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Cooperatives are democratic organizations, governed and controlled by their members, who are actively involved in their policy-making and decision-making process. The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation between cooperative culture and the way that cooperatives are governed. To this end, a probability sampling method is used in the agricultural cooperatives of the Greek prefecture of Larissa, which is one of the most powerful and dynamic in the agricultural economy. The data collection was carried out to 100 members of agricultural cooperatives through the use of a closed-ended questionnaire. The findings highlighted that agricultural cooperatives are distinguished for their increased level of cooperative culture and commitment, provided that the conditions for the democratic governance of cooperatives are met. The role played by the level of education of the members of the agricultural cooperatives was also important, thus confirming the main purpose of the research, which was none other than to prove this correlation. Finally, this correlation can lead to the improvement of certain elements which contribute to the optimization of agricultural governance.

Residents of Limpopo (LIM) and KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province are witnessing higher rates of stock theft, with the inhabitants of the selected communities living in fear for the prevention of this scourge. This study explores the extent of this crime in the selected areas of LIM and KZN, considering contributory factors, determining the relationship between the South African Police Service Stock Theft Units (SAPS STUs) and other relevant stakeholders, as well as looking at existing strategies (And their failures and successes) in responding to this crime effectively. A qualitative research approach coupled with Non-probability: Purposive sampling was used in this study. The targeted population consisted of 113 participants. For data collections, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Observation Schedules were adopted. lack of appropriate preventative measures has led to rise of stock theft, it was, therefore, discovered that both the affected livestock farmers and members of the community lost confidence toward the police, Besides, the perspectives on stock theft prevention in LIM and KZN reflect a greater challenge, with inadequate solutions present, since the current preventative measures are ineffective. Thus, understanding stock theft phenomenon is critical to its prevention as the sector of livestock in South Africa is the contributory key to the value of the agricultural economy.

There is an active search for ways and mechanisms to upgrade the agrarian economy in theRepublicofBelarusand increase its efficiency in conditions of stiffen market situation, but no efficient mechanisms have yet been found. In this regard, we’ve carried out systematic research and prepared a research papers that answer many questions regarding raising the agricultural economy and market challenges. We believe that it can become the basis for accepting specific recommendations. The fourth part of the paper (final) dwells on the role, functions and significance of such fundamental factors of efficient agriculture management as product quality and transition to standards and regulations.

Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xvii and 451 pp., maps, tables, figures, notes, bibliography, index. $32.99 paper (ISBN 9781108460972), $9...

This essay reviews the following works: The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 813. $150.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190499983. Historia economica de la Argentina en los siglos XX y XXI. By Claudio Belini and Juan Carlos Korol. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2020, rev. ed. Pp. 7 + 396. ARS $1,290. ISBN: 9789878010380. State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain: The Rise and Fall of the Developmental State. Edited by Agustin E. Ferraro and Miguel A. Centeno. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. ix +436. $140.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107189829. The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Edited by Gustavo A. Flores-Macias. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp vii + 282. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108474573. The Public Good and the Brazilian State: Municipal Finance and Public Services in Sao Paulo, 1822–1930. By Anne G. Hanley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 290. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780226535074. Feeding the World: Brazil’s Transformation into a Modern Agricultural Economy. By Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp viii + 468. $32.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108460972. The Mexican Heartland: How Communities Shaped Capitalism, a Nation, and World History, 1500–2000. By John Tutino. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018. Pp 512. $39.50 hardcover. ISBN: 9780691174365.

Geographical indications and designation of origins is an industrial property right describing a product originated from any region or attributable to any region due to its quality, reputation or other characteristics. Particularly, the geographical indications (GI) provide information about the raw material or final products‘ geographical roots to consumers and characterize the degree of its quality. Two types of GI were defined: Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). On the other hand, the products that cannot be registered as a designation of origin or geographical indication could be registered as Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) products specialty guaranteed if it can be proven that the product is on the traditional market for at least 30 years. The main goal of this research is to examine Turkey‘s current status about labelled geographic agricultural material with a comparative statistic overview.

