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We have investigated effects of the partial substitution of trivalent La for divalent Ba on the magnetic properties of the double perovskite Ba[SUB2]FeMoO[SUB6]. Polycrystalline Ba[SUB2-x]La[SUBx]FmoO[SUB6] samples have been prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction in a stream of 5% H[SUB2]/Ar gas. Magnetization (15 K, 5 kOe) is 2.6μB /f.u. for x = 0.5 which is smaller than the value of 3.8μ[SUBB] /f.u. for x = 0. The partial substitution of La[SUP3+] for Ba[SUP2+] considerably enhances the Curie temperature T[SUBC]. The T[SUBC] increases from 316 K for x = 0 to 336 K for x = 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of grain size on magnetoresistance (MR) and electrical and magnetic properties of double perovskite Ba[sub 2]FeMoO[sub 6] (BFMO) have been investigated. BFMO samples with different grain size have been prepared by the conventional solid state reaction followed by sintering in a stream of 5% H[sub 2]/Ar at 1100 °C with various sintering times. The size of grain increases with increasing of sintering time. Temperature dependent magnetization is the same for samples with different grain size. However, electrical resistivity ρ(T) and MR are affected by the grain size; the ρ(T) and the MR value decrease with an increase in grain size. In spite of the different grain size, the ρ(T) shows a metallic behavior below the ferromagnetic transition temperature. Low magnetic field applied to the sample considerably reduces the resistivity over the whole temperature. The magnitude of MR for the sample sintered for 5 h is as large as 31% and 7% with the magnetic ! field of 0.7 T at 12 and 300 K, respectively. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In contrast to interscalene block, there was little information regarding the analgesic efficacy of supraclavicular block for shoulder surgery. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effects of interscalene and supraclavicular blocks for shoulder surgery.Methods: Patients scheduled for shoulder surgery were assigned to receive either ultrasound-guided interscalene (n = 25) or supraclavicular block (n = 24) with 20 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine. We assessed the duration of post-operative analgesia as a primary outcome and pain scores, supplemental analgesia, diaphragmatic excursion, motor block, fingertip numbness, side effects, and patient satisfaction as secondary outcomes.Results: The duration of post-operative analgesia was not statistically different between groups: 868 (800-1440) min for supraclavicular block vs. 800 (731-922) min for interscalene block (median difference -85 min, 95% CI, -283 to 3 min, P = 0.095). The incidence of diaphragmatic paresis was significantly lower in the supraclavicular block group compared with that in the interscalene block group, both at 30 min after the block (66.7% vs. 92%, P = 0.021) and in the post-anaesthesia care unit (62.5% vs. 92%, P = 0.024). Motor block was higher in the supraclavicular block group in the post-anaesthesia care unit, however, not at 24 h. Other secondary outcomes were similar for both groups.Conclusions: This study showed no statistically significant difference in the duration of post-operative analgesia between the supraclavicular and interscalene blocks. However, the supraclavicular block was associated with a lower incidence of diaphragmatic paresis compared with that of the interscalene block after shoulder surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics added to commercial milk formula of infants and mothers. In recent years, cases of allergy related to GOS in atopic children have been reported in the South East Asian region. Case presentations: We describe a series of pregnant (n = 4) and lactating mothers (n = 2) who developed anaphylactic reactions after consumption of maternal milk formula containing GOS. All six subjects had preexisting atopy and a positive skin prick test to GOS and 5/5 of the subjects who were tested had positive basophil activation tests to GOS. All of the mothers and their babies had normal neonatal outcomes after the reactions. Conclusions: The supplementation of GOS into milk and beverages in the Asian region should take into account the rare chance of allergenicity of GOS in the atopic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the moun spin rotation/relaxation measurements of the heavy fermion superconductor UPt[sub3] in external fields. Factor that describes the screening effects of the superconducting electrons; Importance of moun spin relaxation measurements; Details on ultrasound measurements.

Anaphylaxis to galacto-oligosaccharides ( GOS), a prebiotic, has been described in atopic patients following its supplementation in commercial milk formula in South-East Asia. The epidemiology of this usual allergy to a carbohydrate is unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of allergy to two formulations of commercial GOS, Vivinal™ GOS ( vGOS) and Oligomate™, in an atopic cohort. Atopic subjects ( n = 487) from two specialist allergy clinics were surveyed via structured questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests to GOS. Subjects with positive skin prick tests to GOS ( n = 30, 6.2%) underwent basophil activation tests, and a subset ( n = 13) underwent oral challenge tests to both formulations of GOS. Six subjects had positive challenges to vGOS; and none to Oligomate. By extrapolating the BAT and oral challenge results, the prevalence of allergy to vGOS is estimated at up to 3.5% (95% CI 2.2-5.5%) of our atopic population. Our findings show that GOS allergy may be common amongst atopics in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Shellfish allergy in Singapore is highly prevalent, and shrimp allergy is the most common. Objective This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics and immunological phenotype of shellfish allergy in this population. Methods Patients with self-reported shellfish allergy were recruited from outpatient clinics of three large hospitals and from a population survey. Open oral food challenges ( OFC) to glass prawn ( Litopenaeus vannamei) and tiger prawn ( Penaeus monodon) were carried out on all patients except for those who had a history of severe anaphylaxis. Skin prick tests ( SPT) and specific Ig E to crude and recombinant allergens were carried out to evaluate shrimp and dust mite sensitization. Immunoblots were used to assess Ig E-binding proteins. Results The 104 patients recruited were categorized into shellfish allergic ( SA) when OFC was positive or had a history of severe anaphylaxis ( n = 39), shellfish tolerant ( ST) when OFC was negative ( n = 27), and house dust mite positive controls ( HDM+) who were ST ( n = 38). Oral symptoms (87.1%) were the predominant clinical manifestation. Positive challenge doses ranged from 2 to 80 g of cooked shrimp, with 25/52 patients reacting to either one or both shrimps challenged. The presence of specific Ig E to shrimp either by SPT and/or Immuno CAP® assay provided diagnostic test sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 22.2%. The inclusion of specific Ig E to shrimp tropomyosin and Ig E immunoblots with shrimp extracts did not improve the diagnostic proficiency substantially. