the danger of lightning strikes the lightning rod should be installed so that the building and electrical devices that are in, it are protected from over voltage from lightning strikes them. The finial project will discuss the calculation and the elevation of the external lightning protection system that has existed in the building of the Office of Employment Branch BPJS Blitar and compare it with the existing theories regarding the calculation of the lightning rod. From the calculation and elevation by the author can be concluded that the lightning rod mounted on the Office of Employment Branch BPJS Blitar cannot protect the building properly.

The physical mechanism of lightning attachment to grounded structures is one of the most important issues in lightning physics research, and it is the basis for the design of the lightning protection systems. Most of what is known about the attachment process comes from leader propagation models that are mostly based on laboratory observations of long electrical discharges or from observations of lightning attachment to tall structures. In this paper we use high-speed videos to analyze the attachment process of downward lightning flashes to an ordinary residential building. For the first time, we present characteristics of the attachment process to common structures that are present in almost every city (in this case, two buildings under 60 m in Sao Paulo City, Brazil). Parameters like striking distance and connecting leaders speed, largely used in lightning attachment models and in lightning protection standards, are revealed in this work.

U ovom radu predstavljena je zaštita od atmosferskih prenapona koja je teorijski objašnjena te potkrijepljena računskim primjerima. U drugom poglavlju uveden je pojam prenapona koji predstavljaju pojavu kada električni naponi između dvaju vodiča ili između vodiča i zemlje prelaze maksimalne vrijednosti nazivnih napona energetskog sustava. Razlozi prenapona mogu biti direktan ili indirektan udar groma u elektroenergetsko postrojenje ili njegovu blizinu, tada govorimo o atmosferskim prenaponima. Treće poglavlje govori o nastanku groma te o procesu njegovog širenja od oblaka prema zemlji kao i posljedice koje uzorkuje energija koju prenosi. U četvrtom poglavlju je prema tome objašnjena zaštita od atmosferskih prenapona koja je djelotvorna zaštita od energije groma. Uređaji koji se koriste za zaštitu od prenapona reagiraju prije nego što prenapon ošteti odnosno probije izolaciju električnih uređaja, tako što se pomoću hvataljke prihvaća struja groma te se ta struja odvodnicima preko sustava uzemljenja odvodi u zemlju kako bi se izjednačio potencijal te tako spriječio proboj i onemogućio oštećenje ili kvar unutar elektroenergetskog sustava. To sve zajedno čini gromobransku instalaciju koja se smatra najučinkovitijom zaštitom od udara groma. Nakon svakog udara groma u gromobransku instalaciju treba provjeriti ispravnost i učinkovitost gromobranske instalacije te u slučaju oštećenja provesti popravak. This paper presents protection from atmospheric overvoltage which is theoretically explained and substantiated by computation examples. The second chapter introduced the notion of overvoltage which represents the phenomenon when the electrical voltages between the two conductors or between conductors and the ground exceed the maximum values of the nominal voltage of the energy system. The reasons for surge can be a direct or indirect lightning strike in an electrical power plant or its proximity, then we are talking about atmospheric surge. The third chapter discusses the emergence of thunder and the process of spreading it from the clouds to the earth as well as the consequences of the energy it transmits. The fourth chapter thus explains the protection from atmospheric surge, which is an effective protection against the energy of thunderbolt. The devices used for overvoltage protection react before overcharging damages or breaches of electrical appliances, by using the lightning rod, to accept the lightning current and to drain the current through the grounding system to the ground to prevent the breach and damage or malfunction within the power system. This all together makes a lightning protection system that is considered the most effective protection against lightning strikes. After each lightning bolt in the lightning installation, it should be checked for the correctness and efficiency of the lightning rod installation and in case of damage repair it.

This paper study and investigates the characteristic and relationship between lightning occurrence and temperature due to global warming. The correlation between global warming and lightning occurrence are not much in-depth study in Malaysia. The conducted of this research have been done in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru, Malaysia for a period of year 2011 until year 2016 using data provided by Malaysian Meteorological Department and TNB Research. A statistical analysis between lightning occurrence and temperature have been done to show the correlational activities. It is found that there is positive correlation between temperature and lightning density in both cities. Findings of this project is useful to utility companies and electrical consultants in Malaysia in designing, and enhancing their lightning protection system for better improvement and will benefit the public in the sense of educating and understanding the importance of environmental preservation and conservation to help reduce the impact of global warming.

Air terminal system prevents lightning from directly strike critical buildings and equipments. This is a well-known protection system in oil and gas industry. Double air terminal works by reducing the ignition in cold vent stack. In this study, double air terminal with height variations is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The variation of double air terminal position have been simulated resulting electric field distribution near vent stack. The result shows that double air terminal reduced electrical field near cold vent stack, which indirectly reduced the probability of ignition.