In the era of development of the world of digital information can be one of the answers to the challenges of the era in the current era. Answered, it answered the discussion in Indonesia, which was occasionally still haunted by the distribution chain that was too long and resulted in price spikes. One way is by implementing an online-based sales system and one of them is a partner with a profit sharing system between farmers and buyers. In its management, starting from capital lending, agricultural management, post-harvest processing to sales, packaging, to shipping. Each product supports the Limakilo.id website and the main objective is the empowerment of the Limakilo.id website for farmers in rural areas. In this study, researchers used the da Mclean delone model by using the sem method and qualitative pls tools. The purpose of this research is to study e-commerce. Most of the fields of agriculture can help improve the economics of farmers and villages in obtaining information on data but done through interviews, observations and direction of farmers and farmers of agricultural businesses in empowering the economy of rural communities in agriculture. The study analyzed activities regarding agricultural output in several villages in Sukamakmur District, Bogor Regency, West Java, using the system development model with the Delone and Mclean model and management data using SmartPls. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the limakilo e-commerce research. Id by Farmers also supports the agricultural economy in the villages is still very low in its utilization. Many are of the opinion and difficulties in carrying out these sales activities.

The article analyzes the current state and trends in the development of small forms of business in the agricultural economy, their features. The ways and sizes of state support for these forms of business, its impact on their development are considered. The main directions of development of small enterprises, peasant (farmer) farms and individual entrepreneurs, households of the population are substantiated.

English for Specific Purposes (or ESP) is a part of college English. This paper aims to investigate Chinese vocational non-English-majored undergraduate students’ needs analysis in English for Specific Purposes (ESP). One hundred and ten first-year non-English-majored vocational undergraduate students majored horticulture, landscape, tea science and, agricultural economy and management from Yangtze university as volunteer participates were in this study to answer the questionnaires about their needs in ESP classes. All the data from questionnaires students answered and the interviews were collected. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 17. The results showed that 1) The language skills (writing and speaking) should be more emphasized; 2) The students ranked the language skills (reading and listening) as the first importance; 3) The language sub-skills (understanding power point presentations, giving oral presentations, reading handouts given by teachers, writing field- specific report) were emphasized by the students in ESP classes; 4) There were significant differences on the language skills (listening and speaking) and the activity (Understanding power point presentations and Participating in discussions) in ESP classes between male participants and female ones; 5) The 80 interviewees had positive responses on their needs in ESP classes. Sixty-four (80%) students thought that ESP would be better for their English learning and major knowledge learning; 54 (67.5%) students thought reading as the most important language skill in the ESP classes and 60 (75%) participants would learn major knowledge through ESP classes; functions of learning ESP were to help them learn major-related knowledge, prepare for writing academic papers and learn vocational knowledge. Findings in the present study could be provided as implications for course designers and recommendations for future studies.

The object of research is the human capital of the agricultural sector of the national economy. The study of scientific works has revealed that in defining the essence of human capital as an economic category, scientists have not reached a common opinion. With all the variety of theoretical approaches, the problem of the peculiarities of human capital formation in the agricultural sector remains insufficiently studied. There are significant differences in methodological approaches to the interpretation of its essence at different levels of manifestation and certainty. The methods of systematic approach and structural-functional analysis, abstract-logical, monographic and graphical methods were used in the research. The study identifies the nature and peculiarities of human capital formation in the agrarian sector of the economy and clarifies the human capital functions of the agrarian sector and the factors that contribute to its development. In the work on the basis of generalization of theoretical researches on the role of human capital in the economy, its state and prospects of development in the agrarian sector of economy are analyzed. The factors that influence the level of formation and development of human capital are analyzed. The functions of human capital are described and ways to improve the available human capital in rural areas are proposed. The peculiarities of the human capital of the agrarian sector of the economy are revealed, the main of which are: –close connection of the human capital of the agrarian sector with the rural way of life, agrarian work and life; –significant social and professional homogeneity; –great dependence of its use on natural rhythms and cycles; –significant territorial dispersion of the human capital of the agricultural sector, its relatively low mobility compared to human capital in other sectors of the national economy; –need for development and development under conditions of disability due to the lower standard and quality of life in rural areas, etc.

In China’s national economic system, the agricultural economy is an important component. Regardless of the development model, development direction and scale of the agricultural economy, it will have an important impact on the development and progress of the national economy. As the country attaches great importance to agricultural development, the reform of agricultural development is gradually being deepened. The application of big data can effectively analyze the agricultural economy and rural tourism market information, which is conducive to promoting the coordinated development of the two. At the same time, China has put forward a strategy of “village revitalization”, which brings new development opportunities for agricultural economy and rural tourism. Based on this, this article first analyzes the connotation and characteristics of big data, then introduces the development of agricultural economy and rural tourism under big data, and finally discusses the strategy of combining the two to improve the overall quality of rural economic development.

