Search

BACKGROUND: Small‐scale farmers often take a double hit from pests such as tephritid fruit‐flies. The high price of products against fruit‐flies, together with the higher risk of reinfestation from neighboring orchards, limits options for control. Therefore, management requires low‐cost local products and concerted action. Peach production in central Bolivia is increasingly affected by invasive Ceratitis capitata. To provide locally sustainable techniques that could incentivize area‐wide cooperation of growers, we tested efficiency and specificity of low‐cost lures and traps compared with commercial lures and traps (Tephritrap). RESULTS: In the laboratory, the local fermented beverage 'chicha' and baker's yeast were equally or more attractive than commercial lures. Both chicha and baker's yeast trapped more flies in field (average FTD 10.31 and 9.49), whereas commercially hydrolyzed protein lure (4.71) or Torula yeast (6.82). However, many non‐target species were caught (57.3% and 53.4%). Of the six PET bottles‐based traps used, the T‐trap caught a similar number of flies (average FTD 5.55), but fewer beneficial insects (0.16) compared to the Tephritrap (0.92). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides fruit growers with an economical and effective method to capture large numbers of C. capitata, suitable to be part of integrated pest management programs for fruit fly control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drosophila suzukii, a vinegar fly originated from Southeast Asia, has recently invaded western countries, and it has been recognized as an important threat of a wide variety of several commercial soft fruits. This review summarizes the current information about the biology and dispersal of D. suzukii and discusses the current status and prospects of control methods for the management of this pest. We highlight current knowledge and ongoing research on innovative environmental-friendly control methods with emphasis on the sterile insect technique (SIT) and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). SIT has been successfully used for the containment, suppression or even eradication of populations of insect pests. IIT has been proposed as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with SIT for insect pest control. The principles of SIT and IIT are reviewed, and the potential value of each approach in the management of D. suzukii is analyzed. We thoroughly address the challenges of SIT and IIT, and we propose the use of SIT as a component of an area-wide integrated pest management approach to suppress D. suzukii populations. As a contingency plan, we suggest a promising alternative avenue through the combination of these two techniques, SIT/IIT, which has been developed and is currently being tested in open-field trials against Aedes mosquito populations. All the potential limiting factors that may render these methods ineffective, as well as the requirements that need to be fulfilled before their application, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study focusing on the assessment of fruit fly infestation levels on citrus in Abura Asebu Kwamankese district of Ghana. Topics discussed include the crop losses in Africa due to Bactrocera dorsalis, the infestation of orange fruits with fruit fly larvae in the study, and the fruit fly species that were found infesting including Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis ditissima. Also mentioned is the role of poor pest control by farmers in high infestation.

Wild plant species are often considered a source of crop pests in mixed landscapes but this view rarely considers pest spillover in the opposite direction (from crop fields to natural vegetation), or spatiotemporal variability in resources between crop and wild habitats. We investigate how infestation of mango crop ( Mangifera indica , Anacardiaceae) and a related wild host (marula, Sclerocarya birrea , Anacardiaceae) by a major subtropical fruit crop pest ( Ceratitis cosyra , Diptera: Tephritidae) varies with distance from the boundary between crop and natural vegetation. We determined how infestation of marula is associated with proximity to mango crops at field and landscape scales over two fruiting seasons on three farms in north-eastern South Africa. This is one of few studies to date to consider pest spillover from crop fields to natural vegetation and the only one performed in a biodiverse region with relatively little habitat transformation. Over three sampling periods, C. cosyra infestation of marula always decreased with distance from mango fields. At the landscape scale, marula alongside crop fields were 30 times more likely to be infested than in distant vegetation (1.3–6 km from mango), suggesting that spillover occurs from crop fields to natural vegetation. During late mango and marula fruiting, twice as many flies infested marula than mango. However, over the two months post-mango fruiting, up to 25 times more C. cosyra were trapped in mango fields than in bordering natural vegetation. Although pests spillover from crop fields into natural vegetation to use marula as an alternate host, biological control in the natural vegetation may eliminate this habitat as a pest reservoir outside the crop season. Other nearby crops may be more important than wild hosts for maintaining C. cosyra out of mango season. Landscape planning should consider proximity and arrangement of fields containing crops that host shared pests at different times of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Drosophila suzukii is a primary insect pest that causes direct damage to fruits with a thin epidermis such as strawberries, cherries and blueberries. In strawberry fields, the co-occurrence of D. suzukii and Zaprionus indianus has increased production losses. This study evaluated the toxicities and effects of insecticidal baits to control adults and larvae of both D. suzukii and Z. indianus. RESULTS Organophosphate (dimethoate and malathion), spinosyn (spinosad and spinetoram), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and diamide (cyantraniliprole) insecticides exhibited high toxicity to both adults and larvae of D. suzukii and Z. indianus (mortality >80%) in topical and dip bioassays. However, when the insecticides were mixed with a feeding attractant, a positive effect was observed only for adults of D. suzukii. Insecticides containing neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and thiamethoxam) and pyrolle (chlorfenapyr) caused intermediate mortality to adults of D. suzukii (40-60%) and low mortality for Z. indianus (mortality <23%); however, these compounds reduced the larval infestation of the two species by 55-86%. Botanical (azadirachtin) and sulphur insecticides exhibited low toxicity (mortality <40%) on adults and larvae of both species. CONCLUSION Dimethoate, malathion, spinosad, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyantraniliprole are highly toxic to both larvae and adults of D. suzukii and Z. indianus. The use of toxic baits for adults of D. suzukii could be an alternative in management of this species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of site-specific tactics for management