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101. Spatial variations and development of land use regression models of oxidative potential in ten European study areas

Author: Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Morgane Stempfelet, Francesco Forastiere, Marta Cirach, Meng Wang, Bert Brunekreef, Ingeborg M. Kooter, Tarja Yli-Tuomi, Timo Lanki, Aileen Yang, Gerard Hoek, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Kees Meliefste, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Konstantina Dimakopoulou, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Giulia Cesaroni, Rob Beelen, Aleksandra Jedynska, Audrey de Nazelle, Josef Cyrys, Christophe Ampe, Menno Keuken, Christophe Declercq, Marloes Eeftens, Wenche Nystad, Helgah Makarem Akhlaghi, Kees de Hoogh, LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), LS IRAS EEPI Inhalatie Toxicologie, Dep IRAS, dIRAS RA-2, and dIRAS RA-I&I RA
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, Dtt, Lur, Oxidative Potential, Pm2.5, Spatial Variation, Urbanisation, PM2.5, Predictor variables, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Land use regression, 01 natural sciences, Urbanization, Urban background, medicine, Oxidative potential, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Life Urban Mobility & Environment, LUR, Spatial variation, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Spatial variability, RAPID - Risk Analysis for Products in Development EMS - Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis, ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Physical geography, Environment & Sustainability, DTT
Abstract: Oxidative potential (OP) has been suggested as a health-relevant measure of air pollution. Little information is available about OP spatial variation and the possibility to model its spatial variability. Our aim was to measure the spatial variation of OP within and between 10 European study areas. The second aim was to develop land use regression (LUR) models to explain the measured spatial variation. OP was determined with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay in ten European study areas. DTT of PM2.5 was measured at 16–40 sites per study area, divided over street, urban and regional background sites. Three two-week samples were taken per site in a one-year period in three different seasons. We developed study-area specific LUR models and a LUR model for all study areas combined to explain the spatial variation of OP. Significant contrasts between study areas in OP were found. OP DTT levels were highest in southern Europe. DTT levels at street sites were on average 1.10 times higher than at urban background locations. In 5 of the 10 study areas LUR models could be developed with a median R2 of 33%. A combined study area model explained 30% of the measured spatial variability. Overall, LUR models did not explain spatial variation well, possibly due to low levels of OP DTT and a lack of specific predictor variables. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2017
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102. Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts

Author: Johan Nilsson Sommar, Anne Tjønneland, Petra H.M. Peeters, Paolo Vineis, Nancy L. Pedersen, Ingeborg M. Kooter, Marloes Eeftens, Carlotta Sacerdote, Alessandro Marcon, Marie Pedersen, Claudia Galassi, Massimo Stafoggia, Andrea Jaensch, Enrica Migliore, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Andrei Pyko, Rob Beelen, Laura Fratiglioni, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Bertil Forsberg, Gerard Hoek, Ming-Yi Tsai, Fulvio Ricceri, Miren Dorronsoro, Gunn Marit Aasvang, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Meng Wang, Bernhard Föger, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Ulf de Faire, Kees de Hoogh, Gudrun Weinmayr, Sara Grioni, Mette Sørensen, Claes-Göran Östenson, Roel Vermeulen, Pilar Amiano, Ibon Tamayo, Michelle Plusquin, Norun Hjertager Krog, Göran Pershagen, Timothy J. Key, David Olsson, Gabriele Nagel, Bert Brunekreef, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Michal Korek, Vittorio Krogh, and Bente Oftedal
Subjects: Pollutant, Cancer Research, business.industry, Air pollution, Cancer, Environmental exposure, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Environmental health, Parenchyma, medicine, business, Risk assessment, Kidney cancer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutant ...
Published: 2017
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103. Paving the way of systems biology and precision medicine in allergic diseases: the Me <scp>DALL</scp> success story

Author: Erik Melén, Rudolph Valenta, Fanny Rancière, C. Tischer, I. Skrindo, Hamida Hammad, V. Anastasova, Leda Chatzi, C. Hohman, Magnus Wickman, M P Fantini, M. Torrent, Pascal Demoly, S. Palkonen, Esben Eller, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, N. Anderson, A. Bedbrook, Torsten Zuberbier, Rachel Nadif, Francesco Forastiere, K. Wenger, Sybille Koletzko, I. Annesi-Maesano, Jonathan M. Coquet, Yvan Saeys, Joachim Heinrich, Steffen Lau, Marit Westman, Bénédicte Jacquemin, L. von Hertzen, M. Standl, Marta Benet, Martijn J. Schuijs, Mirela Curin, Dirkje S. Postma, Valérie Siroux, Bart N. Lambrecht, E. Minina, Christian Lupinek, Vegard Hovland, Irina Lehmann, Jordi Sunyer, Dieter Maier, Stephane Ballereau, Anna Asarnoj, Jean Bousquet, Isabelle Momas, A. Rial-Sebbag, Gerard H. Koppelman, Cezmi A. Akdis, Isabelle Pin, A. von Berg, Henriette A. Smit, Manolis Kogevinas, Beatrix Gerhard, Claus Bachert, Emilie Burte, S. Guerra, Sandra Wieser, Bert Brunekreef, Johann Pellet, Ulrike Gehring, Renata Kiss, Petter Mowinckel, Cheng-Jian Xu, Anne Cambon-Thomsen, Jordi Mestres, Theresa Keller, Martijn C. Nawijn, Ferran Ballester, N. Ballardini, Tari Haahtela, Mariona Pinart, Charles Auffray, J. Garcia-Aymerich, J. Just, R. Albang, Marek L. Kowalski, Marjan Kerkhof, Inger Kull, Mika J. Mäkelä, G. De Carlo, J. De Vocht, Kai-Håkon Carlsen, Sam Oddie, A. Arno, Rosemary R. C. McEachan, X. Basagana, Thomas Keil, Daniela Porta, M. Akdis, Anna Bergström, Nathanaël Lemonnier, Raphaëlle Varraso, John Wright, Josep M. Antó, K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, and D. Smagghe
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Allergy, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Systems biology, Immunology, Population, Atopic dermatitis, Omics, medicine.disease, Precision medicine, 3. Good health, Review article, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, business, education, media_common
Abstract: MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy; EU FP7-CP-IP; Project No: 261357; 2010-2015) has proposed an innovative approach to develop early indicators for the prediction, diagnosis, prevention and targets for therapy. MeDALL has linked epidemiological, clinical and basic research using a stepwise, large-scale and integrative approach: MeDALL data of precisely phenotyped children followed in 14 birth cohorts spread across Europe were combined with systems biology (omics, IgE measurement using microarrays) and environmental data. Multimorbidity in the same child is more common than expected by chance alone, suggesting that these diseases share causal mechanisms irrespective of IgE sensitization. IgE sensitization should be considered differently in monosensitized and polysensitized individuals. Allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization are often associated with the persistence or severity of allergic diseases. Environmental exposures are relevant for the development of allergy-related diseases. To complement the population-based studies in children, MeDALL included mechanistic experimental animal studies and in vitro studies in humans. The integration of multimorbidities and polysensitization has resulted in a new classification framework of allergic diseases that could help to improve the understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of allergy as well as to better manage allergic diseases. Ethics and gender were considered. MeDALL has deployed translational activities within the EU agenda.
Published: 2016
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104. DNA Methylation in Newborns and Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy

Author: Anna Bergström, Carrie V. Breton, Marie-France Hivert, Oscar H. Franco, Roy Miodini Nilsen, Leanne K. Küpers, Kelly M. Bakulski, Mariona Pinart, Eva Corpeleijn, Erik Melén, Paul Yousefi, Symen Ligthart, Cilla Söderhäll, Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas, Hasan Arshad, Donglei Hu, Pieter van der Vlies, Göran Pershagen, Bilal M. Quraishi, Jörg Tost, Ashok Kumar, Inger Kull, Nathanaël Lemonnier, Ahmad Vaez, Albert Hofman, Wilfried Karmaus, Sara E. Benjamin Neelon, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, Susan Ewart, Celeste Eng, Cathrine Hoyo, M. Daniele Fallin, Juha Kere, Andrea A. Baccarelli, Olena Gruzieva, Henning Tiemeier, Allan C. Just, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Rebecca C Richmond, Andrew P. Feinberg, Gemma C Sharp, Christina A. Markunas, Carlos Ruiz, Charles Auffray, Harold Snieder, Simon Kebede Merid, Nour Baïz, Josep M. Antó, Brenda Eskenazi, Susan K. Murphy, Hongmei Zhang, Fahimeh Falahi, Christine Ladd-Acosta, Martine Vrijheid, Jin Yao, Sarah E. Reese, Marie José Saurel-Coubizolles, Karen Huen, Zdenko Herceg, Tianyuan Wang, Lisa F. Barcellos, Siri E. Håberg, Cheng-Jian Xu, Marjan Kerkhof, Nina Holland, Stephanie J. London, John W. Holloway, Barbara Heude, Hector Hernandez-Vargas, Mariona Bustamante, Marie-Aline Charles, Augusto A. Litonjua, Tom R. Gaunt, Dawn L. DeMeo, Abbas Dehghan, Zongli Xu, Bernard F. Fuemmeler, Caroline L Relton, Jordi Sunyer, Juan R. González, Jie Ren, Marjolein J. Peters, Ulrike Gehring, Sam S. Oh, Jack A. Taylor, Soesma A Jankipersadsing, Wenche Nystad, Matthew W. Gillman, Asa Bradman, Wendy L. McArdle, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, George Davey Smith, Dirkje S. Postma, Magnus Wickman, Johanna Lepeule, Bonnie R. Joubert, Bert Brunekreef, Stefano Guerra, Liesbeth Duijts, Gerard H. Koppelman, Janine F. Felix, Esteban G. Burchard, Allen J. Wilcox, Michael C. Wu, Lucas A. Salas, Akram Ghantous, Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, dIRAS RA-2, Risk Assessment, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Reproductive Origins of Adult Health and Disease (ROAHD), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), and Life Course Epidemiology (LCE)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS, Bioinformatics, Epigenesis, Genetic, Pregnancy, HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR REPRESSOR, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY, Genetics(clinical), Child, NEUROPILIN-2 EXPRESSION, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, Smoking, Chromosome Mapping, Methylation, 3. Good health, Cleft Palate, CpG site, Meta-analysis, Child, Preschool, DNA methylation, Female, medicine.medical_specialty, Cleft Lip, European Continental Ancestry Group, IN-UTERO, Biology, Article, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic, LUNG-FUNCTION DECLINE, medicine, Journal Article, Humans, BREAST-CANCER, Epigenetics, Preschool, Genetic Association Studies, Asthma, PRENATAL EXPOSURE, Public health, Infant, Newborn, LYMPH-NODE METASTASIS, Infant, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Newborn, 030104 developmental biology, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, Epigenesis, Meta-Analysis
Abstract: Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, represent a potential mechanism for environmental impacts on human disease. Maternal smoking in pregnancy remains an important public health problem that impacts child health in a myriad of ways and has potential lifelong consequences. The mechanisms are largely unknown, but epigenetics most likely plays a role. We formed the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) consortium and meta-analyzed, across 13 cohorts (n = 6,685), the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and newborn blood DNA methylation at over 450,000 CpG sites (CpGs) by using the Illumina 450K BeadChip. Over 6,000 CpGs were differentially methylated in relation to maternal smoking at genome-wide statistical significance (false discovery rate, 5%), including 2,965 CpGs corresponding to 2,017 genes not previously related to smoking and methylation in either newborns or adults. Several genes are relevant to diseases that can be caused by maternal smoking (e.g., orofacial clefts and asthma) or adult smoking (e.g., certain cancers). A number of differentially methylated CpGs were associated with gene expression. We observed enrichment in pathways and processes critical to development. In older children (5 cohorts, n = 3,187), 100% of CpGs gave at least nominal levels of significance, far more than expected by chance (p value < 2.2 × 10−16). Results were robust to different normalization methods used across studies and cell type adjustment. In this large scale meta-analysis of methylation data, we identified numerous loci involved in response to maternal smoking in pregnancy with persistence into later childhood and provide insights into mechanisms underlying effects of this important exposure. The BAMSE cohort was supported by The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Freemason Child House Foundation in Stockholm, MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), a collaborative project conducted within the European Union (grant agreement No. 261357), Centre for Allergy Research, Stockholm County Council (ALF), Swedish foundation for strategic research (SSF, RBc08-0027, EpiGene project), the Strategic Research Programme (SFO) in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet, The Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish Environment Protection Agency.
Published: 2016
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105. Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk factors for cardiovascular disease within a cohort of older men in Perth

Author: Osvaldo P. Almeida, Graeme J. Hankey, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Paul Norman, Lee Nedkoff, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Bert Brunekreef, Kevin Murray, Jane Heyworth, Bu B. Yeap, and Leon Flicker
Subjects: Male, Time Factors, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution, Social Sciences, Blood Pressure, Disease, Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Vascular Medicine, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, Medical Conditions, Endocrinology, Sociology, Risk Factors, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Immune Response, medical risk factors, Global and Planetary Change, Schools, Multidisciplinary, Air pollutant concentrations, Geography, Confounding, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Pollution, Lipids, Cholesterol, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort, Regression Analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Research Article, Endocrine Disorders, Science, Immunology, Cardiology, Education, Signs and Symptoms, Air Pollution, Environmental health, Diabetes mellitus, Confidence Intervals, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Triglycerides, Aged, Inflammation, Pollutant, business.industry, Cholesterol, HDL, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, Biology and Life Sciences, Environmental Exposure, Cardiovascular Disease Risk, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Term (time), Blood pressure, chemistry, Metabolic Disorders, Particulate Matter, Clinical Medicine, business
Abstract: While there is clear evidence that high levels of pollution are associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, the biological mechanisms that would explain this association are less understood. We examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Air pollutant concentrations were estimated at place of residence for cohort members in the Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing Health in Men Study. Blood samples and blood pressure measures were taken for a cohort of 4249 men aged 70 years and above between 2001 and 2004. We examined the association between 1-year average pollutant concentrations with blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and total homocysteine. Linear regression analyses were carried out, with adjustment for confounding, as well as an assessment of potential effect modification. The four pollutants examined were fine particulate matter, black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. We found that a 2.25 μg/m3 higher exposure to fine particulate matter was associated with a 1.1 percent lower high-density cholesterol (95% confidence interval: -2.4 to 0.1) and 4.0 percent higher serum triglycerides (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 6.6). Effect modification of these associations by diabetes history was apparent. We found no evidence of an association between any of the remaining risk factors or biomarkers with measures of outdoor air pollution. These findings indicate that long-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with elevated serum triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol. This requires further investigation to determine the reasons for this association.
Published: 2021
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106. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort

Author: Danielle Vienneau, Kathrin Wolf, Bente Oftedal, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Hans Concin, Per E. Schwarze, Klea Katsouyanni, Shuo Liu, Giulia Cesaroni, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Richard Atkinson, Gianluca Severi, Gabriele Nagel, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Bert Brunekreef, Amar Mehta, Annette Peters, Jørgen Brandt, Raphael Simon Peter, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Barbara Hoffmann, Tom Bellander, Sophia Rodopoulou, Ole Hertel, Gerard Hoek, Karin Leander, Mariska Bauwelinck, Evangelia Samoli, Francesco Forastiere, Daniela Fecht, Torben Sigsgaard, Debora Rizzuto, Kees de Hoogh, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Massimo Stafoggia, Nicole Janssen, Göran Pershagen, Petter Ljungman, Carla H. van Gils, Matthias Ketzel, John S. Gulliver, Matteo Renzi, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Alois Lang, Gudrun Weinmayr, Interface Demography, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, and Sociology
Subjects: Fine particulate matter, Lung Neoplasms, Air Pollution, Elemental Components, Fine Particulate Matter, Lung Cancer Incidence, Pooled Cohort, 05 Environmental Sciences, air pollution, Medizin, Air pollution, Elemental components, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Environmental Science(all), medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Lung cancer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Air Pollutants, Proportional hazards model, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Pooled cohort, pooled cohort, Environmental Exposure, Environmental exposure, 06 Biological Sciences, Particulates, medicine.disease, Europe, fine particulate matter, elemental components, Cohort, lung cancer incidence, Environmental science, Population study, Particulate Matter, Lung cancer incidence, 03 Chemical Sciences, Body mass index
Abstract: Background: An association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and lung cancer has been established in previous studies. PM2.5 is a complex mixture of chemical components from various sources and little is known about whether certain components contribute specifically to the associated lung cancer risk. The present study builds on recent findings from the “Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe” (ELAPSE) collaboration and addresses the potential association between specific elemental components of PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence. Methods: We pooled seven cohorts from across Europe and assigned exposure estimates for eight components of PM2.5 representing non-tail pipe emissions (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)), long-range transport (sulfur (S)), oil burning/industry emissions (nickel (Ni), vanadium (V)), crustal material (silicon (Si)), and biomass burning (potassium (K)) to cohort participants’ baseline residential address based on 100 m by 100 m grids from newly developed hybrid models combining air pollution monitoring, land use data, satellite observations, and dispersion model estimates. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, calendar year, marital status, smoking, body mass index, employment status, and neighborhood-level socio-economic status). Results: The pooled study population comprised 306,550 individuals with 3916 incident lung cancer events during 5,541,672 person-years of follow-up. We observed a positive association between exposure to all eight components and lung cancer incidence, with adjusted HRs of 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.16) per 50 ng/m3 PM2.5 K, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02, 1.15) per 1 ng/m3 PM2.5 Ni, 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35) per 200 ng/m3 PM2.5 S, and 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.12) per 200 ng/m3 PM2.5 V. Effect estimates were largely unaffected by adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). After adjustment for PM2.5 mass, effect estimates of K, Ni, S, and V were slightly attenuated, whereas effect estimates of Cu, Si, Fe, and Zn became null or negative. Conclusions: Our results point towards an increased risk of lung cancer in connection with sources of combustion particles from oil and biomass burning and secondary inorganic aerosols rather than non-exhaust traffic emissions. Specific limit values or guidelines targeting these specific PM2.5 components may prove helpful in future lung cancer prevention strategies.
Published: 2021
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107. The influence of industry-related air pollution on birth outcomes in an industrialized area

Author: Alex Burdorf, Bert Brunekreef, Arnold D. Bergstra, and Public Health
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Birth weight, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, medicine.disease_cause, Logistic regression, 01 natural sciences, Pregnancy, Interquartile range, Air Pollution, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Netherlands, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air Pollutants, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Gestational age, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Pollution, Low birth weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Maternal Exposure, Premature Birth, Small for gestational age, Female, Particulate Matter, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Recent studies suggests that air pollution, from among others road traffic, can influence growth and development of the human foetus during pregnancy. The effects of air pollution from heavy industry on birth outcomes have been investigated scarcely. Our aim was to investigate the associations of air pollution from heavy industry on birth outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 4488 singleton live births (2012–2017) in the vicinity of a large industrial area in the Netherlands. Information from the birth registration was linked with a dispersion model to characterize annual individual-level exposure of pregnant mothers to air pollutants from industry in the area. Associations between particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), and small for gestational age (SGA) were investigated by logistic regression analysis and with gestational age, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference by linear regression analysis. Exposures to NOX, SO2, and VOC (per interquartile range of 1.16, 0.42, and 0.97 μg/m3 respectively) during pregnancy were associated with LBW (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.06–1.35, OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.00–1.43, and OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.08–1.35 respectively). NOX and VOC were also associated with PTB (OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.01–1.29 and OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.04–1.31 respectively). Associations between exposure to air pollution and birth weight, birth length, and head circumference were statistically significant. Higher exposure to PM10, NOX, SO2 and VOC (per interquartile range of 0.41, 1.16, 0.42, and 0.97 μg/m3 respectively) was associated with reduced birth weight of 21 g to 30 g. The 90th percentile industry-related PM10 exposure corresponded with an average birth weight decrease of 74 g.
Published: 2021
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108. Corrigendum to: Analysis of multicentre epidemiological studies: contrasting fixed or random effects modelling and meta-analysis

Author: Rémy Slama, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Bert Brunekreef, Massimo Stafoggia, Xavier Basagaña, Jose Barrera-Gómez, Gerard Hoek, Ulrike Gehring, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, and Marie Pedersen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, business.industry, Meta-analysis, Published Erratum, MEDLINE, Medicine, General Medicine, Computational biology, Random effects model, business
Published: 2020
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109. High resolution annual average air pollution concentration maps for the Netherlands

Author: Diederick E. Grobbee, Ivan Soenario, Rob Beelen, Oliver Schmitz, Bert Brunekreef, Derek Karssenberg, Ilonca Vaartjes, Maciej Strak, Gerard Hoek, and Martin Dijst
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen Dioxide, Air pollution, Annual average, High resolution, Geographic Mapping, Library and Information Sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Land use regression, Research Support, 01 natural sciences, Particulate Matter/analysis, Air Pollution/analysis, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, Air Pollution, 11. Sustainability, medicine, Atmospheric science, Humans, Non-U.S. Gov't, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Exposure assessment, Netherlands, Estimation, 0303 health sciences, Ambient air pollution, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Exposure, 3. Good health, Computer Science Applications, Risk factors, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Particulate Matter, Physical geography, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Information Systems, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Dataset
Abstract: Long-term exposure to air pollution is considered a major public health concern and has been related to overall mortality and various diseases such as respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Due to the spatial variability of air pollution concentrations, assessment of individual exposure to air pollution requires spatial datasets at high resolution. Combining detailed air pollution maps with personal mobility and activity patterns allows for an improved exposure assessment. We present high-resolution datasets for the Netherlands providing average ambient air pollution concentration values for the year 2009 for NO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM2.5absorbance and PM10. The raster datasets on 5×5 m grid cover the entire Netherlands and were calculated using the land use regression models originating from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project. Additional datasets with nationwide and regional measurements were used to evaluate the generated concentration maps. The presented datasets allow for spatial aggregations on different scales, nationwide individual exposure assessment, and the integration of activity patterns in the exposure estimation of individuals.
Published: 2019

110. The associations of air pollution, traffic noise and green space with overweight throughout childhood: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Author: Henriette A. Smit, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Alet H. Wijga, Erik Lebret, Gerard H. Koppelman, Lizan D. Bloemsma, Bert Brunekreef, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Gerard Hoek, Ulrike Gehring, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: Traffic-Related Pollution, Air pollution, CHILDREN, 010501 environmental sciences, Overweight, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Odds, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MARKERS, Environmental Science(all), Pregnancy, USE REGRESSION-MODELS, Environmental health, Journal Article, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, EXPOSURE, Child, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Green space, Air Pollutants, business.industry, Air, Traffic noise, Odds ratio, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Obesity, Childhood, PREVENTION, Confidence interval, BODY-MASS INDEX, Noise, Transportation, OBESITY, ASTHMA, Female, WEIGHT, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Air pollution, traffic noise and absence of green space may contribute to the development of overweight in children.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the combined associations of air pollution, traffic noise and green space with overweight throughout childhood.METHODS: We used data for 3680 participants of the Dutch PIAMA birth cohort. We estimated exposure to air pollution, traffic noise and green space (i.e. the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and percentages of green space in circular buffers of 300 m and 3000 m) at the children's home addresses at the time of parental reported weight and height measurements. Associations of these exposures with overweight from age 3 to 17 years were analyzed by generalized linear mixed models, adjusting for potential confounders. Odds ratios (OR's) are presented for an interquartile range increase in exposure.RESULTS: odds of being overweight increased with increasing exposure to NO2 (adjusted OR 1.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.74] per 8.90 µg/m3) and tended to decrease with increasing exposure to green space in a 3000 m buffer (adjusted OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.71-1.04] per 0.13 increase in the NDVI; adjusted OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.71-1.03] per 29.5% increase in the total percentage of green space). After adjustment for NO2, the associations with green space in a 3000 m buffer weakened. No associations of traffic noise with overweight throughout childhood were found. In children living in an urban area, living further away from a park was associated with a lower odds of being overweight (adjusted OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.52-0.85] per 359.6 m).CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution, but not traffic noise or green space, may contribute to childhood overweight. Future studies examining the associations of green space with childhood overweight should account for air pollution exposure.
Published: 2019

111. Prenatal particulate air pollution and DNA methylation in newborns: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis

Author: Tim S. Nawrot, Cheng Peng, Kelly M. Bakulski, Paul Yousefi, Mariona Bustamante, Lorenzo Richiardi, Josep M. Antó, Erik Melén, Göran Pershagen, Dawn L. DeMeo, Jason I. Feinberg, Cheng-Jian Xu, Gerard H. Koppelman, Carrie V. Breton, Inger Kull, Rosalind J. Wright, Akram Ghantous, Diane R. Gold, Charles Auffray, Michelle Plusquin, Nathanaël Lemonnier, Herman T. den Dekker, Johanna Lepeule, Itai Kloog, Christine Ladd-Acosta, Martine Vrijheid, Olena Gruzieva, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Bert Brunekreef, Heather E. Volk, Janine F. Felix, José Luis Ruiz, Zdenko Herceg, Stephanie J. London, Allan C. Just, Cilla Söderhäll, Simon Kebede Merid, Lu Gao, Anna Bergström, Regina Grazuleviciene, Jean Bousquet, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Andrea A. Baccarelli, Liesbeth Duijts, Jordi Sunyer, Costanza Pizzi, Juha Kere, Caroline L Relton, Franca Rusconi, Manolis Kogevinas, Ulrike Gehring, Kristine B. Gutzkow, Paolo Vineis, Carles Hernandez-Ferrer, STEMM - Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Juha Kere / Principal Investigator, University Management, Research Programs Unit, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Stockholm County Council, University of Groningen [Groningen], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Southern California (USC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (EISBM), Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Imperial College London, International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of Turin, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer [Florence, Italy], Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona] (ISGlobal), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG-UPF), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute [Barcelone, Espagne] (IMIM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Boston Children's Hospital, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon (MACVIA-LR), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes)-European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site (EIP on AHA), Commission Européenne-Commission Européenne-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital [Stockholm, Sweden], King‘s College London, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Durham] (NIEHS-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Columbia University [New York], European Project: 733206,H2020,H2020-SC1-2016-RTD,LIFECYCLE(2017), European Project, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Pediatrics, BARBAGALLO, Maïlys, Early-life stressors and LifeCycle health - LIFECYCLE - - H20202017-01-01 - 2021-12-31 - 733206 - VALID, (7e PC / 2007-206) au titre de la convention de subvention n ° 308333 - le projet HELIX - INCOMING, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site (EIP on AHA), and Commission Européenne-Commission Européenne-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO)
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Male, MESH: Air Pollutants, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Epigenome, 010501 environmental sciences, SUSCEPTIBILITY, Toxicology, LUNG DEVELOPMENT, 01 natural sciences, Cohort Studies, Epigenome, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: DNA Methylation, MESH: Child, Infants nadons, 030212 general & internal medicine, CORD BLOOD, MESH: Maternal Exposure, Child, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, GENE-EXPRESSION, Air Pollutants, Aire -- Contaminació, MESH: Infant, Newborn, ASSOCIATION, ADN -- Metilació, Fetal Blood, MESH: Infant, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Europe, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Exposome, PREGNANCY, MESH: Particulate Matter, Maternal Exposure, Meta-analysis, Child, Preschool, DNA methylation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, MESH: Air Pollution, Adolescent, Adverse outcomes, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Environment, complex mixtures, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, Air Pollution, medicine, Humans, MESH: Fetal Blood, Epigenetics, EXPOSURE, Prenatal exposure, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, MESH: Adolescent, Pregnancy, MESH: Humans, Science & Technology, business.industry, Research, MESH: Child, Preschool, R-PACKAGE, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Infant, CHILDHOOD ASTHMA, Environmental Sciences, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Particulate air pollution, MESH: Male, Genòmica, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Gene-Environment Interaction, Particulate Matter, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, MATTER
Abstract: Background: Prenatal exposure to air pollution has been associated with childhood respiratory disease and other adverse outcomes. Epigenetics is a suggested link between exposures and health outcomes. Objectives: We aimed to investigate associations between prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) with diameter
Published: 2019
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112. Early childhood infections and body mass index in adolescence