The article considers the experience of functioning of personal farmsteads in the agro-industrial region in the context of a pandemic, based on the theoretical positions of outstanding Russian agricultural economists. Based on statistical data, content analysis of regional media and comparative results of the 2016/2021 survey. The main positive phenomena in the development of this sector of the agricultural economy are identified: stable dynamics of development, including at the level of relations between institutional entities. The main problems associated with the lack of awareness of the rural population about the institution of personal farmsteads, the role of cooperation are identified. The obtained results allowed us to draw a conclusion about the need for the work of state and municipal authorities in terms of not only direct state support for personal subsidiary farms, but also education of the rural population.

The Opium War is not only the beginning of modern history in China, but also the symbol of the march into another period of antagonism between rural–urban relations. After China degenerated to the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the nature of the rural–urban relations experienced great changes. With capitalism intruding and penetrating, the traditional agricultural economy gradually disintegrated and the trading ports developed lopsidedly.

The paper determines the main directions for improving the efficiency of horticulture in Russia under the globalization of the agricultural economy. The authors used the methods of economical and statistical analysis during the study. The paper reveals the industry’s current state and analyzes the dynamics of the change in plantations areas, crop productivity, and gross collection for 2000–2018. The key problems (low profitability of agricultural organizations, destroyed nursery base, outdated material and technical facilities, loss of skilled personnel, etc.) remain unresolved. The import of fruits and berries in Russia is currently on the rise. Its structure confirms that fruits that can be grown domestically are still imported. The authors note that this fact significantly reduces the country’s position in the world production of horticultural products. The following vital conditions contributing to the successful import substitution policy are presented within the study: the intensification of the industry, widespread use of scientific and technological progress, the attraction of investments, the improvement of the material and technical base, the introduction of innovations at all technological stages, an increase of business activities, an increase of state support.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, under the support of the national agricultural innovation policy of benefiting and strengthening agriculture, the agricultural economy of Gansu Province developed rapidly.The regional advantage industry represented by potato industry has begun to take shape, but it still faces a series of problems such as insufficient development momentum.In the face of the limitation of natural resources and the bottleneck of agricultural technology development, transformation and popularization, all departments should take joint action and based on the fundamentals. Simultaneously, learn from the achievements of developed countries such as Israel, Japan, and the Netherlands, through balancing the application of scientific research achievements, reasonably developing agricultural technology and accelerating patent transformation, then improving the agricultural innovation technology extension system, so as to further play the role of agricultural innovation in promoting agricultural economic development.

The American South has been something of an anomaly in most studies of the connection between voting and policy outcomes. The South remained solidly Democratic from the end of Reconstruction until the middle 1960s, largely unaffected by the realigning elections of 1896 or 1932. Welfare benefits in the South have always been extremely low. The discretion available to the local welfare office permitted the welfare system to be manipulated according to the needs of the local economic elite. Plantation counties were often willing to make selected welfare programs available to their poor populations. The manipulation of local welfare systems to suit the needs of the plantation economy is an old practice in the South. Expansion of the welfare rolls was most dramatic in the black belt and, particularly, in counties with substantial numbers of black elected officials. The poor are significantly less relevant to the southern agricultural economy in 1981 than they were in 1965.

Rural‐urban migration is an integral part of the structural transformation as societies move from a traditional agricultural economy to a modern economy. This process has many potential consequences for migrants. Our study focuses on the lifetime health effects of the large mid‐20th century migration out of rural U.S. Northern Great Plains states, primarily to urban locations in the West and Midwest. An analysis of marginal treatment effects (MTEs) shows that (a) migrants are positively selected, and (b) the causal impact of migration is decreased longevity. Our evidence suggests that elevated mortality among migrants is linked to increased smoking and alcohol consumption. Rural‐urban migration mortality marginal treatment effects C31 I12 R23

The globe artichoke, a species native to the Mediterranean Basin, makes a significant contribution to the region’s agricultural economy. Its increasing popularity has extended into northern Europe, the Americas and parts of Asia. To an extent, the increased interest in the crop reflects the perceived beneficial health effects of its inclusion in the human diet, flowing mainly from its high content of polyphenols and inulin in the immature inflorescence (also called head or capitulum). The accumulation of these compounds, together with the head’s appearance and size, is an important determinant of quality at harvest and hence, of consumer preference. The purpose of this review is to collate the state of current knowledge regarding the major pre-harvest factors which affect globe artichoke at harvest quality, including aspects of genotype, the growing environment and crop management. The literature suggests that the at harvest quality of globe artichoke depends on a complex of interactions between this group of factors. In conclusion, this review establishes a departure point for manipulating some of these factors to maximize globe artichoke at harvest quality.

