Search

Background: Cancer drugs are a major component of pharmaceutical spending in the USA and Europe. The number of approved cancer drugs continues to increase. More new drugs with overlapping mechanisms of action and similar approved indications might be expected to decrease prices within drug classes. We compared patterns of price changes for cancer drugs within the same class in the USA and in two European countries (Germany and Switzerland) with national mechanisms for drug price negotiation.Methods: For this comparative analysis, we identified cancer drugs approved for the treatment of solid cancers in the USA and Europe (Germany and Switzerland) between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2020, using the US Food and Drug Administration's Drugs@FDA database and the European Medicines Agency's publicly available database. We considered cancer drugs as within-class competitors if they were approved for the same indication and had the same biological mechanism. We calculated monthly treatment prices for each drug, median price changes at launch and over time, and differences within and across drug classes. European price data were converted to US dollars by applying the exchange rates on Dec 1, 2020, and prices were adjusted for inflation. Median changes in the drugs' monthly treatment prices at 2 and 4 years after market entry across and within drug classes were also assessed. For the USA, correlations in relative price changes between all pairs of drugs within and across drug classes were calculated with Spearman's rank correlation.Findings: Our study cohort comprised 12 drug classes covering nine indications. With the exception of one drug, increasing prices were observed within and across all drug classes in the USA (median 6·07% [range -3·60 to 33·83] 2 years after market entry, and 15·31% [-4·15 to 54·64] 4 years after market entry). By contrast, in Europe, prices generally decreased over time or did not increase more than inflation (2 years after market entry: -21·01% [range -50·72 to 12·71] in Germany and -1·48% [-26·81 to 1·69] in Switzerland; 4 years after market entry: -25·54% [-51·81 to 11·63] in Germany and -13·02% [-43·83 to 18·31] in Switzerland). In the USA, most prices changes within and across drug classes occurred at the end and beginning of the year (ie, from Dec 1 to Jan 31). In the USA, correlation for price changes was r=0·29 (SD 0·36) for within-class drugs and r=0·28 (0·36) for drugs across drug classes.Interpretation: Competition within classes of cancer drugs generally did not constrain rising prices in the USA. Price negotiations, as practised in Germany or Switzerland, could help address the high prices of cancer drugs in the USA.Funding: Swiss Cancer Research Foundation (Krebsforschung Schweiz), Swiss National Science Foundation, and Arnold Ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between coopetition and organisational innovation in EU countries. As coopetition is usually studied from an inter-company perspective, this work looks in detail at the "ad intra" dynamics of the coopeting companies to understand how they adjust their organisation or implement organisational innovation to successfully adopt this original approach. Design/methodology/approach: Using data from the Eurostat (CIS2014), this research offers a quantitative study into coopeting companies, relating coopetition to organisational innovation. The analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression with maximum likelihood estimation, where the dependent variable is the location of the coopeting companies. Findings: The findings highlight specific characteristics and differences according to whether a company coopetes domestically or in other more complex geographic environments. It also incorporates variables into the analysis, such as the use of price marketing, employee training and company size. Originality/value: This study provides insights into the relationship between coopetition and organisational innovation, in a research field that usually focusses on inter-company analysis. Several little-studied factors are included in the analysis, such as the role of employee qualifications and differences in coopetition in different geographic areas. The authors observe that, in certain locations, coopetition could be related to a "market entry" effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a significant yet curiously understudied form of transnational mobility as practiced by the highly qualified in Europe, namely the international internship. We argue that an international internship can be an ambivalent stage within youth transitions. While possibly providing a potential point of entry into a 'dream' career path, the economic and emotional costs of such undertakings also need to be accounted for, including an offsetting of professional stability and deferred rather than accelerated labour market entry. At the same time, international internships have the appearance of a response to a need for personal development and exploration. Taking on board these perspectives, we suggest that the international internship be considered a form of 'mobile moratorium', expanding on the possibilities associated with this conceptualisation. For young people in the European Union, this type of exchange also provides a means to engage in intra-European circulation while simultaneously pursuing personalized success. We investigate this proposition through analysis of data collected via an online survey, providing illustrations of what the international internship experience means for