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Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is secreted as a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (HC) and a light chain (LC), which can be expressed independently and reassociate with recovery of biological activity. Because of the size limitation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, a strategy for delivering the HC and LC separately has been developed. However, the FVIII HC is secreted 10–100-fold less efficiently than the LC. In this study, we demonstrated that the F309S mutation and enhanced B-domain glycosylations alone are not sufficient to improve FVIII HC secretion, which suggested a role of the FVIII LC in regulating HC secretion. To characterize this role of the FVIII LC, we compared FVIII HC secretion with and without the LC via post-translational protein trans-splicing. As demonstrated in vitro, ligation of the LC to the HC significantly increased HC secretion. Such HC secretion increases were also confirmed in vivo by hydrodynamic injection of FVIII intein plasmids into hemophilia A mice. Moreover, similar enhancement of HC secretion can also be observed when the LC is supplied in trans, which is probably due to the spontaneous association of the HC and the LC in the secretion pathway. In sum, enhancing the secretion of the FVIII HC polypeptide may require the proper association of the FVIII LC polypeptide in cis or in trans. These results may be helpful in designing new strategies to improve FVIII gene delivery.

A four-wheel-steering system subjected to white noise excitations was reduced to a two-degree-of-freedom quasi-non-integrable-Hamiltonian system. Subsequently we obtained an one-dimensional Ito stochastic differential equation for the averaged Hamiltonian of the system by using the stochastic averaging method for quasi-non-integrable-Hamiltonian systems. Thus, the stochastic stability of four-wheel-steering system was analyzed by analyzing the sample behaviors of the averaged Hamiltonian at the boundary H = 0 and calculating its Lyapunov exponent. An example given at the end demonstrated that the conclusion obtained is of considerable significance.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) exposure with the presence of microbubbles has shown its promise in temporally and targeted open the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and brings potential in delivering therapeutic agents into the brain for CNS disease treatment. Feasibility in using neuronavigation system to guide the FUS-BBB procedure in large animals has been demonstrated successfully, and the guidance precision has been measured to be acceptably low. However, it is still unknown whether same precision and power compensation strategy is valid when FUS beam is intend to penetrate the human skull. The purpose of this study is to verify that using neuronavigation system combined with a prior treatment plan can successfully guide FUS-BBB opening with the consideration of involvement of human skull. A human cadaver was employed to perform CT scan, and a treatment planning software was developed to simulate focal beam redistribution and pressure decay when transcranial FUS exposure were performed. During experiment, 4 groups were conducted to verify the success of BBB-opening when incorporating with the in-prior treatment plan. Our results suggest that under the guidance of neuronavigation and prior treatment planning is feasible to precisely guide the FUS-BBB opening procedure, and may have potential to be applied for future clinical brain drug delivery interventions.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been discovered its utility in targeted increase blood-to-brain permeability in the brain and capable of enhancing drug delivery for CNS disease treatment. To achieve successful treatment, the overall FUS exposure process relies on employing a sophisticated treatment planning procedure to precisely target the ultrasound energy to the aim and compensate the skull-induced energy loss and focal beam distortion issues. An interactive interface is therefore essential to be developed prior to the clinical application of the FUS brain treatment. In this study, we propose the development of an OpenGL-based interactive graphic interface realization for treatment planning of FUS-induced brain treatment. We demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed interface in providing functions including interactive 3D anatomical demonstration, co-registration, and FUS pattern prediction and simulation.

Although quantal release provides a basic control of synaptic strength, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a refined realistic 3D vesicle fusion model at calyx-type synapses. By refining the micro ultrastructure and combining updated parameters, our model is appropriate for simulating quantal release. First, we confirmed the existence of kiss-and-run fusion and gave a justified estimation of its percentage in spontaneous and stimulated release. Second, we found the location of AMPA receptors caused the huge variation in the mEPSC rise time. Third, glutamate spillover only slightly contributed to the mEPSC decay time in small vesicles but caused a dual-peak event in large vesicles. Fourth, mEPSC rise time increased with amplitude, suggesting the contribution of vesicle size, not glutamate concentration. We also applied our model to the analysis of KCl, CaCl2 and synaptotagmin-2 triggered exocytosis. KCl globally accelerated the mEPSCs, whereas mEPSCs were slowed down in high calcium treatments and synaptotagmin-2 knock-out mice, indicating more kiss-and-run release. In summary, our model provides a convenient method for exploring the detailed mechanism of vesicle fusion.