This article presents the transcript of an interview with the eminent economist, Emery Neal Castle. Emery discusses his youth in rural Kansas and how it shaped him and his career. After several years in the US Army Air Force during World War II, Emery returned to Kansas State University for his undergraduate studies and then completed his PhD at Iowa State University. He eventually landed at Oregon State University (OSU) in the mid-1950s, where he taught farm management and developed early courses in water resource economics. Emery and colleagues nurtured what became a world-renowned resource economics program at OSU. Emery also spent a decade running the nonprofit public policy research organization Resources for the Future in Washington, DC. Throughout his long career, Emery made significant contributions to three subfields of applied economics: farm management, resource economics, and rural studies. Emery has received numerous awards for his impact on the profession and the agricultural economy.

The article substantiates institutional foundations of the state adjustment of agricultural production development. The theoretical construction of the process of the agricultural production state adjustment has been depicted. The factors, which objectively cause the necessity of the state support of the agricultural production.

Today there are serious difficulties in staffing of agricultural economy. The article analyzes the reasons for the decline in the level of staffing in this sphere. There are objective factors that are associated with the urbanization process at the global and regional levels. In Russia this is accompanied by the change in t social expectations of rural youth. At the same time, there is still a rather high need for staffing in specific sectors of agriculture. It is obvious that with the introduction of digital technologies and modern agrobiotechnologies, automation and robotization of agricultural sector, the list of specialties and competencies of agricultural workers will expand. The authors pay due attention to the problems of employment of graduates of agricultural universities. As an example of a positive solution to this problem, the issues of organizing employment of graduates of Kazan State Agrarian University (KSAU) are considered. The authors believe that the paper will be useful to the heads of agro-industrial complex and agricultural universities in the further development of theoretical and practical issues of agricultural sector staffing.

Plantation crops include a variety of high-value commercial crops, which play a vital role in the agricultural economy and trade of many developing and developed countries. These crops are perennial in nature, and the cultivation is labour-intensive, generating considerable employment opportunity during on farm operations and compulsorily off-farm processing activities. The plantation crops are also known for its various medicinal properties, whereas in case of arecanut other than its traditional huge masticatory purpose, it is also reported in the preparation of Ayurvedic and veterinary formulations. Betel leaves are used in Indian System of Medicine against indigestion, stomach ache and diarrhoea. Cashew is also a well-accepted ingredient in dietary preparation, cocoa and oil palm are widely known for its anti-carcinogenic effects and rich source of Vitamin A and E content. India’s share in combined export and import of these plantation commodities were about US $ 0.8 billion and US $ 0.4 billion, respectively (FOSTAT). Global competence can come only along with world-class quality, competitive pricing and a well-known brand. Efforts towards improvement in quality and making Indian brands popular abroad will be the key for plantation sector in the international market. Encouragement should be given to form strategic alliances or joint ventures in this sector with the objective of bringing better processing technologies and value addition, apart from branding. These agencies should constantly be updating to the latest technologies for its economic benefits with due consideration for changing consumer preferences and market structure. The Commodity Boards should activate an in-house processing control mechanism with legal status to enforce adherence of market-related quality parameters.

The field of sustainability is often considered a modern discipline. However, from a practical standpoint, humans have been dealing with sustainability for as long as we have faced existential challenges in our environments. This chapter examines three distinct prehistoric and historic settings to demonstrate how social, environmental, and economic challenges were addressed. The first example is from prehistoric Aztalan, Wisconsin, where two different cultures came into contact with each other and competed for resources. The second example is from Fort Ross, California, a current State Historic Park, where in the nineteenth century, Russians and their native Alaskan partners tried unsuccessfully to establish an agricultural economy under difficult environmental conditions. The final example is from Michigan State University which has undergone tremendous changes in its impact on the environment in the twentieth century due to changing economic conditions. The three examples demonstrate that sustainability transcends the modern. The more we understand the history of our own places, the better we will be at understanding and confronting the sustainability issues we face today.