Author: Annemarijn C, Prins-van Ginkel, Alet H, Wijga, Patricia C J, Bruijning-Verhagen, Bert, Brunekreef, Ulrike, Gehring, Wim, van der Hoek, Gerard H, Koppelman, Lenie, van Rossem, Marianne A B, van der Sande, and Henriëtte A, Smit
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Birth Cohort, Female, Child, Infections, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Body Mass Index, Netherlands
Abstract: The incidence of childhood overweight and obesity is rising. It is hypothesized that infections in early childhood are associated with being overweight. This study investigated the association between the number of symptomatic infections or antibiotic prescriptions in the first 3 years of life and body mass index (BMI) in adolescence.The current study is part of the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy population-based birth cohort study. Weight and height were measured by trained research staff at ages 12 and 16 years. The 3015 active participants at age 18 years were asked for informed consent for general practitioner (GP) data collection and 1519 gave written informed consent. Studied exposures include (1) GP-diagnosed infections, (2) antibiotic prescriptions, and (3) parent-reported infections in the first 3 years of life. Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to determine the association between each of these exposures and BMI z-score.Exposure data and BMI measurement in adolescence were available for 622 participants. The frequencies of GP-diagnosed infections and antibiotic prescriptions were not associated with BMI z-score in adolescence with estimates being 0.14 (95% CI -0.09-0.37) and 0.10 (95% CI -0.14-0.34) for the highest exposure categories, respectively. Having ≥6 parent-reported infections up to age 3 years was associated with a 0.23 (95% CI 0.01-0.44) higher BMI z-score compared to2 parent-reported infections.For all infectious disease measures an increase in BMI z-score for the highest childhood exposure to infectious disease was observed, although only statistically significant for parent-reported infections. These results do not show an evident link with infection severity, but suggest a possible cumulative effect of repeated symptomatic infections on overweight development.
Published: 2018

113. Considerations in the use of different spirometers in epidemiological studies

Author: Ulrike Gehring, Martijn P. Farenhorst, Edith B. Milanzi, Bert Brunekreef, Sonja W S Augustijn, Marieke Oldenwening, Bernadette Aalders-de Ruijter, Gerard H. Koppelman, Judith M. Vonk, Marjan Tewis, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: Spirometry, Male, Vital capacity, medicine.medical_specialty, Regression calibration, Adolescent, Calibration (statistics), ACCURACY, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Vital Capacity, SELF-REPORT, law.invention, Cohort Studies, lcsh:RC963-969, 03 medical and health sciences, FEV1/FVC ratio, HEIGHT, law, Forced Expiratory Volume, Epidemiology, Statistics, Medicine, Humans, COHORT, VALIDITY, Lung function, Netherlands, Epidemiological studies, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030311 toxicology, lcsh:RA1-1270, BODY-MASS INDEX, LUNG-FUNCTION, AGREEMENT, Calibration, Systematic difference, lcsh:Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene, Female, WEIGHT, HEALTH, business, Spirometer
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Spirometric lung function measurements have been proven to be excellent objective markers of respiratory morbidity. The use of different types of spirometers in epidemiological and clinical studies may present systematically different results affecting interpretation and implication of results. We aimed to explore considerations in the use of different spirometers in epidemiological studies by comparing forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) measurements between the Masterscreen pneumotachograph and EasyOne spirometers. We also provide a correction equation for correcting systematic differences using regression calibration.METHODS: Forty-nine volunteers had lung function measured on two different spirometers in random order with at least three attempts on each spirometer. Data were analysed using correlation plots, Bland and Altman plots and formal paired t-tests. We used regression calibration to provide a correction equation.RESULTS: The mean (SD) FEV1 and FVC was 3.78 (0.63) L and 4.78 (0.63) L for the Masterscreen pneumotachograph and 3.54 (0.60) L and 4.41 (0.83) L for the EasyOne spirometer. The mean FEV1 difference of 0.24 L and mean FVC difference of 0.37 L between the spirometers (corresponding to 6.3 and 8.4% difference, respectively) were statistically significant and consistent between younger ( 30 years) and between males and females. Regression calibration indicated that an increase of 1 L in the EasyOne measurements corresponded to an average increase of 1.032 L in FEV1 and 1.005 L in FVC in the Masterscreen measurements.CONCLUSION: Use of different types of spirometers may result in significant systematic differences in lung function values. Epidemiological researchers need to be aware of these potential systematic differences and correct for them in analyses using methods such as regression calibration.
Published: 2018

114. Longitudinal Residential Exposures and Lung Function Until Age 16

Author: Ulrike Gehring, Gerard H. Koppelman, Henriette A. Smit, Judith M. Vonk, Edith B. Milanzi, Alet H. Wijga, and Bert Brunekreef
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Cumulative Exposure, respiratory system, complex mixtures, Secondhand tobacco smoke, Environmental health, Epidemiology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, business, Lung function, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Background: Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), pets, and dampness and molds have been linked to reduced lung function. Distinct ranges of ages have been studied, but evidence for associati...
Published: 2018
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115. Central Versus Local: Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5, Black Carbon, NO2 and O3 in the European Elapse-Project

Author: Bert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek, and Kees de Hoogh
Subjects: Environmental protection, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Carbon black, General Environmental Science, Term (time)
Published: 2018
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116. Early Life Environmental Exposures and Brain Structural Alterations in Childhood

Author: Mònica Guxens, Ryan L. Muetzel, Małgorzata J. Lubczyńska, Tonya White, Xavier Basagaña, Michiel A. van den Dries, Henning Tiemeier, Hanan El Marroun, Gerard Hoek, Bert Brunekreef, Manon H.J. Hillegers, and Vincent V. W. Jaddoe
Subjects: business.industry, Neuropsychology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, macromolecular substances, Environmental exposure, business, Early life, General Environmental Science, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Background. Several environmental exposure have been related to impaired child neurodevelopment. However, they mainly used neuropsychological or clinical instruments to evaluate child neurodevelopm...
Published: 2018
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117. Lessons Learned from the ESCAPE Project

Author: Bert Brunekreef
Subjects: General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Published: 2018
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118. Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy, Depression/Anxiety Symptoms, and Conduct/Aggressive Problems in Children in Eight European Cohort Studies

Author: Giulia Cesaroni, Marie Standl, Henning Tiemeier, Małgorzata J. Lubczyńska, Daniela Porta, Michael Jerrett, Ainhoa Jorcano, Remy Slama, Nelly D. Saenen, Carmen Iñiguez, Jordi Sunyer, Carmen Freire, T. Nawrot, Manon H.J. Hillegers, Kinga Polańska, Adonina Tardón, Wojciech Hanke, Jesús Ibarluzea, Gerard Hoek, Dorothee Sugiri, Johanna Lepeule, Mònica Guxens, Bert Brunekreef, Livia Pierotti, and Tania Vrijkotte
Subjects: Pregnancy, business.industry, Air pollution exposure, Air pollution, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Environmental health, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Anxiety, medicine.symptom, business, Depression (differential diagnoses), General Environmental Science, Cohort study
Abstract: Background: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may increase several behavior problems, including depression/anxiety or conduct/aggressive problems in children, but findings have been incons...
Published: 2018
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119. Associations of Surrounding Green, Air Pollution and Traffic Noise with General and Mental Health

Author: Nicole A.H. Janssen, Lizan D. Bloemsma, Bert Brunekreef, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Erik Lebret, A. H. Wijga, Ulrike Gehring, and Gerard Hoek
Subjects: Noise, Meteorology, Traffic noise, Air pollution, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, medicine.disease_cause, Mental health, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Background: Several studies showed indications that mental health is affected by environmental exposures.Objectives: To evaluate the effects of combined exposure to surrounding green, air pollution...
Published: 2018
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120. Harmonisation of Air Pollution Exposures in the European ELAPSE Study

Author: John S. Gulliver, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Kees de Hoogh, Bert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek, and Ole Hertel
Subjects: Environmental protection, Air pollution, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, medicine.disease_cause, General Environmental Science
Published: 2018
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121. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter

Author: Bart Ostro, Richard Atkinson, Randall V. Martin, Susan M. Gapstur, Joseph V. Spadaro, Andrea Jaensch, Ryan Allen, Michelle C. Turner, Michael Brauer, Jaime E. Hart, Lauren Pinault, Anthony B. Miller, Maigeng Zhou, Lijun Wang, Joshua S. Apte, Haidong Kan, Gabriele Nagel, Dan L. Crouse, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Gudrun Weinmayr, John B. Cannon, Paul J. Villeneuve, Bert Brunekreef, Aaron van Donkelaar, Hilda Tsang, Debbie Goldberg, C. Arden Pope, Paul A. Peters, Qian Di, Thuan-Quoc Thach, Jay S. Coggins, Marten Marra, Aaron Cohen, Francesco Forastiere, Bryan Hubbell, Chris C. Lim, Richard T. Burnett, Joseph Frostad, Neal Fann, Hong Chen, W. Ryan Diver, Michael Tjepkema, Stephen S Lim, George D. Thurston, Peng Yin, Daniel Krewski, Francine Laden, Hans Concin, Richard B. Hayes, Scott Weichenthal, Michael Jerrett, Katherine Walker, Mieczyslaw Szyszkowicz, and Giulia Cesaroni
Subjects: concentration, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global Burden of Disease/statistics & numerical data, 010501 environmental sciences, Global Health, 01 natural sciences, Risk Assessment, Global Burden of Disease, Cohort Studies, Indoor air quality, Environmental health, Air Pollution, Global health, Air Pollutants/toxicity, Medicine, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Humans, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Aetiology, Noncommunicable Diseases/mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Disease burden, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, risk, Proportional Hazards Models, Particulate Matter/toxicity, Air Pollutants, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Proportional hazards model, Hazard ratio, Bayes Theorem, Environmental Exposure, Air Pollution/adverse effects, mortality, Confidence interval, Global Health/statistics & numerical data, Good Health and Well Being, fine particulate matter, exposure, Particulate Matter, Risk assessment, business, Cohort study, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
Abstract: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is a major global health concern. Quantitative estimates of attributable mortality are based on disease-specific hazard ratio models that incorporate risk information from multiple PM 2.5 sources (outdoor and indoor air pollution from use of solid fuels and secondhand and active smoking), requiring assumptions about equivalent exposure and toxicity. We relax these contentious assumptions by constructing a PM 2.5 -mortality hazard ratio function based only on cohort studies of outdoor air pollution that covers the global exposure range. We modeled the shape of the association between PM 2.5 and nonaccidental mortality using data from 41 cohorts from 16 countries—the Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). We then constructed GEMMs for five specific causes of death examined by the global burden of disease (GBD). The GEMM predicts 8.9 million [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.5–10.3] deaths in 2015, a figure 30% larger than that predicted by the sum of deaths among the five specific causes (6.9; 95% CI: 4.9–8.5) and 120% larger than the risk function used in the GBD (4.0; 95% CI: 3.3–4.8). Differences between the GEMM and GBD risk functions are larger for a 20% reduction in concentrations, with the GEMM predicting 220% higher excess deaths. These results suggest that PM 2.5 exposure may be related to additional causes of death than the five considered by the GBD and that incorporation of risk information from other, nonoutdoor, particle sources leads to underestimation of disease burden, especially at higher concentrations.
Published: 2018

122. Outdoor air pollution, fluorescent oxidation products and persistent asthma: the EGEA study

Author: Valérie Siroux, Régis Matran, Raphaëlle Varraso, Rachel Nadif, Margaux Sanchez, Nino Kuenzli, Bénédicte Jacquemin, Zhen Li, Farid Zerimech, Anaïs Havet, Nicole Le Moual, and Bert Brunekreef
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Smoking habit, business.industry, Air pollution, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, respiratory tract diseases, Air pollutants, Interquartile range, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Persistent asthma, business, General Environmental Science, Asthma
Abstract: The biological mechanisms involved in the associations between outdoor air pollution and asthma are poorly known. We studied the associations between long-term-exposure to outdoor air pollution, plasma fluorescent oxidation products (FlOPs), a global biomarker related to oxidative stress and persistent asthma. The study was based on adults with current asthma followed in the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA), (EGEA2: 2003-2007, baseline; EGEA3: 2011-2013, follow-up). Air pollutant levels were estimated at the participants’ residential address by ESCAPE (NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5) and the French institute of environment (O3). Persistent asthma was defined by current asthma (asthma symptoms, attack or treatment in the past 12 months) at EGEA2 and EGEA3. We conducted mixed models with random effects on city and familial dependence adjusted for age, sex and smoking habits. Among the 201 adults with current asthma at EGEA2 (39 years old in average, 48% men), 160 had persistent asthma at EGEA3. An increase of one interquartile range (IQR) of O3 was associated with higher FlOPs level (adjusted β: 0.02, 95%CI: 0.004–0.04), and with persistent asthma, although this later association was not statistically significant (adjusted (a)Odds Ratio: 1.34, 95%CI: 0.85–2.13). FIOPs were not associated with the other air pollutants. Persistent asthma increased significantly with FlOPs level (aOR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.06–3.09 per an increase of 1 IQR of FlOPs level). For the first time in adults, FlOPs were associated with O3 and persistent asthma. Our results add evidence on the role of oxidative stress as a biological mechanism involved in the effect of O3 on the respiratory health.
Published: 2018
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123. Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe - Evaluation of spatiotemporal stability