With the fast development of urbanization, industrialization and mobilization, the air pollutant emissions with photochemical reactivity become more obvious, causing a severe photochemical pollution with the characteristics of high ozone concentration. However, the ozone source identification is very complicated due to the high non linearity between ozone and its precursors. Thus, ways to reduce ozone is still not clear. A high ozone pollution episode occurred during July, 2013, which lasted for a long period, with large influence area and high intensity. In this paper, we selected this episode to do a case study with the application of ozone source apportionment technology(OSAT) coupled within the CAMx air quality model. In this study, 4 source regions(including Shanghai, north Zhejiang, South Jiangsu and long range transport), 7 source categories (including power plants, industrial process, industrial boilers and kilns, residential, mobile source, volatile source and biogenic emissions) are analyzed to study their contributions to surface O3 in Shanghai, Suzhou and Zhejiang. Results indicate that long range transport contribution to the surface ozone in the YRD is around 20 x 10(-9) - 40 x 10(-9) (volume fraction). The O3 concentrations can increased to 40 x 10(-9) - 100 x 10(-9) (volume fraction) due to precursors emissions in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. As for the regional contribution to 8 hour ozone, long range transport constitutes 42.79% +/- 10.17%, 48.57% +/- 9.97% and 60.13% +/- 7.11% of the surface ozone in Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou, respectively. Regarding the high O3 in Shanghai, local contribution is 28.94% +/- 8.49%, north Zhejiang constitutes 19.83% +/- 10.55%. As for surface O3 in Suzhou, the contribution from south Jiangsu is 26.41% +/- 6.80%. Regarding the surface O3 in Hangzhou, the major regional contributor is north Zhejiang (29.56% +/- 8.33%). Contributions from the long range transport to the daily maximum O3 concentrations are slightly lower than those to the 8-hourly O3, with the contribution of 35.35%-58.04%, while local contributions increase. As for the contributions from source sectors, it is found that the major source contributors include industrial boilers and kilns (18.4%-21.11%), industrial process (19.85%-28.46%), mobile source (21.30%-23.51%), biogenic (13.01%-17.07%) and power plants (7.08%-9.75%). Thus, industrial combustion, industrial processes, and mobile source are major anthropogenic sources of high ozone pollution in summer in the YRD region.

Background: Local anesthetics (LAs) are generally considered as safe, but cytotoxicity has been reported for several local anesthetics used in humans, which is not well investigated. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of lidocaine, ropivacaine and the combination of lidocaine and ropivacaine were evaluated on human melanoma cell lines. Melphalan, a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, was used as a control agent for comparison of cytotoxic activity. Methods: Melanoma cell lines, A375 and Hs294T, were exposed to 1 h to different concentrations of above agents. Cell-viability after exposure was determined by flow cytometry. Results: Investigated LAs showed detrimental cytotoxicity on studied melanoma cell lines in time- (p

Anode material Li4Ti5O12 for lithium-ion batteries has been prepared by a novel sol–gel method with oxalic acid as a chelating agent and Li2CO3 and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC4H9)4] as starting materials. Various initial conditions were studied in order to find the optimal conditions for the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12. Oxalic acid used in this method functioned as a fuel, decomposed the metal complexes at low temperature and yielded the free impurity Li4Ti5O12 compounds. Thermal analyses (TG–DTA) and XRD data show that powders grown with a spinel structure (Fd3m space group) have been obtained at 800 °C for 16 h. SEM analyses indicated that the prepared Li4Ti5O12 powders had a uniform cubic morphology with average particle size of 200 nm. The influence of synthesis conditions on the electrochemical properties was investigated and discussed. The discharge capacity of Li4Ti5O12 synthesized with an oxalic acid to titanium ratio R = 1.0 was 171 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and 150 mAh g−1 after 35 cycles under an optimal synthesis condition at 800 °C for 20 h. The very flat discharge and charge curves indicated that the electrochemical reaction based on Ti4+/Ti3+redox couple was a typical two-phase reaction.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 1 (AAV1) has been shown to be more effective than the well-studied AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) in muscle gene transfer. Replacement of amino acids 350 to 430 of AAV2 VP1 with the corresponding amino acids from VP1 of AAV1 resulted in a hybrid vector, termed AAV-221-IV, which behaved similarly to AAV1 in vitro and in vivo in muscle. Intramuscular injection of 1 × 1011 vector particles per mouse of hybrid vector carrying a human FIX transgene in CD4 knockout mice resulted in an average level of human FIX in the plasma of 450 ng/ml, 4- to 10-fold higher than in mice injected with an AAV2 vector carrying the same transgene, and 80% of the transgene levels in animals treated with the same dose of AAV1. DNA analysis of injected muscle showed a 10-fold higher copy number after gene delivery by the hybrid vector compared with AAV2. A comparison of total DNA versus DNA from intact virus particles suggests a higher stability of hybrid virus particles. These results suggest that changes in the AAV capsid have an effect on virus-cell receptor interaction, and also influence trafficking and processing of the virus particle in the cell. This “hybrid vector” retains the heparin-binding sites of AAV2 and, therefore, can be purified by passage through a heparin-Sepharose column with the same efficiency as AAV2. When tested in vivo, either in CD4 knockout mice or in a hemophilic mouse model, the heparin-purified hybrid vector showed >10-fold higher activity than similarly purified AAV2. This demonstrates the utility of this hybrid vector in the performance of large-scale heparin column purification to generate a vector with a high expression profile for muscle-directed gene delivery. Initiation of clinical studies with this hybrid vector may be facilitated because it differs from AAV2 by only nine amino acids.

