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During cultivation, wheat is exposed to several abiotic and/or biotic stress conditions that may adversely impact the wheat yield and quality. The impact of abiotic stress caused by nitrogen deficiency and biotic stress caused by phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium culmorum on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf of nine winter wheat varieties (Ficko, U-1, Galloper, BC Mandica, BC Opsesija, Ingenio, Isengrain, Felix, and Bezostaya-1) was analyzed in this study. Hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level were measured as indicators of oxidative stress, while the antioxidant response was determined by measuring the concentration of phenolic compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Wheat variety and nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on all examined biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf, while the impact of Fusarium treatment was less pronounced. The most significant impact on the measured stress biomarkers had a low nitrogen level, which mainly increased hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in most varieties. The obtained results were discussed and compared with the previous study in which biochemical analyzes were performed on the wheat spike. There was no significant strong correlation between flag leaf and spike response in the measured parameters, which, in addition to the variety-specific response, also indicates a tissue-specific antioxidant response.

Various soil tillage systems leave different amount of plant residue on the soil surface and have different effects on diseases. Since many plant pathogens can survive on plant debris the soil tillage system affect the amount of inoculum. The aim of our research was to determine the impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization treatments on the occurrence of Fusarium species on the wheat grain. The field experiment was set at the Magadenovac site from September 2013 to June 2014, having five variants of tillage (CT - conventional tillage treatment, SS - subsoiling, DH- disk harowing, CH - chiseling and NT - no-till treatment) treatments and three variants of nitrogen fertilization treatments (N1 – amount reduced by 50% according recommendation ; N2 – according to standard recommendation and N3 – amount increased by 50% according recommendation). The presence of Fusarium species was determined in all tested variants of tillage and fertilization treatments. During the fertilization with reduced amount of nitrogen, the infection with Fusarium species was statistically reduced in comparison with other nitrogen treatments in almost all variants of tillage treatments (CT, DH and NT). During the fertilization that had an increased amount of nitrogen, the greatest number of grain infection was determined in the disk harowing and subsoiling variants.

During two years period (2008 and 2009) effect of tillage and fertilization on fungal infection of wheat grain was examined. Research of different soil tillage was conducted at marsh gley (hipogley) hydromeliorated soil type in eastern Croatia. Twelve fungal genera were determined: Fusarium, Alternaria Cladosporium, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Septoria, Helminthosporium, Acremonium Trichotecium, Gonatobotrys, Mucor and Aspergillus. Regardless of the year, tillage and fertilization, majority of fungi were from Alternaria genus, but there were not significant differences in incidence of Alternaria sp. between treatments. A significantly higher grain contamination with Fusarium sp. was found in the no-tillage system in 2008 and reduced system tillage in 2009. Nitrogen fertilization treatments did not significant influenced of the fungal populations.

Wheat ears can be infected with Fusarium graminearum from flowering till the end of vegetation. Reduction in yield quantity and quality depends on the infection time, genotype susceptibility, Fusarium species and isolate pathogenicity. This experiment was performed on 24 wheat genotypes planted on trial fields of the Agricultural Institute Osijek. Artifical infection of wheat ears was done in three different time frames: at full flowering (when 50% of flowers are flowering), end of flowering and 8 days after the end of flowering. After the ears were harvested we determined TKW, percentage of infected grains, their germination and DON contamination. For all genotypes, the highest reduction of TKW (14.86 - 43.49%) was observed after infection at full flowering. When infection was done at the end of flowering reduction in TKW was between 6.5 and 28.92%, and after third infection it was between 0.93 and 19.41%. Percentage of infected grains was the highest and their germination the lowest with the early infected grains. We also determined statistically important differences in susceptibility of genotypes on Fusarium ear blight regardless of time of infection. With the most genotypes we did not determine statistically significant differences between DON content and infection time.

F. graminearum, predominant Fusarium species on wheat in Croatia, produce several mycotoxins of which deoxynivalenol (DON) is most frequantly found in wheat grains and flour. Food and feed contaminated by mycotoxins represent health risks for humans and animals. Fourteen isolates of Fusarium graminearum were investigated for their pathogenicity on wheat ears as well as for deoxynivalenol production. DON were detected in all 14 samples at concentrations ranging from 2.51 to 12.14 mg kg-1.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium ear rot (FER) are very important diseases in all wheat and maize grown areas all over the world. Several Fusarium species may be associated with this diseases, including species that are potentially toxigenic. A total of 1632 wheat grain samples and 937 maize grain samples were collected and analyzed from 1996 to 2006. Nine Fusarium species were isolated from wheat grains and six from maize grains. The most frequent species on wheat grains was Fusarium graminearum (49.17%) and the most frequent species on maize grains was Fusarium verticillioides (43.75%).