Successfully predicting agricultural economy leads to maximum benefit and best effort utilization for farmers. It is very important and challenging to make correct agricultural decisions for a future stable price and yield balance. For the failure of this prediction, knowledge from historical data could not be used properly for managing agricultural revenue affecting factors.The objective of this research work is to develop an advance and efficient system for predicting future price and yield of agricultural crops considering inflation which is affected by climate conditions and other situational factors. At first, the Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) Model was used for the work but the best estimates would always show a sudden and steep drop in the yield for every crop and would not show an increase until years later. Then the Weighted Linear Regression model was used by giving more weight to recent data which results 78.75% and 83.55% correct prediction for price and yield respectively after comparing the actual and predicted values over previous three years. Initially three types of rice of Bangladesh (Aus, Aman and Boro) are analyzed and there is scope for extensive use of this method.

The used to assess the impact of environmental change in the rural environment; it is keen on a couple of existing biotechnology and financial model. Reasonable criticism of the quality of speech between ordering and implicit environmental and financial cycles. The natural model measures the monetary model and option information used to connect this land. The two gradually developed a level of intelligent coupling of agriculture, natural climate, and the rural economy, increasing the coordination between the coupling sub-frames. In general, the natural agriculture climate also prevents damage to the agricultural economy of the planned progress from essential coordination coupled to a sustained coordination and dominance level. An agricultural economy is based on agriculture and bio-climatic corruption for the rapid development cost. They also are paid to promoting more financial and environmental benefits. The level of coordination in advance, gardening contributes two sub-frames together. These findings are critical connecting lines to improve the viable agricultural economy to improve in the semi-arid region. Rural business analysts to application problems tend to zero is to improve and expand academic discussion lawyers and financial practices given by experts.

In this chapter we consider two models of primitive economies made up of consumer-producers. Under autarky, consumer-producers in a state of self-sufficiency optimises their production to satisfy their own consumptive needs. This represents a situation similar to the position of peasants in an agricultural economy. Next, we look at economies in which autarkic consumer-producers have limited interactions to form a sparse trade infrastructure. These autarkic consumer-producers are assumed to interact through binary trade relationships only, forming trade infrastructures as network configurations of such binary trade relationships. We show that in these environments trade naturally leads to individually rational and socially optimal reallocations of the generated wealth, but there does not emerge a “general” equilibrium.

With the rapid development of e-commerce, the concept of network marketing has been introduced into the sales of agricultural products. It can play an important role in promoting the development of regional agricultural economy by virtue of its ability to break through the limitations of time and space, visually display product information, and facilitate the integration of production, supply and marketing of agricultural products effect. This paper takes Jilin Province agricultural product network marketing as the research object, introduces the status quo of network marketing of agricultural products in Jilin Province, promotes the necessity of agricultural product network marketing development, analyzes the problems existing in agricultural product network marketing in Jilin Province, and proposes a series of solutions Strategy.

Infection and transmission of honey bee viruses pose a serious threat to the pollination services of crops and wild plants, which plays a vital role in agricultural economy and ecology. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective defense mechanism against commonly occurring viral infections of animals and plants. However, recent studies indicate that the effects of RNAi on the honey bee can induce additional impacts and might not always be effective in suppressing the virus. Moreover, the RNAi responses differed in relation to the developmental stage of the insect and the target tissue used, even though the same method of delivery was used. These results indicate that further analysis and field experiments should be performed to characterize the varying effectiveness of RNAi-based methods for treating honey bee viral infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and the recent progress in RNAi-based anti-viral treatments for honey bees, focusing in particular highlight the role of the dsRNA-delivery method used and its effect on RNAi efficiency and demonstrate the potential practical value of this tool for controlling the virus. We conclude studying the gene function and disease control of honey bee by RNAi technology requires a complex consideration from physiology, genetics to environment.

Despite the original intent of the cooperative farm established by the Bureau of Plant Industry on the Gila River Reservation, it siphoned economic value from Pima families into the regional economy, revealing the impact of resource depletion and wage labor on the Pima and their strategies of managing socioeconomic change.

This chapter documents our approach to the development of India’s agricultural economy. It is a fascinating story of moving from shortages and a fixation for grain in the ship to mouth period to diversification and policy reform in a WTO trade dominated economy. It is a story of average growth, many policy experiments and persistence of poverty and regional inequality in the face of considerable technological strengths and a hard working peasantry exploited through the millennia.