C8051F021 is a fully integrated mixed-signal System-on-a-Chip MCU. It is applied to rolling bearing testing, and portable rolling bearing testing machine is realized. Performance and integrated level of the system are improved greatly for C8051F021 application. The hardware structure of the system is discussed in this paper, and the key codes of information acquire is also given.

A continuous air quality observation was conducted in the urban area of Shanghai from April 28 to May 18 in 2011. The mass concentration of particle matters and main chemical compositions of fine particle were measured and analyzed. The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 during the dust episode were much higher than those in non-dust episode, with the maximum daily mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 reaching 787.2 microg.gm-3 and 139.5 microgm(-3) , respectively. The average PM2.5 /PM10 ratio was (32.9 +/-14. 6)% (15. 6% -85.1% ). The total water soluble inorganic ions(TWSII ) contributed (27.2 +/- 19. 2)% (4. 8% -80. 8% ) of total PM2.5, and the secondary water soluble ions (SNA) , including SO(2-)4 , NO-(3) and NH(+)(4) , were (76.9 +/- 13.9)% (41.9%-94.2%) in TWSIl. The concentrations of TWSII and SNA in PM2.5 during dust days became lower than those in non-dust days while the trend of the ratio of Ca2+ to PM2.5, increased. The mean OC/EC value in non-dust days was higher than that in the heavy dust pollution episode, but lower than that in weak dust days. In addition, mineral-rich particle in dust period had an acid-buffer effect, making particle alkaline in dust days stronger. In non-dust days, SO(2-)(4) and NO(-)(3) mainly existed in the form of NH4HSO4, (NH4)SO4, and NH4NO3, and combined with other mineral ions during dust days.

The emission characteristics of five typical crops, including wheat straw, rice straw, oil rape straw, soybean straw and fuel wood, were investigated to explore the gas and particulates emission of typical biomass burning in Yangzi-River-Delta area. The straws were tested both by burning in stove and by burning in the farm with a self-developed measurement system as open burning sources. Both gas and fine particle pollutants were measured in this study as well as the chemical composition of fine particles. The results showed that the average emission factors of CO, NO, and PM2,5 in open farm burning were 28.7 g.kg -1, 1.2 g.kg-1 and 2.65 g kg-1 , respectively. Due to insufficient burning in the low oxygen level environment, the emission factors of stove burning were higher than those of open farm burning, which were 81.9 g kg-1, 2. 1 g.kg -1 and 8.5 gkg -1 , respectively. Oil rape straw had the highest emission factors in all tested straws samples. Carbonaceous matter, including organic carbon(OC) and element carbon(EC) , was the foremost component of PM2, 5from biomass burning. The average mass fractions of OC and EC were (38.92 +/- 13.93)% and (5.66 +/-1.54)% by open farm burning and (26.37 +/- 10. 14)% and (18.97 +/- 10.76)% by stove burning. Water soluble ions such as Cl-and K+ had a large contribution. The average mass fractions of CI- and K+ were (13.27 +/-6. 82)% and (12.41 +/- 3.02)% by open farm burning, and were (16.25 +/- 9.34)% and (13.62 +/- 7.91)% by stove burning. The K +/OC values of particles from wheat straw, rice straw, oil rape straw and soybean straw by open farm burning were 0. 30, 0. 52, 0. 49 and 0. 15, respectively, which can be used to evaluate the influence on the regional air quality in YRD area from biomass burning and provide direct evidence for source apportionment.

The direct ortho-trifluoromethylation of arenes, including heteroarenes, with TMSCF3 has been accomplished by a copper(II)-promoted C-H activation reaction which completes within 30 minutes. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with the involvement of C-H activation, rather than a simple electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar), as the key step.

Recently, Liu et al. (2011) studied the stability of a class of neutral stochastic delay differential equations with Poisson jumps (NSDDEwPJs) by fixed points theory. To the best of our knowledge to date, there are not any numerical methods that have been established for NSDDEwPJs yet. In this paper, we will develop the Euler-Maruyama method for NSDDEwPJs, and the main aim is to prove the convergence of the numerical method. It is proved that the proposed method is convergent with strong order 1/2 under the local Lipschitz condition. Finally, some numerical examples are simulated to verify the results obtained from theory.