Root rot of winter wheat caused by Fusarium species are common wide spread disease in Croatia. Six winter wheat cultivars were sowed during three yaers (2000-2002) on 25th September, 15th October and 1st November at the location of Osijek. Wheat root and basal stem evaluation was done in tillering and stem elongation in all growing seasons. If comparing average values of examined cultivars, planting years and dates, as well as planting density, there were significant differences in occurrence of Fusarium root rot observed at the tillering and stem elongation. Environmental factors favor occurence of Fusarium spp. on wheat root. The least intense occurrence of Fusarium root rot within both development stages was observed on wheat sowed on 25th September in the least planting density. The highest percentage of Fusarium root rot occurred on the cv. Golubica, and the least occurrence on cv. Srpanjka.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity of 10 winter wheat cultivars (Zitarka, Srpanjka, Super Zitarka, Barbara, Golubica, Janica, Panonka, Alka, Osk. 87/03, Osk. 266/03) and the accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) after artificial infection in field with a strain of F. culmorum have been investigated. The wheat heads (the plot size was 7.56 m2) were sprayed at mid-anthesis with a hand sprayer, assuring that all spikelets were exposed to the inoculum. Inoculated heads were covered with PVC bags for 24 hours to ensure high relative humidity. The evaluation of macroscopically visible infection on field was completed at milking stage, being evaluated from 0 to 5 according to the Tomasovic scale (1987). Based on the number of infected heads and on the disease intensity on each head, the disease index was calculated according to McKinney (1923). Upon harvesting, the samples were taken for the purpose of laboratory analyses (to obtain percentage and germination of infected grains) and the DON content analysis. The content of DON was determined by immunoaffinity column (DONPREP column ; R-BIOPHARM RHONE LTD) cleanup followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The disease index was between 17.27 and 36.47. The percentage of infected grains was between 40.83% and 60.17%. Of the total number of infected grains, percentage of grains that exhibited symptoms was from 44.38% to 56.89%. Germination of infected grains (either with or without symptoms) was very low, being from 14.75% and 24.50%. The DON content in the analysed samples was from 1.138 to 2.476 mg/kg. A good correlation between FHB disease index and DON contamination was observed when the regression analysis was performed on all tested cultivars with correlation coefficient r = 0.972. This result is in agreement with previous data indicating that the severity of FHB can be used as useful indicator of grain contamination by DON.

F. graminearum Schw. (Gibberella zaeae (Schw.) Petch) is spread in all wheat, barley and maize growing areas (Kommedahl et al. 1979, Hill et al. 1983, Leslie et al. 1990, Diaz de Ackermann et al. 1996, Chakaeva 2000, Kryuchkova et al. 2002), and in Croatia it is a dominant agent of root rot and head blight of wheat and barley (Tomasovic 1993, Cosic 1997, Jurkovic et al. 1998). Isolations of F. graminearum were made from wheat, barley, maize and 7 weed species (Cirsium arvense, Amaranthus hybridus, Daucus carota, Urtica dioica, Sorghum halepense, Lamium purpureum, Capsella bursa-pastoris) collected during a nine-year period (1996-2004) from ten locations in Croatia. A total of 50 isolates of F. graminearum were used in testing their pathogenicity to wheat seedlings (cv. Demetra). Pathogenicity test was performed on 23 isolates from wheat (14 from grains, 9 from debris), 2 isolates from barley grains, 11 isolates from maize (2 from grains, 1 isolate from stem, 8 from debris) and 14 isolates from weeds (3 isolate from C. bursa-pastoris and S. halepense, 2 isolates from U. dioica, A. hybridus and C. arvense, 1 isolate from L. purpureum and D. carota). Procedure was described by Mesterhazy (1978). It is known that all isolates of one Fusarium species do not exhibit the same degree of pathogenicity to one particular plant species, nonetheless to several different hosts. During our researches, it was determined that the majority of investigated isolates were very to extremely pathogenic to wheat seedlings, and only few isolates were classified as being of middle pathogenicity. Pathogenicity test showed that isolates from weeds were equally pathogenic to wheat seedlings as the isolates from cultivated plants. Germination of wheat grains infected with isolates from weeds was 40% - 70%. Of the total number of germinated grains, there was the germ root necrosis determined in 33.33% - 72.22% of cases.

Fusarium head blight of small grain cereals is an important disease occuring across a broad range of environmental conditions. Several Fusarium species may be associated with the disease, including species that are potentially toxigenic. During the harvest, shrivled infected grains that are light enough to be eliminated from the combine harvester cause direct yield loss. The grains that are less severely infected are lighter that uninfected grains and affect the « ; thousand kernel weight» ; . The objectives of our study were to estimate occurence of Fusarium species on wheat and barley grains and evaluate the influence of Fusarium species on yield and thousand kernel weight. A total of 1352 winter wheat samples and 494 barley samples were collected and analyzed from 1998 to 2005. Eight Fusarium species were isolated from wheat grains and seven from barley grains. The most frequent species on wheat and barley grains was F. graminearum Schw. (52.66% and 39.87% respectively). According to its occurence on wheat grains, F. graminearum was followed by F. moniliforme Sheld. (16.35%), F. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (13.68%), F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. (6.88%), F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. (3.85%), F. poae (Peck) Wollenw. (3.40%), F. sporotrichioides Sherb. (2.00%) and F. oxysporum Schlecht emend. Snyd. & Hans. (1.18%). On barley grains except F. graminearum the following Fusarium species were isolated: F. moniliforme (16.35%), F. subglutinans (17.00%), F. avenaceum (11.34%), F. poae (4.25%), F. oxysporum (3.85%) and F. sporotrichioides (3.04%). Isolates of F. graminearum were the most pathogenic to wheat and barley grains. Depending on isolates, percentage of infected seeds was between 63.50 and 87.75%. Out of a total of infected seeds, only 30.05 to 49.77% germinated. Weight of 1000 seeds was reduced from 35.05 to 55.00%, if compared to control.