In order to tackle the problem of the high failure rate of blades of large wind turbine units due to lightning damage, a new lightning protection system (NLPS) for wind turbine blades is proposed based on the lightning damage mechanism of blades. Firstly, 10 high-voltage discharge tests are performed for blades with and without the NLPS to study the effect of lightning protection. The results show that when the surface of the blade without the NLPS is struck by lightning 10 times, the damage rate of the blade is 100%, for the blade with the NLPS and the lightning attachment position is always on the NLPS in 10 discharge tests, the damage rate of blades is 0% and the lightning protection rate of blades is 100%, indicating that the lightning protection effect for blades with the NLPS is greatly improved. Moreover, the static electric fields of the blades with and without the NLPS are calculated. The results show that the NLPS can shield the electric field around the lower lead wire of the blade, thus effectively reducing the electric field intensity. The NLPS initiates the upward leader more easily than the lower lead wire, therefore, the lightning attachment point is located on the NLPS, thus protecting the blade. Secondly, the aerodynamic and aero-noise characteristics of the blade with and without the NLPS are calculated. The results indicate that the NLPS has little influence on the aerodynamic performance of the blade but has some influence on the aero-noise of the blade. The aero-noise of the airfoil can be reduced at angles of attack of 4&deg, 8&deg, 11&deg, and 15&deg, but the influence of different phase angles of the airfoil on the amplitude of the sound pressure level (SPL) varies. The aero-noise of the airfoil with the NLPS decreases by 16% and 8% at angles of attack of 4&deg, and 8&deg, respectively. In general, the design of the NLPS reaches the desired requirements, but it still needs to be further optimized in combination with the blade manufacturing process.

Munje su uvelike oblikovale povijest ljudskog roda. Za pračovjeka ona je bila prvi susret s vatrom, a u antičkoj Grčkoj postaje dijelom mitologije pa se tako vrhovnog boga Zeusa smatralo bogom munje. U 18-om stoljeću Banjamin Franklin prvi znanstveno pristupa prirodnom fenomenu munje i postavlja temelje razumijevanja gromobranske zaštite. Od tih povijesnih vremena do danas došlo je do velikog tehnološkog razvitka koje prati i razvoj tehnologije zaštite i lokalizacije atmosferskih pražnjenja. Gromobranska je zaštita principijalno ostala ista još od doba Benjamina Franklina no sustavi za lokalizaciju koji tada nisu ni postojali danas nude preciznost lokalizacije udara do razine 100m. Primjer modernog sustava za lokalizaciju atmosferskih pražnjenja je LINET. Podatci prikupljeni tim sustavom koriste se u projektiranju i razvoju nekih velikih tehničkih sustava (elektroenergetski sustav, telekomunikacijski sustav). Lightning had a great impact on the history of mankind. For an early man it was a first connection with fire and in ancient Greece it became part of mythology. Zeus has been considered the god of lightning. In the 18th century Banjamin Franklin set foundations for understanding basic principles of lightning. Since those historical times a great improvement in technology has been made which is followed by development of lightning protection and localization. Lightning protection stayed principally the same but the lightning localization systems, that did not exist in Franklins times, have precision of localization within 100 meters. The example of modern lightning localization system is LINET. Data that are gathered by this system are used to optimize some large technical systems such as electroenergetic system or telecommunication system.

The air termination, the down conductor and the earth electrode are the external lightning protection apparatuses. They are must be installed at the tall building where risk to strike by the lightning flash because the tall building is struck by the lightning, it can occur the extreme damage such as the fire and the explosion respectively. Therefore, the external lightning protection system must be appropriately designed based on the international standard IEC 62305 for the safety of life and public. As mentioned above, this article presents the designation and simulation of the external lightning protection for a tall building which is assigned according to IEC62305. The case study in this article is a tall building of the faculty of science and technology of Rajamangala University of Technology Phra-Nakhon (RMUTP) Thailand where directly risk to strike by the lightning discharge. Moreover, the lightning protection area is evaluated through the rolling sphere method.

Different types of lightning protection system (LPS) are being used for wind turbine blades (WTBs). However, still severe damages due to lightning strikes still happen frequently, which costs huge losses. In this paper, a review on experimental study of WTB lightning protection is given. Experiments were performed to study the lightning attachment characteristics of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite wind turbine blade. Experiments using three specimens of WTB the effect of wind turbine blade orientation, lateral distances (LDs) between the wind turbine blade and the lightning downward leader, polarity of lightning strike, wind turbine blade rotation speed, receptor type and marine environment on lightning interception failure of LPS in different situation were studied. It was observed that discharge attachment paths under positive and negative lightning strikes were quite different, and the positive discharges are much more dangerous to wind turbine blade than the negative ones. The LD between downward leader and WTB is a key factor which influences the interception efficiency. The experiment results can be useful to improve the optimal design of LPS of WTBs.