of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, a major pest of greenhouse and field-grown strawberries ( Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Two site-specific (spot) treatments, the miticide bifenazate (Acramite) and the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, were compared with whole-plot treatments of bifenazate or N. californicus to determine whether T. urticae could be effectively managed in field-grown strawberry using only site-specific tactics. Additionally, the cost of site-specific tactics was compared with whole-plot treatments to determine the economic value of using site-specific management tactics for T. urticae in strawberries. In the greenhouse, all treatments equivalently reduced the number of T. urticae below control. In the field during the 2011-2012 season, more T. urticae eggs and motiles were in the whole-plot treatments of both N. californicus and bifenazate in the mid-season and late season, respectively, compared with the spot treatments. With the exception of site-specific N. californicus during the 2011-2012 field season, there were no differences in marketable yields between plots with site-specific treatments and whole-plot management. An economic analysis demonstrated a significant cost savings (75.3 %) with site-specific treatments of N. californicus compared with whole-plot application of N. californicus. Similarly, a 24.7 % reduction in cost was achieved in using site-specific bifenazate compared with whole-plot application of bifenazate. The findings indicate that site-specific treatments with N. californicus and bifenazate are competitive alternatives to whole-field application for T. urticae management in strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) causes serious damage that affects fruit production. Chemical insecticides have been widely used for the prevention and control of this destructive pest. However, the resistance of B. dorsalis to these compounds has become a serious problem. This study tested six sweeteners for their toxicity to B. dorsalis. RESULTS B. dorsalis fed on erythritol, aspartame and saccharin exhibited significantly higher mortality than those fed on sucrose. Flies fed on erythritol died faster than did the control flies (water). However, no dose-dependent effects were observed at the concentrations tested. These three sweeteners decreased the climbing ability of B. dorsalis. Notably, adults fed on saccharin exhibited significantly decreased climbing ability after 12 h compared with those fed on sucrose. Additionally, these three sweeteners had a negative effect on the frequency and duration of the flies' behaviour patterns (flying, walking, grooming and inactivity). Saccharin not only induced a marked reduction in the frequency of flights and walks but also induced decreases in the time spent flying and walking and increases in inactivity compared with sucrose. Erythritol induced a reduction in movement and increased the time spent inactive compared with the control and other treatments. CONCLUSION Three sweeteners had significant negative effects on the survival of B. dorsalis. Erythritol was toxic to B. dorsalis. Aspartame and saccharin also decreased the survival and behaviour of adult flies and may be toxic to (or contribute to poor nutrition in) B. dorsalis. These sweeteners could therefore be developed as additive ingredients in baits. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae, is an invasive pest in Southeast Asia. It has been introduced into areas in South America such as Suriname and Brazil. Bactrocera carambolae belongs to the B. dorsalis species complex, and seems to be separated from B. dorsalis based on morphological and multilocus phylogenetic studies. Even though the Carambola fruit fly is an important quarantine species and has an impact on international trade, knowledge of the molecular ecology of B. carambolae, concerning species status and pest management aspects, is lacking. Seven populations sampled from the known geographical areas of B. carambolae including Southeast Asia (i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand) and South America (i.e., Suriname), were genotyped using eight microsatellite DNA markers. Genetic variation, genetic structure, and genetic network among populations illustrated that the Suriname samples were genetically differentiated from Southeast Asian populations. The genetic network revealed that samples from West Sumatra (Pekanbaru, PK) and Java (Jakarta, JK) were presumably the source populations of B. carambolae in Suriname, which was congruent with human migration records between the two continents. Additionally, three populations of B. dorsalis were included to better understand the species boundary. The genetic structure between the two species was significantly separated and approximately 11% of total individuals were detected as admixed (0.100 ≤ Q ≤ 0.900). The genetic network showed connections between B. carambolae and B. dorsalis groups throughout Depok (DP), JK, and Nakhon Sri Thammarat (NT) populations. These data supported the hypothesis that the reproductive isolation between the two species may be leaky. Although the morphology and monophyly of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences in previous studies showed discrete entities, the hypothesis of semipermeable boundaries may not be rejected. Alleles at microsatellite loci could be introgressed rather than other nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Bactrocera carambolae may be an incipient rather than a distinct species of B. dorsalis. Regarding the pest management aspect, the genetic sexing Salaya5 strain (SY5) was included for comparison with wild populations. The SY5 strain was genetically assigned to the B. carambolae cluster. Likewise, the genetic network showed that the strain shared greatest genetic similarity to JK, suggesting that SY5 did not divert away from its original genetic makeup. Under laboratory conditions, at least 12 generations apart, selection did not strongly affect genetic compatibility between the strain and wild populations. This knowledge further confirms the potential utilization of the Salaya5 strain in regional programs of area-wide integrated pest management using SIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit-bagging is being used as a pest management tool to control fruit moths on several continents. However, nothing is known about how this physical control method affects population genetics of these moths. Focusing on the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita (= Cydia) molesta ( Busck) ( Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we used five polymorphic microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial gene sequences to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of populations from three fruit-bagged and two unbagged apple orchards in five regions of a major fruit-growing area of China. We sampled each orchard 3× during the season and found high genetic diversity in the samples of populations collected. Populations from fruit-bagged and unbagged orchards were genetically significantly differentiated, indicating a clear effect of the pest management method applied. Genetic