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This study highlights the predominance of oral symptoms in shrimp allergy in tropical Asia and that a high provocation dose may be necessary to reveal shrimp allergy. Furthermore, specific Ig E diagnostic tests and immunoblots were of limited use in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a simple drop-casting method for preparing multiferroic nano-composite film where BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were evenly dispersed into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. BFO NPs used in this work were synthesized by the conventional sol-gel method, having diameter of tens of nm and being in good crystallinity. The BFO NPs were loaded into a highly insulating PVA polymer solution as filler. The multiferroic properties of the film reveal ferromagnetic ordering due to the uncompensated spiral ordering and saturated ferroelectric curves due to the cut-off of current leakage. Moreover, the prepared films show high flexibility and their multiferroicities are preserved well even in a high curved condition, reflecting the possibility for fabricating wearable devices based on multiferroic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Biphasic insulin analogues are widely used in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus suboptimally controlled on oral anti-diabetic drugs. Several topics in this area remain controversial, including how to divide the daily dose of biphasic insulin analogue. We aimed to determine the optimal dosing ratio of twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue and to compare the glycaemic efficacy among groups of patients using different initial dosing ratios of biphasic insulin analogue. Methods A total of 100 poorly controlled insulin-naive subjects with Type 2 diabetes [HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol, (7.5%)] on oral anti-diabetic drugs were randomized into three groups according to initial morning:evening dosing ratio (group I, 50:50; group II, 55:45; group III, 60:40) of twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue (biphasic insulin aspart 70/30, biphasic insulin aspart 30). The primary outcome measure was the difference in pre-breakfast to pre-dinner dose ratio at the end of the study. Results Twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue showed a significant improvement in glycaemic control [HbA1c from 70 mmol/mol (8.6%) to 60 mmol/mol (7.6%)] after 24 weeks regardless of the initial dose ratio given. Despite the similar efficacy and safety profiles among three groups, morning dose was significantly increased (from 50:50 to 55:45-60:40) in group I after 24 weeks. However, there was no significant change in splitting ratio in groups II and III (with higher morning dose) over the 24-week treatment period. Conclusions These results indicate that initiating twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue on regimens with a higher dose before breakfast than before dinner (i.e. ratio approximately 55:45 to 60:40) might be more appropriate in Korean subjects with Type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of beraprost sodium ( BPS) in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( DPN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) patients. In this randomized clinical trial, 99 T2DM patients (41% male, age 60 ± 6 years) with DPN but without evidence of peripheral artery disease were randomized to receive either BPS (40 µg, tid) or placebo for 8 weeks. The primary end point was the improvement of the total symptom score ( TSS), temperature rebound ( TR) and nadir to peak ( NP) above baseline. After 8 weeks treatment, the change of TSS in the BPS group showed a significant improvement compared to the placebo group (2.80 ± 2.48 vs. 1.60 ± 1.94 points, p = 0.009). Furthermore, the number of patients who showed signs of improvement in TSS and the proportion of patients with 50% relief of symptom was also significantly greater in the BPS group than in the placebo group (83.7 vs. 62%, p = 0.015, 36.2 vs. 14%, p = 0.009, respectively). In conclusion, treatment with BPS significantly improved TSS over an 8-week period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, various high temperature superconducting (HTS) power applications have been developed and prepared for field tests and commercial applications. Comparing to conventional power applications, it could offer several advantages such as reduced size and weight, high efficiency, decreased losses, no oil, nonflammable and decrease of CO2 emissions. Besides overload operation is possible with no loss of lifetime. For HTS power applications in low temperature and high voltage environments, partial discharge (PD) measurements in cryogenic dielectric materials of HTS power applications are very important because PD was regarded as primary source for ageing and breakdown of cryogenic materials. One of the diagnostic methods for safety of the power components, the detection of PD taking place inside the apparatus has been widely investigated. The first method, phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) Analysis was developed in the early 1970s taking the phase information of the applied AC voltage into account. We also proposed a pattern analysis method named chaotic analysis of PD(CAPD) for PDs occurred in liquid nitrogen, considering three normalized parameters obtained from the values between two consecutive PD pulses: amplitude difference (Pt), occurring time difference (Tt) and correlation between Tt and Pt. This pattern analysis method can identify the type of defects by means of PD pattern classification without employing the phase information of the applied voltage signal. For the experimental investigation, three artificial defects have been fabricated considering possible defects formed during the manufacturing process of HTS power applications: turn to turn insulation, floating particle and protrusion. And PD signals originated from these artificial defects are measured and analyzed by means of CAPD. Throughout this work, it seems that the correlation between the consecutive PD pulses, depending on the nature PDs, could be clarified by CAPD. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to the existence of AC loss in superconducting materials when an alternating voltage is applied, high cryogenic costs are inevitable to operate superconducting devices in AC networks. Therefore applications of superconducting devices in DC electric power networks could be regarded as the optimum choice for superconducting devices, because superconductors show exactly zero resistance to a DC source. Recently, DC superconducting devices such as DC cables have received noticeable attention as DC power transmission lines. In order to develop DC superconducting devices, the DC insulation characteristics in cryogenic liquids should be clarified. However, up to now, limited research has been reported in this field. In this paper, to clarify the different breakdown characteristics of DC and AC applications, various kinds of cryogenic dielectric sheets including Kraft, Kapton (polyimide) and Nomex (polyamide) papers have been prepared. Furthermore, a penetrating breakdown test for three kinds of sheets and turn-to-turn breakdown tests have been performed in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Consequently, it was found that the prepared sheets have shown 1.7–2.7 times higher dielectric strength than those of AC. Moreover, the Nomex and Kraft sheets have shown a remarkable increase in their dielectric strength in liquid nitrogen compared to air. However, the dielectric strength of the Kapton sheet did not show a remarkable increase in liquid nitrogen. From the turn-to-turn breakdown test, it was proved that the dielectric strength has been linearly increased according to the wrapping number of the sheets and that the DC breakdown voltage was 1.1–2.5 times higher than AC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the critical matters yet to be solved for commercial applications of extra high voltage superconducting devices is the optimum design and development of high voltage cryogenic bushings which could withstand both severe insulation requirements and a steep temperature gradient due to the cryogenic environment. Neither conventional extra high voltage bushings insulated by SF6 gas nor composite materials are directly applicable to cryogenic bushings due to an extremely low temperature environment. In order to obtain suitable dielectric performance of bushings in the cryogenic environment, we focused on an alternative insulation gas instead of SF6 such as CF4, which shows excellent dielectric performance under extremely low temperatures, and also on the optimum design of cryogenic bushings, which have a longer creepage distance compared to conventional bushings. In this paper, design factors of cryogenic bushings were discussed, and test results of 60 and 100 kV extra high voltage prototype bushings were discussed in detail. Consequently, it was possible to obtain satisfactory results to verify the insulation level of newly designed extra high voltage cryogenic prototype bushings for superconducting electric power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High temperature superconducting devices utilize liquid nitrogen (LN2) both for cryogenic liquids and insulating media. Regarding the insulating performance of LN2, it shows excellent characteristics comparable to insulating oil which is widely used for conventional electric equipment. But, detailed complex insulating structure