The Konopnica Commune, adjacent to the voivodeship capital Lublin, is of agricultural character. Due to transformations in the agricultural economy and inflow of population from the nearby city, the social sphere of life is gaining importance. One of the elements of its proper functioning is the developed network of non-governmental organisations and various forms of cooperation with the NGO environment. Many initiatives activating residents are implemented in the commune. The most interesting one is the international project “Promotion of land culture and preservation of historical heritage” conducted together with the Trembowla municipality in the Tarnopol oblast in Ukraine. The following associations are active in the area of the commune: Association Local Action Group for the Development of the Lublin Poviat “Kraina wokół Lublina”, 12 units of the Volunteer Fire Brigade, Association “Pracownia Twórczych Działań”, and Association “Skaut” with its seat in Lublin, implementing cultural-social workshops in the Konopnica Commune. Residents of the commune implement and develop passions in groups and artistic teams, including: singing group “Rola”, theatre group “Stacja Teatr”, ballet group “Arabeski”, group “Malarki z Konopnicy”, and a music band. Owing to the work of enthusiasts, cultural-social meetings are organised in the form of cyclical events and one-off actions. The cultural development is stimulated by cultural entities (“Dom Kultury” in Motycz, Commune Library and its branches, Ośrodek Działań Twórczych). The aforementioned advantages of the Konopnica Commune offer a chance for its development both in the socio-economic sphere and in terms of cultural-environmental heritage. Artykuł dotyczy aktywizacji i integracji mieszkańców podmiejskiej gminy Konopnica położonej we wschodniej Polsce. Jednym z elementów funkcjonowania sfery społecznej jest sieć organizacji pozarządowych i różnorodnych form współpracy ze środowiskiem NGO, których rozwój przyczynia się do aktywizacji mieszkańców gminy. Działania skupione są na zachęcaniu miejscowej ludności do angażowania się w prace zespołów sportowych, grup artystycznych, kulinarnych oraz kulturalno-edukacyjnych. Środki na działania aktywizujące pozyskiwane są z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (PROW na lata 2014–2020).

Since Creative Economy has already revealed its importance for the first time after Agricultural Economy, Industrial Economy and Service Economy, creative distribution deriving from Creative Economy has also stepped into public arena. Through the way of equal emphasis on technology and management, this paper studying into the main features of creative distribution modes of terminal logistics, such as information network, individual space and technological standard and so on, analyzes main constituent elements far and elaborately designs personalized service space, network interactive platform and standardized operation modes of creative distribution mode.

Sultan II. Abdulhamid doneminde egitim sisteminde, mufredatta ve egitim tekniklerindeki degisim/donusumlerin yanisira okutulan ders kitaplarinda da hem bicim/format hem de icerik acisindan farklilasmaya gidilmesi zorunlu hale gelmistir. Tanzimat yillarindan itibaren yeniden yapilandirma sureci icerisine dahil edilen ilkogretim anlayisi dogrultusunda kaleme alinan ders kitaplarinin, siyasal–askeri–ekonomik yararcilik ilkelerine dayali genel egitim anlayisindan farkli bir uslup ve icerikte telif edilmedigi soylenebilir. Bu baglamda arastirmanin temel problemi; siyasal hedefin; vatanseverlik duygusu kazandirilarak patrimonyal devlet anlayisinin guclendirilmesi ve ekonomik hedefin; uretken bireyler yetistirilerek endustriyel/tarimsal kalkinmanin gerceklestirilmesi seklinde belirlendigi bir donemde bunlarin ders kitaplarina yansitilma seklini ortaya koymaktir. Egitim kurumlari ile toplum, siyaset ve kultur arasindaki guclu irtibatin bilinci dogrultusunda Sultan II. Abdulhamid devrinde (1876-1909) kaleme alinan ilkogretim ders kitaplarinda; siyasi rejimin nasil algilandigini, devletin icinde bulundugu dagilma ve geri kalmislik surecinde hukumdar ve makbul bireyin tanimlarinin ne sekilde yapildigini ortaya koymak arastirmanin temel hedefidir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Sultan II. Abdulhamid, Ders Kitaplari, Ilkogretim, Saltanat, Ahlâk, Vatan, Tarih Ogretimi COURSE BOOKS and HISTORY EDUCATION in the ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS DURING the REIGN of ABDULHAMID II Abstract: Central government is in a position that the transformation of the overall education system, curriculum and educational methods, both the format and contents of the course books studied by students had to be changed as part of the Western style reform movement during the period of Sultan Abdulhamid the Second. One could hardly expect that the course books written in line with the mentality shaped up since Tanzimat period to accommodate the content and style that is indifferent to the general education mentality based on political-military-economic pragmatism principles in keeping with the period in question. In this respect the main issue of the study is to identify the ways in which the political economic goals are reflected in the course books of the period where such goals were primarily based on the strengthening of the patrimonial state mentality through the promotion of a sense of patriotism and the development of industrial/agricultural economy through raising productive individuals. Considering the strong connection between the educational institutions and society, and politics and culture, the main goal of the present study is to establish how the political regime was being perceived in the primary school course books written during the reign of the Sultan Abdulhamid the Second (1876-1909), and how the ruler and an acceptable individual was being described in an age where the empire was being disintegrated and in a state of utter backwardness. Keywords : Abdulhamid II, Course Books, Elementary Education, Reign, Ethics, Homeland, History Education

