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Background. The triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes the disorder in terms of three distinguishable phenotypic facets: disinhibition, meanness and boldness. The present study sought to (1) inform current debates regarding the role of boldness in the definition of psychopathy and (2) clarify boundaries between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Method. This study evaluated the degree to which facets of the triarchic model are represented in the most widely used clinical inventory for psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R), in comparison with ASPD as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Adult male offenders from two distinct correctional settings (n = 157 and 169) were investigated to ensure replicability of findings across samples exhibiting high base rates of psychopathy and antisocial behavior. Results. We found evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three triarchic facets in predicting symptomatic components of psychopathy as assessed by the PCL-R. Additionally, and crucially vis-à-vis current debates in the field, we found that boldness contributed incrementally (over and above disinhibition and meanness) to prediction of PCL-R psychopathy, in particular its interpersonal style component, but not ASPD. Conclusions. The three distinct facets of the triarchic model of psychopathy are represented clearly and distinctly in the PCL-R, with boldness through its interpersonal facet, but not in DSM-defined ASPD. Our findings suggest that boldness is central to diagnostic conceptions of psychopathy and distinguishes psychopathy from the more prevalent diagnosis of ASPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical schools worldwide are challenged to address the rural primary care workforce shortage by creating community-engaged curricula to nurture student interest in rural practice. Aim: To examine the personal characteristics of six consecutive rural longitudinal integrated clerkship student cohorts to understand whom the programs attract and select and thus inform the development of such programs. Method: A cross-sectional cohort design was used. Six cohorts (2007-2012) completed a survey on demographics and factors that influenced their choice of rural primary care. The Temperament and Character Inventory was used to measure personality. Analysis was mainly descriptive. Where appropriate univariate analysis compared variables between groups. Results: Sample size was 205 with the majority female (61%), between 25 and 29 years (64%), single (60%) and lived longest in rural communities with populations less than 20,000 (60%). Rural lifestyle, background and desire to work in underserved areas were noted to impact rural medicine interest. Professional satisfaction, personal and professional goals and family needs had the highest impact on career decisions, and financial concerns lowest. Conclusion: The stability of students' personal characteristics across cohorts and the workforce outcomes of this program suggest the recruitment process successfully nurtures students who will fit well into future rural practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) have proven useful in the detection of symptom exaggeration in criterion-group validation (CGV) studies, usually comparing instructed feigners with known patient groups, the application of these scales has been problematic when assessing combat veterans undergoing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) examinations. Mixed group validation (MGV) was employed to determine the efficacy of MMPI-2 exaggeration scales in compensation-seeking (CS) and noncompensation-seeking (NCS) veterans. Unlike CGV, MGV allows for a mix of exaggerating and nonexaggerating individuals in each group, does not require that the exaggeration versus nonexaggerating status of any individual be known, and can be adjusted for different base-rate estimates. MMPI-2 responses of 377 male veterans were examined according to CS versus NCS status. MGV was calculated using 4 sets of base-rate estimates drawn from the literature. The validity scales generally performed well (adequate sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency) under most base-rate estimations, and most produced cutoff scores that showed adequate detection of symptom exaggeration, regardless of base-rate assumptions. These results support the use of MMPI-2 validity scales for PTSD evaluations in veteran populations, even under varying base rates of symptom exaggeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this ex post fact study was to explore how the wide variety of somatic and psychopathological symptoms presented by fibromyalgia patients can be reflected in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) questionnaire. In addition, it was intended to discriminate patterns of responding between fibromyalgia patients, chronic pain patients (nonfibromyalgia-based) and healthy controls. Three subsamples were considered using an ex post facto design: fibromyalgia patients (n = 36), chronic pain patients (n = 44) and healthy controls (n = 34). The Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-2 was individually administered to all participants. Differential analyses indicated that a) fibromyalgia group scored higher in all MMPI-2 validity and clinical scales, as compared to chronic pain and control groups; b) the fibromyalgia group MMPI-2 clinical profile is mainly oriented to the expression of a wide variety of somatic complaints, health problems, and physical malfunctioning; c) fibromyalgia group presented a pattern of overreporting responding which leads to hypothesize that some patients may reflect state of hypersensitivity and anxiety sensitivity, and others may reflect a pattern of seeking for psychological rewarding, maintaining a chronic sick role and chronic pain behaviours. Results indicate that MMPI-2 is a very useful psychometric tool to characterize a specific pattern of responding of fibromyalgia patients, and it is strongly recommended for bringing light to its clinical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of assessments to characterize domestic violence perpetrators continues to develop with an emphasis on increasing the effectiveness of domestic violence interventions. The present study examines and compares Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2 responses from 41 English-speaking and 48 Spanish-speaking men who were in court-mandated domestic violence treatment programs. Data are analyzed on all validity, clinical, supplementary, and content scales using composite means and cluster analyses. Although there