Wheat seed is a good media for development numerous saprophitic and parasite fungi (Snijders 1990, Ćosić 1997, Popović 1999). In most of the cases wheat seed is infected or contaminated at open field during growing season, but less often while it is stored in a warehouse. Diseased seed have a lower germination energy, ability of germination, or does not germinate. Of considerable importance is the fact that such seed will be a source of inoculum for following vegetation. That is why seed-processing and fungicide treatment before sowing are very important although total micopopulation cannot be eliminated by the treatment (Cunfer 1976, Mesterhazy 1996). To determine micopopulation of treated seed of eight cultivars, 1297 seed smaples colected over six years were examined by using deep- freezing method (ISTA method) and isolations on the standard PDA media. In more than 93.06% of all inspected samples at least one seed was infected or contaminated by one of fungi species. The prevalence seedborne parasitic fungi on wheat seed was from Fusarium genera: F. graminearum Schw., F. moniliforme Sheld., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc, F. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallett. In the group of weak parasite species and saprophites the most dominant was Alternaria tenuis C.G. Nees. Other fungi species, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link ex S.F. Gray, Trichothecium roseum Link, Epicoccum purpurascens Ehreub. ex Schlecht, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Rhizopus spp. were established on a smaller number of samples with a relative low rate of infection.

Fusarium genera is wide-spread and well-known for its large number of pathogenic species known to be pathogenic agents to plants in different agroclimatic areas (Booth 1971, Nelson et al.1983). Fusarium species play an important role in diesease etiology with regard to wheat and barley ears and ears of maize (Atanasoff 1923., Jurković 1981., Wilcoxon 1988, Logrieco et al., 1995, Clear et al. 1996, Dubin et al. 1996, Ćosić 1997, Vigier et al. 1997, Chakaeva 2000). During a four year period (1997-2000) wheat and barley ears as well as ears of maize were collected from seven sites in eastern part of Slavonia and Baranya. In our laboratory they were manually ginned in order to obtain standardized samples for analysis. After surface-sterilization and development of basic, isolates of Fusarium spp. were subcultured on PDA and CLA using NUV light under a 12h dark/light regime. Seven species were isolated from grains of wheat, five from barley grains and three from maize grains. The dominant species on grains of wheat and barley was Fusarium graminearum Schw. (51.08% out of 785 isolates from grains of wheat, 71.37% out of 227 isolates from barley grains). F. moniliforme was the most dominant on maize grains (46.74% out of 582 isolates). According to its occurence, F. graminearum was followed by F. moniliforme Sheld. (20, 38%), F. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (9.05%), F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. (12, 61%), Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallett (3.44%), F. poae (Peck) Wollenw. (1.91%) and F. solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw. emend. Snyd. & Hans. (1.53%). On barley grains F. moniliforme (13.65%), F. subglutinans (6.61%), F. avenaceum (6.61%) and F. poae (Peck) Wollenw. (1.76%) were determined. According to its presence on maize grain, F. moniliforme was followed by F. subglutinans (32.47%) and F. graminearum (20.79%). All determined Fusarium species produce mycotoxines which may cause great problems both for human and animal health. In the Republic of Croatia none tolerances have been prescribed yet for certain mycotoxines. Respectively, their level has not been measured in food (Jurjević, Cvjetković 2000).

Root and stalk rot of winter wheat caused by Fusarium species are common wide spread diseases in the eastern part of the Republic of Croatia. Over the two year period of research carried out on ten genotypes suffering from these disease Fusarium graminearum Schw. was identified as principal parasite both in root and stalk of wheat. Other possible Fusarium species (F. nivale (fr.)Ces.= Microdochium nivale (Fries) Sammuels and Hallet, F. moniliforme Sheld., F. avenaceum (Corda ex Fr.) Sacc., F. subglutinans (Wollenw. and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun and Marasas, F. solani (Mart.)Sacc. and Fusarium spp.) occured less. The lowest percentage of infested plants was found at the tillering stages, whereas the highest one at the stem elongation stages. At the inflorescence stages, the percentage of infection was somewhat lower without major changes at milk development stages. The differences in genotypes tolerance were not found.

Root and stalk root of winter wheat caused by Fusarium species are common wide spread disease in Eastern part Republic of Croatia. Over two year period of research carried out on ten genotypes suffering of these disease Fusarium graminearum Schw. was identified as principal parasite both in root and stalk of wheat. Other Fusarium species (F. nivale (Fr.) Ces. = Microdochium nivale (Fries) Sammuels and Hallett, F. moniliforme Sheld., F. avenaceum (Corda ex Fr.) Sacc. and Fusarium spp.) occured less. The lowest percentage of infested plants was found at the tillering stage, whereas the highest one at the forking stage. As the ear formating stage, the percentage of infection was somewhat lower without major changes at milk stage. The differences in genotypes tolerance were not found.

Cilj ovog rada bio je pratiti pojavu bolesti pšenice i drediti mjere zaštite u 2020. godini na četiri lokacije (Županja, Gradište, Cerna, Vinkovci) u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji. Redovitim obilaskom parcela s vremenskim razmakom od 10 dana utvrđena je sporadična pojava sljedećih bolesti: Septoria tritci, Blumeria graminis i Puccinia recondita koje nisu imale značajan utjecaj na prinos. Sporadičnu pojavu fuzarijske paleži klasa utvrdili smo samo na jednoj parceli., This study aimed to monitor the occurrence of wheat diseases and to monitor protection measures in 2020 at four locations (Županja, Gradište, Cerna, Vinkovci) in Vukovar-Srijem County. Regular visits to plots with a time interval of 10 days revealed the sporadic occurrence of the following diseases: Septoria tritci, Blumeria graminis, and Puccinia recondita which did not have a significant impact on yield. We found the sporadic occurrence of fusarium arson in only one plot.