structures of the populations under a given management regime changed in the course of the season in a characteristic manner, and within the same regime, patterns were always similar at a given sampling time. There was no significant isolation by geographical distance. Population genetics from both orchard types did not resemble one another at the beginning of the season, but they did rather at the end. Potential reasons for this unexpected direction of change in population genetic structure are discussed, and we hypothesize that diapause-related characteristics may account for the patterns observed. The current study documents that pest management methods applied can have an important impact on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of targeted pest insect populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) is among the most destructive fruit fly pests of the genus Bactrocera. This species infests 62 species of plants belonging 30 families, many of which are commercially important. In this study, the genetic structure, diversity and demographic history of B. correcta in Thailand were inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences. High genetic diversity was recorded in the 171 samples collected from 15 locations. This was due largely to the existence of two divergent lineages (I, II) revealed by median joining (MJ) network analysis. Genetic structure analysis revealed an overall low level of genetic differentiation between populations suggesting that the flies can move freely across geographic regions. Because the host plants are commonly grown in Thailand, continuity of habitats is the factor most likely responsible for the genetic homogeneity. In addition, the recent population history could also be a factor that contributed to the overall low level of the genetic structure. Mismatch distribution analysis as well as Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests detected evidence of recent demographic expansion dating back to the end of the last glaciations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a pest of small fruits and cherries, and has also been noted to infest a variety of wild, ornamental, and uncultivated hosts. Identifying alternative hosts is critical for pest management. Research objectives were to: 1) survey fruits in the field for natural infestation of D. suzukii, 2) determine the susceptibility of fruits in laboratory no-choice studies, and 3) evaluate short-range preference between simultaneously ripe alternative hosts and cultivated fruits in laboratory choice studies. Field surveys identified new hosts or confirmed previously reported hosts including: Berberis aquifolium Pursh, Oregon grape; Cornus spp., dogwood; Cotoneaster lacteus W.W. Smith, milkflower cotoneaster; Elaeagnus umbellata Thunberg, Autumn olive; Frangula purshiana (de Candolle) A. Gray, cascara buckthorn; Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, spicebush; Lonicera caerulea L., blue honeysuckle; Morus sp., mulberry; Phytolacca americana L., pokeweed; Prunus avium (L.) L., wild cherry; Prunus laurocerasus L., cherry laurel; Prunus lusitanica L., Portuguese laurel; Rubus armeniacus Focke, Himalaya blackberry; Rubus spectabilis Pursh, salmonberry; Sambucus nigra L., black elderberry; Sarcococca confusa Sealy, sweet box; Solanum dulcamara L., bittersweet nightshade; and Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake, snowberry. High fruit infestations were observed in S. confusa during April–May and Lonicera spp. in June before most commercial fruits ripen. From both field and laboratory studies, there was no evidence of susceptibility during the estimated ripe period Crataegus L. ‘Autumn Glory,’ hawthorn; Ilex crenata Thunberg, Japanese holly; Nandina domestica Thunberg, sacred bamboo; Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunberg) Makino, yeddo hawthorne; Rosa acicularis Lindley, prickly rose; Skimmia japonica Thunberg, Japanese skimmia; and Viburnum davidii Franchet, David’s viburnum. Lastly, laboratory choice tests identified that several fall-ripening alternative hosts were more susceptible than ‘Pinot noir’ or ‘Pinot gris’ wine grapes. By understanding host use, growers can identify high-risk areas where coordinated action may reduce infestation of D. suzukii in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Canadian Entomologist is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Use of predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens as biocontrol agents in pome fruit production can lead to more efficient and sustainable pest management programmes. The European earwig ( Forficula auricularia Linnaeus [Dermaptera: Forficulidae]) is a major predator of key pests in pome fruit orchards, and entomopathogenic nematodes ( EPNs) of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are obligate parasites of a large number of insect species. Therefore, the interaction between earwigs and EPNs can play an important role in pest management programmes. Susceptibility of the European earwig to Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae) was evaluated. S. carpocapsae was the only tested EPN capable of killing the European earwig. However, the European earwig can detect the presence of S. carpocapsae and therefore avoid nematode-treated shelters. An earwig deterrent activity in EPN-killed codling moth larvae that reduces the foraging of European earwig on insect cadavers containing nematodes and allows nematodes to complete their life cycle was also assessed with the three species of nematodes. These findings suggest a positive compatibility between the European earwig and EPNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manageD. suzukiiinfestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition byD. suzukiifemales or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immatureD. suzukiiin raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy forD. suzukii. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A mechanistic, dynamic model was developed to predict infection of loquat fruit by conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae, the causal agent of loquat scab. The model simulates scab infection periods and their severity through the sub-processes of spore dispersal, infection, and latency (i.e., the state variables); change from one state to the following one depends on environmental conditions and on processes described by mathematical equations. Equations were developed using published data on F. eriobotryae mycelium growth, conidial germination, infection, and conidial dispersion pattern. The model was then validated by comparing model output with three independent data sets. The model accurately predicts the occurrence and severity of infection periods as well as the progress of loquat scab incidence on fruit (with concordance correlation coefficients >0.95). Model output agreed with expert assessment of the disease severity in seven loquat-growing seasons. Use of the model for scheduling fungicide applications in loquat orchards may help optimise scab management and reduce fungicide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accurately evaluate gene expression levels and obtain more accurate quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) data, normalization relative to reliable reference gene(s) is required. Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive fruit pest native to East Asia, and recently invaded Europe and North America, the stability of its reference genes have not been previously investigated. In this study, ten candidate reference genes (RPL18, RPS3, AK, EF-1β, TBP, NADH, HSP22, GAPDH, Actin, α-Tubulin), were evaluated for their suitability as normalization genes under different biotic (developmental stage, tissue and population), and abiotic (photoperiod, temperature) conditions. The three statistical approaches (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) and one web-based comprehensive tool (RefFinder) were used to normalize analysis of the ten candidate reference genes identified α-Tubulin, TBP and AK as the most stable candidates, while HSP22 and Actin showed the lowest expression stability. We used three most stable genes (α-Tubulin, TBP and AK) and one unstably expressed gene to analyze the expression of P-glycoprotein in abamectin-resistant and sensitive strains, and the results were similar to reference genes α-Tubulin, TBP and AK, which show good stability, while the result of HSP22 has a certain bias. The three validated reference genes can be widely used for quantification of target gene expression with qRT-PCR technology in D.suzukii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing restrictions on chemical pesticide use in orchards have encouraged the use of alternative strategies to control the northern strain of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Some of these strategies target larvae as they emerge from fruit, so existing models for larval emergence from fruit were evaluated for accuracy while examining the effect of multiple larvae and fruit type on emergence timing. Larval head width growth rate was established and used to gauge larval development. Larval emergence timing, quantified as degree-days (base 11.1°C), was recorded in tart cherries on trees, and emergence timing was recorded in multiple apple varieties both in cyclical field conditions and in constant laboratory conditions. Ovipositing females and fruit were isolated, so larvae in a fruit were all siblings. Adult emergences from pupation in soil were recorded in the laboratory and compared with existing model predictions. Model predictions did not accurately reflect the timing of larval or adult emergence, and future incorporation of factors that could improve models are discussed. Colder conditions and changing host fruit type had no significant effect on larval emergence timing but changing host fruit type correlated with a shorter pupation interval. Results suggested that females preferred to oviposit on multiple fruit rather than lay multiple eggs in one fruit. Higher numbers of larvae per fruit did not significantly alter the timing of first larval emergence, although more larvae per fruit resulted in a significantly longer emergence period in apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phytosanitary treatments are required to disinfest quarantine pests and pathogens in agricultural commodities. Gray mold in fruit is caused by Botrytis cinerea, which is one of the major postharvest pathogen of apple and pear. Irradiation treatment is a viable alternative for phytosanitary purposes and a useful nonchemical method for controlling pests and postharvest pathogens. An irradiation dose of over 0.4kGy is used for the control of insects and fungal disease in fresh fruit, but a loss of firmness occurs. Combined treatments are needed to reduce the irradiation dose in phytosanitary irradiation processing. This study focuses on the application of combined treatments to reduce the loss of fruit quality when fresh fruit is irradiated for phytosanitary purposes. Comparing the antifungal activity against B. cinerea, while gamma irradiation showed no antifungal activity at a dose of 1.0kGy, combined treatments (nano Ag particle, nano-sized silica silver) at a dose of 1.0kGy showed the strongest antifungal activity. This study demonstrates the synergistic impacts of combined treatments in phytosanitary irradiation processing. Taken together, the combined treatments may affect reduction of fruit injury that occurred with irradiation only, meaning that the use of combined treatments with gamma irradiation is significantly effective for the preservation of fruit quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The incidence of superparasitism in field populations of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), a solitary larval–pupal endoparasitoid, attacking Anastrepha fruit fly species was determined. From 14,550 fruit fly larvae infesting mango fruits in the field, 68.9% (10,038) survived to the pupal stage. Of these pupae, 3780 (37.7%) were parasitized, of which 2075 (54.9%) were superparasitized. The number of oviposition scars per pupa ranged between 1 and 29, although high numbers were rare. The presence of one or two scars per host was frequent, but only 8.6% of pupae had more than three scars. Fruit size was positively related to the level of infestation by Anastrepha spp. and was significantly correlated with the numbers of parasitized and superparasitized pupae by D. longicaudata. The length and width of host pupae were positively related to superparasitism, and superparasitism was positively correlated with a sex ratio biased toward females. Our data show that superparasitism is present in natural populations of D. longicaudata at remarkable rates and confers some advantageous features such as a female-biased sex ratio. These findings favor the election of this species as a viable biocontrol agent for augmentative releases because the favorable proportion of adult females emerging from superparasitized pupa should contribute to better pest control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: The neonicotinoid class of insecticides is a key component of pest management strategies used by stone fruit producers in Europe. Neonicotinoids are currently one of the most important tools for control of the peach-potato aphid ( Myzus persicae). Overreliance on neonicotinoids has led to the development of resistance through a combination of metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms in individual aphids. A resistance monitoring project was conducted by Syngenta in 2010 to determine the resistance status of M. persicae populations collected from France and Spain, and to determine the frequency of the target-site mutation in those populations. RESULTS: Resistance monitoring suggests that resistance to neonicotinoids is relatively widespread in populations of M. persicae collected from peach orchards in the Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur and Rhone-Alpes regions of France, and resistance can be associated with the frequency of the target-site mutation (R81T). The R81T mutation in its heterozygous form is also present in Spanish populations and is associated with neonicotinoid resistance. CONCLUSION: The widespread nature of neonicotinoid resistance in southern France and the potential for resistance development in northern Spain highlight the need for a coordinated management strategy employing insecticides with different modes of action to reduce the selection pressure with neonicotinoids. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering companion plants provide nectar, pollen, alternative prey, shelter, and overwintering habitat for arthropod natural enemies and thus might increase their abundance and efficacy in pest control in agricultural fields. We report the results of a 6-year study on the effects of annual and perennial flowering herbs sown in alleys of an apple orchard on phytophagous and predacious mites, leafminer moths and their parasitoids and on pests causing fruit injury. Plots with weed-free bare ground and with regularly mowed grass served as controls. The abundance and diversity of predatory phytoseiid mites increased in the presence of flowering ground cover plants. However, this positive effect on phytoseiids was confined only to spring and autumn and intraguild predation (Typhlodromus pyri gradually displaced Amblyseius andersoni in the presence of flowers) also constrained their enhancement. Spider mites’ (Tetranychidae) abundance was low in all years and did not increase with the alley herb coverage. Incidence of the leafminer Leucoptera malifoliella was similar among the treatments despite the higher parasitism rate and parasitoid diversity in the plot with flowering herbs. We demonstrated that in the presence of flowering ground cover plants, the sex ratio of eulophid parasitoids' (mainly Chrysocharis pentheus) reared from L. malifoliella larvae and pupae shifted towards a male bias. Ground cover management had no effect on fruit injury caused by codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana) and on the percentage of apples without insect damage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oystershell scale, Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis, is a pest of fruit crops in Otago and Canterbury that is well controlled within orchards but becomes a problem at harvest due to invasion from external host trees. Its major pest status on export crops comes from its being indistinguishable on harvested fruit from the critical quarantine pest San Jose scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus. Oystershell scale has a wide host range which includes trees frequently used as orchard shelter. The distribution of oystershell scale in apples adjacent to an infested shelter belt was investigated in Otago in 1995-96. Apple infestation was >90% next to the shelter and declined linearly to <1% 64 m away. The slope of this linear regression was similar on four cultivars of apple but infestation increased substantially from early- to late-harvested cultivars. The phenology of oystershell scale on apples in 1998-2000 was found to precede that on a range of other hosts, which extended the period of risk of fruit infestation by crawlers from December to April each year. Experiments were conducted in 1999-2000 on control of oystershell scale on a range of infested shelter trees using a vertical boom sprayer. Sprays timed for control of adult males and females in spring provided only a short-term reduction of winged males in sticky traps and failed to reduce crawler production and dispersal as measured by sticky bands and traps on tree branches. On the other hand, sprays timed for control of crawlers in mid-summer were effective in greatly reducing catches of crawlers. The options for management of oystershell scale on alternative hosts, particularly shelter, are discussed in relation to phenology, crop invasion by crawlers, host resistance and spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oystershell scale, Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis, is a pest of fruit crops in Otago and Canterbury. Spray programmes provide effective control of this pest in apple orchards but invasion of the crop from external host plants causes fruit infestation. Alternative hosts include deciduous tree species, many of which are used as orchard shelter belts. The abundance of oystershell scale was recorded on a range of deciduous and evergreen tree species in Otago in 1999-2000 as part of experiments on the management of oystershell scale on shelter. Scale insects on the trees were either counted during timed searches or scale crawlers were trapped and counted on sticky bands. Experimental design did not permit rigorous statistical analysis but the data indicated the potential susceptibility or resistance of the trees to oystershell scale. The majority of Betula, Alnus and Sorbus species studied were susceptible but resistance was indicated in B. papyrifera selections and B. platyphylla japonica. The hornbeam, Carpinus betulus, appeared resistant and no oystershell scale insects were found on any of the conifers studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic-nose instrumentation has advanced rapidly during the past decade, as the need for highly sensitive, fast and accurate analytical measurements have considerably stimulated the interest in developing these sensors as diagnostic tools. Given that the pathogen-induced plant responses also include changes in emission of volatiles, the electronic-nose may represent a powerful and operator-friendly alternative for rapid and reliable screening of asymptomatic plant material. In the present study, the electronic nose EOS835 (Sacmi, Imola, Italy), based on metal oxide semiconductors, was used. EOS835 was able to detect asymptomatic apple and pear plants experimentally infected with Erwinia amylovora (fire blight). The electronic nose was also successfully tested for discriminating Botrytis and Sclerotinia rots on both green and yellow kiwifruits. Even if the electronic-nose can be successfully used in experimental conditions for early diagnosis of both pre- and post-harvest diseases, its practical application in open fields, nurseries and packing houses still requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nearctic eastern cherry fruit fly species Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) (Dipt., Tephritidae) has been detected several times in different European countries during the last decades. This species as well as Rhagoletis indifferens (Curran) are major pests of cultivated cherries in North America and are classified as quarantine pests in Europe. The introduction and establishment of both species could result in severe problems for Austrian cherry production due to additional infestation pressure caused by overlapping developmental cycles of American and native cherry fruit flies. A survey of both non-European cherry fruit fly species was carried out during the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at eleven sampling sites in the eastern part of Austria. Pherocon® AM yellow sticky traps were installed in cherry trees and replaced at weekly or fortnightly intervals. Identification of the cherry fruit flies caught was based on morphological characteristics. Two specimens of R. cingulata were caught in 2007 in different weeks and at different locations while none were caught in 2008. R. indifferens was not detected at all. While it is possible that these specimens