are significant differences between the 2 groups on 12 scales, no scale shows significant clinical elevations (T > 65) for either language cohort. Three perpetrator subgroups are identified using a methodology similar to that used in previous MMPI-2 studies: nonpathological, antisocial, and otherwise psychologically disturbed. The proportion of participants falling into each of the 3 groups, for both English and Spanish speakers, is similar to that found in other studies. The results are discussed in terms of cultural influences and the need for treatment approaches tailored to characteristics of each personality type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies attempting to classify criminal offenders by cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) data, the number of clusters found varied between 10 (the Megargee System) and two (one cluster indicating no psychopathology and one exhibiting serious psychopathology). The latter results raise doubts about the suitability of the MMPI-2 for classification in forensic settings. The present study aimed at deriving an empirical classification system using cluster analysis of 247 MMPI-2 profiles of pretrial criminal defendants in a forensic psychiatric observation clinic. Results indicated only a 'non-disturbed' and a 'disturbed' profile, differing on general elevation of MMPI-2 profiles but displaying no qualitatively distinct profiles. The clusters differed on age at admission and first conviction, indicating a late onset of criminal activity for disturbed offenders. Also, the clusters differed significantly on Axis I diagnosis and borderline significantly on Axis II diagnosis. The absence of distinct personality profiles between the clusters suggests restricted usefulness of the MMPI-2 in a forensic context of diverse and severe psychopathology and serious crimes. Either the investigated population is in fact extremely homogeneous, truly comprising only two kinds of offenders, or the types of offenders in these populations are not effectively distinguished by the MMPI-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) reflect a recent shift for this instrument toward the measurement of contemporary conceptualizations of psychopathology. The current investigation aimed to replicate and extend the theoretical and empirical linkage between the RC scales and dimensional models of personality and to investigate how well the RC scales conform to a higher-order structure of psychopathology. Participants were 271 psychiatric patients who had been administered the MMPI-2 and revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) as part of a routine psychological evaluation. The results indicated that the RC scales map onto the Five Factor Model of personality as hypothesized and in congruence with previous findings in personality and psychopathology. The RC scales conformed to a higher-order structure of internalizing, externalizing, and thought disturbance, replicating and extending previous work concerning hierarchical structures of psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Because of the possibility of being denied or delayed surgery, bariatric patients might have a motivation to minimize any emotional difficulties in the preoperative psychological evaluation. This study examined changes in the psychometric test scores when extremely defensive patients were asked to repeat the testing. Methods: Changes in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scale scores were studied in a subsample of patients referred to the author for a preoperative psychological evaluation. After producing defensive MMPI-2 test profiles, these bariatric patients (n = 31) were provided feedback on their defensiveness and asked to be more open and honest on the repeat testing. Results: The vast majority (94%) of the patients produced valid profiles on the second test. On the second test, significant differences were found on 6 of the 13 MMPI-2 scales, as well as on separate measures of depression, anxiety, and anger. Conclusion: It appears to be important to include a psychometric measure that includes a validity scale in the evaluation process, because patients might be motivated to present in a defensive or overly virtuous light in fear that a negative evaluation from the psychologist would adversely affect a decision regarding their candidacy for surgery. It is recommended that patients who are defensive in their testing be asked to repeat the test battery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We established a historical cohort of 7,216 subjects who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) at the Mayo Clinic from 1962 through 1965 for research (not clinical indication), and who resided within a 120-mile radius centered in Rochester, Minnesota. We describe here the overall cohort design and sampling, we report results concerning reliability and validity, and we describe age and sex patterns at baseline for four MMPI scores of primary interest (depression, anxiety, social introversion, and negativity). Subjects excluded from the cohort because of missing data had MMPI scores similar to subjects included (after appropriate rescaling). A cut-off specific for age and sex at the 75th percentile of the distribution of raw scores was valid compared with the traditional clinical cut-off (T scores plus one standard deviation). Baseline scores for all four scales were higher in women than in men at all ages (all p < 0.0001). Depression and social introversion scores showed an increasing trend with age in both sexes (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.05 and 0.08, respectively, p < 0.0001 for both). Baseline scores on the anxiety scale showed a decreasing trend with age in both sexes (rho = –0.06, p < 0.0001). Negativity scores remained relatively stable with age in both sexes (rho = 0.03, p = 0.01). We found a high correlation between the anxiety score and the negativity score (rho = 0.90, p < 0.0001) even after the exclusion of overlapping items (rho = 0.68, p < 0.0001). This newly established historical cohort study provides opportunities to test hypotheses regarding the link between personality and aging, aging-related diseases, and overall mortality. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the discussion of the various response styles along with its relevance to clinical work and research with response style and post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Definition of response style; Summary of studies using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - II validity scales to examine response style in patients; Instrument designed to assess psychological problems following a traumatic event.