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi bioraznolikost rodova i strukturu trofičkih grupa nematoda u pšenici i začinskoj paprici. Uzeta su četiri uzorka, dva iz usjeva pšenice i dva iz usjeva začinske paprike, na lokaciji Široko Polje u 2021. godini. Utvrđen je ukupan broj nematoda, broj i bioraznolikost rodova, trofičke grupe nematoda te su izračunati nematološki indeksi (MI, PPI, PPI/MI). Uzorci su uzeti pomoću ašova te je iz svakog uzorka izdvojeno 100 g tla. Iz pripremljenog uzorka nematode su izdvojene Baermannovom metodom lijevka, zatim su prebrojene i determinirane pod mikroskopom. Ukupna brojnost nematoda kretala se od 106 – 165, što ukazuje na malu brojnost. Ukupno je utvrđeno 18 rodova nematoda, od čega je osam rodova pripadalo bakterivorama, tri fungivorama, pet biljnim parazitima, jedan omnivorama i jedan predatorima. Rodovi Acrobeloides, Eucephalobus, Rhabditis, Aphelenchoides, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus i Tylenchus bili su prisutni u sva četiri uzorka. U uzorcima pšenice najdominantnije su bile nematode trofičke grupe bakterivora, a u začinskoj paprici biljnih parazita. Najmanje su bile zastupljene nematode trofičke grupe omnivora te predatora, koje nisu bile utvrđene u pšenici niti sa jednom jedinkom,a predatori su utvrđeni samo u jednom uzorku začinske paprike. MI vrijednosti kretale su se od 1,63 do 1,96 što ukazuje na prisutnost kolonizera, tj. c-p grupa 1 i 2. Vrijednosti PPI kretale su se od 2,60 do 2,83, a PPI/MI u rasponu od 1,44 do 1,60. Izračunati indeksi ukazuju na uznemirenu sredinu i nestabilan ekosustav u tretmanu pšenice u odnosu na tretman paprike, The aim of this study was to determine the biodiversity of nematode genera and the structure of trophic groups of nematodes in soil under wheat and spicy pepper. Four samples were taken, two from wheat and two from pepper crops, at Široko Polje in 2021. The study determined the total number of nematodes, the number and biodiversity of genera, trophic groups of nematodes and calculated nematological indexes (MI, PPI, PPI / MI). Samples were taken using ashes and 100 g of soil was extracted from each sample. From the prepared sample, the nematodes were isolated by the Baermann funnel method, then counted and determined under a microscope. The total number of nematodes ranged from 106 - 165, which indicates a low-abundances. A total of 18 nematode genera were identified, of which eight genera belonged to bacterivorous, three to fungivorous, five to plant parasitic nematodes, one to omnivorous and one to predators. The genera Acrobeloides, Eucephalobus, Rhabditis, Aphelenchoides, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus were present in all four samples. In wheat samples, the most dominant were nematodes of the trophic group of bacterivorous and in the pepper of plant parasitic nematodes. Nematodes of the trophic group of omnivorous and predators were represented the least and were not found in wheat with any individual and predators were found in only one sample of pepper. MI values ranged from 1,63 to 1,96 indicating the presence of colonizers, i.e. c-p groups 1 and 2. PPI values ranged from 2,60 to 2,83 and PPI / MI ranged from 1,44 to 1,60. The calculated indexes indicate a disturbed environment and an unstable ecosystem in the treatment of wheat in relation to the treatment of pepper.

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj endofitne gljive Fusarium solani na porast pšenice. U istraživanju zrna pšenice tretirana su suspenzijom gljive F. solani dok su zrna koja su korištena za kontrolu tretirana destiliranom vodom. Tijekom mjerenja izniklih biljaka za svaku od ponavljanja i kontrole, kontrolirao se broj izniklih biljaka, mjerila se dužina većeg i manjeg lista te masa svježe tvari pšenice bez korijena. Nakon istraživanja rezultati su pokazali pozitivan utjecaj gljive na porast pšenice iako rezultati nisu statistički značajni, The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the endophytic fungus Fusarium solani on wheat growth. In the study, the wheat grains were treated with a suspension of F. solani fungus while grains used for control were treated with distilled water. During the measurement of sprouted plants for each of the replicates and controls, the number of sprouted plants was controlled, the length of the larger and smaller leaves, as well as the mass of fresh substance of rootless wheat were measured. After research, the results showed a positive effect of the fungus on the growth of the wheat, although the results are not statistically significant

Pšenica je naša najvažnija krušarica i jedna je od vodećih žitarica po proizvodnju u svijetu. Ima velik značaj u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji te za stočnu hranu. Sklona je raznim bolestima koje se pojavljuju svake godine te smanjuju kvalitetu i prinos. Cilj ovog rada bio je vizualnim pregledom pšenice uočiti pojavu bolesti na OPG-u Retkin u vegetaciji 2020./2021. U vrijeme pojave bolesti vremenske prilike nisu pogodovale razvoju bolesti, odnosno bilo je hladnije od višegodišnjeg prosjeka. Praćenjem tijekom vegetacije uočene su u vrlo malom intenzitetu lisne bolesti čiji su uzročnici Septoria tritici i Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Od mjera zaštite obavljanje su sve preventivne mjere kao što su obrada tla, plodored, zdravo sjeme i izbalansirana gnojidba. Nakon pojave prvih simptoma obavljena je zaštita fungicidima Elatus Era i Duett ultra u jednom tretmanu., Wheat is our most important cultivated plant and one of the leading cereals in the world's production. It has a great significance in the industries such as food and pharmaceutical industry and is also good for animal feed. Wheat is prone to various diseases that apear every year and reduce its quality and yields. The aim of this thesis was to observe wheat deiseases at family farm Retkin in the vegetation 2020/2021. At the time of the largest appearance of disease, the weather condition didn't favour the development of disease, i. e. it was colder than the multi-year average. During the vegetation, leaf diseases caused by Septoria tritici and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis were observed in very low intensity. Preventive measures such as proper tilage, crop rotation, healthy seed and fertilization have been implemented. After the apperance of the first symptoms, protection with fungicides Elatus era and Duett ultra were performed.