Author: Evangelia Samoli, Aaron van Donkelaar, Danielle Vienneau, Kathrin Wolf, Tom Bellander, Randal V. Martin, Klea Katsouyanni, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Massimo Stafoggia, Per E. Schwartz, Matthias Ketzel, Barbara Hoffmann, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Bert Brunekreef, John S. Gulliver, Gerard Hoek, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Mariska Bauwelinck, Ole Hertel, Kees de Hoogh, One Health Chemisch, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Sociology, and Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School
Subjects: PM, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, PM2.5, 010501 environmental sciences, NO2, Residual, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, no, Black carbon, Ozone, Environmental Science(all), Kriging, medicine, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, LUR, Spatiotemporal stability, Explained variation, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Scale (map), Scale model
Abstract: Background: In order to investigate associations between air pollution and adverse health effects consistent fine spatial air pollution surfaces are needed across large areas to provide cohorts with comparable exposures. The aim of this paper is to develop and evaluate fine spatial scale land use regression models for four major health relevant air pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, BC, O3) across Europe. Methods: We developed West-European land use regression models (LUR) for 2010 estimating annual mean PM2.5, NO2, BC and O3 concentrations (including cold and warm season estimates for O3). The models were based on AirBase routine monitoring data (PM2.5, NO2 and O3) and ESCAPE monitoring data (BC), and incorporated satellite observations, dispersion model estimates, land use and traffic data. Kriging was performed on the residual spatial variation from the LUR models and added to the exposure estimates. One model was developed using all sites (100%). Robustness of the models was evaluated by performing a five-fold hold-out validation and for PM2.5 and NO2 additionally with independent comparison at ESCAPE measurements. To evaluate the stability of each model's spatial structure over time, separate models were developed for different years (NO2 and O3: 2000 and 2005; PM2.5: 2013). Results: The PM2.5, BC, NO2, O3 annual, O3 warm season and O3 cold season models explained respectively 72%, 54%, 59%, 65%, 69% and 83% of spatial variation in the measured concentrations. Kriging proved an efficient technique to explain a part of residual spatial variation for the pollutants with a strong regional component explaining respectively 10%, 24% and 16% of the R2 in the PM2.5, O3 warm and O3 cold models. Explained variance at fully independent sites vs the internal hold-out validation was slightly lower for PM2.5 (65% vs 66%) and lower for NO2 (49% vs 57%). Predictions from the 2010 model correlated highly with models developed in other years at the overall European scale. Conclusions: We developed robust PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC hybrid LUR models. At the West-European scale models were robust in time, becoming less robust at smaller spatial scales. Models were applied to 100 × 100 m surfaces across Western Europe to allow for exposure assignment for 35 million participants from 18 European cohorts participating in the ELAPSE study. Keywords: LUR, Spatiotemporal stability, PM2.5, NO2, Ozone, Black carbon
Published: 2018
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124. [Air pollution and health]

Author: Bert, Brunekreef
Subjects: Air Pollutants, Ozone, Air Pollution, Incidence, Humans, Particulate Matter, Environmental Illness, Netherlands
Abstract: The effects of air pollution on health have been generating attention for years. A large number of pulmonologists have recently expressed concerns about this in an open letter to Dutch Members of Parliament. Air pollution arises mainly in all kinds of combustion processes; in addition, atmospheric chemical reactions play a role in the formation of ozone and particulate matter. Health effects are both acute (increase in daily mortality and morbidity after days with increased concentrations of air pollution) as well as chronic (shortened life span and increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in areas with elevated concentrations of air pollution). These effects already occur at concentrations that are clearly lower than those currently observed in the Netherlands.
Published: 2018

125. Spatial PM

Author: Kees, de Hoogh, Jie, Chen, John, Gulliver, Barbara, Hoffmann, Ole, Hertel, Matthias, Ketzel, Mariska, Bauwelinck, Aaron, van Donkelaar, Ulla A, Hvidtfeldt, Klea, Katsouyanni, Jochem, Klompmaker, Randal V, Martin, Evangelia, Samoli, Per E, Schwartz, Massimo, Stafoggia, Tom, Bellander, Maciej, Strak, Kathrin, Wolf, Danielle, Vienneau, Bert, Brunekreef, and Gerard, Hoek
Subjects: Europe, Air Pollutants, Models, Statistical, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Particulate Matter, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: In order to investigate associations between air pollution and adverse health effects consistent fine spatial air pollution surfaces are needed across large areas to provide cohorts with comparable exposures. The aim of this paper is to develop and evaluate fine spatial scale land use regression models for four major health relevant air pollutants (PMWe developed West-European land use regression models (LUR) for 2010 estimating annual mean PMThe PMWe developed robust PM
Published: 2018

126. Green Space Visits among Adolescents: Frequency and Predictors in the PIAMA Birth Cohort Study

Author: Nicole A.H. Janssen, Henriette A. Smit, Ulrike Gehring, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Gerard Hoek, Alet H. Wijga, Erik Lebret, Lizan D. Bloemsma, Bert Brunekreef, Judith M. Vonk, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: Male, Relaxation, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, IMPACT, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Increased physical activity, Physical activity, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Health benefits, Space (commercial competition), 01 natural sciences, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Interpersonal relationship, 0302 clinical medicine, Residence Characteristics, Medicine, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, RESIDENTIAL GREENNESS, Science Selection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Exercise, Netherlands, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SURROUNDING GREENNESS, business.industry, Research, Environmental and Occupational Health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Mental health, PREVENTION, HEALTH-BENEFITS, NEIGHBORHOOD, Cross-Sectional Studies, PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY, Health, PREGNANCY OUTCOMES, ASTHMA, Female, Public Health, business, Birth cohort, MENTAL-HEALTH, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Green space may influence health through several pathways, for example, increased physical activity, enhanced social cohesion, reduced stress, and improved air quality. For green space to increase physical activity and social cohesion, spending time in green spaces is likely to be important.OBJECTIVES: We examined whether adolescents visit green spaces and for what purposes. Furthermore, we assessed the predictors of green space visits.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data for 1911 participants of the Dutch PIAMA (Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy) birth cohort were analyzed. At age 17, adolescents reported how often they visited green spaces for physical activities, social activities, relaxation, and to experience nature and quietness. We assessed the predictors of green space visits altogether and for different purposes by log-binomial regression.RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of the adolescents visited green spaces at least once a week in summer, mostly for physical and social activities. Adolescents reporting that a green environment was (very) important to them visited green spaces most frequently {adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] very vs. not important: 6.84 (5.10, 9.17) for physical activities and 4.76 (3.72, 6.09) for social activities}. Boys and adolescents with highly educated fathers visited green spaces more often for physical and social activities. Adolescents who own a dog visited green spaces more often to experience nature and quietness. Green space visits were not associated with the objectively measured quantity of residential green space, i.e., the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentages of urban, agricultural, and natural green space in circular buffers around the adolescents' homes.CONCLUSIONS: Subjective variables are stronger predictors of green space visits in adolescents than the objectively measured quantity of residential green space. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2429.
Published: 2018

127. Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 and Road Traffic Noise and All-cause Natural Mortality

Author: Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Hertel O, Bert Brunekreef, Lim Y, Gerard Hoek, Rina So, Claus Backalarz, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Sigsgaard T, and Loft S
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Epidemiology, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pollution, language.human_language, Natural (archaeology), Term (time), Danish, Noise, Environmental health, language, Medicine, business, Road traffic, All cause mortality, Cohort study
Published: 2019
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128. Air pollution and cause-specific mortality in Switzerland

Author: de Hoogh K, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Klompmaker J, Evangelia Samoli, Künzli N, Danielle Vienneau, Massimo Stafoggia, Bert Brunekreef, Bauwelinck M, and Rodopolou S
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Epidemiology, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Environmental health, Cohort, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Air pollution, Cause specific mortality, Medicine, business, medicine.disease_cause, Pollution
Published: 2019
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129. Natural and cause-specific mortality and low-level air pollution in a pooled cohort of 392,826 participants in Europe

Author: de Hoogh K, Gerard Hoek, Weinmayr G, Katsouyanni K, Rodopolou S, Forastiere F, Bert Brunekreef, Tewis M, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, and Maciek Strak
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Epidemiology, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Air pollution, Cause specific mortality, medicine.disease_cause, Pollution, Natural (archaeology), Environmental health, Cohort, Medicine, business
Published: 2019
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130. Low-level air pollution and natural cause mortality in Rome

Author: Danielle Vienneau, Giulia Cesaroni, Bert Brunekreef, Renzi M, de K, Stafoggia M, Klompmaker J, Andersen Z, Forastiere F, and Rodopolou S
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Air pollution, medicine, Environmental science, medicine.disease_cause, Water resource management, Land use regression, Pollution, Natural (archaeology)
Published: 2019
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131. The association of air pollution and depressed mood in 70,928 individuals from four European cohorts

Author: Tarja Yli-Tuomi, Kathrin Wolf, Kristian Hveem, Håvard Wahl Kongsgård, Kirsti Kvaløy, Rebecca T. Emeny, K.H. Ladwig, Judith G. M. Rosmalen, Marloes Eeftens, K. de Hoogh, Ronald P. Stolk, T. Partonen, Timo Lanki, Bert Brunekreef, Annette Peters, Wilma L. Zijlema, Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), and Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE)
Subjects: Male, Poison control, 010501 environmental sciences, Logistic regression, NO2, 01 natural sciences, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Depressed mood, Epidemiology, Odds Ratio, 030212 general & internal medicine, Depression (differential diagnoses), POPULATION, education.field_of_study, Air Pollutants, Depression, Traffic noise, ESCAPE PROJECT, Middle Aged, Europe, Motor Vehicles, Cohort, Female, Ambient air pollution, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, DISORDERS, Population, Nitrogen Dioxide, Multi-cohort study, HOSPITAL ANXIETY, 03 medical and health sciences, RISK-FACTOR, Environmental health, Air Pollution, medicine, Humans, EXPOSURE, Risk factor, education, Ambient Air Pollution, Depressed Mood, Harmonization, Multi-cohort Study, Traffic Noise, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ULTRAFINE PARTICLES, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Odds ratio, ADULTS, ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE, Particulate Matter, business, Noise
Abstract: Background: Exposure to ambient air pollution may be associated with impaired mental health, including depression. However, evidence originates mainly from animal studies and epidemiological studies in specific subgroups. We investigated the association between air pollution and depressed mood in four European general population cohorts.Methods: Data were obtained from LifeLines (the Netherlands), KORA (Germany), HUNT (Norway), and FINRISK (Finland). Residential exposure to particles (PM2.5, PM(2.5)absorbance, PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was estimated using land use regression (LUR) models developed for the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and using European wide LUR models. Depressed mood was assessed with interviews and questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the cohort specific associations between air pollution and depressed mood.Results: A total of 70,928 participants were included in our analyses. Depressed mood ranged from 1.6% (KORA) to 11.3% (FINRISK). Cohort specific associations of the air pollutants and depressed mood showed heterogeneous results. For example, positive associations were found for NO2 in LifeLines (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.53 per 10 mu g/m(3) increase in NO2), whereas negative associations were found in HUNT (OR= 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.94 per 10 mu g/m(3) increase in NO2).Conclusions: Our analyses of four European general population cohorts found no consistent evidence for an association between ambient air pollution and depressed mood. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016

132. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Yong Zhao, Hadi Danawi, Bach Xuan Tran, Gene Bukhman, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Taavi Tillmann, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yongmei Li, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Jack Caravanos, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Sergey Soshnikov, Yukito Shinohara, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brainin, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Yingfeng Zheng, Santosh Mishra, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Michael Phillips, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Guoqing Hu, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Abigail McLain, Michelle L. Bell, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Nataliya Foigt, Anand Dayama, Yanping Wang, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Monica S. Vavilala, Katherine B Gibney, David Tanne, Sidibe S Kany Roseline, Marcella Montico, Abhishek Singh, Sarah Derrett, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Corine Karema, Rakhi Dandona, David M. Pereira, Kazem Rahimi, Gitanjali M. Singh, Vivekanand Jha, John Hornberger, Anne M. Riederer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Andrea Pedroza, Lily Alexander, Fiona M. Blyth, Tommi Vasankari, Kyle J Foreman, Rana J. Asghar, Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Lydia S. Atkins, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, E. Ray Dorsey, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Gavin Shaddick, Thomas D. Fleming, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Erin C Mullany, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Tolesa Bekele, Jed D. Blore, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Philimon Gona, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Richard F. Gillum, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Felix Masiye, Richard T. Burnett, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Martin McKee, John J Huang, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Wagner Marcenes, Walid Ammar, Knud Juel, Joseph R. Zunt, Martha M Téllez Rojo, Mamta Swaroop, Noela M Prasad, Azmeraw T. Amare, Tim Driscoll, Michael Kravchenko, Heresh Amini, Amir Sapkota, Theo Vos, Charlotte Watts, Dennis Odai Laryea, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Cheng Huang, Adnan M. Durrani, Sarah V Thackway, Rita Van Dingenen, Manami Inoue, Martha Híjar, Honglei Chen, Amany H. Refaat, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Wenzhi Wang, Louisa Degenhardt, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Nayu Ikeda, James D. Wilkinson, Linh N Bui, Maria Hagströmer, Gonghuan Yang, Ann Kristin Knudsen, David J. Margolis, Soewarta Kosen, Hans Kromhout, Atsushi Goto, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Michael Soljak, Yun Jin Kim, Hideaki Toyoshima, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Anders Larsson, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, John Powles, Yara A. Halasa, Robin Room, Ratilal Lalloo, Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jürgen Rehm, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Alicia Aleman, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Elena Alvarez, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Bryan Hubbell, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Farhad Islami, Costas A. Christophi, Heidi Stöckl, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nigel Bruce, Edward J Mills, Samuel A L Perry, Taavi Lai, Baffour Awuah, Mete Saylan, Karen J. Courville, Arindam Basu, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Teresita González de Cosío, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Atte Meretoja, Michael Brauer, Cyrus Cooper, Giorgia Giussani, Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Omid Ameli, Gelin Xu, Matthias Endres, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mohamed Hsairi, Palwasha Anwari, Mazin J. Al Khabouri, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Pablo M. Lavados, Sumeet S. Chugh, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Maurice Giroud, Haidong Kan, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador, Luigi Naldi, Erica Leigh Slepak, Deena Alasfoor, James E. Saunders, Richard Matzopoulos, Talal Bakfalouni, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Lennert J. Veerman, Lorenzo Monasta, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Brittany Wurtz, Luz Maria Sanchez, Lijing L. Yan, M. Patrice Lindsay, Michele Meltzer, Sanjay Basu, Steven van de Vijver, Alaa Badawi, Thomas Claßen, Young-Ho Khang, Brett M. Kissela, Jun Zhu, In-Hwan Oh, Fiona J Charlson, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Dinorah González-Castell, Rosario Cárdenas, Dan Poenaru, Sayed Saidul Alam, Mitchell T. Wallin, Harish Chander Gugnani, James Leigh, Ferrán Catalá-López, Lidia Morawska, Jim van Os, Stephanie J. London, Kaire Innos, Isabelle Romieu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Hwee Pin Phua, Chakib Nejjari, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Lynne Gaffikin, Constance D. Pond, Michael F. MacIntyre, Blake Thomson, Norberto Perico, Ronny Westerman, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Bulat Idrisov, Ana Basto-Abreu, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vinod K. Paul, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Richard L. Guerrant, Mohammed I. Albittar, Srikanth Mangalam, Steven E. Lipshultz, Lela Sturua, Semaw Ferede Abera, Eduardo Bernabé, George D. Thurston, Bruno F. Sunguya, Tiffany Ku, Alejandra G. Contreras, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Charles Atkinson, Ashkan Afshin, Heidi J. Larson, Abdullatif Husseini, Jose C. Adsuar, Reza Assadi, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Yousef M. Elshrek, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Devina Nand, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Traolach S. Brugha, Hywel C Williams, Coen H. Van Gool, Andrew H. Kemp, Awoke Misganaw, Amado D Quezada, Norito Kawakami, Bert Brunekreef, Peter Burney, Tati S. Warouw, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Marcel Tanner, Solveig A. Cunningham, Benjamin O. Anderson, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Lars Barregard, Xia Wan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bernadette Thomas, Lilia S Pedraza, Massimo Cirillo, Alina Rodriguez, Ricky Leung, Farshad Pourmalek, K. Srinath Reddy, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Neeraj Bedi, Al Artaman, Lucia Hernandez, Itamar S. Santos, C. Arden Pope, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Anwar Rafay, Daniel Dicker, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Mohammed O. Basulaiman, Edgar P. Simard, Mohammad T Mashal, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Don C. Des Jarlais, Bo Norrving, Salvador Villalpando, Miia Kivipelto, Yang Liu, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Catalina Medina, Sudha Jayaraman, Josep Maria Haro, Diego De Leo, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Abigail C. McKay, Eric L. Ding, Mukesh Dherani, Ljiljana Pejin Stokic, Vinay Nangia, Sukanta Saha, Juan Liang, Elisabeth Cardis, Zourkaleini Younoussi, José R Nogueira, Braden Te Ao, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Lionel Racapé, Ting Wu Chuang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, E Filipa de Castro, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Ulises Trujillo, Alan D. Lopez, Soraya Seedat, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Daniel Pope, Alexandra Brazinova, Faris Lami, Valentina Colistro, G Anil Kumar, Derek F J Fay, Haidong Wang, Hwashin H. Shin, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Dietrich Plass, David Rojas-Rueda, Stephen S Lim, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yuantao Hao, Jung-Chen Chang, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Luciano A. Sposato, Stan Biryukov, Kunihiro Matsushita, Beth E. Ebel, Cleusa P. Ferri, Soumya Swaminathan, K. Ryan Wessells, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Leslie T. Cooper, David O. Carpenter, Nancy Lopez, Bryan L. Sykes, Sandra Nolte, Murray B. Stein, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Xiaonong Zou, Bradford D. Gessner, Dhruv S. Kazi, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Alejandra Jáuregui, Pouria Heydarpour, Megan Bohensky, Harvey Whiteford, Berrak Bora Basara, Zhengming Chen, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Scott Weichenthal, Deborah Salvo, Jun She, Tea Lallukka, Carolyn C. Gotay, Stephen G. Waller, Christian Kieling, Shivanthi Balalla, Valery L. Feigin, Qing Lan, Matias Trillini, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Renata Micha, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Ralph L. Sacco, Biju Abraham, Ken Takahashi, Jixiang Ma, Peter A. Meaney, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Kimberly Cooperrider, M Rifat Kose, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Rasmus Havmoeller, Alize J. Ferrari, Kebede Deribe, Nadim E. Karam, George A. Mensah, Bongani M. Mayosi, Konrad Pesudovs, Joanna Moschandreas, Ziad Nahas, James Damsere-Derry, Nsanzimana Sabin, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Ying Jiang, Andre Pascal Kengne, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Shankuan Zhu, Guy B. Marks, Daniel C Casey, Marco A Avila, Anna Roca, Lalit Dandona, Ami R. Moore, Adansi A. Amankwaa, David Gunnell, Andre Keren, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Nhung T Nguyen, Anthony D. Woolf, Mayuree Rao, Peter J. Allen, Christina Papachristou, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Ravi Kumar Balu, Marie Ng, Marcello Tonelli, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Maigeng Zhou, Emmanuela Gakidou, Mohammed K. Ali, Amanda W Pain, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Howard J. Hoffman, James Scott, Nadine Steckling, Samia Alhabib, Deborah Jarvis, Kara Estep, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Ricardo Orozco, Holly Hagan, K. C. Astha, Reza Malekzadeh, Klara Dokova, Aliya Naheed, Ernst J. Kuipers, Valeria Caso, Derrick A Bennett, Andrea B. Feigl, Uche S. Uchendu, Holly E. Erskine, Shireen Sindi, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Alejandra Cantoral, Ketevan Goginashvili, Raghib Ali, Fan Jiang, Robert G. Weintraub, Homie Razavi, Myriam Tobollik, Howard Hu, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Irma Khonelidze, Patricia M. Riccio, Eun-Kee Park, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Ibrahim Abubakar, Jürgen C Schmidt, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Alanur Çavlin, Ruth W Kimokoti, Samir Soneji, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John Q. Wong, Joseph Frostad, Tom Achoki, Rahman Shiri, Ashish Bhalla, Kurt Straif, Simon I. Hay, Scott B. Patten, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Ryan M Barber, Rosana E. Norman, JianLi Wang, Siyi Shangguan, Luke Nyakarahuka, Kovin Naidoo, Charles D. H. Parry, Mercedes Colomar, H. Ross Anderson, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Joan M. Nolla, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Karen Devries, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Marape Marape, Rajiv Chowdhury, Dima M. Qato, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Margaret Robinson, Hilda L Harb, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Janet L Leasher, Jonathan L. Wright, Peter Brooks, Cristiana Abbafati, Belinda K Lloyd, Victor Aboyans, Nikhil Tandon, Charles R. Newton, Simón Barquera, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Alexander Kraemer, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Saman Fahimi, Lesley Rushton, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Logan Sandar, Bruce Neal, Teresa Shamah Levy, Karen M. Tabb, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Christopher J L Murray, Ramesh Sahathevan, Aaron Cohen, Chanda Kulkarni, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Rajeev Gupta, Neil Pearce, Mustafa Z. Younis, Veena S. Kulkarni, Francisco A García-Guerra, Amanda G. Thrift, Stefan Ma, Samaya Ismayilova, Evariste Gasana, Amitava Banerjee, Aslam Pervaiz, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Farshad Farzadfar, Peter W. Gething, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Wanqing Chen, Saad B. Omer, Ruben Castro, Neeraj Bhala, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, Lidia Sanchez-Riera, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Kristen Delwiche, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Max Petzold, Yuri Y Varakin, Guilherme Borges, Guohong Jiang, Francis Guillemin, Kyle R. Heuton, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Joseph A Wagner, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Leonardo Trasande, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Josef Coresh, Chuanhua Yu, Kenji Shibuya, Berrin Serdar, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Natalie Stephens, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson Traebert, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kjetil Søreide, Samath D Dharmaratne, Robert P. Dellavalle, George Mugambage Ruhago, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Dipan Bose, Tania C Aburto, Saleem M Rana, Miriam Levi, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan, Ron T. Gansevoort, H. D. Hosgood, Michael Burch, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ayfer Pekericli, Walter Mendoza, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Ali H. Mokdad, David M. Broday, Koranteng Adofo, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Shifalika Goenka, Carrie Beth Peterson, Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Giancarlo Logroscino, Kardiyoloji, Peterson, Carrie B., Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), London South Bank University, Metropolitan Police Service, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Insight Centre for Data Analytics [Galway] (INSIGHT), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Universität Mannheim [Mannheim], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Risk Assessment Sciences Institute, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute [UK], CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore (NUS), Centre de Robotique (CAOR), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Neuro Rehab Services LLP [New Delhi], Department of Signal Theory and Communications (TSC), Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, King‘s College London, Dept. Mat. Engn. De Ma, Sao Carlos, Fed. Univ. Sao Carlos UFSCar, RESPEC (RESPEC), RESPEC, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Health Care, Minister Of Labour-Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia, Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University-Shahid Beheshti University, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Tehran, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, George Washington University (GW), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universiteit Gent [Ghent], Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Fachbereich Physik [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), Univ New Delhi, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), TCS Innovation Labs, University of Helsinki, Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Servicio de Neurologia (SANTIAGO - Neurologie), Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique et communications (CEDRIC), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise (ENSIIE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] (CIEE), China Agricultural University (CAU), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble [2013-2019] (ESPE Grenoble [2013-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], The Georges Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]-Catalunya ministerio de salud, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Unit of Functional Bionanomaterials, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], World Health Organization, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Public Health, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production (LGI2P), IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut geològic de Catalunya (IGC), Institut Geològic de Catalunya-IGC, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Symantec, University of Oviedo, European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute (NEST), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] (LNCC / MCT), Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University [Lund], University of Calgary, BioWare Corp, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-King‘s College London, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiology, Augusta University - Medical College of Georgia, University System of Georgia (USG)-University System of Georgia (USG), Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Centre for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab, Siemens Corporate Research, Siemens AG [Munich], University of Massachusetts [Boston] (UMass Boston), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University (PSL), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH)-Universidad del Desarrollo, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble (ESPE Grenoble), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Sichuan University, Universitat de Barcelona, Interne Geneeskunde, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Groningen Kidney Center (GKC), RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides ( LPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive ( LAPSCO ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches ( UR ETGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Insight Centre for Data Analytics (National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG)) ( INSIGHT ), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), University of Oslo ( UiO ) -University of Oslo ( UiO ), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], University of Southampton [Southampton], Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University Medical Center Utrecht, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative ( BFA ), Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Centre de Robotique ( CAOR ), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University ( PSL ), Department of Signal Theory and Communications ( TSC ), RESPEC ( RESPEC ), Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale ( SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - AMU - IRD ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy ( CRAN ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin], Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Servicio de Neurologia ( SANTIAGO - Neurologie ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ) -Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp., East Hanover NJ 07936, USA, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Centre d'étude et de recherche en informatique et communications ( CEDRIC ), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise ( ENSIIE ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] ( CIEE ), China Agricultural University ( CAU ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble ( ESPE Grenoble ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth], The University of Sydney [Sydney], Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes ( L2S ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology ( CREAL ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production ( LGI2P ), IMT - Mines Alès Ecole Mines - Télécom ( IMT - MINES ALES ), Institut geològic de Catalunya ( IGC ), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons ( LPGP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Politecnico di Milano [Milan], European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires ( LPMA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] ( UFPE ), Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability ( IES ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] ( JRC ), Bonn Universität [Bonn], Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] ( LNCC / MCT ), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia ( CHOP ), Univeristy of Pennsylvania Medical School, Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Medical College of Georgia, Electronic Navigation Research Institute ( ENRI ), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), University of Massachusetts [Boston] ( UMass Boston ), Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H. Ro, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Kc, Astha, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M. E, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Al Lami, Faris H, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charle, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Bati, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Başara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D. M, Broday, David M, Brooks, Peter M, Bruce, Nigel G, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bui, Linh N, Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter G. J, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano, Julio C, Cantoral, Alejandra J, Caravanos, Jack, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cardis, Elisabeth, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chen, Zhengming, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Claßen, Thomas Kd, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Contreras, Alejandra G, Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cooper, Leslie T, Coresh, Josef, Courville, Karen J, Criqui, Michael H, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Damsere Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, de Castro, E. Filipa, De la Cruz Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, de Lima, Graça, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Devries, Karen M, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Durrani, Adnan M, Ebel, Beth E, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elshrek, Yousef M, Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F. J, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferri, Cleusa P, Flaxman, Abraham D, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Paleo, Urbano Fra, Franklin, Richard C, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné G, Gansevoort, Ron T, García Guerra, Francisco A, Gasana, Evariste, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Pete, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim A. M, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, de Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, González Castell, Dinorah, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Guerrant, Richard L, Gugnani, Harish C, Guillemin, Franci, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hagstromer, Maria, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Haregu, Tilahun Nigatu, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia Pi, Ileana B, Hernandez, Lucia, Heuton, Kyle R, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Howard, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Hubbell, Bryan J, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Ikeda, Nayu, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jansen, Henrica A, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayaraman, Sudha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Fan, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Roseline, Sidibe S. Kany, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M, Kissela, Brett M, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kose, M. Rifat, Kosen, Soewarta, Kraemer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Kromhout, Han, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis O, Lavados, Pablo M, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Jong Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, London, Stephanie J, Lopez, Nancy, Lortet Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco M. P, Macintyre, Michael F, Magis Rodriguez, Carlo, Mahdi, Abbas A, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Christopher C, Marape, Marape, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J, Margono, Christopher, Marks, Guy B, Martin, Randall V, Marzan, Melvin B, Mashal, Mohammad T, Masiye, Felix, Mason Jones, Amanda J, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mckay, Abigail C, Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A, Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Santosh, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, Km Venkat, Nash, Deni, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Nhung T, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad I, Nogueira, José R, Nolla, Joan M, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orozco, Ricardo, Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun Kee, Parry, Charles D, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S, Pedroza, Andrea, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pekericli, Ayfer, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Perry, Samuel A. L, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phua, Hwee Pin, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Powles, John, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qato, Dima M, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D. Alex A, Racapé, Lionel, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Mayuree, Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K. Srinath, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Riccio, Patricia M, Richardson, Lee, Riederer, Anne, Robinson, Margaret, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas Rueda, David, Romieu, Isabelle, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Rushton, Lesley, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvo, Deborah, Sampson, Uchechukwu K, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez, Luz Maria, Sánchez Pimienta, Tania G, Sanchez Riera, Lidia, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Sapkota, Amir, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Scarborough, Peter, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Schneider, Ione J. C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin H, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stephens, Natalie, Stöckl, Heidi, Straif, Kurt, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto T, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Te Ao, Braden J, Teixeira, Carolina M, Téllez Rojo, Martha M, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Texcalac Sangrador, José Lui, Thackway, Sarah V, Thomson, Blake, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matia, Trujillo, Ulise, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uzun, Selen B, van de Vijver, Steven, Van Dingenen, Rita, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N, Vavilala, Monica S, Veerman, Lennert J, Velasquez Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Wenzhi, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S, Watts, Charlotte H, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Thomas N, Woldeyohannes, Solomon M, Wolfe, Charles D. A, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Wright, Jonathan L, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yenesew, Muluken, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younoussi, Zourkaleini, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zhu, Shankuan, Zou, Xiaonong, Zunt, Joseph R, Lopez, Alan D, Vos, Theo, Murray, Christopher J., Cell biology, Epidemiology, Neurosciences, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Public Health, General practice, Bachman, Victoria F., Coates, Matthew M., Frostad, Joseph J., Astha, K.C., Kyu, Hmwe H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Thomas, Bernadette A., Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ayse, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F., Puthenpurakal Abraham, Jerry, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Aburto, Tania C., Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, José C., Agardh, Emilie E., Al Khabouri, Mazin J., Al Lami, Faris H., Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Mohammed K., Allen, Peter J., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A., Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Argeseanu Cunningham, Solveig, Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina S., Asghar, Rana J., Atkins, Lydia S., Avila, Marco A., Bahit, Maria C., Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barrero, Lope H., Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C., Basulaiman, Mohammed O., Batis Ruvalcaba, Carolina, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Tariku J., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Blore, Jed D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Bora Başara, Berrak, Bornstein, Natan M., Bourne, Rupert R., Breitborde, Nicholas J., Briggs, Adam D.M., Broday, David M., Brooks, Peter M., Bruce, Nigel G., Brugha, Traolach S., Bui, Linh N., Bulloch, Andrew G., Burney, Peter G.J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Campuzano, Julio C., Cantoral, Alejandra J., Carpenter, David O., Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben E., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J., Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Christophi, Costas A., Chuang, Ting-Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S., Claßen, Thomas K.D., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Contreras, Alejandra G., Cooper, Leslie T., Courville, Karen J., Criqui, Michael H., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damsere-Derry, Jame, Dargan, Paul I., Davitoiu, Dragos V., De Castro, E. Filipa, De La Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Lima, Graça, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Des Jarlais, Don C., Deveber, Gabrielle A., Devries, Karen M., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dherani, Mukesh K., Ding, Eric L., Driscoll, Tim R., Durrani, Adnan M., Ebel, Beth E., Ellenbogen, Richard G., Elshrek, Yousef M., Ermakov, Sergey P., Erskine, Holly E., Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Fay, Derek F.J., Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J., Ferri, Cleusa P., Flaxman, Abraham D., Fleming, Thomas D., Foreman, Kyle J., Fra Paleo, Urbano, Franklin, Richard C., Gankpé, Fortuné G., Gansevoort, Ron T., García-Guerra, Francisco A., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim A.M., Gomez Dantes, Hector, Gonzalez De Cosio, Teresita, González-Castell, Dinorah, Gotay, Carolyn C., Gouda, Hebe N., Guerrant, Richard L., Gugnani, Harish C., Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Heredia-Pi, Ileana B., Heuton, Kyle R., Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H., Hoy, Damian G., Huang, John J., Hubbell, Bryan J., Iannarone, Marissa L., Iburg, Kim M., Idrisov, Bulat T., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jansen, Henrica A., Jarvis, Deborah L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jensen, Paul N., Jonas, Jost B., Kany Roseline, Sidibe S., Karam, Nadim E., Karema, Corine K., Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Ali Hassan Khalifa, Shams Eldin, Khan, Ejaz A., Khang, Young-Ho, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinge, Jonas M., Kissela, Brett M., Knibbs, Luke D., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kwan, Gene F., Lakshmana Balaji, Arjun, Lansingh, Van C., Larson, Heidi J., Laryea, Dennis O., Lavados, Pablo M., Lawrynowicz, Alicia E., Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Jong-Tae, Lim, Stephen S., Lipshultz, Steven E., Lloyd, Belinda K., London, Stephanie J., Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Machado, Vasco M.P., Macintyre, Michael F., Magis-Rodriguez, Carlo, Mahdi, Abbas A., Mapoma, Christopher C., Margolis, David J., Marks, Guy B., Martin, Randall V., Marzan, Melvin B., Mashal, Mohammad T., Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mckay, Abigail C., Meaney, Peter A., Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Melaku, Yohannes A., Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George A., Apolinary Mhimbira, Franci, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L., Montañez Hernandez, Julio C., Moore, Ami R., Moturi, Wilkister N., Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin C., Murthy, Kinnari S., Naidoo, Kovin S., Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Neupane, Sudan P., Newton, Charles R., Ngalesoni, Frida N., Ngirabega, Jean De Dieu, Nguyen, Nhung T., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Nisar, Muhammad I., Nogueira, José R., Nolla, Joan M., Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Omer, Saad B., Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S., Pain, Amanda W., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Paternina Caicedo, Angel J., Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pedraza, Lilia S., Pejin Stokic, Ljiljana, Pereira, David M., Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perry, Samuel A.L., Phillips, Michael R., Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Pond, Constance D., Prasad, Noela M., Qato, Dima M., Quezada, Amado D., Quistberg, D. Alex A., Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rana, Saleem M., Refaat, Amany H., Ribeiro, Antonio L., Riccio, Patricia M., Rojas-Rueda, David, Ruhago, George M., Sacco, Ralph L., Salomon, Joshua A., Sampson, Uchechukwu K., Sanabria, Juan R., Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Saunders, James E., Saylan, Mete I., Schmidt, Jürgen C., Schneider, Ione J.C., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shamah Levy, Teresa, Shin, Hwashin H., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stapelberg, Nicolas J.C., Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Sunguya, Bruno F., Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Talongwa, Roberto T., Te Ao, Braden J., Teixeira, Carolina M., Téllez Rojo, Martha M., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Texcalac-Sangrador, José Lui, Thackway, Sarah V., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Towbin, Jeffrey A., Tran, Bach X., Tsala Dimbuene, Zacharie, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uzun, Selen B., Van De Vijver, Steven, Van Gool, Coen H., Van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N., Vavilala, Monica S., Veerman, Lennert J., Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, Francesco S., Victorovich Vlassov, Vasiliy, Wagner, Gregory R., Waller, Stephen G., Wallin, Mitchell T., Warouw, Tati S., Watts, Charlotte H., Weintraub, Robert G., Whiteford, Harvey A., Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Williams, Thomas N., Woldeyohannes, Solomon M., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wong, John Q., Woolf, Anthony D., Wright, Jonathan L., Yan, Lijing L., Yentür, Gökalp K., Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaki, Maysaa E., Zunt, Joseph R., Lopez, Alan D., and Temesgen, A.M.
Subjects: Male, Fine particulate matter, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Sanitation, Health Behavior, Diseases, MESH: Metabolic Diseases, MESH: Global Health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, MESH: Risk Assessment, Global Health, MESH : Nutritional Status, MESH: Occupational Exposure, 0302 clinical medicine, Unsafe Sex, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Medicine, Air-pollution, MESH : Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH : Risk Assessment, Sanitation, Wasting, 2. Zero hunger, Factors de risc en les malalties, Medicine (all), [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, MESH : Occupational Diseases, MESH: Nutritional Status, All-cause mortality, MESH : Risk Factors, humanities, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Status, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Risk Assessment, Tobacco smoking, 3. Good health, Nutritional Statu, MESH : Occupational Exposure, MESH : Metabolic Diseases, Cohort, medicine.symptom, Risk assessment, Blood-pressure, Human, MESH: Occupational Diseases, Risk factors in diseases, Coronary-heart-disease, MESH : Male, MESH: Health Behavior, MESH: Environmental Exposure, Population health, Body-mass index, 03 medical and health sciences, Household cooking, Cardiovascular-disease, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Life Science, MESH: Sanitation, Risk factor, MESH : Health Behavior, VLAG, GBD2013, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Risk Factor, Global Burden of Disease Study, 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks, Long-term exposure, MESH : Humans, CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, MESH: Male, Metabolic Disease, Occupational Disease, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, MALE BRITISH DOCTORS, Years of potential life lost, Relative risk, Malalties, MESH : Global Health, OUTDOOR AIR-POLLUTION, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH : Environmental Exposure, MESH: Female
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the fi rst of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantifi cation, particularly of modifi able risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the fi rst level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular fi ltration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015
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133. Classroom ventilation and indoor air quality-results from the FRESH intervention study