originate from established populations with low densities, it is more likely that the catches derived from accidental introductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major pest of commercial olives worldwide. Various aspects of its biology, ecology; management, and impact on olive production are highlighted. With the discovery of insecticidal resistance in some populations frequently treated with organophosphates, old and new control options are being investigated. The potential of biological control is examined. Surveys suggest that a small group of braconids in the Opiinae subfamily best represent the primary parasitoids attacking olive fruit fly in its native range. These species include Psyttalia lounsburyi, P dacicida, P concolor, P ponerophaga, and Utetes africanus. Britcon celer, another braconid but in the Braconinae subfamily, is also reared from the fruit fly in its native range. The potential of these and other natural enemies is discussed with respect to olive fruit fly biology, commercial olive production, and biological constraints that may limit their success. We suggest that numerous species exist that should be further investigated as control agents for olive fruit fly in the many climatic regimes where the pest is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-residue method for determining 81 pesticides and metabolite residues in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with electrospray ionization was developed. Pesticide residues were extracted from samples with acetone. Macroporous diatomaceous earth column was used instead of the separatory funnel for liquid/liquid extraction. Ethyl acetate was used as eluting solvent for diatomaceous earth column. This sample preparation technique by diatomaceous earth column was easy, fast and environment-friendly. It can reduce the sample preparation time and solvent consumption as well as eliminate the emulsion problem. Eighty-one analytes of different chemical families of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators and 4 pesticide metabolites were determined in a single 25 min LC/MS/MS run. The pesticides were separated on an Atlantis T3 column using a gradient elution. Data acquisition under MS/MS for every pesticide or metabolite was achieved by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of two fragment ion transitions to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for both quantification and confirmation. A total of 162 MRM transitions were monitored. The standard addition was employed to compensate for the matrix effects to achieve the maximum accuracy of the LC/MS/MS method. Vegetable (bok choy) and fruit samples (grape or orange) were fortified with pesticides of low (0.05 or 0.1 ppm) and high (0.5 ppm) levels, and the triplicate results showed satisfactory recoveries and repeatability. The recoveries for most pesticides ranged from 70 to 120% and the coefficients of variation of all pesticides were below 25% in all matrices. The developed method, compared with traditional GC or LC method, showed less time-consumption and higher sensitivity. The proposed method is considered satisfactory for routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regions with a humid summer climate, the use of water-soluble bait to control apple maggot is often limited by rainfall. We studied increasing the rainfastness of CF-120 fruit fly bait by adding paraffin wax emulsion. First, we verified that adding 10% wax to a mixture containing 16,7% GF-120 did not reduce the mortality of female apple maggot compared with GF-120 without wax. In addition, we determined that fly mortality caused by GF-120 plus wax subjected to simulated rain was similar to that caused by GF-120 without wax not subjected to rain. Other assays showed that higher fly mortality resulted from increasing the proportion of wax from 10 to 15%, and lower mortality resulted from decreasing GF-120 from 16.7 to 10 or 5%. The availability of spinosad on or near droplets of a mixture consisting of 5, 10, or 15% GF-120 and 15% wax was determined before and after the droplets were subjected to three 15-mm periods of simulated rain. We found an initial steep decline in dislodgeable spinosad and smaller decreases after subsequent periods of rain. In a small-plot field trial, fruit infestation by apple maggot in plots treated with a mixture consisting of 16.7% GF-120 and 19.2% wax was less than in plots treated with 16.7% GF-120 without wax but not less than in control plots. Overall, we found that adding paraffin wax emulsion to GF-120 increased rainfastness in laboratory bioassays, and specifically that it retained the active ingredient spinosad. However, our field data suggest that optimal rainfastness requires the development of mixtures with >19.2% wax, which may preclude application using standard spray equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Five formulations of controlled release, polyethylene tube dispensers of pheromone were evaluated during three field seasons for disruption of codling moth, Cydia poinonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Evaluations were conducted in replicated 4-ha plots of commercial apple in Michigan. Disruption of both C. pomonella and C. nwlesta male orientation to pheromone traps in plots treated with a dual-species formulation (Isomate CM/OFM TT), simultaneously releasing the pheromone components of both C. pomonella and G. inolesta, was equivalent to that obtained by treating plots with separate formulations for each species (Isomate C Plus or Isomate C TI' for C. pomonella and Isomate M Rosso for C. molesta) through mid-season. However, disruption efficacy of the dual-species formulation was significantly lower near the end of the season for G. molesta compared with the Isomate M Rosso formulation because of depletion of active ingredients and coincided with a slight increase in fruit injury. Effective disruption of C. ponionella and C. molesta also was obtained with a multispecies formulation (Isomate CM/OFM/LR) that releases the main pheromone components of C. pomonella, C. molesta, and several leafroller species. Each formulation type releasing (E,E) -8,10dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) also was found to release the E,Zand Z,E-isomers of codlemone. Our data provide further evidence that simultaneous disruption of C. pomonella and G. molesta with dispensers releasing both species' pheromone components is possible; however, the controlled release formulations tested here require modification or postponed deployment coupled with early season control by other means to achieve season-long efficacy. Simultaneous disruption of several species with a single formulation will be edonomically advantageous in regions where control of multiple pests is needed given the need for hand application of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes reticulana Hllbner is a major pest of fruit crops, particularly apple and pear, in temperate regions. Pheromonal control of summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes reticulana, by an experimental "attract and kill" formulation were carried out during year 2008 at the Fruit Research Station Cluj, Romania. The experimental product formulated by the researchers of the Chemical Research Institute Raluca Ripan-Romania, contains the pheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth (the sex pheromone is a blend 9:1 of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11 -tetradecenyl acetate) and a synthetic piretroid insecticide (cyfluthrin) in order to be compatible with the attract and kill biotechnique. The experimental product was applied in a rate of 4000 droplets per hectare with a hand operated pump dispenser. Field trial in 2008 of the experimental product was conducted in pear orchard, organized for experimental trials. Field trial in 2008 showed that this environmental friendly strategy can compete with the conventional spray application of insecticides and can provide a good alternative for Adoxophyes reticulana control in integrated pest management and fruit growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retention of spray droplets is influenced by properties of the spray solution such as viscosity, and by the morphology of the target surface. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the retention of emulsions of 1% (v/v) soybean oil with Latron B-1956®, K1™, or Telomer™ (ii) the retention of 1% (v/v) Ballistol™, 1% (v/v) Soy Gold 1000 ™ and 1% (v/v) Soy Gold 2000™ emulsions in water by 'Golden Delicious' apple (Malus pumila Mill.) and 'Red Haven' peach [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] leaves; and (iii) the influence of temperature on the viscosity of the emulsifiers used in soybean oil sprays. The viscosity of all emulsifiers, at all concentrations tested in soybean oil or in their pure form, ranging from 160 28,000 centipoise, declined with increasing temperature. Telomer™ had the greatest viscosity, followed by K1™, Latron B-1956®, and Ballistol™. Retention of soybean oil emulsions by apple and peach leaves was greatest for soybean oil emulsified with K1™ (80 and 74 μg cm[sup-2], respectively), followed by Latron B-1956® (48 and 52 μg cm[sup-2], respectively), and Ballistol™ (38 and 42 μg cm[sup-2], respectively). Soy Gold 1000™ (24 and 28 μg cm[sup2], respectively) and Soy Gold 2000™ (9 and 14 μg cm[sup2], respectively) were retained least by apple and peach leaves. There were no significant differences in soybean oil retention between peach and apple leaves. This study demonstrated that the retention of soybean oil was related to the viscosity of the emulsifier (i.e., the higher the viscosity of the emulsifier, the greater the retention of the soybean oil). We suggest that soybean oil emulsions formulated for pest control would work most effectively with an emulsifier possessing high viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We interviewed half of the mango-growers in northern Benin, including 15 farmers involved in a regional fruit fly project, and held focus group discussions with women fruit-pickers. They were asked about pest management and their knowledge of a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda. All considered low yields due to fruit flies to be the principal constraint upon mango production, estimating economic losses to be between 20 and 45%. None could recognize damage during the first 2 days after fruit fly egg deposition. On-farm research persuaded farmers to stop using insecticides and it also changed negative perceptions of Oecophylla. Over 80% of the farmers involved in on-farm research, compared to 25% of those not involved, reported Oecophylla to be beneficial. All fruit-pickers knew that ants protected mango from fruit flies, with 60% attributing better mango quality in terms of appearance, shelf-life and sweetness to the presence of Oecophylla. Nevertheless, 40% of the pickers still considered weaver ants a nuisance pest during harvest. Ways of reducing this nuisance need to be developed for Oecophylla to gain wider acceptance by mango-growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the potential benefits of a sulfur/propiconazole mixture for the control of propiconazole-resistant isolates. A disease was developed by propiconazole-resistant isolates on detached fruit after protective or curative applications of propiconazole or its mixture with sulfur. According to the result, additive to slightly synergistic effects were observed for the mixture in protective treatments of peaches inoculated with propiconazole-resistant isolates. The addition of elemental sulfur to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide is likely to be a relatively inexpensive means to improve brown rot control in peach production area where reduced sensitivity to DMI fungicides is suspected.

Fruit and leaf shoot of litchi ( Litchi chinensis) infestation by naturally occurring populations of the fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis larvae and C. sinensis parasitization rates were determined in litchi orchards in northern Thailand at high (ca. 1 400 m ASL) and low (ca. 800 m ASL) elevations with different, non-over-lapping fruiting seasons. In addition, spray applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, the natural compound spinosad and the chemical pesticide imidacloprid were conducted in the field to test the effects of these agents on C. sinensis fruit infestation rate. Fruit infestation rate and fruit growth, studied in a low elevation orchard, were sigmoidal and showed a highly significant positive correlation ( P· 0.01). Leaf shoot infestation rate in the low elevation orchard decreased in the course of the fruiting season (March until May), but increased in the high elevation orchard, where no fruits were present within the same period of time. Together, these results indicate that females of C. sinensis clearly prefer fruits over shoots for oviposition. If no fruits are available, which was the case in the high elevation orchard during that time, they are constrained to lay their eggs on shoots. The parasitization rate of C. sinensis larvae in untreated fruits was 54.3%. The parasitoid species were Chelonus chailini (90.8%) and Phanerotoma sp. (9.2%). In the leaf shoots, C. sinensis was found to be parasitized by Phanerotoma sp. and Apanteles briareus. The applications of the different active agents had no significant effect on C. sinensis fruit infestation compared to the untreated control. Besides the cryptic life of the larvae, this is most probably explained by the fact that C. sinensis has several generations during the fruiting season. Because of the high parasitization rates recorded, an alternative and more effective control measure than the application of pesticides might be the augmentative release of parasitoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is the main pest of pip fruits worldwide. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the genetic structure and patterns of movement at local and regional scale, important aspects for establishing a control strategy for this pest. An analysis of genetic variability on six populations of C. pomonella using microsatellite was performed in the two major apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing regions of Central Chile. In spite of geographic distances between some populations (aprox. 