Using path analysis and hierarchical linear modeling, the authors evaluated the associations between both partners' level of depression and anxiety, as measured by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) content scales, and both partners' level of marital satisfaction among married couples (N = 774) that participated in the MMPI restandardization study (J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989). Results indicated that marital satisfaction was predicted by the person's own level of anxiety and depression (i.e., actor effects) and by his or her spouse's level of depression only (i.e., partner effects). Findings also indicated that (a) there were no significant gender differences in the magnitude of effects, (b) depression effects were significantly stronger than anxiety effects, (c) actor effects were significantly stronger than partner effects, and (d) there were interactions between actor and partner effects for depression only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article places one of Jerry Wiggins' contributions to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), his content scales, in the twin contexts of past and recent research, and of Wiggins' own preoccupations growing out of the interpersonal point of view. It highlights Wiggins' perspective on the position of the person in the process of personality assessment, with special reference to the means by which the person's communication with the assessor may become accessible as a voice in he heard in the total pattern of assessment findings. Finally, one of the newer trends in personality assessment, one highly congenial to Wiggins' interpersonal outlook, is discussed with reference to the rote that the MMPI-2 Content Scales may play in its Future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to the Racial Identity Attitude Scale--Black, Short Form (RIAS--B) was examined among 50 African American male college students in a reanalysis of unpublished MMPI data described in R. H. Dana (1993). This permitted study of relationships between MMPI scores and specific psychological variables hypothesized to produce cultural differences among African Americans. Results indicated RIAS--B scale scores functioned as predictors of MMPI scale scores. Similar research with the MMPI--2 incorporating larger samples that more adequately represent African American heterogeneity is needed. Methodological implications of these findings for MMPI--2 research with ethnic and racial groups are discussed, emphasizing the importance of research to depathologize African American racial and cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An archival study sampled personality test protocols with spontaneous handwriting specimens from 73 men and 168 women for signatures and scores on selected scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Judges applied a 5-point scale to sort signatures for tidiness. Interrater agreement was .93. The mean handwriting tidiness score for men was 1.8 and 2.8 for women, a significant difference of 1 point. Correlations between handwriting tidiness and MMPI-2 scores did not support the hypothesis that erratic handwriting is associated with pathology but scores for gender role correlated significantly with handwriting tidiness. Masculine Gender Role predicted sloppy penmanship and Feminine Gender Role predicted tidy writing, independent of the writers' biological sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are retrospective accounts of family rearing environments linked to adult personality? We addressed this question by measuring both domains in a sample of 180 reared-apart twins. Twins completed extensive measures of rearing environments (the Minnesota-Briggs History Record, the Block Environmental Questionnaire, the Family Environment Scale, and the Physical Facilities Questionnaire) and an omnibus measure of adult personality (the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire). Retrospective accounts of family environments were partially heritable and all the heritable variance in environmental measures could be accounted for by heritable variance in personality. In addition, differences between twins in their accounts of their rearing environments (nonshared environmental factors) were not significantly linked to differences between twins in their personalities. Hence, family environmental measures appear to be heritable because personality genes influence the way people shape and recall their rearing environments. In addition, differences in reared-apart twins' retrospectively recalled rearing environments appear to have little impact on differences in their personalities in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scales, purported to be predictive of treatment outcome, were related to length of stay (LOS) in a domiciliary and to discharge status from a domiciliary for 335 subjects. The revised MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC-R), Addiction Acknowledgement Scale (AAS), and Addiction Potential Scale (APS), scales indicating a propensity to use illicit substances, and the Psychopathic Deviate Scale (Pd), indicating acting-out, all correlate negatively with length of stay. AAS also correlates negatively with regular/irregular discharge. Other scales expected to predict treatment outcome do not significantly correlate with either length of stay or type of discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on contemporary norms for the Wiggins content scales (WCS) which continues to be popular among clinicians. However, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile patterns across the basic scales have shown significant changes since its interception in 1937. MMPI, at the time it was formulated, was intended to be an aid to the physicians of that era, who had estimated that from 30 percent to 70 percent of their patients had psychological factors that were of significance in the presenting medical complaint. Items that compose the basic clinical scales of the MMPI were selected primarily by empirical means.