in LN2 composed of cryogenic liquids, solid insulating material and conductor material has not been fully considered yet. In order to commercialize superconducting devices, insulating characteristics of LN2 should be analysed and confirmed to the level of insulating oil. In this work, we focused on the breakdown characteristics of LN2 especially for different electrode materials. Aluminum, Stainless steel, and Copper electrode systems were fabricated and tested in LN2 to verify uniform and non-uniform characteristics of LN2 according to the electrode materials. AC withstand voltage test and lightning impulse test has been performed. From the test results, it was revealed that the breakdown voltages were significantly changed according to the electrode materials. Especially for Stainless steel, it shows prominent enhancement of breakdown voltage compared to copper and aluminum electrode in LN2. Consequently, it was deduced that optimum choice of conductor materials in LN2 is another critical factor to determine complex insulating performance of superconducting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The magnetocaloric effect and magnetization behavior have been analyzed in the double-perovskite Ba2FeMoO6 compound with the sintering temperature at 1273, 1373, and 1473 K. Samples were fabricated by conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that all the samples are single phase in cubic structure. Detailed investigations of the influence of sintering on magnetic entropy behavior of the sample exhibited the variation of TC. The magnetic entropy changes, \Delta SM of about 0.98 \sim 1.93 J/kg K were obtained in the temperature range of 320–330 K for the Ba2FeMoO6 compound. The values of \Delta SM are increased two times with increasing sintering temperature from 1273 to 1473 K. The enhancement of the magnetic entropy change is believed to be due to changes in the microstructure of the samples. It seems to favor the increase of magnetic order, which changes magnetic part of the entropy of a solid around the magnetic ordering temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonates with a family history of atopy are at higher risk for developing wheezing in early life. From a birth cohort of at risk infants (first-degree family with atopic disease), we evaluated the influence of distinct intrinsic immunologic risk factors on wheezing disorders in the first 2 years of life. Cord blood samples were collected from 195 eligible subjects of a birth cohort of 253 subjects. The subjects studied were those who developed wheezing ( n=34) or eczema ( n=29) in the first 2 years of life, and 65 healthy control infants. At the time of thawing the viability of the cells were median 70% (range 67.5%-72.5%). Cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mononuclear cells were analysed using fluorescent-activated cell sorting-array and their profiles were evaluated using factor analysis. Infants with wheeze were significantly associated with enhanced combined LPS stimulated IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12/IL-23p40 compared with healthy controls ( P=0.003). This profile was also associated with the increased risk for wheeze at 2 years of age (OR=2.45; 95% CI=1.50-3.93, P=0.001). LPS-stimulated cytokine IL-8 was also significantly higher in the wheeze group compared with healthy controls and eczema ( P=0.003). Intracellular staining showed that monocytes are main producers of IL-6 and IL-8 from cord blood mononuclear cells. Most of the subjects were non-atopic with 3/34 (9%) wheeze and 9/29 (31%) eczema subjects sensitized to the common dietary or inhalant allergens. In infants at genetic risk of atopy, wheeze but not eczema in the first 2 years of life is associated with intrinsic hyperresponsive innate cytokine responses which might predispose infants to wheeze development. Distinct pre-symptomatic hyperresponsive innate immune responses risk factors were found to be associated with early onset wheeze disorders, but not eczema. Cite this as: P. L. Quah, I-C Kuo, C. H. Huang, L. P-C Shek, B. W. Lee and K. Y. Chua, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 970-978. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High voltage cryogenic insulation issues need to be addressed in order to promote the commercialization of high temperature superconducting (HTS) equipment. One of the critical components for superconducting devices is the bushing whose role is to safely supply high current to the device. Due to a steep temperature gradient, commercial bushings which have been insulated with SF6 gas could not be directly applied to cryogenic equipment due to liquefaction of SF6 in the cryogenic environment; therefore, alternative suitable structure and insulation methods should be developed. As a fundamental step in the development of the optimum bushings for HTS devices, the breakdown characteristics of liquid nitrogen mixed with liquefied insulating gases such as N2, SF6 and CF4 have been investigated. In particular, we noted the insulation characteristics of CF4 gas whose liquefication temperature is much higher than SF6 gas. Thus, in order to investigate the possibility of substituting CF4 gas for SF6 gas for the bushings of HTS electrical equipment, impulse tests, AC withstanding voltage tests, and partial discharge (PD) tests have been performed. As a result of these tests, it was shown that mixtures of liquefied insulating gases have a much higher breakdown voltage compared to pure liquid nitrogen. Especially in a cryogenic environment, the usage of SF6 gas should be evaluated due to freezing effects. On the other hand, CF4 gas has shown excellent insulation properties even in a cryogenic environment and could be utilized as an insulation gas for high voltage bushings of HTS electrical equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important topics regarding the application of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) for upcoming smart grid is related to its possible effect on the reduction of abnormal fault current and the suitable location in the micro grids. Due to the grid connection of the micro grids with the current power grids, excessive fault current is a serious problem to be solved for successful implementation of micro grids. However, a shortage of research concerning the location of SFCL in micro grid is felt. In this work, a resistive type SFCL model was implemented by integrating Simulink and SimPowerSystem blocks in Matlab. The designed SFCL model could be easily utilized for determining an impedance level of SFCL according to the fault-current-limitation requirements of various kinds of the smart grid system. In addition, typical smart grid model including generation, transmission and distribution network with dispersed energy resource was modeled to determine the location and the performance of the SFCL. As for a dispersed energy resource, 10 MVA wind farm was considered for the simulation. Three phase faults have been simulated at different locations in smart grid and the effect of the SFCL and its location on the wind farm fault current was evaluated. Consequently, the optimum arrangement of the SFCL location in Smart Grid with renewable resources has been proposed and its remarkable performance has been suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryogenic dielectric insulation skills play a significant role in the development of superconducting electric equipment for transmission and distribution electric network. Nowadays, newly developed nano-composites have shown enhanced electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer insulation materials. And the application of nano-composites in high voltage power systems could be implemented in the near future. Among the various nano-composites, epoxy nano-composites have been paid much attention as a new insulating material for high voltage insulation. In this paper, we presented experimental results of epoxy nanocomposites in liquid nitrogen and determined the possible applications of nano-composites as insulating material for superconducting equipment. In order to determine their dielectric breakdown properties in liquid nitrogen, various kinds of epoxy based nano-composites have been made by mixing \SiO2, \Al2\O3, \TiO2 fillers, respectively. AC withstand voltage test and partial discharge (PD) inception voltage tests have been performed to verify the insulation breakdown characteristics of nano-composites in cryogenic environment. Consequently, it was deduced that the breakdown strength of epoxy nano-composites have been improved compared to epoxy with micro-fillers in cryogenic environment. And epoxy nano-composites immersed in liquid nitrogen showed a similar breakdown voltage characteristic when compared with that of insulating oil. In addition, the effects of nano-composites have been varied according to the concentration of nano-fillers and their content of fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wong IYZ, Soh SE, Chng SY, Shek LP-C, Goh DYT, Van Bever HPS, Lee BW. Compliance with topical nasal medication - An evaluation in children with rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 1146-1150. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S It is our impression that children with rhinitis often dislike or struggle with the administration of topical nasal sprays and drops. This study aims to investigate children's acceptance of topical nasal sprays/drops, and to identify patient factors that may affect their acceptance. An interview (by WYZI) questionnaire survey was carried out on parents/guardians of children aged 1-15 with rhinitis, where information on the diagnosis and treatment, patients' use and responses to these medications, and their preferred treatment routes were collected. Two hundred questionnaires were completed, of which 194 were valid for analysis. The mean age of patients was 7.54 yr; male to female ratio was 1:1.6, and Chinese made up the majority (62.4%). About one quarter (24.7%) of children disliked the use of topical nasal sprays/drops sufficiently to affect compliance with the medication. Furthermore, of those who could indicate their preferred route of drug administration (n = 75), 73% indicated a preference for oral medication, while only 11% preferred the nasal route. Topical nasal sprays/drops were more acceptable in older children (7-15 yr) compared to the younger ones (1-6 yr) (OR = 2.383, CI 1.223-4.644). The acceptance of nasal sprays/drops was not associated with gender, ethnic group, concurrent use by other family members, length and amount of usage, and the response to therapy. A substantial proportion of children prescribed topical nasal sprays/drops did not find it acceptable. Age played a significant factor to the acceptance of the use of topical nasal sprays/drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed continuously transposed coated conductor (CTCC) in striation for power devices reducing AC loss. It consists of a number of coated conductors with filaments made by striation. The transport of current may distribute non-uniformity in the filament particularly while CTCC conducts AC current. The array of Hall sensors is capable of measuring the current distribution in the filaments and in conductors. However, the search coil array may be applied as ersatz for Hall array in case of existing AC current. The filamentary CTCCs are prepared and the current distribution is then measured by the array of search coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpenoid isolated from the Celastraceae family, exhibits various biological properties, including chemopreventive, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we showed that celastrol inhibits inflammatory reactions in macrophages and protects mice from skin inflammation. Materials and methods Anti-inflammatory effects of celastrol (0–1 μM) were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264·7 macrophages. To investigate the effects of celastrol (0–50 μg per mice) in vivo, activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histological assessment were examined in the 12- O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear oedema model. Results Our in vitro experiments showed that celastrol suppressed not only LPS-stimulated generation of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, but also expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW264·7 cells. Similarly, celastrol inhibited LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. In an animal model, celastrol protected mice from TPA-induced ear oedema, possibly by inhibiting MPO activity and production of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions Our data suggest that celastrol inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators and is a potential target for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The role of probiotics in allergy prevention remains uncertain but has been shown in some studies to have a possible protective effect on eczema. Objective We aimed to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life on eczema and allergic sensitization at 1 year of age in Asian infants at risk of allergic disease. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial involving 253 infants with a family history of allergic disease was carried out. Infants received at least 60 mL of commercially available cow's milk formula with or without probiotic supplementation [ Bifidobacterium longum (BL999) 1 × 107 colony forming unit (CFU)/g and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR) 2 × 107 CFU/g] daily for the first 6 months. Clinical evaluation was performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of age, with serum total IgE measurement and skin prick tests conducted at the 12-month visit. The primary and secondary end-points were eczema and allergen sensitization, respectively. Results The incidence of eczema in the probiotic (22%) group was similar to that in the placebo group (25%) ( P=0.53). The median Scoring Atopic Dermatitis score at 12 months was 17.10 (9.74) in the probiotic group and 11.60 (8.40) in the placebo group ( P=0.17). The prevalence of allergen sensitization showed no difference (probiotic=24% vs. placebo=19%, P=0.26). The total IgE geometric mean (95% confidence interval) was 18.76 (12.54–24.98) kU/L in the probiotic group and 23.13 (16.01–30.24) kU/L in the placebo group ( P=0.15). Atopic eczema (with sensitization) in the probiotic (7.3%) group was comparable to the placebo group (5.8%) ( P=0.86). Conclusion Early life administration of a cow's milk formula supplemented with probiotics showed no effect on prevention of eczema or allergen sensitization in the first year of life in Asian infants at risk of allergic disease. Further work is needed to determine whether timing of supplementation, dose and probiotic strain are important considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Differences in the IgE response to isoallergens could have clinical implications; therefore, its analysis will contribute to the design of better strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic respiratory diseases. Several isoforms have been described from mites but there is no information about the clinical impact of Blomia tropicalis isoallergens. Objective To evaluate the differences in the IgE response against two Blo t 12 isoallergens. Methods The IgE-binding properties of Blo t 12 isoallergens were analysed by ELISA, a skin prick test and ELISA cross-inhibition. Epitope mapping was performed using synthetic overlapping peptides. Fold recognition methods were used to model the chitin-binding domain of the two isoallergens. Results The frequency and strength of the IgE response were greater for Blo t 12.0101 than for Blo t 12.0102. Three IgE-binding areas were identified in Blo t 12.0101; one of them included two residues that are different in Blo t 12.0102. Modelling of the chitin-binding domains of these allergens predicted that they have structural differences that could influence antibody recognition of one of these epitopes. Conclusion In silico structural analysis and immunological characterization of Blo t 12 reveals that allergen polymorphism influences IgE reactivity. Blo t 12.0101 is the most IgE-reactive isoform in Cartagena. The identified IgE epitopes could be mutated to obtain hypoallergenic molecules of potential use for immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral appliances have become increasingly popular for treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea especially for patients who are not able to tolerate continuous positive airway pressure devices. For simple snoring, oral appliances have become one of the treatments of choice despite a relative lack of scientific evidence of their efficiency. Objectives: This study was designed to objectively evaluate the clinical