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Exemplifying par excellence the American and exotic figure Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson had epitomized before him, Gouverneur Morris worked in France as the herald of enlightened republican principles. In 1789, when he arrived in Paris, Morris was thrilled to see that the French had begun their own revolution in the name of liberty. Moreover, as he lived among the nobility, the New Yorker criticized what represented to him the decaying monarchy's corrupt values and frivolity, which he contrasted with the morals and the aesthetics of simplicity of the United States. He thus appeared as the standard-bearer of an idyllic and idealized American identity and tried to translate these virtuous republican principles to the French. However, Morris is now remembered as an enemy of the French Revolution, a traitor to the republican cause, and an ally of the French monarchy. Unraveling why this former Patriot became the foe of the Revolution that claimed to be the heir of the American War for Independence could help us to see the variety of republican sentiments making the revolutionary Atlantic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the history and development of the concept of the Rule of Law from ancient times through the present. It describes the elements of the Rule of Law and its importance to the protection of human rights in a variety of contexts, including under domestic and international law. From ancient Greece and Rome to the Enlightenment, and from the American and French Revolutions to modern times, the Rule of Law has played a key role in societies around the world. The essay discusses definitions of the Rule of Law, its origins, and its development over time, including in Europe, America's founding period, and the post-World War II era. In particular, the essay discusses the intellectual contributions of historical figures such as the Italian criminal-law theorist Cesare Beccaria, the French jurist, Baron de Montesquieu, and American revolutionaries who played major roles in laying the now centuries-old foundation for the development of the modern-day Rule of Law concept (i.e., in drafting early American constitutions and laws, including the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights). The essay explores a wide range of topics, from the creation of the United Nations and the ratification of international conventions and human rights treaties, to the adoption of South Africa's post-apartheid constitution, to Donald Trump's continuous and systematic assault on the Rule of Law, human rights, and democratic institutions and norms. The essay also highlights the Rule of Law's symbiotic relationship to the protection of fundamental human rights such as the rights to equality, to vote, and to be free from discrimination, cruelty and torture. Arguing that various Trump Administration acts and policies (e.g., separating children from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border and the death penalty's use) and the outrageous and brazen efforts of Donald Trump and his campaign and allies to discriminate against and disenfranchise voters violate core Rule of Law principles, the essay concludes by emphasizing the Rule of Law's continuing and critical importance to the protection of civil liberties and fundamental human rights in the twentyfirst century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Equality: The History of an Elusive Idea" by Darrin M. McMahon explores the concept of equality throughout history, examining how different societies and ideologies have approached it. The book highlights that many ideologies of equality have been predicated on the exclusion of certain groups, leading to divisions and contradictions. The author discusses the American and French revolutions as well as the civil rights movements in the United States, emphasizing the complexities and limitations of equality. The book also touches on contemporary issues such as identity politics and the contrast between national and global equality. Overall, the book suggests that history teaches us that while there may be progress in some areas, there can also be greater divisions between people in other areas. [Extracted from the article]

The author attempts to remove the halo around the word 'revolution', especially used in the political spectrum, including U.S. Senator 'Bernie Sanders's call for revolution during President Trump's election. It talks about the inevitability of the French Revolution of 1789 with historians views, Bolshevik Revolution and revolutions leading to disaster. The author aimed to define positive aspects of the revolution and feel the need of radical transformation and not the revolution in U.S.

The article examines the rhetoric of democracy and aristrocracy in the U.S. between 1793 and 1795 in addition to the social influence of the French Revolution and civic festivals in the U.S. during that time period. The article discusses parallels between U.S. and French political culture during the mid-1790s, the concept of democracy and aristocracy and class tensions in the U.S., and the use of revolutionary language.

The article considers the reaction of the American intelligentsia to the fear and anxiety raised by the atrocities of World War II, exploring how it encouraged critical thinking during the Cold War as a way to defend democratic principles against totalitarianism. Topics include anti-communism, the historiography of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the period as the "Age of Anxiety" as defined by W. H. Auden, and J. L. Talmon's book "The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy."