This article cites a study in Saint Cloud, Minnesota that evaluated a substantial number of previously proposed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) suicide predictors by comparing the inventories of 84 psychiatric hospital patients who had completed suicide to those of a comparison group. It also compared the frequencies with which the groups endorsed each of the 566 MMPI items. The number of resulting significant differences was less than chance. The results argued against the use of the MMPI to predict suicide at this point.

This article focuses on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These psychiatric examinations typically include a psychometric assessment of the offender, as well as a clinical appraisal of the offender's case. Large numbers of offenders are remanded by the courts for a pretrial psychiatric examination each year. In Canada, such assessments address the issue of fitness to stand trial, the applicability of an insanity defense, the appropriateness of bail, as well as the treatability and dangerousness of the offender.

This article focuses on profile generalizability in the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with psychiatric inpatients. At the Hastings State Hospital in Minnesota, data were available for patients recurrently hospitalized and repeatedly tested with the MMPI. For each of 55 patients four profiles were found that reflected early and late periods in each of two successive stays. For any subsample of 10 subjects, four matrices could be constructed with call elements made up of, alternatively, the first, second, third, or fourth occurring profile.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to understand psychological differences between females convicted of forgery and their nonnative counterparts. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) items for 128 females between the ages of 20 and 29, inclusive, who were convicted of forgery were compared against 128 females from an age-matched normative sample. For each of the 566 MMPI items, chi-square statistics were calculated by comparing the percentage of the forgery sample responding "True" to the percentage of the normative group responding "True." Thirty-three items were significant at a predetermined level of p = .0001. These items were categorized into nine groups according to their apparent content: value system, relations with the family, uncertainty, the appearance of perfectionism, the self-importance element, the law, perception of others, sleep, and current state. The item numbers and their scoring direction are presented for each of these categories with working hypotheses and treatment considerations. Suggestions for further research that examines other offender populations is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides data on the validity of the scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to identify alcoholics, in differentiating psychiatric hospital admissions with alcoholic problems from those admissions without alcoholic problems. The sample included all testable patients admitted to a Veterans Administration neuropsychiatric hospital during a six month period. The criteria of problem drinking, against which the psychometric classification was compared. The mean of the alcoholic group was not significantly different from that of the nonalcoholic group on any of the three alcoholism scales. A second comparison between alcoholics and nonalcoholics using more stringent criteria of alcoholism, that is requiring all three indicators to be present, resulted in significant mean differences on two of the three scales.