professional development and personal exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• People keen on digital mobility tend to try free-floating bikesharing. • People in areas with low coverage of stations tend to try free-floating bikesharing. • People satisfied with usability of app remain users of free-floating scheme. • Flexibility of the system is a reason to keep using free-floating bikesharing. • Identified user groups and motivators similar to results on station-based bikesharing. Free-floating bikesharing (FFBS) is a fairly new mobility service. It spread rapidly throughout Europe's major urban areas in 2017; a development accompanied by a variety of problems that soon culminated in a retreat of providers from most cities. The main characteristic of FFBS is the absence of fixed docking stations; instead, users can borrow and leave the bikes wherever they want as long as they adhere to traffic rules and the operators' regulations. Its market entry has caused controversial public debates, although – or even because – little is known about this new mobility service, its users, their motivators as well as usage patterns. One of the FFBS pioneer cities in Europe was Vienna with two FFBS operators providing their services from summer 2017 onwards. Although both withdrew from the city within a year, it was possible to collect and analyse user data in order to gain an understanding of the factors supporting FFBS usage. For this purpose, the research uses a series of discrete choice models explaining why some people (i) share bikes (including FFBS and the established Viennese station-based scheme), (ii) try out the new FFBS scheme and (iii) remain with the new FFBS scheme or quit the membership. Reasons for users to try FFBS are very similar to those of station-based bikesharing as reported in literature. Subjective factors including attitudes and degree of satisfaction with system features are gaining in importance within the series of models. They are particularly decisive for remaining with the FFBS scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Regulators in Europe and the US disagree on whether taking past performance into account when awarding procurement contracts necessarily hinders market entry. • We address this question by conducting a laboratory experiment involving a simple dynamic procurement game where suppliers compete on price and quality. • We study how an incentive mechanism based on past performance affects both quality provision and entry rates. • Our results indicate that if rewards for past quality provision are too high, they may indeed preclude entry by new, more efficient, firms. • However, rewards of an appropriate magnitude may significantly increase both entry and quality provision without increasing costs to the procurer. There is widespread concern that incentive mechanisms based on past performance may hinder entry in procurement markets. We report results from a laboratory experiment assessing this concern. Within a simple dynamic procurement game where suppliers compete on price and quality we study how an incentive mechanism based on past performance affects outcomes and entry rates. Results indicate that some past-performance based mechanisms indeed hinder entry, but when appropriately designed may significantly increase both entry and quality provision without increasing costs to the procurer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Chinese overseas direct investment is not so much marketdriven, but a result of long-term strategies and policies. These are an important basis in any analysis of the status and trends of Chinese investment in Europe. Therefore, the article aims to describe the most important strategies and policies that determine Chinese foreign investment in general, different market entry models, and to analyze the situation in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examine the influence of the firm's technology and marketing profile on foreign market entry mode by testing hypotheses based on data from 105 firms in four European countries. Four technology and marketing variables were the most important: (1) the firm's generic marketing strategy—market concentration versus diversification, (2) demand uncertainty—the position in the life cycle of the firm's principal product, (3) transaction costs—transaction uncertainty and research and development, and (4) value added—product patents. The authors suggest ways managers may be assisted in their foreign market entry decisions on the basis of their firms' technology and marketing profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making it possible to bridge between different sectors thanks to its versatility, hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. The remaining question is how feasible it is to substitute the current carbonized technologies already prevailing in the markets by new low-carbon hydrogen systems that can be more expensive today and by which timeframe hydrogen can reach the required competitiveness. The market entry feasibility in the transport and natural gas sectors is assessed for USA, Europe, Japan, and China, and for different timeframes (up to 2040). According to the results, the most promising market in the four regions is hydrogen for mobility. This market even presents a potential room for taxation in the medium term. In contrast, blending with natural gas struggles to reach competitiveness. Both industrial and political efforts are required in the two markets in order to lower the costs and prepare a suitable market penetration