effectiveness of oral appliance in the treatment of simple snoring. Design: Prospective case series. Participants: Fifteen patients with confirmed simple tongue base snoring had pre- and post-oral appliance objective assessment of their snoring loudness and duration at home. Main outcome measures: The Snore Index was calculated as the number of snores per hour slept. Patients bed partners were asked to rate the snoring severity on a Spouse Dissatisfaction Scale. Results: Overall there was no significant difference in the Snore Index in the pre- and post-oral appliance recordings. Subjectively, there was a statistically significant decrease in the Spouse Dissatisfaction Scale following the use of oral appliance. Conclusion: Tongue base snorers had no significant reduction in their snoring with the oral appliances. There is a subjective benefit which may be due to the placebo effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In low-income countries, infectious diseases still account for a large proportion of deaths, highlighting health inequities largely caused by economic differences. Vaccination can cut health-care costs and reduce these inequities. Disease control, elimination or eradication can save billions of US dollars for communities and countries. Vaccines have lowered the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and will control cervical cancer. Travellers can be protected against "exotic" diseases by appropriate vaccination. Vaccines are considered indispensable against bioterrorism. They can combat resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens. Noncommunicable diseases, such as ischaemic heart disease, could also be reduced by influenza vaccination. Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbidity and mortality. The annual return on investment in vaccination has been calculated to be between 12% and 18%. Vaccination leads to increased life expectancy. Long healthy lives are now recognized as a prerequisite for wealth, and wealth promotes health. Vaccines are thus efficient tools to reduce disparities in wealth and inequities in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated fault current limitation characteristics of a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) which consists of a Bi-2212 bulk coil and a shunt coil. For the experiments, different types of shunt-coils which had the same impedance were prepared. One group had high resistance, and the others were designed to have high inductance. The effects of the impedance component variation on current limitation characteristics of the SFCL were compared with each other. The test results showed that the SFCLs of both groups successfully limited the fault current of 7 kArms to below 5 kAp right after the fault occurred. The SFCLs with a shunt coil of higher inductance quenched more uniformly, but had a high voltage spike by Ldi/dt at the first half cycle after fault. On the other hand, the ones with higher resistance quenched comparatively less uniformly, but the voltage spike was much smaller. The impedance of the shunt coil is being optimized, taking into consideration stability, insulation, its effect on the circuit and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene mutations. The disease is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and profound hypogammaglobulinemia with marked reduction or lack of mature B-cells in the peripheral blood. Molecular characterization of BTK gene provides an opportunity for definitive diagnosis of XLA patients, especially for those with atypical phenotype resulting in a milder or late-onset form of the disease. The diagnosis allows accurate carrier detection with subsequent genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. In this study, long polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-direct sequencing analysis of the BTK gene in 12 unrelated Chinese XLA patients had been performed. Eight recurrent mutations and four novel mutations were identified. This is the first report of Chinese cases from three different East Asia regions together, including Hong Kong, Singapore and mainland China. Future clinical and genetic information from the undiagnosed Chinese XLA patients may provide insight into the genotype–phenotype correlations of BTK gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sensitization to mite and cockroach allergens is common, and diagnosis and therapy of allergy can be further complicated by the presence of allergen isoforms and panallergens. Purified recombinant and native allergens are useful for studies to resolve such problems. Objective To assess the allergenicity of native and recombinant mite glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Der p 8) and study the IgE cross-reactivity between Der p 8 and cockroach GST. Methods Der p 8 cDNA encoding a new isoform was isolated and expressed in yeast. Native Der p 8 was affinity purified from mite extract. IgE reactivity to native and recombinant Der p 8 was assessed by ELISA using sera from allergic subjects from Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. IgE cross-reactivity between Der p 8 and cockroach GST was examined by IgE inhibition assays. Results Our Der p 8 cDNA encoded a basic isoform ( pI=8.5) containing six polymorphic residues located at positions 46, 106, 149, 160, 167 and 184. At least 8 isoforms of native Der p 8 were detected by two-dimensionalgel and immunoblot analyses. Sera from Taiwanese asthmatics showed 96% and 84% IgE reactivity to native Der p 8 and recombinant Der p 8, respectively. Native Der p 8 showed 75% and 65% IgE reactivity with sera from Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. Conclusions A high frequency of sensitization to mite GST among allergic subjects was observed but the titres of IgE reactivity were low. The IgE cross-reactivity between mite and cockroach GST suggests that GST is a panallergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many studies have reported an association between serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and cardiovascular risk factors, the mechanism of this relationship has not been clarified. The medical records of 29 959 subjects (age, median 48, range 14–90 years; 16 706 men, 13 253 women) who visited the Center for Health Promotion at Samsung Medical Center for a medical check-up between January 2001 and December 2003, were investigated. Subjects with hepatic enzyme/GGT concentrations higher than three times the upper limit of the reference range, a positive test for hepatitis C virus antibody, a positive test for hepatitis B virus surface antigen, currently taking anti-diabetic/anti-hypertensive/anti-lipid medication, or a white blood cell (WBC) count higher than 10 000 cells/ml, were excluded. The subjects of each gender were classified into five groups according to their serum GGT concentrations, into quartiles of the normal range of GGT (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) and into a group with elevated GGT (group 5). As the group number increased (group 1 → 5), the frequencies of all of the following increased: (i) diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG); (ii) hypertension, obesity (body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m2), dyslipidaemia (LDL-cholesterol ≥ 4.1 mmol/l and/or triglyceride ≥ 2.46 mmol/l, or HDL-cholesterol < 1.16 mmol/l); (iii) metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these significant relationships between GGT concentrations within its normal range and the presence of diabetes/IFG, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic syndrome persisted after adjusting for several clinical and biochemical variables and for the presence of fatty liver based on ultrasonographic findings. Odds ratios (95% CI) for group 4 (highest quartile of normal range of GGT) vs. group 1 (lowest quartile of normal range of GGT); the referent group, were 3.16 (2.15–4.65) for diabetes, 2.24 (1.73–2.90) for IFG, 1.93 (1.59–2.33) for obesity, 1.38 (1.23–1.55) for dyslipidaemia and 2.88 (2.28–3.65) for metabolic syndrome in men. In women, the odds ratios were 2.72 (1.34–5.52), 3.67 (2.26–5.97), 2.10 (1.61–2.74), 1.80 (1.58–2.04) and 3.57 (2.52–5.07), respectively. Our data show that, even within its normal range, serum GGT concentrations are closely associated with the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors, and that these associations are independent of a fatty liver by