Cilj rada bio je ispitati utjecaj endofitne gljive Fusarium solani na porast pšenice. U pokusu su kontrolna zrna tretirana destiliranom vodom, a ostala suspenzijom gljive (Fusarium solani). Pri završetku pokusa biljkama se mjerio broj izniklih zrna, duljina stabljike od mjesta gdje počinje korijen, broj listova, duljina listova i masa svježe tvari pšenice. Iz dobivenih rezultata može se potvrditi pozitivan utjecaj endofitne gljive Fusarium solani u usporedbi sa kontrolom, iako nije bio statistički značajan., The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the endophytic fungus Fusarium solani on wheat growth. In the experiment, control grains were treated with distilled water and the rest with a suspension of the fungus (F. solani). At the end of the experiment, the number of sprouted grains, the length of the stem from the place where the root begins, the number of leaves, the length of the leaves and the mass of fresh wheat matter were measured. The obtained results can confirm the positive influence of the endophytic fungus Fusarium solani compared to the control, although it was not statistically significant.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj endofitne gljive F. verticililoides na rast i razvoj pšenice. Gljiva je prethodno izolirana s korova i nacijepljena na PDA podlogu u Petrijevim zdjelicama. Nakon toga stajala je u komori. Micelij gljive nakon sedam dana sastrugan je s podloge kako bi se dobila suspenzija gljive. Pokus se radio u tri ponavljanja i tri kontrole. Kontrola je tretirana destiliranom vodom. Posijalo se po 10 zrna pšenice u posude s pijeskom. Pšenica je stajala u komori za uzgoj biljaka 15 dana i redovito se zalijevala. Nakon 15 dana iznikla pšenica se mjerila na način da se odredi veličina listova i masa svježe tvari te se pokus radio u dva ponavljanja. Nakon mjerenja utvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj endofitne gljive F. verticillioides na porast lista i masu svježe tvari, iako nije bio statistički značajan u usporedbi sa kontrolom., The aim of the study was to determine the effect of endophytic fungus F. verticililoides on the growth and development of wheat. The fungus was previously isolated from weeds, placed in petri dish on PDA growth medium and left in the chamber for certain amount of time. After seven days mycelium of the fungus was scraped off the substrate to obtain a suspension of the fungus. The experiment consisted of three repetitions and three controls (treated with distilled water). The steps in conducting the experiment were as follows: 10 grains of wheat were sown in sand bowls, the wheat stood in the plant growing chamber for 15 days and was watered regularly, after 15 days the sprouted wheat was measured by determining the size of the leaves and the mass of fresh matter. The experiment was performed in two replicates. After the measurements, a positive effect of the endophytic fungus F. verticillioides on leaf growth and fresh matter was found. Although, compared to the control, results was not statistically significant.

Cilj ovog rada je bio pratiti pojavu bolesti pšenice na OPG-u Ivan Gojević te odrediti mjere zaštite. Pratili smo pojavu bolesti na dva polja na kojima smo ostavljali netretirani dio te fungicidom tretirana varijanta radi usporedbe zaraze usjeva. Na temelju pregleda utvrdili smo pojavu gljiva Septoria tritici i Puccina recondita. Aplikacija fungicida obavljena je dva puta na svakoj tabli. Utvrđena je razlika u pojavi bolesti između tretiranog i netretiranog dijela (i do 35%), stoga je bitno obaviti zaštitu pšenice na vrijeme i u propisanim dozama., The aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of the wheat disease on the family farm Ivan Gojević and to determine protection measures. Monitoring was done on two fields with untreated and fungicide treated variant. Based on the examination, we determine the appearance of Septoria tritici and Puccinia recondita. Fungicide application was performed two times on each fields. It is important to do the protection of wheat on time and apply fungicides in the recomended doses since the difference between the treated and untreated field was up to 35%.

Cilj rada je bio pratiti pojavu bolesti na pšenici na OPG Miljević (Privlaka) u 2016./2017. vegetacijskoj godini te odrediti mjere zaštite. Tijekom vegetacije uočena je vrlo slaba pojava lisnih bolesti i to pjegavosti lista (S. tritici) i pepelnice (B. graminis). U mliječnoj zriobi nije utvrđena pojava fuzarijske paleži klasova. Tretiranje fungicidima je obavljeno dva puta (jedna zaštita lista i jedna zaštita klasa). Nakon žetve utvrđeno je zdravstveno stanje zrna (4x100 zrna za svaku sortu) metodom izmrzavanja te je utvrđena dominantna prisutnost Alternaria sp. Također je utvrđena i sporadična pojava Fusarium vrsta te slaba do srednje jaka pojava saprofitnih vrsta iz rodova Penicillium i Aspergillus., The aim of this thesis was to monitor the occurence of wheat disease on Family farm Miljević (Privlaka) in 2016./2017. vegetation year and to determine the protection measures. During the vegetation it was noticed a slight appearance of leaf disease such as common leaf spots (S. tritici) and powdery mildew (B. graminis). In milk maturation the appearance of Fusarium head blight was not established. Treatment whit fungicides was performed twice (one time leaf protection and one time head protection). After the harvest, health status of the grains was determined (4 x 100 grains for each sort) by the deep freezing method and the dominant presence of Alternaria sp. was found. Also, there were found sporadic appearance of Fusarium species and weak to medium occurence of saprophytic species from the genera Penicilium and Aspergillus.