Author: Ulrike Gehring, C. Meliefste, J. van Ginkel, J. Rosbach, Esmeralda Krop, Bert Brunekreef, Machiel Vonk, and S. de Wind
Subjects: beta-Glucans, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen Dioxide, education, 010501 environmental sciences, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, Indoor air quality, law, Humans, Nitrogen dioxide, Longitudinal Studies, Particle Size, Child, Netherlands, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Schools, Maximum ventilation, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental engineering, Building and Construction, Carbon Dioxide, Controlled mechanical ventilation, Respiration, Artificial, Intervention studies, Ventilation, Confidence interval, Endotoxins, chemistry, Air Pollution, Indoor, Ventilation (architecture), Environmental science, Particulate Matter, Seasons
Abstract: Inadequate ventilation of classrooms may lead to increased concentrations of pollutants generated indoors in schools. The FRESH study, on the effects of increased classroom ventilation on indoor air quality, was performed in 18 naturally ventilated classrooms of 17 primary schools in the Netherlands during the heating seasons of 2010-2012. In 12 classrooms, ventilation was increased to targeted CO2 concentrations of 800 or 1200 ppm, using a temporary CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. Six classrooms were included as controls. In each classroom, data on endotoxin, β(1,3)-glucans, and particles with diameters of
Published: 2015
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134. P I – 1–2 Air pollution and elderly mortality in são paulo, brazil: an analysis of cumulative risk index from multipollutant models

Author: Amine Farias Costa, Gerard Hoek, Bert Brunekreef, and Antonio Ponce de Leon
Subjects: Pollutant, endocrine system, Index (economics), business.industry, Air pollution exposure, Lag, Air pollution, medicine.disease_cause, Confidence interval, Cumulative risk, Interquartile range, medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background/aim Considering the difficulty to separate the effects from individual pollutants present in mixtures, the cumulative risk index (CRI) estimates the combined effect from several pollutants together. We evaluated the association between air pollution exposure and daily elderly mortality using CRI from multipollutant models. Methods This study was a daily time series of non-accidental and cause-specific mortality among the elderly living in Sao Paulo, Brazil, between 2000 and 2011. Effects of NO2, particulate matter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) were estimated in Poisson generalised additive models. The single lag effect (lags 0 and 1) and the cumulative effect (lag 0 to 10) were evaluated in one, two-, three- and four-pollutant models and the CRI was estimated for each model. Air pollution effect estimates are presented as percentage increase or decrease in the number of deaths, and their 95% confidence interval (CI), for the interquartile range of air pollutants. Results An association between NO2, PM10, CO and O3 exposures and deaths was found in one- and multipollutant models. For circulatory deaths, the CRI of NO2, for lag 1 (1.13%; CI: 0.69 to 1.57) and the cumulative lag 0–10, was close to the CRI of the four-pollutant model (1.49% for lag 1 (CI: 0.91 to 2.06)). For respiratory deaths, the CRI from the two-pollutant model with CO and O3 (12.34% for lag 0–10 (CI: 7.12 to 17.81)) represents the largest fraction of the CRI from the four-pollutant model (12.23% for lag 0–10 (CI: −2.65 to 29.38)). For non-accidental deaths, the pattern differs per lag. For lag 1 the CRI of all two-, three- and four-pollutant (1.49%; CI: 0.91 to 2.06) models was similar. Conclusion The results suggest that air pollution mixtures have an effect on elderly mortality. The CRI documented that single pollutants did not fully capture the risk of the mixture.
Published: 2018
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135. OP I – 5 Prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollution and white matter microstructure in school-age children