ultrasonography. Diabet. Med. 22, 1134 –1140 (2005) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the fabrication and short circuit tests of a three-phase 6.6 kV resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) demonstrator based on YBCO films. The SFCL is operated at three-phase 6.6 kVrms and has the quench development current of 200 Arms in the liquid nitrogen temperature. Individual components were YBCO films of 300 urn thickness covered by 140 nm thick Au on the sapphire substrates of 4" diameter. The films were patterned into bi-spiral lines of width 5 mm. The wafers have the operating voltage 600 Vrms and the critical current 47 A in average. Eight wafers were connected in series to make a unit of rated voltage 4.8 kVrms, and six units were connected in parallel to complete a single phase SFCL. Equal shunt resistors across the wafers in series have been adopted to induce the simultaneous quenches of the components for equal voltage applications. Voltage enhancement of single unit is to handle asymmetric faults such as a line-to-line fault. Short circuit tests for line to ground, line to line and 3 phases fault showed that the SFCL is highly reliable for the current limiting capability. The SFCL successfully suppressed the fault current up to 10 kA below 900 A. Particularly, the current limitation was found to be independent of the maximum fault current. Detailed study on the fabrication and short circuit tests will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic rhinometry (AR) is commonly used as a quantitative assessment of nasal response to nasal allergen challenge (NAC). However, sources of error and physical limitations of various AR area–distance measurements have not been adequately evaluated. To investigate the clinical value of AR measurements, and the relationship between subjective sensation and objective AR measurements in the NAC study. Nasal challenge using increasing concentrations of crude Blomia tropicalis ( Bt) extracts (0.6, 6, and 60 μg/mL) was performed in 15 adult patients (eight males and seven females) with ongoing persistent allergic rhinitis. Subjective symptom scores of nasal obstruction were recorded together with the objective AR measurements of the minimum cross-sectional area (MCA), distance to MCA and cross-sectional area (CSA) at 3.3, 4.0 and 6.4 cm from the nostril, during the 7 h after the last challenge. The dose–response increase in nasal obstruction score was significantly ( P<0.001 for all) associated with decreases in mean MCA ( r=0.75), mean CSA3.3 ( r=0.54), mean CSA4.0 ( r=0.53) and mean CSA6.4 ( r=0.20). The mean MCA (±SD) for each subjective symptom score 0, 1, 2 and 3 was found to be 0.73 (±0.22) cm2, 0.63 (±0.29) cm2, 0.33 (±0.17) cm2 and 0.21 (±0.14) cm2, respectively. When the MCA (left and right separately) reached an area <0.2 cm2, measurements of CSA3.3 and CSA4.0 were significantly reduced by 60–70%. This study demonstrates that AR is a useful and objective investigational tool, which correlates well with the sensation of nasal obstruction. MCA, CSA3.3 and CSA4.0 are more reliable measurements than CSA6.4 due to physical limitations. It is important to note that when the MCA is smaller than 0.2 cm2, a common condition in the early-phase reaction, area–distance measurements beyond this point can be misinterpreted and should be considered with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Over the past few decades, the prevalence of asthma has been increasing in the industrialized world. Despite the suggestion of a similar increase in Singapore, the 12 month prevalence of wheeze among schoolchildren in 1994 was 2.5-fold less than that reported in western populations. It was hypothesized that with increasing affluence in Singapore, the asthma prevalence would further increase and approach Western figures. A second ISAAC survey was carried out seven years later to evaluate this hypothesis. Methods: The cross-sectional data from two ISAAC questionnaire based surveys conducted in 1994 (n = 6238) and in 2001 (n = 9363) on two groups of schoolchildren aged 6-7 and 12-15 years were compared. The instruments used were identical and the procedures standardized in both surveys. Results: Comparing data from both studies, the change in the prevalence of current wheeze occurred in opposing directions in both age groups-decreasing in the 6-7 year age group (16.6% to 10.2%) but increasing to a small extent in the 12-15 year age group (9.9% to 11 .9%). The 12 month prevalence of rhinitis did not change; there was an increase in the current eczema symptoms in both age groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of current wheeze, a surrogate measure of asthma prevalence, has decreased significantly in the 6-7 year age group. Eczema was the only allergic disease that showed a modest increase in prevalence in both age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blo t 1 is a cysteine protease-like allergen from Blomia tropicalis. Recombinant Blo t 1 binds up to 90% of IgE from allergic patients and shows limited cross-reactivity to Der p 1. The generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Blo t 1 is important for the detection, isolation and characterization of the native form of the allergen. Mice were immunized intramuscularly with naked plasmid DNA encoding Blo t 1 gene with in vivo electroporation and boosted intraperitoneally with recombinant Blo t 1. mAbs against Blo t 1 were generated using a methylcellulose-based hybridoma cloning kit. The native Blo t 1 was isolated by mAb affinity purification and its allergenicity was determined by ELISA. A two-site ELISA for Blo t 1 was developed using the mAbs generated. A DNA-based immunization protocol induced high titre Blo t 1-specific antibodies in mice. Six stable hybridoma clones secreting mAbs recognizing the native and recombinant Blo t 1 were generated. The native Blo t 1 was affinity-purified from a B. tropicalis extract and its allergenicity was determined at 63% using a panel of Singaporean and Malaysian mite allergic patients' sera. A two-site ELISA was developed, which showed a detection limit of 10 ng/mL of Blot t 1. Six Blo t 1 mAbs were successfully generated by DNA immunization. These mAbs are useful for nBlo t 1 immunoaffinity isolation and quantitative immunoassays for Blo t 1 in mite and environmental dust extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Blomia tropicalis (Blo t) are the most common house dust mite species in Southeast Asia. To date, there have only been a few studies on the sensitization profile of the general populations in Southeast Asia to house dust mites. The aim of this study was to determine the profiles of Der p and Blo t sensitization among Singaporean and Malaysian subjects. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect specific IgE to Der p and Blo t mite crude extracts as well as purified Der p 1, Der p 2 and Blo t 5 allergens. Sera used were from 229 Singaporean subjects (124 with rhinitis, 105 without rhinitis) and 143 Malaysian subjects (94 adults and 49 children with asthma). Results: The sensitization profile of rhinitis subjects to the dust mite allergens used in this study was as follows: Blo t extract positive: 91/124 (73%); Blo t 5 positive: 62/124 (50%); Der p extract positive: 61/124 (49%); Der p 1 positive: 53/124 (43%); Der p 2 positive: 45/124 (36%). The nonrhinitis subjects’ sensitization profile was as follows: Blo t extract positive: 60/105 (57%); Blo t 5 positive: 24/105 (23%); Der p extract positive: 38/105 (36%); Der p 1 positive: 14/105 (13%); Der p 2 positive: 17/105 (16%). The study of Malaysian asthmatic adults showed that 39% of them were sensitized to Der p 1, 32% to Der p 2 and 37% to Blo t 5. Among the asthmatic children, sensitization to Blo t 5, Der p 1 and Der p 2 was 90, 57 and 39%, respectively. Conclusion: This study clearly revealed that dual sensitization to B. tropicalis and D. pteronyssinus is common in the general populations of Singapore and Malaysia. Sensitization to Blo t 5 is more prevalent than to Der p 1 and Der p 2.Copyright © 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The group 1 mite allergens are the most significant indoor allergens and they belong to the papain-like cysteine protease family. To date there is only one published report on the isolation and characterization of group 1 allergens from Blomia tropicalis mites. The aims of the study are to determine the cross-reactivity between group 