Recent scholarship on French Revolutionary refugees to the United States has demonstrated their importance to American politics in the 1790s. But while this literature places these refugees within preexisting networks in the French Atlantic, and within the context of the imperial conflicts of the late eighteenth century, it largely ignores their long-term importance to the nineteenth-century United States. In tracing the life of Natalie Delage Sumter—an aristocratic Frenchwoman who immigrated to the United States in 1793 and married into the prominent Sumter family of South Carolina in 1802—this article points to the ways that former refugees continued to participate in trans-Atlantic networks and retain elements of French culture, even as they embraced a life in the United States. As an adult, Sumter sought to square her aristocratic and royalist past with her life in the United States, primarily through family and faith. Her family ties across the Atlantic world, and her support of the Catholic Church and its nascent institutions in the United States, provided Sumter with economic, ideological, and emotional support and were the basis of her lifelong cosmopolitanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Publicola controversy, an early American debate that exposed lingering questions about the nature of American constitutionalism. The debate ignited when a young John Quincy Adams wrote a series of public letters that took direct aim at Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, the definitive Anglo-American panegyric to the French Revolution. Writing under the pseudonym "Publicola," Adams offered an extensive critique of Paine's understanding of America's contributions to constitutional theory. These letters in turn inspired a number of rebuttals, and the ensuing debate quickly transformed from a disagreement over the character of the French Revolution into a struggle to define America's fledgling constitutional order. The Publicola controversy offers a valuable window into a delicate and formative early stage of American constitutional development and highlights some persistent tensions in American constitutionalism that we struggle to reconcile even today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the method through which interpersonal relationships among students and student-teacher relationships occur in online history courses, through referencing the author's experience in teaching an online course at Lehman College in New York City, New York. An overview of class discussions in online courses, including compulsory participation in discussion forums each week, is provided. The article also provides an example of a fictional period newspaper from the French Revolution of 1789 through 1799 as a student assignment.

The article discusses emergence of middle class and European history. Topics discussed include civil war in England, French Revolution and middle classes in United States. Other topics such as social and economic aspect of middle classes, economist Branko Milanovic and industrial revolution are also discussed.

The existence of revolutionary waves is a well-known feature of history. This study contends that revolutionary waves are best understood as systemic phenomena occurring during periods of rapid world-cultural expansion. Rapid expansion and deeper penetration of cultural linkages is theorized to generate contradiction between idealized models and local political practices, empower oppositions, and fracture elites, resulting in waves of revolution. The theoretical logic is illustrated with the example of the Atlantic Revolutions. Multivariate analyses examine the correspondence among a new indicator of world culture, additional systemic processes, and revolutionary waves across five centuries of European history. Results suggest that the occurrence of revolutionary waves is positively associated with relatively rapid world-cultural growth and hegemonic decline, as indicated by periods of hegemonic warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the constellation of the eighteenth-century revolutions, the French events have always occupied a dominant position. Consequently the other European upheavals have been considered as being provoked or strongly influenced by France. Yet, the Dutch revolutions in the 1780s and 1790s provide some important nuances to this interpretation. Before the French took over the Bastille, there was already a Dutch revolution with devoted Patriots, speaking about rights of man and constitutions. The Patriots had to flee abroad in 1787. In 1795, thanks to the French Army, they were able to return to their drawing boards, eager to think anew their government and society. This paper investigates how they did it and whether the American and French precedents were so influential after all in the construction of the Batavian Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reflection on the impact of the French Revolution (1789-1799) on the United States. According to the article, the violence and bloody aspect of the French Revolution were discussed in the American press and the Jacobin attempts in the U.S. were strongly criticized. The parallel that was made in the beginning of the 19th century between the Jacobin violence and the cruelty of pro-slavers is analyzed. The book "De la démocratie en Amérique," by Alexis de Tocqueville, is mentioned.