U radu su praćene pojave bolesti pšenice, ječma i zobi u vegetacijskoj godini 2017./2018. na OPG Barešić. Temeljem simptoma od nicanja do žetve pšenice utvrđena je pojava: Monographella nivalis, Pyrenophora tritici- repentis, Blumeria graminis, Puccinia recondita, Mycosphaerella graminicola i Phaeospheria nodorum. Patogeni koji su identificirani na ječmu su: Rhynchosporium secalis i Pyrenophora teres. Na zobi nije utvrđena pojava bolesti. Nakon pojave prvih simptoma bolesti provedena je zaštita pšenice i ječma fungicidima. Fungicidni tretmani na pšenici bili su učinkoviti, dok se Pyrenophora teres na ječmu nastavila razvijati., This thesis presents the occurence of wheat, barley and oats diseases in the vegetation year 2017/2018. on family farm Barešić. Based on the symptoms from the sprouting to the wheat harvest the following pathogens has appeared: Monographella nivalis, Pyrenophora triticirepentis, Blumeria graminis, Puccinia recondita, Mycosphaerella graminicola and Phaeospheria nodorum. Pathogens that are identified on the barley are: Rhynchosporium secalis and Pyrenophora teres. There was no deseases on oat. After the appearance of the first symptoms of the deseases, wheat and barley have been protected by fungicides. These treatments on wheat were effective, while Pyrenophora teres on barley continued to develop.

Cilj rada je bio pratiti pojavu bolesti na usjevima pšenice i ječma na Vupik d.d. te odrediti mjere zaštite. Polja na kojima su zasijane pšenica i ječam su na području Bobote te su veličine ukupno 47 ha. Na temelju mikroskopskih pregleda utvrđena je pojava sljedećih uzročnika bolesti: Pyrenophora teres Drechsler, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Septoria tritici Rob. Et Desm., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler i Septoria nodorum Berk. Aplikacija fungicida na pšenici je obavljena tri puta, a na ječmu dva puta., The main goal of this thesis was to track the ways in which diseases appeared on the wheat and barley crops of Vupik d.d. and to define the adequate protection measures. The wheat and barley crop fields were located in the area around Bobota, while their size in total was 47 ha. In a microscopic analysis, the following causes of disease were found: Pyrenophora teres Drechsler, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Septoria tritici Rob. Et Desm., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler and Septoria nodorum Berk. The application of fungicides was performed three times on wheat and twice on barley.

Pšenica je jedna od najvažnijih žitarica koja se uzgaja za prehranu ljudi. Jedan od najznačajnijih uzročnika bolesti pšenice je gljivica iz roda Puccinia. Puccinia graminis, Puccinia recondita i Puccinia striiformis su predstavnici ovog roda koji su značajni u proizvodnji pšenice. Najbolja mjera zaštite protiv ove gljivične bolesti je stvaranje genetski otpornih sorata pšenice koje u svom genotipu posjeduju jedan ili više gena otpornosti. U pronalaženju tih gena uvelike pomažu gen-markeri. Oplemenjivanjem na ovu bolest, bave se oplemenjivači diljem svijeta, pri čemu je konstantna potražnja za otpornim sortama i pronalasku otpornih gena., Wheat is one of the most important cereals grown for human consumption. One of the most important wheat disease recipients is fungus from genus Puccinia. Puccinia graminis, Puccinia recondita and Puccinia striiformis are representatives of this genus that are significant in wheat production. The best measure of protection against this fungal disease is the creation of genetically resistant wheat varieties that have one or more resistance genes in their genotype. Finding to these genes greatly helps gen-markers. Breeding for this disease is being cultivated by breeders all over the world where is present constant demand for resistant varieties and finding resistant genes

Pšenica i ječam su kulture koje napada veliki broj biljnih bolesti, ali tehnologijom uzgoja mogu se suzbiti da ne čine ekonomske štete. Obilaskom i pregledom površina na OPG-u „Primorac Željko“ 2016. i 2017. godine nije utvrđena pojava biljnoh bolesti na parcelama gdje je sijana pšenica i ječam. Na poljoprivrednom gopodarstvu „Primorac Željko“ koristili su sve suvremene načine uzgoja pšenice i ječma kako bi suzbili ili spriječili pojavu biljnih bolesti na ovim kulturama. Kupnjom certificiranog sjemena, opskrbom svim hranjivima, plodoredom od tri godine i korištenjem fungicidia u preventivnim mjerama može dovesti da se biljne bolesti ne pojave. Ovom tehnologijom su se koristili i na gospodarstvu i učinak se pokazao kao najbolji u tehnologiji uzgoja pšenice i ječma i borbi protiv biljnih bolesti na tim kulturama, Wheat and barley are often attacked by a large number of plant diseases, which can be suppressed with breeding technology which prevents economic damage. By visiting and inspecting the area of family farm "Primorac Željko" in the period from 2016. to 2017. no plant diseases were detected on wheat and barley parcel. Modern methods of wheat and barley cultivation were used on the family farm "Primorac Željko" in order to suppress and prevent the onset of plant diseases. By purchasing certified seed, supplying all the nutrients, rotating the crop in the period of 3 years and using fungicide in preventive measures we can stop plant diseases from occuring. This technology proved to be the most effective in wheat and barley production.