180 km), there was little genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.0-0.00097 and GST = 0.005-0.127), without isolation by distance, and high levels of gene flow (Nm ≈ 250). High frequencies of null alleles were found over all loci across populations (Na = 0.292) which seem to explain the significant heterozygote deficiencies found. Approximatelly 98% of the variance was found within individuals and very little at the other hierarchical levels. The high levels of genetic diversity and gene flow detected seem to indicate that the codling moth populations studied in both regions have an almost continuous distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of feeding history on feeding responses of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, to the commercial protein baits GF-120 and Nulure were determined in the laboratory. Flies were kept on 5% sucrose alone or yeast extract and sucrose (Y + S) for 3–7 or 14–16 days and exposed to 24-h-old GF-120 or Nulure drops on artificial leaves. Numbers and durations of feeding events on leaves and durations of non-feeding events were recorded over 1-h periods. Experiments were also conducted to determine effects of Y + S feeding sequences on responses to Nulure, of starvation after sucrose or Y + S feeding on responses to Nulure, and of feeding history on mortality after exposure to GF-120 and Nulure. Protein-deprived flies consistently fed more times on GF-120 and Nulure than protein-fed flies and fed longer. One day of exposure to Y + S or 16 h of starvation after exposure to sucrose caused greater feeding on Nulure than 7 days of exposure to Y + S or 16 h of starvation after exposure to Y + S. Durations of non-feeding events on leaves with sucrose or bait were similar in protein-deprived and -fed flies. Responses of 4- to 6-day-old flies kept on sucrose to 0- and 24-h-old GF-120 or Nulure were similar. More flies kept on sucrose were paralysed or dead at 6–32 h after exposure to GF-120 or Nulure with spinosad than flies kept on Y + S. Results show that complete or long periods of protein deprivation and starvation after sucrose feeding increased feeding responses to GF-120 and Nulure. The general lack of differences in durations of non-feeding events on leaves with sucrose or GF-120 or Nulure in protein-deprived and -fed flies suggests that most protein-deprived flies found baits through chance encounters following normal movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of radiation dose and different release ratios of treated (T) to untreated (U) Cryptophiebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on the incidence of fruit damage, the competitiveness of the treated males, and population growth was examined inside field cages. Navel orange trees were individually enclosed in large nylon mesh cages. Newly emerged adult moths treated with either 150 or 200 Gy of gamma radiation were released into the cages at ratios of 5T:1U or 10T:1U. The fruit was collected after 4 wk, and the number of damaged fruit and larval entries per cage were recorded for each treatment. Infested fruit was maintained in the laboratory until all emerging F1 progeny were collected and outcrossed to untreated moths of the opposite sex. Treatment had a significant effect on the mean number of larval entries and on the number of undamaged fruit per cage. The number of larval entries as well as the number of F1 progeny per cage decreased as the overflooding ratio increased. A significant reduction in egg hatch was observed in the progeny of crosses between F1 females or F1 males originating from the treatment cages compared with crosses of F1 moths originating from the control cages. The lowest mean number of fertile F1 adult females and males was obtained from the 150 Gy and 10T:1U ratio treatment. This treatment also showed the lowest per generation rate of increase (<1 from the parental [P1] to the F1 generation), suggesting that growth in the fertile population would have been prevented if releases of treated moths at this dose and ratio were maintained in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The possibility of inducing resistance to bitter rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), brown rot (Monilinia fructicola), and green mold (Penicillium digitatum) in apples, peaches, and tangerines, respectively, by treating them with ultraviolet light-C (UV-C light) at the stem end in a stationary position without rotation was investigated. This approach was compared with the conventional procedure where fruits were rotated four times, thereby exposing the entire surface area to the full effects of the UV-C light. Results revealed that when the stem ends of apples, peaches, and tangerines were exposed in a stationary position to dosages of 7.5, 7.5 and 1.3kJm−2 of UV-C light, respectively, induced host resistance to postharvest decay which was equal to, or slightly better than when fruits were rotated four different times. When fruits were rotated, exposing only one or two different sides to UV-C light, the percent infection appeared to increase, compared to treating only the stem ends or when fruits were rotated four times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), is a pest of many rosaceous temperate fruits, including pomes, Malus spp., and stone fruits, Prunus spp., in much of the world. However, some areas are free of the pest, and shipments of fruit hosts from infested to noninfested areas may be regulated. Current quarantine treatments for oriental fruit moth include methyl bromide fumigation and cold storage for several weeks. Methyl bromide use is being restricted because it is a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance, and alternatives are sought. Cold is not tolerated by many hosts of oriental fruit moth. The objective of this research was to develop irradiation quarantine treatments against the pest under ambient and hypoxic storage conditions because some hosts of oriental fruit moth are stored in hypoxic atmospheres, and hypoxia is known to lessen the effects of irradiation. In ambient atmospheres, no adults emerged from 58,779 fifth instars (the most radiotolerant stage present in fruit) irradiated with a target dose of 200 Gy (195-232 Gy measured). In atmospheres flushed with nitrogen, 5.3% of adults emerged from 44,050 fifth instars irradiated with a target dose of 200 Gy (194-230 Gy measured), but they died at a faster rate than control adults and without laying eggs. A dose of 232 Gy (the maximum recorded when 200 Gy was targeted) is recommended to disinfest any fruit of oriental fruit moth under ambient and hypoxic atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the factors influencing the direction of fruit disease management programs. Models of disease forecasting used in disease management programs; Instruments that monitor the occurrence of disease in fruits; Development of fungicide resistance in fruits.

Presents information on a study investigating the efficacy of polyoxin and Bacillus suptilis products to control post-harvest diseases on longan fruits. Background information on the study; Materials and methods used in the study; Effect of microbial metabolites on fruit rot caused by Botryodipladia.