The article presents a reflection on the economic interests of France in the trade with North America between 1763 and 1795. This study is based on the reports of French consular officers concerning the opportunities brought up by the development of the French-American trade at this period. An analysis of the image that France had in North America during the Revolution (between 1789 and 1795), and of the way that France saw its neighbor across the Atlantic at this same period, is proposed in the article.

The article presents a reflection on the links between the French and American revolutions that occurred in the 18th century, offering a different approach on these events than the one that was made in historiography in the 20th century. Particular focus is given to the place of misunderstandings between France and the U.S., the role of the relations between individuals and groups, and the complexity of the meanings of this particular historical period. An overview of the relations between France and the U.S., and how they explained their conflicts and differences, is proposed.

The article presents a reflection on the revolts of slaves that occurred in the United States in the latest years of the 18th century, in a context of revolutions both in the U.S. and in France, and of reforms in Europe. Particular focus is given to the slave revolts inspired by an imaginary emancipation decree. According to the article, many revolts were based on the rumor that a king had passed a decree announcing the emancipation of slaves and that slave owners or colonial authorities would refuse to publish it.

The article examines the evolution of the legal systems of France and the U.S. throughout history. Topics include the impact of the French Revolution on the French legal system, the impact of the American Revolution on the U.S. legal system, and the U.S. adoption of the English common law system. Information is provided on France's civil law system.

In this essay, we will analize the concepts of Action and Revolution in Hannah Arendt's political thought. Her views on politics as a public sphere where human beings appear in order to act all together is a notion that brings us back to the Ancient Greeks and Hannah Arendt will use it so as to understand the term "Revolution" in the modern sense: a new beginning in Human History and the foundation of liberty. Hannah Arendt focuses on the two main modern revolutions in modern history and political thought: "The French Revolution" and the "American Revolution". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public management, as an academic discipline, has been, up to now, inspired by a managerialist approach, axiologically neutral, which cast aside the great questions regarding the ends of public life, those of the common good and of the 'good life' that were at the very basis of classical political philosophy. Governing has been reduced to 'governancing', relying on the presupposition that good means automatically leading to good ends. Based on critiques of this drift, we witness on both sides of the Atlantic the renewal of the old republicanism that makes the common good the aim of public administration. This debate has been at the very foundation of the modern democracies since the 17th century in England, to the foundation of the United States and the republican tradition stemming from the French Revolution. This article envisages how public management could rejuvenate itself to mend the broken link between the managerial and the political, putting emphasis on what would be the consequences on the training of public managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visionary statements can derive from various forms of inspiration, but they can also be founded in large measure on a profound scepticism about existing principles or structures. The main focus in this article is on writings by Thomas Paine, but, by way of introduction, the works of two other writers, also from the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, are briefly examined. They are Jane Austen and Mary Wollstonecraft, both of whom share a deep concern for the plight of contemporary women, and a conception of how this can be changed, fundamentally. While Paine shares their concerns with the rights of women, his principal focus is on the revolutions he witnessed in America, and later in France, on the deleterious effects of tyrannical government, and on an idealistic vision of the future, once these effects are eliminated. Towards the end of his life he published a statement of his thorough-going doubts about many of the beliefs and the histories contained in the Bible, and a counter-statement of his own Deist beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of Condorcet (1743-1794) on public education are discussed. Condorcet, an intellectual who participated in the French Revolution, established the doctrinal basis of the bourgeois education system and the Republican liberal educational project based on the Illustration theoretical and ideological premises and on the Enlightenment philosophers who influenced contemporary pedagogical thought. Condorcet's document "Report and Draft Decree on the General Organization of Public Instruction," submitted to the National Assembly on behalf of the Committee on Public Education (1792), is analyzed. Other shorter documents, such as (a) On Provincial Assemblies (1788); (b) Post-scriptum (1788); (c) the speech given to the National Assembly on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences (1790); (d) Overview of the Public Man's Library (1790); (e) On the Need of Public Education (1793), in which the author stresses the need to establish public education in the Republic, are also analyzed. The sources investigated show the insistence on people's moral formation, perceived as a radical union between reason and morality, based on the principle of absolute autonomy and independence from any religious or political influence. The texts suggest that all citizens should have access to free education at all levels for the physical, intellectual and moral formation of both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could it be a revolution without a popular feast? And what is the role of public spaces (the squares) and folk in revolutions? This essay explores the subtle difference that distinguishes spontaneous riots such as the recent one of immigrants in Rosarno and popular demonstrations, from the French Revolution to the recent Obama's Election Day, passing through other great popular events such as Woodstock in which oceanic masses of people and the common feeling to be a part of a greater feast are an essential feature of their own meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses an extraordinary series of financial and commercial transactions made by the Anglo-Dutch consortium of Hope-Barings during the French Revolutionary Wars. Linking Spain, Britain, France, the Netherlands, the United States, and Mexico, these transactions originated in Spain’s urgent need to secure royal funds stockpiled in Mexico and rendered inaccessible by Britain’s wartime blockade of the Atlantic. In return for British acquiescence in the importation of these funds, the Spanish granted free access to the rich Mexican market for British goods and manufactures. And, extraordinarily, the prospect of such an outlet for its exports in Mexico was so attractive to the British that they in turn consented not only to the transfer of Spanish royal funds across the Atlantic, but even to their delivery to their greatest enemy, Revolutionary France; all of this, at the very height of the Napoleonic ‘Continental System’ of anti-British economic warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the contributions of French aristocrat Marquis de La Fayette during the French Revolution. It explains why the country did not grant La Fayette the same admiration and status he received in the U.S. It mentions that La Fayette was dedicated to liberty and the rule of law in his endeavors during the revolution. An overview of La Fayette's life story is also given.