U radu je prikazana pojava bolesti i štetnika pšenice u jednoj vegetacijskoj sezoni (2015./2016.) na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu Dugina. Uzgoj pšenice na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu Dugina traje od 2003. godine. Tijekom pregleda na polju na pšenici je zabilježena pojava bolesti i to pjegavost lišća pšenice (Septoria tritici) i pepelnica (Blumeria graminis). Uspješno suzbijanje bolesti obavilo se fungicidima Zino, Duett ULTRA, Tilt i Caramba u različitim dozama. Od štetnika je utvrđen žitni balac za kojeg je utvrđena potreba za tretiranjem koja je obavljena s Decis 2,5 EC. Vremenske prilike u 2015. godini na području Vukovarsko-srijemske županije bile su nepovoljne za optimalan rast i razvoj pšenice, dio vegetacije je bio sušan s malo količina padalina, dok je u 2016. godini u prvih pet mjeseci bilo dosta vlažno. Zdravstvenom analizom zrna utvrđena je od patogenih gljiva pojava Fusarium sp., no u malom postotku. Najveća zaraza je (70 %). je bila sa saprofitima iz roda Alternaria sp., The paper describes the emergence of diseases and pests of wheat in growing season 2015/2016 on the family farm "Dugina". Family farm "Dugina" growing wheat from 2003. During the field examination occurrence of leaf spot of wheat (Septoria tritici) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) were determined. Diseases control were done by using fungicides Zino, Duett ULTRA, Tilt i Caramba in different doses. Decis 2,5 EC was used for Lema melanopus control. The weather in 2015 in the Vukovar-Srijem county were unfavorable for optimal growth and development of wheat, part of the vegetation was arid with little rainfall, while in 2016 the first five months were humid. Health analysis of the grains showed occurrence of Fusarium sp., but in a small percentage. The largest infestation was with Alternaria sp. (70%).

U radu je prikazano praćenje razvoja bolesti pšenice u jednoj vegetacijskoj sezoni. Bolesti su se pratile na 4 lokacije; Osijek, Ivanovac, Josipovac i Samatovci, ukupne površine 110,5 hektara. Tijekom pregleda na polju i analize u laboratoriju na pšenici je zabiljeţena pojava bolesti uzrokovana patogenim gljivama: Mycosphaerella graminicola, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis i tri vrste iz roda Fusarium: F. graminearum, F. sambucinum i F. avenaceum. Zdravstvenom analizom zrna na svim lokalitetima je utvrĊena pojava Fusarium spp., no nije znaĉajnije utjecala na klijavost zrna. Na lokalitetu Osijek (Petros) je utvrĊena najveća zaraza (20 %). Alternaria sp. je pronaĊena na većini zrna, a na svakoj lokaciji je pronaĊen i Penicillium sp., In this paper monitoring of wheat's diseases development throughout the growing season is shown. Diseases were monitored at 4 locations; Osijek, Ivanovac, Josipovac and Samatovci, the total area of 110.5 hectares. During the examination in the field and the analysis in the laboratory, diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: Mycosphaerella graminicola, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis were recorded on the wheat and three species of the genus Fusarium: F. graminearum, F. sambucinum and F. avenaceum. By health analysis of wheat seeds at all locations the existence of phenomenon Fusarium spp. was determined, but it did not significantly affect the germination of grain. The largest infestation (20 %) was found on location Osijek (Petros). Alternaria sp. was found on most of the grains, but also Penicillium sp was found at each location.

Pšenica i ječam su najvažnije kulture kako u svijetu, tako i u Hrvatskoj. Dobro se prilagođavaju klimi i tlu te imaju širok areal rasprostranjenosti. Ne uzgajaju se u monokulturi jer tako prijeti veća pojava bolesti. Pšenicu napada oko 200 patogena od čega se pedesetak smatra ekonomski značajnim. Cilj rada bio je determinacija uzročnika bolesti pšenice i ječma na području Osijeka i Slavonskog Broda tijekom 2011. godine te ispitivanje zdravstvenog stanja sjemena. Determinacija uzročnika je obavljena na temelju simptoma na biljkama i laboratorijskim analizama. Prilikom pregleda površina na pšenici smo zabilježili pojavu S. tritici, C. sativus, P. tritici-repentis, P. recondita; a na ječmu P. teres f. sp. teres i P. teres f. sp. maculata. Pregledom sjemena utvrđeno je šest rodova gljivica: Pyrenophora sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. i Cladosporium sp., Wheat and barley are the most important cultures in the world, including Croatia. They are well adapted to the climate and soil, and have a wide areal of distribution. Not grown in monoculture as this could become more outbreaks. About 200 of pathogens are determined on wheat, of which fifty economically significant. The aim of our study was the determination of pathogens of wheat and barley in Osijek and Slavonski Brod during 2011. year and seed health testing. Determination of pathogens based on symptoms and laboratory analysis. On wheat we identify S.tritici, C.sativus, P.tritici repentis, P.recondita; on barley P.teres f. sp. teres and P.teres f. sp. maculata. On seed samples six genera of fungi determined: Pyrenophora sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. and Cladosporium sp.

Pšenica i ječam su najstarije i najraširenije ratarske kulture koje imaju veliku važnost u prehrani ljudi i industrijskoj preradi, kako u svijetu tako i u Hrvatskoj. Cilj rada je bio determinacija uzročnika bolesti pšenice i ječma na lokaciji Lug u vegetacijskoj godini 2013./2013. te ispitivanje zdravstvenog stanja zrna ječma. Prilikom pregleda pšenice i ječma smo zabilježeli pojavu: Septoria tritici, Helminthosporium sp., Puccinia recondita, Fusarium sp. na pšenici, a Pyrenophora teres i Helminthosporium sp.na ječmu. Pregledom zrna ječma utvrđeno je pet rodova gljiva: Aleternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Epicoccum sp., Helminthosporium sp. Kako bismo smanjili pojavu bolesti na pšenici i ječmu trebamo ih uzgajati u plodoredu, prilikom sjetve koristiti zdravo i dezinficirano sjeme, napraviti pravilnu gnojidbu i prema potrebi koristit fungicide u skladu s načelima integrirane proizvodnje., Wheat and barley are the oldest and most widespread agricultures which are of big importance in human nutrition and industrial processing, how worldwide so and in Croatia. Aim of this study was determination of pathogens of wheat and barley on the location Lug in 2012/2013, and pathogens of barley grains. During the examination of wheat and barley, we recorded occurrence: Septoria tritici, Helminthosporium sp.,Puccinia recondita, Fusarium sp. on wheat and Pyrenophora teres and Helminthosporium sp. on barley. On barley grains five genera of fungi were found: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Epicoccum sp. and Helminthosporium sp. To reduce the occurrence of diseases on wheat and barley they should be grown in a crop rotation, we have to use healthy seed during seeding, need to make a proper fertilization, and also we have to use fungicides properly.