1 allergens and to evaluate their clinical importance in allergic patients. Methods: The full-length Blo t 1 gene was obtained by SMARTTM RACE cDNA amplification method using gene-specific primers. The sequence alignment was performed using LOOK followed by three-dimensional homology modeling. The cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris as a secretory protein. Identification of native Blo t 1 in crude mite and spent mite medium extracts was done by Western immunoblot using monoclonal antibody. Allergenicity of recombinant Blo t 1 and native Der p 1 was examined by human IgE ELISA with 80 asthmatic sera. Results: The cDNA sequence consists of 1105 base pairs, including 5′- and3′-untranslating regions, encoding an open reading frame of 330 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular weight of the deduced protein was approximately 38 kDa. Blo t 1 shared 53 and 34% nucleotide and amino acid, respectively, sequence homology with Der p 1. Native Blo t 1 was detected in both crude mite and spent mite medium extracts, and its estimated molecular weight was about 26 kDa. The recombinant Blo t 1 reacted positively with IgE in 90 and 65% of sera from asthmatic children and adults, respectively, indicating that it is a major allergen. The correlation of human IgE reactivity between Blo t 1 and Der p 1 was low in these sera. Conclusion: The full-length cDNA encoding group 1 Blomia tropicalis mite allergen (designated as Blo t 1) has been characterized and expressed from local mites in Singapore. This fecal allergen showed high frequency of human IgE reactivity with asthmatic sera in the tropics and there was a low correlation of IgE reactivity between Blo t 1 and Der p 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents letters to the editor for the week of June 21, 2003. Comments on severe acute respiratory syndrome; View of wellbeing; Discussion of mortality control charts; Comments on hospitality mortality league tables; Discussion of hormone replacement therapy; Belief that the pressure index is important in peripheral arterial disease; Comments on setting global health research priorities; Belief that mental health is improved with teaching therapy.

Background: The complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding for Blo t 11, a 102 kD allergen from Blomia tropicalis (Bt) was isolated, expressed and characterized previously. This study aimed to isolate the native Blo t 11 allergen and compare its allergenicity with the recombinant forms. Methods: Native Blo t 11 (nBlo t 11) was isolated from crude Bt extract by immuno-affinity chromatography, analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot, and verified by MALDI-TOF MS. Recombinant full-length Blo t 11 (rFL-Blo t 11) and its immunodominant peptide (fD) were expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fusion proteins in Escherichia coli . Immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity of the Blo t 11 allergens were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and skin prick test. The inhibition capacity of the nBlo t 11 against fD and vice versa was determined by absorption studies. Results: Affinity purified nBlo t 11 was susceptible to degradation with the major degraded product resolved at ∼66 kD. The nBlo t 11 was confirmed by immunoblot analysis and MALDI-TOF MS that generated 13 peptides with complete identity to the deduced amino acid sequence of Blo t 11. Comparative in vitro and in vivo allergenicity tests and the cross inhibition studies between the native and recombinant Blo t 11 showed that recombinant fD, but not the rFL-Blo t 11, has comparable IgE reactivity with the native counterpart. Conclusions: This comparative study confirmed that the recombinant peptide fD contains the main immunodominant region of Blo t 11. This recombinant peptide, instead of the full-length protein, is a good candidate for diagnostic and therapeutics development for mite allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background House dust mite allergy is closely associated with allergic diseases. Blomia tropicalis mite species is an important clinical species in the tropics. The cDNA clone encoding Blo t 3, a group 3 allergen from B. tropicalis , has been isolated in our laboratory. Objective This study was designed to generate Blo t 3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the detection, characterization and purification of this allergen. Methods Mice were immunized intramuscularly with naked plasmid DNA encoding Blo t 3 gene with in vivo electroporation. Hybridomas were generated by the fusion of the splenocytes to X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells. Purified native Blo t 3 was obtained by mAb immuno-affinity purification and the allergenicity of native Blo t 3 was determined by human IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A panel of class-switched and high-affinity mAb recognizing a wide spectrum of Blo t 3 epitopes have been generated. These mAbs are useful for western immunoblot assay, sandwich ELISA and affinity purification of native Blo t 3. Allergenicity of native Blo t 3 protein was examined with 44 mite-allergic sera and approximately 57% of the tested sera had positive serum IgE reactivity to the native Blo t 3. Conclusions These results demonstrated that intramuscular injection of naked DNA encoding Blo t 3 gene combined with in vivo electroporation is an effective and simple method to raise monoclonal antibodies that can be used for characterization and purification of Blo t 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The house dust mite Blomia tropicalis (B. tropicalis ) was found to be the most prevalent domestic mite in Singapore. However, its pathogenicity in allergic airway diseases remains to be investigated. Methods: Twenty adults with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) were studied. Five had a history of asthma, and all were asymptomatic except one who was under treatment with low-dose inhaled corticosteroid. Nasal challenge was carried out by nasal spray with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and with increasing concentrations of crude B. tropicalis extracts (0.6, 6.0 and 60 µg/ml) at 15 min intervals. Subjective symptom scores and absolute number of sneezes were recorded together with objective measurements of spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV1 ) and acoustic rhinomanometry (volume of the nasal cavity). These were performed at baseline, 5 min after each incremental challenge, and 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h and 7 h after the last challenge. Meanwhile, concentrations of mediators in nasal secretions (tryptase, leukotriene C4 (LTC4 ) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)) were measured in nasal aspirate samples at similar time intervals. An identical (control) challenge procedure with PBS alone was repeated in seven patients after a washout period of at least 2 weeks. Results: Significant increases in the subjective and objective nasal symptoms, together with a significant increase of tryptase and LTC4 concentrations in nasal secretion, were found 5 min after each challenge with B. tropicalis, but not with PBS. There was no definitive pattern of the late-phase nasal response in either subjective symptoms or objective measurements. Three patients (3/5) with a history of asthma showed a fall in FEV1 readings (33%, 22% and 11% from baseline, respectively) at 7 h post challenge with concomitant mild wheezing in the night. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates direct evidence of allergic nasal... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Tropomyosin belongs to a class of highly conserved proteins in invertebrates and vertebrates. The invertebrate tropomyosins are allergenic in man with high IgE cross-reactivity and have been therefore referred to as pan-allergens. Objectives This study aimed to clone and identify the IgE epitopes of tropomyosin from Blomia tropicalis (Blo t 10) mite. Cross-reactivity between the IgE epitopes of Blo t 10 and Der p 10 was also evaluated. Methods Blo t 10 was isolated using mouse anti-Der p 10 antibodies. Allergenicity of the cloned Blo t 10 was confirmed by skin prick test (SPT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dose-dependent inhibition assay was performed to determine the degree of IgE cross-reactivity between Blo t 10 and Der p 10. Overlapping polymerase chain reaction-derived cDNA were generated and expressed as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and used to identify shared and unique IgE epitopes of Blo t 10 and Der p 10. Results The cloned Blo t 10 shared up to 96% amino acid identity to tropomyosin of other mites. SPT and ELISA IgE-immunoassay showed recombinant Blo t 10 sensitization rates of between 20% and 29% in atopic subjects. Results of SPT and dose-dependent inhibition assays showed that some allergic individuals had unique IgE epitopes for Blo t 10. IgE epitope mapping of Blo t 10 revealed that the epitopes were mainly located at N- and C-termini of the molecule. The results of ELISA inhibition assays of overlapping recombinant fragments indicated that the unique IgE epitopes of Blo t 10 were located at the C-terminal. Conclusion Although Blo t 10 and Der p 10 are highly conserved (shared 95% amino acids identity) and significantly cross-reactive, unique IgE epitopes do exist. The results suggest the potential deficiency of using only one of these highly conserved allergens as diagnostic or therapeutic reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of a partially hydrolysed formula on genetically predisposed children, with respect to the development of atopic clinical manifestations and in vitro testing of serum IgE levels (total and milk-specific).Methods: One hundred and ten infants were randomly assigned to receive either partially hydrolysed formula or standard infant formula, and were prospectively monitored from birth for clinical atopic symptoms and serum IgE levels.Results: Eczema occurred less frequently in infants receiving partially hydrolysed formula. This was significant (P < 0.05) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. However, the significance decreased with time, although it almost reached statistical significance at 30 months by the Kaplan-Meier survival function (log-rank statistic, 3.46; P = 0.063). Although wheezing occurred less frequently in infants receiving partially hydrolysed formula, compared to those receiving standard infant formula, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05).Conclusions: Exclusive feeding of hypoallergenic milk formula in the first 4 months of life has a protective effect in terms of the development of atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life, compared to feeding with cow's milk formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma and atopy are complex genetic traits, influenced by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Linkage of these traits to chromosome 5q31–33 has been shown in other populations, but has not been well studied in the Chinese. We studied linkage between asthma and atopy with markers on chromosome 5q31–33 in the Singapore Chinese. This region contains many candidate genes, including the cytokine gene cluster. Methods: We recruited 88 Chinese families with at least two affected offspring, totaling 373 subjects, with 125 and 119 sib-pairs for atopy and asthma, respectively. All individuals were genotyped with 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning a distance of 41 cM along chromosome 5q31–33. Affected sib-pair and multipoint linkage analysis was performed. Results: There was evidence for linkage of the asthma and atopy phenotypes with three markers, D5S2110, D5S2011, and D5S412 (P values of 0.001 to 0.00001). Multipoint analysis further substantiated this (nonparametric linkage scores of 1.8–2.9). These findings suggest that susceptibility genes for asthma and atopy are found in this region in the Chinese. Conclusions: This study has shown linkage of atopy and asthma to chromosome 5q31–33 in a heterogeneous Chinese population. These findings further substantiate the notion that chromosome 5q31–33 contains “universally” important susceptibility genes for these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase transitions have been investigated for polycrystalline samples of Er1-xLuxFe2O4 (0≤x≤0.6). The magnetization measurements for ErFe2O4 showed two-step phase transitions at about 220 and 250 K. The transition at 250 K is an antiferromagnetic transition and that at 220 K is a structural transition. However, two phase transitions do not occur for 0.2≤x≤0.6, but a thermoremanent magnetization is observed below 220 K. This indicates that there is no second phase transition for 0.2≤x≤0.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitization to pollen and spores of the Southeast Asian tropical region is not well documented. This study evaluated the allergenicity of the tropical airspora in Singapore. Methods: On the basis of the results of an aerobiologic survey of the airspora profile of Singapore, crude extracts of 23 main spore (fungal and fern) and pollen types were prepared. A total of 231 patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and 76 healthy controls were evaluated by skin prick test (SPT). Total and specific IgE levels were also quantified by the fluorescence allergosorbent test (FAST). Results: All 23 allergenic extracts tested elicited positive SPT responses. Among the patients with atopic diseases, extracts of oil-palm pollen (Elaeis guineensis) were observed to have the highest frequency of positive reactions (40%), followed by extracts of resam-fern spores (Dicranopteris linearis) (34%) and sea-teak pollen (Podocarpus polystachyus) (33.8%). Fungal spores with the highest SPT responses were Curvularia spp. (26–32%) and Drechslera-like spores (31%). Positive responses to these extracts correlated with total serum IgE levels of the subjects and were significantly associated with the presence of atopic disease. Conclusions: We have documented sensitization to tropical pollen and spores in our population. Its association with atopy suggests that it has a role in allergic diseases in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a technique for analyzing the sound trace in snoring without spectrographic breakdown. Differentiation of palatal from non-palatal snoring; Calculation of the Crest Factor for the sound waveform which is the ratio of the peak sound loudness to the effective average value in any given epoch.

We have developed a device (Glan Clwyd Snore Box) suitable for the objective measurement of the loudness and duration of snoring. The device is simple for the patient to operate, portable, battery powered, and able to produce objective results. We have used the Snore Box to record the snoring at home and during sleep studies in the hospital. Twenty-nine patients were studied. Overall the Snore Index recorded in the home was greater than in the hospital (P < 0.001), the average difference being 67 snores/h. We conclude that snoring is more appropriately assessed at home than in the hospital. We suggest the deficit arises from sleeping in an unfamiliar environment and the presence of several wires connecting the patient to the recording monitor which interfere natural sleep in the hospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have prepared BiFe0.95Ni0.05O3 by the standard solid-state reaction and rapid sintering. The structural analysis by x-ray diffraction for BiFe0.95Ni0.05O3 shows rhombohedral perovskite structure (R3c), and lattice constants a and c of BiFe0.95Ni0.05O3 are slightly increased as compared to those of BiFeO3. The Raman studies present the increase of oxygen vacancy by the Ni2+ substitution. The magnetic properties of BiFe0.95Ni0.05O3 are greatly improved, owing to the enhanced ferromagnetic interaction caused by the Fe/Ni coupling. BiFe0.95Ni0.05O3 sample is ferromagnetic with a cluster-glass state unlike the antiferromagnetic BiFeO3-based compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the magnetic properties of quasi-one-dimensional complex oxides Ca3Co2 - xCuxO6 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.1). The rhombohedral structure (space group R\bar3c) peaks were well indexed in X-ray diffraction pattern. Ca3Co2O6 shows a magnetic transition at around 27 K, whereas the transition temperature for Ca3Co1.9Cu0.1O6 is around 24 K. The magnetization steps tend to disappear, revealing that they are sensitive to the Cu substitution similar to the manganese or chromium substitution systems. These results indicate that the Cu^2 + ions with spin state (S = 1/2) are antiferromagnetically coupled to their Co^3 + neighbors so that the ferromagnetic coupling interaction is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]