The article presents information on the role of newspapers at the time of the French revolution during 1792-1793. It is stated that a study of newspapers in 1792-1793 reveals the impact of the radicalized French Revolution on the political culture of the U.S. It is mentioned that newspapers developed a feeling of community among otherwise unconnected francophiles, and also provided them with a chronology of events. Many Democratic-Republican editors, including Thomas Adams, promoted the role of newspapers in the advancement of liberty. Events during the French Revolution included the French victory over the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy on September 20, 1792, and the establishment of the French Republic on September 22, 1792.

This paper explores an unlikely incident in order to probe how Atlantic culture, commerce, and colonization influenced French revolutionary politics. In 1789-90, American and British agents in France promoted sales of land in Scioto, Ohio. Land shares sold like hotcakes: the outbreak of revolution spurred early emigration. The buyers included leading aristocrats and right-wing monarchists. Given America's status as space of colonization and political invention, Scioto speedily became a hot topic of political debate and satire in French revolutionary press and pamphlets. This paper examines the multiple meanings of America by asking how agents sold l'Amérique, how the aristocrats planned a paternalist utopia in Ohio, and how French revolutionary patriots used satire, travelogues, and political persuasion to debate emigration, colonization, nature vs. civilization, and American vs. French liberty. This analysis of Sciotomanie rethinks the "Atlantic Revolutions" model: it illustrates how remnant French interest in colonizing North Atlantic lands interacted with the exchange of revolutionary culture. Second, it shows how the revolutionary circulation of ideas and commerce not only produced creative politics but also fomented a lasting national rivalry between France and the U.S. over the moral leadership of modern politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During much of his prolific career, the late historian Jacob Talmon was preoccupied with revolutionary movements, and was especially unsettled by, and attracted to, the force displayed by the French and Russian Revolutions. The young United States’ long and bloody war against the British Empire, followed by the creation of a republican novus ordo seclorum, supposedly fitted Talmon''s revolutionary model and narrative. Hence, it is hard to account for the complete absence of the American Revolution from Talmon''s extensive and celebrated trilogy. This paper examines how Talmon understood revolutions and how the major historiographical schools interpreting the American Revolution could not accommodate, for different reasons, Talmon''s paradigm of the nature and essence of revolutions. The paper further demonstrates how not only the failings of different historical interpretive schemes convinced Talmon to ignore the American Revolution. Rather, since the American Revolution could be conceived either as Lockean or Machiavellian, but in any event not as Rousseauian, Talmon overlooked its Atlantic nature; he chose to focus solely on messianic Europe. The paper will thus analyze the meaning and consequence of the fact that Talmon left the examination of the pursuit of happiness to Americanists, and chose to leave 1776 out of his corpus. Indeed, a missing revolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the exception of Simon Schama's monograph on Dutch Patriots and French 'Liberators', the Batavian Revolution (1795-1806) has usually been interpreted as French-inspired and thus as 'alien' to the Netherlands. The original Dutch revolutionary achievements are underestimated as are those in the Patriot Revolution (1781-1787). In this article, both periods are investigated and (re)placed in the context of the contemporary revolutions in