Cilj ovoga istraživanja je bio utvrditi pojavu bolesti u vegetacijskoj godini 2012./2013. na pšenici posijanoj na lokaciji u vlasništvu Kutjevo d.d. Utvrđivanje pojave bolesti obavljeno je redovitim pregledom biljaka na polju. Od uzročnika bolesti jedino je utvrđena pojava gljive Septoria tritici. Naime, pravovremena zaštita pšenice od bolesti u poduzeću Kutjevo d.d. se obavlja uglavnom preventivno (ukoliko postoje uvjeti za infekciju), a to je i razlog zbog kojeg nije bilo značajnije pojave bolesti. Budući da je proizvodnja najvećim dijelom orijentirana na sjemenski uzgoj pšenice obavila su se dva fungicidna tretmana. Prvo tretiranje je imalo za cilj zaštiti pšenicu od lisnih uzročnika bolesti, dok se drugim tretmanom štiti klas., The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of the disease in the vegetation year 2012/2013. on wheat sown on Kutjevo d.d.. The occurrence of the disease was carried out trough regular field visit. In the field only fungus Septoria tritici was detected. The protection of wheat against diseases in the company Kutjevo d.d. is done mainly preventive (if there are conditions for infection), and this is the reason why there were no significant outbreaks of disease. Since the production on Kutjevo d.d. is mostly focused on the cultivation of wheat for seed productoin the two fungicide treatments were conducted. The first treatment applied to protect wheat from leaf pathogens, while other treatment protects the ear.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj obrade tla i gnojidbe dušikom na pojavu Fusarium vrsta na zrnu pšenice. Poljski pokus je bio postavljen na lokaciji Magadenovac u razdoblju od rujna 2013. godine do lipnja 2014. godine, u 5 varijanti obrade tla te 3 varijante gnojidbe dušikom. Prisustvo Fusarium vrsta je utvrđeno u svim ispitivanim varijantama obrade tla i gnojidbe. Pri gnojidbi dušikom u smanjoj dozi zaraza Fusarium vrstama bila je statistički značajno manja u odnosu na tretmane sa preporučenom i povećanom dozom gotovo u svim varijantama obrade tla (konvencionalna, tanjuranje i no till). Pri povećanoj gnojidbi dušikom najveći broj zaraženih zrna utvrđen je u varijanti tanjuranja i podrivanja, The aim of this research was to determine the impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization treatments on the occurence of Fusarium species on the wheat grain. The field experiment was set at the Magadenovac site from September 2013 to June 2014, having five variants of tillage treatments and three variants of nitrogen fertilization treatments. The presence of Fusarium species was determined in all tested variants of tillage and fertilization treatments. During the fertilization with reduced amount of nitrogen, the infection with Fusarium species was greatly reduced statistically in comparison with other treatments with recommended and increased amount in almost all variants of tillage treatments (CT-conventional tillage treatment, DH- disk harowing and NT- no-till treatment). During the fertilization that had an increased amount of nitrogen, the greatest number of grain infection was determined in the disk harowing and subsoiling variants.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi pojavu Fusarium vrsta na zrnu pšenice pri različitim varijantama obrade tla i gnojidbe tijekom 2013./2014. godine. Pokus je postavljen na lokalitetu Čačinci u 5 varijanti obrade tla i 3 varijante gnojidbe dušikom. Utvrdili smo prisustvo vrsta iz roda Fusarium na zrnu pšenice u svim ispitivanim varijantama obrade tla i gnojidbe. Pri gnojidbi dušikom u preporučenoj i višoj dozi zaraza zrna fuzariozama je bila statistički značajno veća nego u tretmanima sa smanjenom gnojidbom u različitim obradama tla (konvencionalna obrada, podrivanje, no till). Pri smanjenoj gnojidbi dušikom najveći broj zaraženih zrna utvrđen u varijanti CH (rahljenje) i DH (tanjuranje), dok je najmanji broj zaraženih zrna utvrđen u konvencionalnoj obradi tla (CT) i podrivanju (SS) te u izostavljenoj obradi tla (NT)., The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of Fusarium species on wheat grain under different tillage and fertilization treatments during 2013/2014 season. The experiment was set up at Čačinci site with 5 tillage and 3 nitrogen fertilization treatments. The presence of Fusarium species was recorded on wheat grains in all tillage and fertilization treatments. Infection of wheat grains with Fusarium species was statistically higher in treatments with nitrogen fertilization at the recommended and higher rate than in treatments with lower fertilization rate in different tillage systems (conventional tillage, subsoiling, no till). In treatments with lower nitrogen fertilization the largest number of infected seeds was found in CH (chiseling) and DH (disk harowing) tillage systems, while the lowest number of infected seeds was determined in conventional tillage (CT), subsoiling (SS) and no-till (NT) treatments