Author: Henning Tiemeier, Ryan L. Muetzel, Gosia Lubczyńska, Bert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek, Hanan El Marroun, Maciej Strak, Mònica Guxens, William Robert Paul Denault, and Tonya White
Subjects: Pollutant, School age child, business.industry, Environmental health, Fractional anisotropy, Air pollution, Medicine, Particulates, business, medicine.disease_cause, White matter microstructure, Confidence interval, Diffusion MRI
Abstract: Background/aim Exposure to air pollution is related to brain structural variations but the relationship with white matter microstructure has not yet been established. Here, we aimed to assess whether pre- and postnatal exposure to a wide range of different air pollutants is related to white matter microstructure in school-age children. Methods We used data from 2977 children aged 8–12 years from a birth cohort in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002–2006). Concentrations of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM) and various components of PM were estimated at home addresses using land-use regression models for the entire prenatal period and from birth until the visit at the research centre. Diffusion tensor images were obtained during the magnetic resonance imaging session and fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values were computed. Deletion/substitution/addition algorithm was used to select the most predictive pollutants accounting for the covariance between them. The selected pollutants were then related to white matter microstructure, adjusting for various parental socioeconomic and life-style characteristics. Results Overall, exposure to several air pollutants was associated with decreases in FA values and increases in MD values, which possibly indicate brain alterations. These results were consistent for both pre- and postnatal air pollution estimations, yet more profound with postnatal exposures (e.g. a decrease in FA of 0.41 [95% Confidence Interval CI: −0.78 to −0.04] and an increase in MD of 0.05 [95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10] for each 1 ng/m3 increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during childhood). Conclusion Exposure to various air pollutants during fetal life and childhood was associated with alterations in white matter microstructure in school-age children. Previous studies show that lower FA and higher MD values are associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders. Considering the ubiquity of the exposure, these results raise concern and point out the need for further research in this area.
Published: 2018
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136. OP XI – 3 Air pollution, noise, green space and overweight in children aged 12 years: the piama birth cohort study

Author: Lizan D. Bloemsma, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Bert Brunekreef, Nicole Janssen, Ulrike Gehring, Johan C. de Jongste, Erik Lebret, Judith M. Vonk, Gerard Hoek, Henriette A. Smit, and Alet H. Wijga
Subjects: business.industry, Air pollution, Regression analysis, 010501 environmental sciences, Overweight, medicine.disease_cause, Logistic regression, 01 natural sciences, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Noise, 0302 clinical medicine, Interquartile range, Environmental health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Background/aim Exposure to air pollution, noise and green space may be associated with children’s body mass index. However, no studies have examined the combined effects of these environmental exposures on markers of adiposity in children. We investigated the individual and combined associations of air pollution, road traffic noise and green space with overweight in children aged 12 years. Methods Weight and height were measured at age 12 years in 1508 participants of the Dutch PIAMA birth cohort study. Annual average air pollution levels (NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, and PM2.5 absorbance) at the children’s homes were estimated by land-use regression models. Road traffic noise exposure was assessed by linking children’s home addresses to modelled road traffic noise levels. We used different indicators to assess exposure to green space: the average Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and percentages of urban, agricultural and natural green space in buffers of 300 m and 3000 m around the children’s homes, and the distance from the homes to the nearest park. We analysed the associations between the exposures and overweight by logistic regression. Results Twelve percent of the children were overweight. Neither in single- nor in multi-exposure models we found significant associations of air pollution, road traffic noise, and green space with overweight. For example, we found an OR per interquartile range increase in exposure of 1.12 [95% CI: 0.90 to 1.39] for NO2, OR 1.03 [95% CI: 0.84 to 1.26] for PM2.5 absorbance, OR 1.15 [95% CI: 0.94 to 1.40] for road traffic noise and OR 0.85 [95% CI: 0.68 to 1.05] and OR 0.87 [95% CI: 0.71 to 1.06] for the average NDVI in the 300 m and 3000 m buffer, respectively, in single-exposure models. The associations changed only slightly when the other environmental exposures were added in multi-exposure models. Conclusion Our results do not provide support for adverse effects of air pollution and road traffic noise or beneficial effects of green space exposure on overweight in children aged 12 years. We will perform longitudinal analyses to examine the associations of air pollution, road traffic noise and green space with overweight throughout childhood.
Published: 2018
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137. P I – 1–3 Mortality and morbidity effects of long-term exposure to low-level pm2.5, black carbon, no2 and o3: an analysis of european cohorts

Author: Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Klea Katsouyanni, Barbara Hoffmann, Gudrun Weinmayr, Boutron Mc, Francesco Forastiere, Nicole Janssen, Bert Brunekreef, John S. Gulliver, Annette Peters, Gerard Hoek, Maciej Strak, Richard Atkinson, Göran Pershagen, Per E. Schwarze, Kees de Hoogh, and Ole Hertel
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, language.human_language, World health, Term (time), Danish, Environmental health, Epidemiology, Cohort, language, medicine, Statistical analysis, business, Exposure assessment, Cohort study
Abstract: Background/aim Epidemiological cohort studies have consistently found associations between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and a range of morbidity and mortality endpoints. Recent evaluations by World Health Organisation and Global Burden of Disease study suggested that these associations may be non-linear and persist at very low concentrations. Methods We focus on analyses contributing to knowledge about health effects of air pollution concentrations at low concentrations, defined as less than current EU, EPA and WHO Limit Values or guidelines for PM2.5, NO2 and O3. Studies have focused especially on PM2.5, but increasingly associations with NO2 are reported. Very few studies have evaluated long-term morbidity and mortality effects of O3. We perform analyses of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity endpoints in a pooled dataset of 10 ESCAPE study cohorts and the Danish Nurse Cohort with detailed individual data (~3 80 000 subjects) and in seven very large European administrative cohorts (~35 million subjects). We focus on PM2.5, NO2, O3, and exploit rich monitoring data of black carbon (BC) available from the ESCAPE study. Results The first results are expected mid 2018. So far, we completed exposure assessment – using hybrid LUR models we made European maps of 2010 concentrations for PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC. As individual cohort data are pooled, we developed common codebook harmonising variables between cohorts. We also obtained additional residential addresses histories. Further, we developed data transfer and management procedures. Data from all cohorts has been transferred and checked. Follow up is extended until 2013. We established secure remote access environment so that analysts involved can perform analyses without physically travelling to Utrecht. Finally, common statistical analysis scripts have been developed and afterwards demonstrated and discussed during the Stat Workshop (Utrecht, 25–27 Oct 2017). Conclusion There are no conclusions yet from this study.
Published: 2018
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138. OP III – 2 Air pollution exposure assessment for the elapse project using hybrid lur models

Author: Bert Brunekreef, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Gerard Hoek, John S. Gulliver, Kees de Hoogh, and Ole Hertel
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 020209 energy, Air pollution, 02 engineering and technology, medicine.disease_cause, Residual, Residential area, Altitude, Kriging, Statistics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Satellite, Statistical dispersion
Abstract: Background/aim In order to investigate associations between air pollution and adverse health effects fine spatial air pollution surfaces are needed to provide cohorts with exposures. In the ELAPSE project we developed hybrid land use regression models for multiple pollutants and linked these to 11 individual and 7 administrative cohorts in 10 countries for a total of 35 million participants. Methods Europe-wide hybrid LUR models were developed for 2010 estimating annual mean PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC (including cold and warm season O3 estimates). Models were developed based on AirBase routine monitoring data (PM2.5, NO2, O3) and ESCAPE monitoring data (BC), incorporating land use and traffic data plus satellite observations and dispersion model estimates as additional predictor variables. Universal kriging was performed on residual spatial variation. Main model was developed using all sites. To evaluate robustness, five more models were developed, each built on 80% of monitoring sites with remaining 20% used for validation. Models were applied to 100 × 100 m grids across Europe to allow for exposure assignment for all ELAPSE cohorts. Results Main models explained: NO258%, PM2.5 71% (59% LUR +12% kriging), O362% and BC 51% of spatial variation in measured concentrations. Validation R2 ranged 0.55–0.60 for NO2, 0.63–0.77 for PM2.5, 0.51–0.69 for O3 and 0.43–0.57 for BC. Dispersion model estimates, road density, nature and residential area were predictor variables in NO2 model. PM2.5 model consisted of satellite derived and dispersion model estimates, altitude, road density, nature, ports and residential area. Satellite derived and dispersion model estimates, road density, residential area, urban green and Y-coordinate were predictors in BC model. O3 model included dispersion model estimates, road density, ports, residential area and altitude. Kriging proved an efficient technique to explain part of residual spatial variation. Conclusion We were able to develop robust NO2, PM2.5, O3 and BC hybrid LUR models to provide exposure estimates for all cohort participants in the ELAPSE project.
Published: 2018
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139. Long-term Exposure to Ultrafine Particles and Incidence of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Author: W.M.M. Verschuren, Roel Vermeulen, E.J.H.M. van Nunen, Jules Kerckhoffs, J Gullliver, Gerard Hoek, George S. Downward, Y.T. van der Schouw, and Bert Brunekreef
Subjects: Ambient air pollution, business.industry, Environmental chemistry, Incidence (epidemiology), Ultrafine particle, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, Particulates, business, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Background/Aim: Multiple lines of research have indicated that exposure to ambient air pollution (mostly measured as particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in size [PM2.5]) plays a significant role in...
Published: 2018
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140. Error in air pollution exposure model determinants and bias in health estimates

Author: Bert Brunekreef, Roel Vermeulen, Jelle Vlaanderen, Marc Chadeau-Hyam, Lützen Portengen, Adam A. Szpiro, Gerard Hoek, Ulrike Gehring, and Commission of the European Communities
Subjects: Epidemiology, Air pollution exposure, 05 Environmental Sciences, Nitrogen Dioxide, Air pollution, Model parameters, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, UNCERTAINTY, 030501 epidemiology, medicine.disease_cause, Land use regression, Toxicology, ESCAPE, Exposure modeling, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, USE REGRESSION-MODELS, AREAS, Air Pollution, Statistics, medicine, Aerodynamic diameter, Humans, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, ASSOCIATIONS, Air Pollutants, Science & Technology, Models, Statistical, Spatially resolved, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, NOX, COHORTS, Pollution, LONG-TERM EXPOSURE, LUNG-FUNCTION, PM2.5 ABSORBENCY, Environmental science, Regression Analysis, Particulate Matter, Seasons, Empirical/statistical models, 0305 other medical science, 03 Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Environmental Sciences, Environmental epidemiology, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Land use regression (LUR) models are commonly used in environmental epidemiology to assign spatially resolved estimates of air pollution to study participants. In this setting, estimated LUR model parameters are assumed to be transportable to a main study (the ''transportability assumption''). We provide an empirical illustration of how violation of this assumption can affect exposure predictions and bias health-effect estimates. METHODS: We based our simulation on two existing LUR models, one for nitrogen dioxide, the other for particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter
Published: 2018

141. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of brain tumor: the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)

Author: David Olsson, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Enrica Migliore, Alois Lang, Roel Vermeulen, Vittorio Krogh, Laura Fratiglioni, Bertil Forsberg, Gerard Hoek, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Göran Pershagen, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Gabriele Nagel, Andrea Jaensch, Bert Brunekreef, Giulia Cesaroni, Bente Oftedal, Carlotta Sacerdote, Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner, Johan Nilsson Sommar, Michal Korek, Anne Tjønneland, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Andrei Pyko, Menno Keuken, Kees de Hoogh, Per E. Schwarze, Marie Pedersen, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Fulvio Ricceri, Claudia Galassi, Meng Wang, Ulf de Faire, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Gudrun Weinmayr, Petra H.M. Peeters, Claes-Göran Östenson, Paolo Vineis, Rob Beelen, Aslak Harbo Poulsen, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Alessandro Marcon, Massimo Stafoggia, Ming-Yi Tsai, Sara Grioni, dIRAS RA-2, LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), One Health Chemisch, and dIRAS RA-I&I RA
Subjects: Oncology, Male, Cancer Research, Epidemiology, 2016 Urban Mobility & Environment, air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, 11. Sustainability, traffic, Air pollutant concentrations, Brain Neoplasms, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Hazard ratio, brain cancer, brain tumor, Adult, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Particulate Matter, Prognosis, Environmental exposure, 3. Good health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Environment & Sustainability, medicine.medical_specialty, Brain tumor, Urbanisation, Environment, epidemiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin, Internal medicine, Environmental health, Journal Article, medicine, Nitrogen dioxide, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Occupational Health and Environmental Health, medicine.disease, chemistry, 13. Climate action, SUMS - Sustainable Urban Mobility and Safety, Neurology (clinical), ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 1112 Oncology And Carcinogenesis
Abstract: Background. Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and brain tumor risk is sparse and inconsistent. Methods. In 12 cohorts from 6 European countries, individual estimates of annual mean air pollution levels at the baseline residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects: Particulate matter (PM) ≥2.5,≥10, and 2.5-10 FÊm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx) and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations of air pollutant concentrations and traffic intensity with total, malignant, and nonmalignant brain tumor, in separate Cox regression models, adjusting for risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. Results. Of 282 194 subjects from 12 cohorts, 466 developed malignant brain tumors during 12 years of follow-up. Six of the cohorts also had data on nonmalignant brain tumor, where among 106 786 subjects, 366 developed brain tumor: 176 nonmalignant and 190 malignant. We found a positive, statistically nonsignificant association between malignant brain tumor and PM2.5 absorbance (hazard ratio and 95% CI: 1.67; 0.89.3.14 per 10.5/m3), and weak positive or null associations with the other pollutants. Hazard ratio for PM2.5 absorbance (1.01; 0.38.2.71 per 10-5/m3) and all other pollutants were lower for nonmalignant than for malignant brain tumors. Conclusion. We found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 absorbance indicating traffic-related air pollution and malignant brain tumors, and no association with overall or nonmalignant brain tumors. © 2018 The Author(s). Chemicals/CAS: nitric oxide, 10102-43-9; nitrogen dioxide, 10102-44-0
Published: 2018
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142. Air pollution exposure assessment for the elapse project using hybrid lur models