The article presents an evaluation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in a state hospital. In order to determine the effectiveness of the MMPI in differentiating various state hospital patient groups, data were gathered on 187 male and 219 female acute patients, and 228 male and 208 female continued treatment patients at the Fergus Falls State Hospital, Fergus Falls, Minnesota. The results clearly indicated subscale differences between the acute and chronic groups, and also between diagnostic groups within the two chronicity categories.

This study compares Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI data from Afro-Americans and white ninth grade students in two Kentucky integrated public schools. The subjects were 200 ninth grade students of whom 31 were Afro-Americans and 169 white. These adolescents constituted the entire ninth grade in attendance at the time the MMPI was administered in two Central Kentucky towns, except that 24 subjects who completed invalid profiles were eliminated from the comparison. The Afro-Americans and white students attended the same classes and resided in the same school districts.

This article discusses conversion hysterics and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The sample consists of 63 females who were diagnosed "psychoneurosis, cone version hysteria" and tested with the MMPI since 1943 in the University Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The data were collected from the files of Dr. S.R. Hathaway. All available cases were used; the questionable practice of discarding cases having high L, F, or K scores was not followed. Not one of the 63 cases had been involved in the original validation of the Hy scale. This sample, is a cross-validation sample. Most of the patients on entering the hospital had taken the individual card form; a minority had taken the group form.

The article describes an integrated research effort aimed at obtaining an Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scale for predicting irregular discharges among tuberculosis patients. None of the standard MMPI scales consistently discriminated between regular and irregular disc charge patients. However, an Irregular Discharge Scale, consisting of 57 MMPI items, effectively discriminated discharge groups at two of the hospitals.

The article highlights a study that examined the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. The satisfactory performance and validity of this test are well known and established in the literature. In utilizing it within the army situation, there appear to be two disadvantages as far as particular needs of the authors' were concerned. The overall time required to sort the 550 cards and the manual sorting, recording and scoring technique necessitated considerable outlay of time. The literature and inspection revealed 200 items out of the 550 were not utilized in the scoring.

The article discusses the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in various clinical situations, and one has dealt with the problem of test profiles. These reports have yielded favorable conclusions, but others have criticized the inventory method, and personal experience has revealed that many military psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are disinclined to accept the inventory as a useful and valid instrument. The inventory was also found to reveal special aids for differential diagnosis, for the detection of exaggeration and malingering, and for the identification of lesser clinical entities, but was found to be of little value in detecting sexual deviates.

This article presents a study which examined the personalities of predelinquent boys. The data in this study was a project in which Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 88.5 percent of the ninth grade school children of Minneapolis. The data presented by the study are not sufficient nor adequate to make any extensive discussion of the origin of delinquency-proneness and of other personality characteristics. It is possible that the personality traits indicated by the MMPI variable were acquired in the process of ontological development. It is also possible that some or part of the potential for exhibiting delinquent behavior came from genetic factors operating in an environment that permitted a development of such behavior. The MMPI provides some evidence that part of these stress patterns could be juvenile forms of adult maladjustment. The collected data indicate that any community seriously interested in preventing delinquency should have several kinds of programs rather that concentrating upon a single program. Boys should, by guidance and inclination, be permitted to choose an appropriate program. The data indicate that the possibility that a program of controlled revolt and even danger might help some boys, but others need something very different

The article aims to obtain an objective personality description of a male, adult prison population. A review of the literature revealed that the one test which gave the most promise of giving an objective and discriminating personality description of offenders was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This test is composed of a number of scales or variables and the primary objective of this study was to determine if any of these variables correspond differentially to certain salient aspects of antisocial behavior. The test used in this study is the Group Form of the MMPI. The subjects used in this study were the first 100 white and 100 Negro native-born inmates received in Sing Sing prison on and after a specified date who met certain requisites. Of the total group of two hundred inmates, 102 are single, that is, never married, and 61 are separated or divorced from their wives. Many of the single men, as well as the separated and divorced men, were living before their arrest in illicit relationships. Depending on the criteria used the MMPI identified from 40.5 percent to 90.5 percent of the prison population as possibly belonging in the conduct disorders group, familiarly known as psychopaths.