America and France to better understand their mutual interactions. The focus lies on the political and cultural transfers between these three nations in revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers one manner in which popular impressions of the French Revolution have taken shape in the U.S. by examining interpretations found in four American films, and then comparing these depictions with other, mostly French, movies. The four American films were Orphans of the Storm, directed by D. W. Griffith, Marie Antoinette, directed by W. S. Van Dyke, The Black Book, directed by Anthony Mann and Jefferson in Paris, directed by James Ivory. These movies have been selected because they span the century and because they fit into relatively distinct creative eras. Historians have time and again noted that the U.S. and France are joined by a unique transatlantic history that saw the two nations emerge as the world's first modern republics. Since the 18th century, the revolutions that produced these sister republics have often served as inspiration and sometimes as models for other revolutions. Some of the issues that divide the two countries have to do with genuine policy differences, but in other ways the division may be the product of perceptions and habits of looking at the other. Over the years American films about the French Revolution have contributed to this division. Sections of the films described here offer intriguing views of the French Revolution, and for this reason all could be useful in sparking discussion in the classroom. But a nuanced and even-handed American film about the French Revolution, willing to engage the event at some level of complexity and beyond the usual stereotypes, an American equivalent of Renoir's La Marseillaise still awaits being made.

Examines interpretations in nineteenth- and twentieth-century school texts in the U.S., through the process by which myths and negative images of the French Revolution were fashioned in the U.S. Aim of histories that compare the American and French Revolutions; Information on the French Revolution; Discussion on the interpretive trends in several nineteenth century textbooks in the U.S.

Discusses the contrasting messages of American Friends and of Benjamin Franklin, thought in France to be a Quaker, to the advocates of the French Revolution in the 1790s. How Nantucket, Massachusetts became the extension of the Holy Experiment after its demise in Pennsylvania, for mission work and transmission of Quaker message; Origins of French Quakerism; Details on the Quaker petition presentation to the French National Assembly in 1791.

Compares the symbolisms associated with the American and French Revolutions. Translation or reinterpretation of Enlightenment revolutionary symbols; Fundamental nature of a republican government; Revolutionary cult of virtue.

Investigates the value that leading founders of the United States attributed to political ideas and vision in the American and French revolutions. Pursuit by revolutionary men of letters of radical change; Views of political thinkers Edmund Burke, Alexis de Tocqueville, John Adams, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson on the accountability of such men; Loss of civil liberties.

Discusses the role of John Adams in the French Revolution. Unleashing a chain of revolutions that has not come to rest at the end of the twentieth century; Willingness to accept the blame for the violent upheavals of the French Revolution; Examination of a late eighteenth-century debate concerned with nature of constitution-making in revolutionary societies.

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discusses the hollowness of U.S. pretensions to equality and social justice. Reports from the U.S. press devoted to foreign news during the years of the French Revolution; Distribution of the francophilic milleanist literature in mid-Atlantic and New England towns and cities in mid-1790s; Relationship between violence and inequality.