Author: Kees De Hoogh, Maciej Strak, Jie Chen, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Bert Brunekreef, and Gerard Hoek
Published: 2018

143. Traffic-related air pollution and noise and children's blood pressure: Results from the PIAMA birth cohort study

Author: Kees Meliefste, Johan C. de Jongste, Gerard Hoek, Danny Houthuijs, Alet H. Wijga, Natalya Bilenko, Ulrike Gehring, Marieke Oldenwening, Rob Beelen, Gerard H. Koppelman, Elise van Kempen, Bert Brunekreef, Henriette A. Smit, Lenie van Rossem, Marloes Eeftens, Public Health, Pediatrics, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: Male, PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN, Time Factors, Epidemiology, Air pollution exposure, Air pollution, medicine.disease_cause, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION, AREAS, Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, Child, Children, Netherlands, Vehicle Emissions, Medicine(all), Air Pollutants, Inhalation Exposure, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Traffic noise, Age Factors, traffic noise, blood pressure, birth cohort, ESCAPE PROJECT, Particulates, Noise, Transportation, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, PM2.5 ABSORBENCY, Hypertension, Blood pressure, Female, FINE PARTICULATE MATTER, Birth cohort, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Environmental Monitoring, Adolescent, Research Support, Nitric Oxide, Risk Assessment, Noise exposure, children, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Journal Article, Humans, EXPOSURE, Particle Size, business.industry, Environmental Exposure, Noise, RISK-FACTORS, Particulate Matter, MEDIATORS, business, Automobiles
Abstract: Aims: Elevation of a child's blood pressure may cause possible health risks in later life. There is evidence for adverse effects of exposure to air pollution and noise on blood pressure in adults. Little is known about these associations in children. We investigated the associations of air pollution and noise exposure with blood pressure in 12-year-olds. Methods: Blood pressure was measured at age 12 years in 1432 participants of the PIAMA birth cohort study. Annual average exposure to traffic-related air pollution [NO2, mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and less than 10 μm (PM10), and PM2.5 absorbance] at the participants' home and school addresses at the time of blood pressure measurements was estimated by land-use regression models. Air pollution exposure on the days preceding blood pressure measurements was estimated from routine air monitoring data. Long-term noise exposure was assessed by linking addresses to modelled equivalent road traffic noise levels. Associations of exposures with blood pressure were analysed by linear regression. Effects are presented for an interquartile range increase in exposure. Results: Long-term exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance were associated with increased diastolic blood pressure, in children who lived at the same address since birth [adjusted mean difference (95% confidence interval) [mmHg] 0.83 (0.06 to 1.61) and 0.75 (-0.08 to 1.58), respectively], but not with systolic blood pressure. We found no association of blood pressure with short-term air pollution or noise exposure. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may increase diastolic blood pressure in children.
Published: 2015
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144. Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Incidence of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in 15 European Cohorts within the ESCAPE Project

Author: Bente Oftedal, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Gabriele Nagel, Anna Oudin, Bert Brunekreef, Paolo Vineis, Ming-Yi Tsai, Claes-Göran Östenson, Petra H.M. Peeters, Gudrun Weinmayr, Andrei Pyko, Göran Pershagen, Ibon Tamayo-Uria, Nancy L. Pedersen, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Sara Grioni, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Anne Tjønneland, Rob Beelen, Laura Baglietto, Michal Korek, Andrea Jaensch, Fulvio Ricceri, Meng Wang, Ulf de Faire, Pilar Amiano, Enrica Migliore, Marie Pedersen, Alois Lang, Timothy J. Key, Laura Fratiglioni, Miren Dorronsoro, Geir Aamodt, Agnès Fournier, Alessandro Marcon, Massimo Stafoggia, David Olsson, Roel Vermeulen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Bertil Forsberg, Gerard Hoek, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Claudia Galassi, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Menno Keuken, Giulia Cesaroni, Kees de Hoogh, Carlotta Sacerdote, Michelle Plusquin, Vittorio Krogh, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), and dIRAS RA-2
Subjects: 2016 Urban Mobility & Environment, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 05 Environmental Sciences, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, NO2, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Nickel, USE REGRESSION-MODELS, PARTICULATE MATTER, skin and connective tissue diseases, RISK, Air Pollutants, Aged, Air Pollution, Breast Neoplasms, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Female, Humans, Incidence, Middle Aged, Postmenopause, ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTANTS, air pollution, cancer, breast, epidemiology, ESCAPE, women, Particulate matter, PM10, PM2.5, Nitrogen dioxides, Incidence (epidemiology), Hazard ratio, Great Britain, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, use regression models, Environmental exposure, 3. Good health, Health, PM2.5 ABSORBENCY, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Public Health, Healthy Living, Cohort study, Silicon, Iron, GREAT-BRITAIN, California teachers, New York, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin, 03 medical and health sciences, LUNG-CANCER, Breast cancer, Environmental health, Journal Article, medicine, environmental pollutants, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Element, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Environmental and Occupational Health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Cancer, Nitrogen oxide, Occupational Health and Environmental Health, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, lung cancer, NEW-YORK, 13. Climate action, SUMS - Sustainable Urban Mobility and Safety, Potassium, ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Healthy for Life, business, Copper, Sulfur, CALIFORNIA-TEACHERS
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. METHODS: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts - Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2:5 μm, ≤10 μm, and 2:5–10 μm in diameter (PM2:5, PM10, and PMcoarse, respectively); PM2:5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); traffic intensity; and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations between breast cancer and air pollutants using Cox regression models, adjusting for major lifestyle risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 74,750 postmenopausal women included in the study, 3,612 developed breast cancer during 991,353 person-years of follow-up. We found positive and statistically insignificant associations between breast cancer and PM2:5 {hazard ratio (HR) =1:08 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 1.51] per 5 μg/m3 }, PM10 [1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.30) per 10 μg/m3 ], PMcoarse [1.20 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.49 per 5 μg/m3 ], and NO2 [1.02 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.07 per 10 μg/m3 ], and a statistically significant association with NOx [1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 20 μg/m3, p =0:04]. CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. © 2017, Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. All rights reserved. Chemicals/CAS: copper, 15158-11-9, 7440-50-8; iron, 14093-02-8, 53858-86-9, 7439-89-6; nickel, 7440-02-0; nitrogen oxide, 11104-93-1; potassium, 7440-09-7; silicon, 7440-21-3; sulfur, 13981-57-2, 7704-34-9; vanadium, 7440-62-2; zinc, 7440-66-6, 14378-32-6
Published: 2017
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145. Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Netherlands: A Population-based Case–control Study

Author: Marianne de Visser, Rosario Toro Campos, Jan H. Veldink, Anne E. Visser, Anneke J. van der Kooi, Leonard H. van den Berg, Meinie Seelen, Joost Raaphorst, Roel Vermeulen, Gerard Hoek, Bert Brunekreef, Neurology, ANS - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, and ANS - Neurodegeneration
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Research, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution exposure, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Case-control study, Air pollution, Population based, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 13. Climate action, Environmental health, Medicine, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Background: Recently, there has been increasing evidence that exposure to air pollution is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, but little is known about the association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Objectives: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of developing ALS. Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted in Netherlands from 1 January 2006 to 1 January 2013. Data from 917 ALS patients and 2,662 controls were analyzed. Annual mean air pollution concentrations were assessed by land use regression (LUR) models developed as part of the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Exposure estimates included nitrogen oxides (NO2, NOx), particulate matter (PM) with diameters of
Published: 2017
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146. A Model Evaluation Strategy Applied to Modelling of PM in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Author: Bert Brunekreef, Mari Kauhaniemi, Gerald Hoek, Mia Aarnio, Leena Kangas, Tarja Yli-Tuomi, Timo Lanki, T. Elolähde, Jaakko Kukkonen, Anu Kousa, Ari Karppinen, and C. Hendriks
Subjects: Measure (data warehouse), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemical transport model, Scale (ratio), Meteorology, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Statistical dispersion, Atmospheric dispersion modeling, Suspension (vehicle), Urban area, Metropolitan area
Abstract: We have developed a deterministic urban scale dispersion modelling system further by adding a road dust suspension model. The system includes both vehicular exhaust emissions and suspended road dust. The modelling system was combined with a regional scale chemical transport model for calculations of concentrations in an urban area for the year 2008, and for the year 2010 measured regional background concentration was used. The time series’ were modelled for a spatial area more extensive than before using the FORE road dust suspension model. The predictions were compared against observed concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. The use of the index of determination (r2) is discussed. We criticize the use of r2 alone as well as in addition to an index of agreement—type measure of agreement, and review the underlying data assumptions for the use of both measures. We then suggest a strategy to develop model evaluation statistical understanding, practice and nomenclature.
Published: 2017
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147. A genome-wide SNP-by-NO2 interaction study on lung function in the LifeLines study

Author: Bert Brunekreef, Marike Boezen, Diana A van der Plaat, Kim de Jong, Najaf Amin, Ivana Nedeljkovic, Judith M. Vonk, Ronald P. Stolk, Cleo C. van Diemen, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Ana Julia de Faria Coimbra Lichtenfels, Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: Candidate gene, education.field_of_study, business.industry, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Population, Genome-wide association study, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, respiratory system, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, respiratory tract diseases, FEV1/FVC ratio, Genetic model, Immunology, Genetic predisposition, SNP, Medicine, education, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Background: Long-term exposure to ambient NO 2 levels, representing traffic related air pollution (TRAP), has been associated with lower lung function in the general population. However, since some individuals are more prone to the deleterious effects of TRAP, genetic susceptibility might play a role. Aim: To perform a hypothesis free genome-wide interaction study to assess SNP-by-NO 2 interactions in relation to lung function. Methods: 7,653 subjects from the LifeLines cohort and 227,981 SNPs were included in the analysis. SNP-by-NO 2 exposure interactions and their association with FEV 1 and FEV 1 /FVC were tested using additive genetic models adjusted for confounders. The genome-wide significant threshold was an interaction p-value (P int ) −7 , and SNPs with P int −4 were further investigated. SNP-expression associations in lung tissue and whole blood were assessed using GTEx portal. Results: We found 13 and 15 independent SNP-by-NO 2 interactions in association with FEV 1 and FEV 1 /FVC, respectively (P int −4 , none were genome-wide significant). No of these SNPs were previously identified in genome wide association studies on lung function. TopSNP rs17539875 in REV3L was associated with expression of a neighboring gene KIAA1919 in lung tissue (p=4.25*10 −5 ) and rs3742188 in RAB20 was associated with RAB20 -expression in whole blood (p=4.84*10 −5 ). Conclusions: We identified candidate genes that might underlie susceptibility to TRAP exposure in relation to lower lung function levels. However, future studies including the complex mixture of all air pollutants should be conducted to validate these findings followed by functional studies to explain why these genes alter the susceptibility to TRAP.
Published: 2017
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148. Environmental epidemiology: Introducing a new journal, and a tribute to John Goldsmith

Author: Bert Brunekreef and Timothy L. Lash
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Editorial, History, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Tribute, Environmental ethics, Pollution, Environmental epidemiology
Published: 2017

149. Exposure to elemental composition of outdoor PM

Author: Małgorzata J, Lubczyńska, Jordi, Sunyer, Henning, Tiemeier, Daniela, Porta, Monika, Kasper-Sonnenberg, Vincent W V, Jaddoe, Xavier, Basagaña, Albert, Dalmau-Bueno, Francesco, Forastiere, Jürgen, Wittsiepe, Barbara, Hoffmann, Mark, Nieuwenhuijsen, Gerard, Hoek, Kees, de Hoogh, Bert, Brunekreef, and Mònica, Guxens
Subjects: Male, Air Pollutants, Infant, Environmental Exposure, Cohort Studies, Europe, Air Pollution, Child, Preschool, Humans, Female, Particulate Matter, Child, Cognition Disorders, Psychomotor Performance
Abstract: Little is known about developmental neurotoxicity of particulate matter composition. We aimed to investigate associations between exposure to elemental composition of outdoor PMWe analyzed data from 4 European population-based birth cohorts in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Spain, with recruitment in 2000-2006. Elemental composition of PM7246 children were included in this analysis. Single element analysis resulted in negative association between estimated airborne iron and fine motor function (-1.25 points [95% CI -2.45 to -0.06] per 100ng/mOur results suggest that iron, a highly prevalent element in motorized traffic pollution, may be a neurotoxic compound. This raises concern given the ubiquity of motorized traffic air pollution.
Published: 2017

150. Effects of NO

Author: Amine Farias, Costa, Gerard, Hoek, Bert, Brunekreef, and Antonio Carlos Monteiro, Ponce de Leon
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Air Pollutants, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Environmental Exposure, Middle Aged, Ozone, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Female, Particulate Matter, Particle Size, Brazil, Aged
Abstract: Recent reports have suggested that air pollution mixtures represented by nitrogen dioxide (NOThis study was a daily time series of non-accidental and cause-specific mortality among the elderly living in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2000 and 2011. Effects of NOAn association between NOThe results suggest that air pollution mixtures represented by NO
Published: 2017

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