The data presented describe personality characteristics of ninth-grade school children residing in various regions of Minnesota. The groups were selected from a population of more than 15,000 participants in a study of social and psychological adjustment. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was used for determining the personality characteristics. The children were classified by the size of the community in which they resided. Three residential classifications were employed: urban, town, and rural. The findings indicate that several personality scales of the MMPI differentiate children of larger communities from children of rural areas. The results suggest the existence of rural-urban personality differences and the nature of these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a summary of the reliability and stability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales. When any psychological test is published, it is important to report psychometric properties, such as reliability and stability. As the test gains in popularity and is incorporated into research programs, independently derived empirical evidence for these properties accumulates. MMPI is an example of this process. The inclusion in the data base of subjects of both genders, from a wide range of populations, leads the authors to believe that their estimates are representative of the populations for which the MMPI is used frequently.

The article cites a study which analyzes the relationship of aerobic physical fitness to selected personality traits. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physical fitness as measured by aerobic capacity and selected personality traits as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for college males. The secondary purpose of the study was to determine whether change in physical fitness of college males is related to changes in personality traits. In the first phase of the study, college males were administered the MMPI and several aerobic physical fitness tests.

The article presents information on a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test, MMPI performance of aphasic and non-phasic brain damaged patients. Brain-damaged individuals with aphasic symptoms tend to exhibit more severe impairment of verbal abilities than do nonphasic brain-damaged individuals. The purpose of this study was to obtain further information concerning the question of whether affective disturbances exhibited by aphasic individuals specifically result from the language deficit associated with aphasic symptoms, or whether these disturbances are also characteristic of brain-damaged individuals with no aphasic symptoms.

The article presents information on Interpretation of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) high point code frequencies in a state hospital population profiles has continued to emphasize configural aspects rather than individual scale scores. Further, it has become increasingly popular to code profiles, employing one of the existing coding techniques and to ascertain empirically the behavioral characteristics associated with specific code types in a particular clinical setting or population.

The article presents information on the norms for the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory with student nurses. Clinical experience has indicated the need for special norms on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for college students and other groups such as student nurses. This paper presents MMPI T scores secured from a normative group of 168 student nurses. The scores of freshman student nurses did not differ significantly from those of the whole group.

This article provides a cross-validation of several control/hostility scales by comparing mental health center patients who later were arrested for felony crimes with those who were not. A number of experimental Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales have been developed for the measurement of hostility and control. To date, no experimental data have been reported on the ability of the MMPI special scales to predict criminality. The subjects consisted of 47 male applicants for outpatient treatment at the Hennepin County Mental Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Functioning effectively as a veterinarian requires proficiency in multiple learning styles. Whether the goal is to design a nutrition course, plan a veterinary curriculum, or help students develop interpersonal, communication, and leadership skills, students benefit when content, design, and delivery are balanced to meet their learning-style preferences. An overview of four different learning style models is presented: the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Kolb's Learning Style Model, the Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model, and the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI). A whole-brain approach (HBDI) was used in the development and implementation of the small-animal clinical nutrition course at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine. One educational objective of this course is to help students develop mental dexterity, increasing their proficiency in both their preferred and their less preferred modes of learning. The instructional goals are to deliver the content of the small-animal clinical nutrition course through exercises that meet the needs of learners in each thinking quadrant (left and right, cerebral and limbic) at least part of the time. Examples of exercises are presented to portray a balanced or whole-brain approach to teaching clinical nutrition.

Population-based surveys were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to measure the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) history and risk factors in Black and White adults. Type A behavior was measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). JAS scores were associated with age (negatively), education (positively), and sex (men greater than women) but were largely unrelated to CHD risk factors. Blacks had significantly lower age- and education-adjusted Type A and component scores than Whites, more so for men than women. Univariate analysis indicated that a history of angina and/or heart attack was positively associated with the Type A score in both Blacks and Whites. Following adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors, Type A score remained positively and significantly associated with CHD prevalence. These findings are consistent with other cross-sectional studies and suggest that Type A behavior, as measured by the JAS, may increase the risk of CHD in both Blacks and Whites. Follow-up of these cohorts may help to clarify the complex relationship of Type A behavior to the risk of CHD.