environment. • Hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. • Market entry feasibility is studied for the transport and gas sectors in 4 regions. • The mobility market is easier to penetrate; it even presents a room for taxation. • Industrial efforts are requested to lower the technology costs. • Investments can be triggered by suited policies to prepare the market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines the statistical insights of dynamic strategic group analysis with the qualitative richness of historical analysis to explore the modes of entry, expansion paths and competitive postures of European firms in the U.S. pharmaceutical market. Patterns of entry and market development over a 20-year period are analyzed. The roles of strategic assets and competencies in determining both the entry strategy and the final competitive posture of these firms in the U.S. market are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze how two multinational companies (MNCs) faced the challenge of market uncertainty and political instability in a newly emerging market, and how it affected the impact of their product marketing strategy (PMS) and product (brand) performance. Design/methodology/approach - A comparative longitudinal paired case study of a market entry by two global MNCs. Twelve global brands (products) were studied, which were locally manufactured and launched by the two MNCs during their first ten years of operation in Vietnam. Findings - The authors approached the investigation from a conventional point of view: standardization versus adaptation. The results showed that in addition to these two traditional processes, a third one was also operating, which the authors labeled semi-adaptation, or the midway PMS. Semi-adaptation refers to a product that has been introduced to Vietnam from a neighboring country. Research limitations/implications - This research is based on two European MNCs active in the food and consumer-household goods industry in a newly emerging market: Vietnam. Practical implications - This primary data indicate that the product standardization, semi-adaptation and adaptation process in practice is a technique applied to fit a product to a newly emerging market more by degree of change than by product category. Originality/value - This paper supports a recent stream of research, which views Standardization or Adaptation as the two ends of the same continuum, where the degree of the firm's PMS can range between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to undertake a comprehensive study of low cost carrier (LCC) market entry and exit in Europe between 1992 and 2012. In the 20 year period between 1992 and 2012, 43 LCCs have taken advantage of the progressive liberalisation of the European aviation market and commenced scheduled flight operations within the continent. Of these 43, only 10 remain operational, a failure rate of 77%. This paper contributes to extant literature on LCCs by examining the market entry, business practices, operating longevity and fate of failed operators to characterise European LCC market exit. Drawing on the findings of a detailed continental-wide study, the paper identifies that an airline's start-up date, the nature and size of its operation and the size and composition of its aircraft fleet are key factors which influence LCC success and failure. The implications for both European and emerging LCC markets are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article examines the market entry of biosimilar low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) in Europe by focusing on regulatory requirements, pricing, reimbursement, prescribing, and dispensing. The window for biosimilar LMWHs to enter the market is narrow on the supply side because of several factors. These include (1) regulatory requirements, including a quality dossier, clinical and nonclinical studies, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies, immunogenicity studies, and a comparability exercise (but a reduction in clinical data requirements might be plausible in some cases); (2) prices of originator LMWHs are lower than those of other biologic products; (3) European prices of originator LMWHs are lower than those observed in the rest of the world; (4) research and development and manufacturing costs are substantial; (5) costs of active pharmaceutical ingredients have increased following the heparin contamination crisis; and (6) biosimilar LMWHs may be subjected to generic medicine pricing regulations. Furthermore, there are limited opportunities for biosimilar LMWHs on the demand side. This is because, although LMWHs have a large market volume in Europe, demand-side incentives for biosimilar LMWHs are largely absent, and the questions about interchangeability and substitution between originator and biosimilar LMWHs have yet to be fully resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We empirically investigate the nature and outcomes of the liberalization process in European telecommunications. First, we show that decisions to liberalize a country's telecommunications sector have followed a path-dependent and cumulative pace. Moreover, we investigate the extent to which path dependency might have forced liberalizations, regardless of the creation of complementary institutions governing pro-market outcomes. We find that the impact of liberalizations on competition is strongly enhanced by the establishment of complementary institutions, such as the national regulatory authority. Our findings contribute to the existing literature by outlining the role played