The solar PV has become an alternative solution in Malaysia to generate electricity. Unfortunately the solar PV installed in Malaysia is attracted to the lightning strike. There were two points that have high possibilities of being strike by the lightning; on the DC side between the solar PV and inverter and on the AC side, between the inverter and the substation. Therefore, this study was performed to analyse the effects of lightning strike at these two different points at the solar PV farm without any lightning protection system (LPS).

Through the investigation of the lightning disaster in Potala Palace, it is found that Potala Palace is located in the position of lightning strike easily. The main factors that lead to lightning disaster are its self structure, the trees induce lightning, the change of the internal environment and the inductive thunder of the metal in the hall. The main losses caused by lightning stroke, such as fire and casualties, are analyzed. The basic principles of lightning protection in Potala Palace are discussed. It is proposed that the original jinding and all kinds of metal ornaments of the roof should be used as lightning protection system according to the discharge characteristics of lightning and the structural features of Tibetan heritage buildings.

Lightning protection is becoming more and more important because the climate has changed in recent years and lightning occurs frequently. Given the lightning accidents in these years, this study adopted a new lightning protection device, increased deployment of lightning arresters, solved the problem that the lightning arresters cannot automatically exit the original lightning protection system after penetration. By optimizing the design of the lightning protection system, this study increased the system, reduced the occurrence and damage of lightning accidents. Statistics about the application of the system in an oil production plant show that the system has improved the plant’s economic gains. The investment decisionmaking, budget control, phased evaluation and calculation of the innovative project of the lightning protection system have been analyzed in depth. The engineering cost of each item, including the innovative techniques and the application of lightning protection systems, in the project was calculated separately, which improved the cost management of the innovative project.

To the electric utility engineer, the parameters of the flash that are of primary interest are the crest current for the first and subsequent strokes, the waveshape of these currents, correlation between the parameters, the number of strokes per flash and flash incidence rates where the ground flash density, denoted as flashes per square km-year and symbolized by Ng. The first three parameters, as we know them today, are to a very large extent based on the measurements of Berger. Berger's masts, 70 and 80 meters high, were mounted atop Mt. San Salvatore (Switzerland), which is 650 meters above Lake Lugano, where it can be readily noted that these 125 records represent one of the best and most extensive set of data available to the industry to date. This paper focuses on the lightning severity scenario in Malaysia, which could also applicable to other tropic countries, and some of the useful parameters for lightning protection system design and forensic study. Some specific engineering applications have also been summarised, taking into account various lightning parameters, available from past and current measurements available.

In the recent times, many buildings have been constructed using glass facade architecture with metallic grid support. For buildings with glass-façade, the lightning current path may flow through the metallic grid of the façade rather than the structural reinforcement depending on the architectural design. This, therefore results in the metallic grid of the glassfaçade being subject to the full lightning current. Integration of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) with the building façade will ensure safety. This paper reports the findings of the early stage research conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the present implementation of the BS EN Standard on Lightning Protection System for tall buildings with glass façade architecture. The results show that the current lightning protection system used in tall buildings with glass facade do not protect the metallic frames of the glass facade as they are not continuously bonded to earth nor designed to carry lightning current. There is the need to develop a comprehensive lightning protection system for tall buildings with glass facade architecture.

Materials presented in the paper are part of the work to create a universal method for modeling and optimizing lightning protection systems for spaceport. In this regard, special attention is paid to the analysis of existing techniques for calculating zones of a probable lightning strike and their compliance with standards. Specificity of the task and features of the lightning protection system made it possible to generalize this data and propose an optimal technique for calculating such zones. At the same time, the possibilities of numerical modeling of physical processes provided by the specialized software modules were used to the fullest extent possible. At the second stage of the work, the degree of destabilizing effect of a direct lightning strike in the body of a launch vehicle was assessed, as well as the effect of an electromagnetic field caused by a lightning strike into the elements of the lightning protection system of the spaceport. Taking into account the specific nature of the problem and the features of the lightning protection system, a new method for calculating the destabilizing effect of a lightning strike is proposed. Its difference from alternative methods is to more accurately simulate the dynamics of current propagation and the fields it induces in conductive structures when exposed to a lightning pulse of various shapes. The results of modeling and calculation presented in the presentation should be considered as an illustration of the application of the developed methodology.