1. Structure–Activity Relationships of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-ones as Antitubercular Agents
- Author
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Clifton E. Barry, Paul G. Wyatt, Yoshitaka Tateishi, Andaleeb Sajid, M. Daben J. Libardo, Sangmi Oh, Caroline J. Duncombe, Peter C. Ray, David W. Gray, Gary T. Pauly, Jose Santinni O Roma, Thomas R. Ioerger, Helena I. Boshoff, Shaik Azeeza, and Michael Goodwin
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Flavin adenine dinucleotide ,biology ,Stereochemistry ,030106 microbiology ,biology.organism_classification ,Hydroxylation ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Mechanism of action ,chemistry ,Biosynthesis ,medicine ,Structure–activity relationship ,medicine.symptom ,Pharmacophore ,Cytotoxicity - Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one was identified through high-throughput whole-cell screening as a potential antituberculosis lead. The core of this scaffold has been identified several times previously and has been associated with various modes of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We explored this scaffold through the synthesis of a focused library of analogues and identified key features of the pharmacophore while achieving substantial improvements in antitubercular activity. Our best hits had low cytotoxicity and showed promising activity against Mtb within macrophages. The mechanism of action of these compounds was not related to cell-wall biosynthesis, isoprene biosynthesis, or iron uptake as has been found for other compounds sharing this core structure. Resistance to these compounds was conferred by mutation of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent hydroxylase (Rv1751) that promoted compound catabolism by hydroxylation from molecular oxygen. Our results highlight the risks of chemical clustering without establishing mechanistic similarity of chemically related growth inhibitors.
- Published
- 2021
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