by path dependency and institutional complementarities in the process of European liberalization. Our conclusions may provide useful lessons for the optimal policy design of pro-market policies in those European network industries that still wait for substantial liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to test the effectiveness of switching costs as an isolating mechanism in the context of the first-mover advantage theory. Whereas both the literature on switching costs and on pioneering propose this as a mechanism through which firms could obtain sustainable competitive advantage, other authors offer a rationale for thinking that this is not the case. We test our hypotheses in the context of the European mobile telecommunications industry. This is a sector that has been characterized by high rates of growth in the number of subscribers, which could reduce the effectiveness of switching costs from being effective as an isolating mechanism. Our results show that switching costs are an important tool through which first-mover advantages materialize. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happened 20 years ago in the region formerly ruled by a communist regime was a velvet revolution. And even if it was a revolution without bloodshed, it is a legitimate question to ask what was realized of the revolutionary motto: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité? Liberty is a bundle of rights, composed of at least three sets: (1) political rights; (2) rights of free entrepreneurship, free entry to the market; and (3) freedom of choice between alternative goods and services. There is great progress in achieving all three categories of liberty. As for egalitarian values, inequality rapidly increased, causing aversion against the new order in a large fraction of society. Fraternité, in other words solidarity, is a widely accepted value, but there are great difficulties in its implementation. Post-socialist countries inherited a premature welfare state. The majority of people would prefer universal social entitlements, while the necessary material resources are not sufficient for these ambitious goals. This paper concludes with a discussion of various policy options for easing the contradictions between conflicting and inconsistent objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory that first mover advantages can explain firm competitive advantages has a long tradition in the strategic management field. However, the empirical evidence available is inconclusive. This fact has lead researchers to examine the mechanisms that allow relating order of market entry and performance, as well as the conditions under which the pioneer should be capable of obtaining a competitive advantage. Our objective in this paper is to offer new empirical evidence on this relationship in a context, the European mobile communications industry that, a priori, seems not to be favourable to the appearance of first mover advantages. This is a service sector in which market growth has been impressive in the last decade. According to the existing theory, these two characteristics should hinder the development of advantages based on the order of market entry. Contrarily, our results confirm that, in this industry, the pioneer enjoys a competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goran Radman (GR) joined Microsoft in 1996 and served until Fall 2008 as Microsoft Chairman, Southeast Europe (SEE) and Chairman, East and Central Europe (ECEE). Based in Croatia, where he enjoys sailing the Adriatic coast and islands, he spoke with the authors during 2008 and 2009 about his experience launching Microsoft's commercial presence in the region. His conversation ranged widely and incisively among such topics as Microsoft's business model, its market entry strategy, the role of partnerships, the structure and process of Microsoft's business operations, national business environments in the region, the role of country managers, and Microsoft's practice of knowledge management. This article captures highlights of these conversations. Goran Radman is currently founder and director of NAUTAR consultancy in Zagreb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansion into Eastern European and Central European markets has begun in the media sector. Above all, US, English, French, and German companies are active in the radio sector in the East. Nevertheless, the Hungarian example shows that market entry does not always run smoothly and that economic success is by no means a given. This study investigates the factors for a successful entry into the Hungarian radio market for western investors. Findings include the selection of a low capital and low risk market entry strategy with a local partner, exact research into and incorporation of the peculiarities of the Hungarian radio market, clear content positioning in order to be clearly noticed in the highly competitive Budapest radio market, localization of the product, entry into partnerships to consolidate the market as well as finding a suitable strategy for dealing with the media regulatory body Országos Rádío És Televízió Testület [ORTT]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: While the demand for low-cost air transportation is potentially huge in Asia, development of low-cost carriers (LCCs) lags behind the region''s overall aviation development, and certainly lags behind the LCC development in North America and Europe. It has been noted that market conditions and the regulatory environment of Asia are different from those of North America and Europe. What