In this paper we analyse the causes behind the recent food crises (2008, 2011) through the study of the evolution of neo-liberal globalisation and the current world crisis. We seek the causes of hunger in factors such as the growing inequalities in income and the evolution of prices in world agricultural markets. We also analyse certain methods for measuring under-nourishment, with the aim of selecting those that we consider most coherent in order to to achieve this end, by making a number of critical observations on the subject. In accordance with various widely proven theories, we hold that food crises occur as a consequence of structural lack of the right to access to food, and not as a result of a non existent food shortage. In this context, we examine the alternative possibilities currently offered by food sovereignty, a concept that originates in international social movements and which has been found in the daily life of various rural areas, and is, at the same time, consistent with several critical theories originating from the academic world. CITE AS: Hidalog-Moratal, M. (2013). Crisis, pobreza y hambre. La soberania alimentaria como alternativa. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 2 (2): 4-37

This article follows the efforts of white settlers to impose cotton as an export crop in Natal and Zululand. Touted as a commodity capable of remaking land and life in the region in the 1850s, the 1860s, and again in the 1910s and 1920s, cotton never achieved more than marginal status in the region's agricultural economy. Its story is one of historical amnesia: although faith in the region's cotton prospects dipped following each spectacular failure, it was routinely resurrected once previous failures had been accounted for, or memories of them had faded. Two crucial issues are at the centre of this episodic history. First, I explore the logistics of planned expansion, and the reasons for the repeated collapse of cotton-growing schemes. Second, I unravel the side effects of these difficult and disappointing efforts and argue that, despite repeated failure, cotton facilitated important structural changes to the region's agricultural, political and economic landscape.

The conclusion provides an analysis of guest work programmes and the production of non-citizens. It explains that, on a number of levels, vulnerability is the driving force behind the agricultural economy. It also sheds light on how work and citizenship come together to create the figure of the model employee and migrant, as someone with a very limited horizon of possibilities.

Preference for sons derives from the agricultural economy of the past. It is surprising, however, that this preference still exists in countries which have progressed from an agricultural to an industrial economy. The main aim of this study was therefore to explore the perception of adolescents to parents who did or did not have a preference for sons. Adolescents aged from thirteen to fifteen ( n = 1,982) from six Chinese independent schools were invited to fill in a questionnaire in a cluster sampling study. Factor analyses were used to examine the reliability of measurements. Chi-square and independent t tests were run to analyze the data. The results showed significant differences between respondents’ perception of their parents in terms of whether their parents had a preference for sons or not, and that respondents whose parents who had this preference were more likely to have a poor perception of their parents than those whose parents who did not have this preference. Also, both males and females had a poorer perception of parents who had a preference for sons, even though males had received better treatment from parents who had such a preference. In the light of the continued prevalence of preference for sons in some Asian countries, it is suggested that more studies should explore the attitudes and behaviors of those children whose parents have a preference for sons, so that the government and the public are aware of the potentially negative impacts of the preference culture and effective action can be taken to tackle the problem.