are the main differences here; and how do these differences impact market entry and success of Asian LCCs? This paper describes salient features of Asian LCCs and their developments. It examines the impact of Asia''s domestic and international airline regulations and airport infrastructure on the performance of its LCCs. We find that the “Southwest effect” may also exist in Asia and that the development of low-cost terminals may compensate, at least partly, the scarcity of secondary airports in the region. The experiences of Thailand and China are investigated as case studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the results of a focus group study of the values of organic producers entering the sector at different times in Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Switzerland. As well as expressing values widely associated with organic farming, such as food quality, health and environmental protection, they also mentioned professional challenge, fairness in the food chain, and maintaining farm income as important. The reviewed literature includes examples of a theory of conventionalisation, which implies that later converting producers are less committed to core organic values than the previously established ones. The conclusions of this paper do not support this idea. In interpreting the observed differences between the values of established and converting producers, it is argued that these are consistent with some aspects of adoption diffusion model, but changes in external circumstances and the learning experience that conversion represents must also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the causes and effects of mobile number portability (MNP) and provides a survey of its implementation in Europe. It first examines the competitive effects and costs of introducing MNP. Next, it discusses how to charge for MNP. It argues that a price cap regime starting from the average cost of porting is likely to provide appropriate incentives. Finally, it reviews recent experience with implementing MNP in Europe. Differences in the speed of porting and porting charges appear to explain part of the differences in the use of MNP across countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For former monopolies, the liberalization of European utility markets leads to a drastically changed competitive environment. Multi-utility, i.e. the bundling of various utility services, is often seen as a strategic response to these changes. However, consumer preferences and attitudes towards such Multi-Utility-Bundles are widely unknown. Using conjoint analysis, this paper evaluates potential benefits of such a strategy from a consumers' perspective and draws strategic implications for utility providers. Our results show that under current market conditions, multi-utility favors established providers as it creates entry barriers which will be hard to circumvent by new competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the internationalization activities of Japanese MNCs in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) analyzing data on national level considering Japan's modes of market entry in the CEE region and some of the countries in it. Major trends and the development of Japanese internationalization in CEE are presented. Individual mini case studies contribute to the analysis using the experience of several major Japanese MNCs that have invested in the region. The goal of the paper is to uncover the specifics of the internationalization process of Japanese corporations in the CEE region. Main characteristics of the penetration of Japanese MNCs in CEE are unveiled and discussed in the concluding part of the paper. The management implications and conclusions from the study are discussed further in the final part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Are product market and entry regulation key sources of low employment growth in many European countries? We investigate this question in the context of the French retail trade industry. Since 1974, approval by regional zoning boards has been required for the creation or extension of any large retain store in France. We exploit a unique database that provides time- and region-specific variation in boards' approval decisions. We show that stronger deterrence of entry by the boards increased retailer concentration and slowed down employment growth in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the metaphor "the marketplace of ideas" used in reference to John Stuart Mill's political theory in the book "On Liberty." The metaphor is based, first of all, on a market economy and on free exchange in the market. Demand of each individual consumer is then aggregated in the market. What follows from an entire force of such rational consumers in the market is the survival or triumph, increased market share, preponderance, or prevalence of the "best" product. This is the great benefit said to accrue from competition--that the market tends to deliver the best goods most efficiently. Mill begins his work "On Liberty," by providing a clear historical and political context for the problem he wishes to address. He sees the history of Europe as emblematic of the great potential for human progress. Mill traces the struggle between liberty and authority in Europe, a struggle that has its historical beginnings in monarchies in which authority held sway and individual liberty was minimal. Political changes gradually stripped away the absolute power of a strong centralized authority, making room for an increased sphere of individual liberty.

This article discusses the meaning of international competitiveness in the context of the insurance industry (both life and non-life). Measures based on the 'revealed comparative advantage' and other approaches are derived and used to rank the EU national insurance industries in terms of their competitiveness. The main findings are that the UK, France and the Netherlands currently have the most competitive insurance industries, but gains in market shares among the 'southern' European states of Spain, Italy and Portugal suggest that these countries may have higher rankings in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article Murfin (1984) has tried to estimate the effect of marketing, price and expenditure variables on market share evolution in an aggregated British car market by means of a modified 'almost ideal demand system' (AIDS) framework. Initially the AIDS (Deaton and Meulbauer, 1980) defined budget shares as a function of prices and real expenditure. In subsequent studies the AIDS framework has also been used to analyse consumer demand in isolated markets (e.g. Fujii et al., 1985, for visitors' expenditures in Hawaii) and a number of refinements of the basic model have been defined, especially with respect to the dynamic generalization of the Deaton and Muellbauer static approach (e.g. Anderson and Blundell, 1984; Dunne et al., 1984). Several authors allow the demand function intercepts to be determined by so-called 'conditioning variables' in order to account for specific features of the market under consideration (Ray, 1985, introduces family size; Fujii et al., 1985, the time trend). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the significant developments and general trends in European Commission (EC) competition law and policy in 1995 through the discussion of the Commission's decisional practice, the case law of the Court of Justice and of the Court of First Instance, and new legislation adopted in this period. The most important feature in the implementation of EC competition rules in 1995 lies in the emphasis put by the Commission and the European courts on the competitive structure of the markets under consideration particularly the removal of barriers to market entry erected by undertakings through cooperative arrangements or unilateral action.

Background: From October 2018, adalimumab biosimilars could enter the European market. However, in some countries, such as Netherlands, high discounts reported for the originator product may have influenced biosimilar entry. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to provide a European overview of (list) prices of originator adalimumab, before and after loss of exclusivity; to report changes in the reimbursement status of adalimumab products; and discuss relevant policy measures. Methods: Experts in European countries received a survey consisting of three parts: 1) general financing/co-payment of medicines, 2) reimbursement status and prices of originator adalimumab, and availability of biosimilars, and 3) policy measures related to the use of adalimumab. Results: In May 2019, adalimumab biosimilars were available in 24 of the 30 countries surveyed. Following introduction of adalimumab biosimilars, a number of countries have made changes in relation to the reimbursement status of adalimumab products. Originator adalimumab list prices varied between countries by a factor of 2.8 before and 4.1 after loss of exclusivity. Overall, list prices of originator adalimumab decreased after loss of exclusivity, although for 13 countries list prices were unchanged. When reported, discounts/rebates on originator adalimumab after loss of exclusivity ranged from 0% to approximately 26% (Romania), 60% (Poland), 80% (Denmark, Italy, Norway), and 80–90% (Netherlands), leading to actual prices per pen or syringe between €412 (Finland) and €50 – €99 (Netherlands). To leverage competition following entry of biosimilar adalimumab, only a few countries adopted measures specifically for adalimumab in addition to general policies regarding biosimilars. In some countries, a strategy was implemented even before loss of exclusivity (Denmark, Scotland), while others did not report specific measures. Conclusion: Even though originator adalimumab is the highest selling product in the world, few countries have implemented specific policies and practices for (biosimilar) adalimumab. Countries with biosimilars on the market seem to have competition lowering list or actual prices. Reported discounts varied widely between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To review current biosimilar procurement policies and practices in Europe and discuss multi-stakeholder (patients, physician, payer and manufacturer) perspectives on the implications for long-term market sustainability. Through evidence assessment and expert consultation, potential implications of current policies and practices were identified for biosimilar market sustainability: Multi-stakeholder perspectives and market implications should be considered when designing procurement policies. [Extracted from the article]

European graduates are attracted more by U.S. MNCs rather than by European companies. This is the overall result of the European Graduate Survey '95 conducted by an independent Swedish institute. The European-wide sample including almost 7000 graduates of business and engineering degree programs of 36 leading universities and business schools in 13 countries. More than 50 percent want to work for a multinational, 13 percent for a local company, and 14 percent want to start their own business. The selection criteria of the students are interesting in that financial aspects seem to play a minor role. Topical industries such as computer, telecom, consulting, automobiles and consumer goods seem to be the most attractive ones for the young generation whereas energy, pharmaceuticals or insurance do not show at all among the top 50. The international-mindedness, diversity and cross-culturalness of multinationals seem to be major driving forces. The 1995 issue of the journal Management International Review focuses in its first part on some problems of global competitiveness and on global sourcing, in its second part on problems of foreign market entry decisions and on cross-border acquisitions, and finally on business reengineering.