The Akimel O’odham, or “River People” (Pima), have lived in the middle Gila River Valley for centuries, irrigating and cultivating the same land as their Huhugam ancestors did for millennia. This history of agriculture is part of the social, economic, and cultural fabric of the Pima, who benefited from a sufficient and fertile land, a steady and reliable supply of water, and favorable physiographic conditions to produce an abundance of food and fiber crops. These conditions continued until upstream diversions from the Gila River by settlers in the latter 1860s. The Pima economy depended on the waters of the Gila River and its tributaries. Following the himdag, or the cultural ways, of the Huhugam, the Pima exercised sovereignty over their land, enabling them to remain economically and politically independent for generations. They were, as sixty-five-year-old Pima elder George Pablo noted in 1914, “a self-supporting people” who raised crops “in abundance.”1 This independence changed to dependence in the 1860s, when federal land policies encouraged and fueled settlement in the Gila River Valley. Emigrants then diverted the limited water supplies from the river upstream of the Pima villages, leaving the Indians, in the words of one Pima elder, “high and dry.”2 The Huhugam built the earliest canals along the Gila River. Many of the historic canals constructed by the Pima followed these prehistoric alignments and irrigated lands in the historic breadbasket of the Pima villages.3 The Pima cultivated these lands since before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the sixteenth century, with the period between the late 1700s and the 1860s representing the pinnacle of Pima agriculture before upstream water deprivation destroyed their agricultural economy (see fig. 1).

We question the sequence of evolutionary transitions leading to ultrasociality in humans proposed by Gowdy & Krall. Evidence indicates that families are, and likely always have been, the primary productive units in human agricultural economies, suggesting that genetic relatedness is key to understanding when the suppression of individual autonomy to the benefit of subsistence groups, that is, extended families, evolved.

Drawing on primary sources gathered from repositories in Abruzzo, Bologna and Rome, this study – underpinned by the framework of governmentality – analyses the accounting, financial and governmental practices deployed as a consequence of the Reclamation Consortia in Fascist Italy. In a scenario stimulated by the ascent of the Fascist discourse on the Agricultural Corporative Economy, this analysis seeks to show the new technologies of government deployed by the State and local communities through the Reclamation Consortia Reform. The study also unveils the leading role in the change process played by Arrigo Serpieri who, besides acting as Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Agriculture in Mussolini’s government, was considered at the time Italy’s most important agricultural expert.

Following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexican farmers altered their livelihood strategies to respond to changing market incentives. While many commercial farmers responded to falling maize prices brought on by NAFTA by shifting into the production of vegetables for export, the coping strategies of low-income farmers have been varied, from diversifying income sources through off-farm employment, to migration, to searching for niche markets for new or added-value products. In the Totonocan region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, many farmers who can no longer earn sufficient income from the sale of maize grain are turning to a byproduct of maize to generate income. The commercialization of totomoxtle, or maize husks, for domestic and international markets has not only enabled farmers to continue to profit from maize production, but it has also encouraged farmers to utilize and conserve criollo maize varieties that serve as important reservoirs of genetic diversity. Moreover, the growing importance of totomoxtle in livelihood strategies has caused some farmers to alter their maize management, selecting for better quality husks rather than for grain production. The purpose of this paper is to understand both the broad impact of NAFTA on the local agricultural economy and its more specific effects on the management of maize in the Zona Totonaca. Participation in international trade can lead to unexpected outcomes, in some cases creating new values for goods with a long history of local consumption. Commercialization of maize husks is likely to be only a temporary solution for the relief of rural poverty. Given the volatility of international markets, the long-term welfare of farmers may depend on the development of more diversified production strategies.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the transition of Japanese agricultural community in Yguazu, Paraguay, by analyzing the colonization program, Japanese farm management, and Japanese organizations. Yguazu colony was established by the present-day JICA in 1961. Although many Japanese immigrants moved out because it was difficult to adapt to the local environment, remaining Japanese farmers expanded their scale of management by buying farmland from those moved out of the colony. Those who moved to Yguaz from other colonies in Paraguay lead the development of farming by introducing new agricultural methods such as no-tillage farming. As a result Japanese agriculture developed from the small-scale vegetable production to the large-scale farming of soybeans.While farmers' strategies for survival were successful, various Japanese organizations helped them develop their cohesive farming community and agricultural economy. Yguazu Agricultural Association contributed to the development of immigrant farming by establishing cooperative marketing, enabling cooperative purchase of materials, and providing capital that was difficult to obtain privately.The Japanese community based on farming in Yguazu began to change with the transition of Japanese farming. Japanese organizations, which were to promote the benefit of Japanese, have become to pay more attention to the development of local economy and the welfare of non-Japanese residents. The Regional Promotion Society supports non-Japanese, while Japanese Language School teaches Japanese to non-Japanese students. Such a change has shown remarkably since the latter half of the 1980s when Yguazu began to prosper due to the development of agricultural economy.