We develop a new split-stepθ(SSθ) method for stochastic age-dependent capital system with random jump magnitudes. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the convergence of the SSθmethod for a class of stochastic age-dependent capital system with random jump magnitudes. It is proved that the proposed method is convergent with strong order 1/2 under given conditions. Finally, an example is simulated to verify the results obtained from theory.

Laser ablation technique was adopted to prepare titania nanospheres; scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to characterize the morphology and structure of the product. The results demonstrate that TiO 2 nanospheres with mixed-phase (rutile and anatase) structure were successfully fabricated by laser ablation of titanium target in water. We proposed that changed temperature and pressure after the laser ablation is responsible for the co-existence of the rutile phase and the anatase phase. The mixed-phase titania nanospheres (MTNSs) show superior photocatalytic properties compared with commercial titania powder, which is ascribed to the mixed-phase structure.

article i nfo Controllable synthesis of Si-C nanostructures was realized in a laser ablation system by adopting solid silicon target and n-heptane vapor as starting materials. Ultrafine SiC nanocrystals and graphite-coated SiC nanocrystals were synthesized with the laser frequency of 1 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. According to the real-time observation on the plasma evolvement, we proposed a formation mechanism of Si-C nanostructure related to vapor-phase reaction. Our method can be extended to other material systems for diverse novel nanostructures.

ZnO–Au hybrid nanocrystals with good dispersibility and uniform size are prepared via a high temperature reflux route. The structure, morphology, interface structure and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction high resolution transmission electron microscope and UV–vis absorption spectrophotometer. The formation of hybrid nanocrystals was believed to arise from the heterogeneous nucleation and epitaxial growth, high temperature and surfactant are proposed as the key factors for producing fine and uniform hybrid nanocrystals.

In this paper, we review our recent considerations regarding the structural features of active ensembles and/or sites in supported oxide catalysts. The unusual and sometimes unique catalytic properties of these catalyst systems are believed to be intimately related to the amorphous nature of the catalyst structure. Surface coordination geometry is a good concept or starting point to depict the nature and to correlate the structure of a working catalyst with its catalytic behavior.

Pt catalysts supported on silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves were synthesized by adding platinum salts directly to the gel mixture of SAPO. The synthesized products were marked as PtSAPO-5, in order to distinguish with the SAPO-5 supported platinum catalyst prepared by impregnation, which was marked as Pt/SAPO-5. The as-synthesized and calcined PtSAPO-5 samples were characterized by XRD,29Si MAS NMR,129XeNMR and NH3-TPD, and their catalytic activities were evaluated by the hydroisomerization of n-hexane. The results revealed that in PtSAPO-5, the platinum could catalyze the removal of the templates entrapped in the as-synthesized samples. The presence of Pt in the gel mixture can increase silicon content in the framework of SAPO-5, and the acid sites. In the activated PtSAPO-5 catalyst, Pt was highly dispersed in the channel of SAPO-5 molecular sieve. Pt exists in the form of big particles outside of the channel of Pt/SAPO-5 prepared by impregnating method, and impregnation with H2PtCl6 improved the strength of acid sites. PtSAPO-5 has a higher activity and selectivity than Pt/SAPO-5 in the hydroisomerization of n-hexane. This is because the former has medium acid sites and high dispersion of Pt, while the channel of Pt/SAPO-5 is somewhat retarded by the big platinum particles, and the acid sites are stronger than the former.

Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane has been investigated by using the L-edge and the K-edge XAFS and XPS, The surface of the fresh catalyst is found to be dominated by oxygen-enriched amorphous phases consisting of discretely distributed tetrahedral WO4 and octahedral MnO6 groups, The average bond lengths, which is 1.77 Angstrom for W-O and 2.00 Angstrom for Mn-O, are fully identical to those in pure Na2WO4 and Mn2O3. However, on the used catalyst after a 450 h run, almost no tungsten species is detectable. Instead, tetrahedral manganese sites are observed, The surface of the used catalyst is dominated by highly dispersed MnO4 groups consisting of tetrahedral and coordinatively unsaturated octahedral sites. The average Mn-O bond length increases to 2.09 Angstrom while the Mn 2P(3/2) binding energy increases from 641.4 eV (Mn3+) to 641.7 eV (Mn2+), These results suggest that the combination of tetrahedral and octahedral metallic cores with different oxidation states from each other is responsible for the catalysis in the oxidative coupling of methane, and that the high activity of the manganese-tungsten catalyst is due to the surface oxygen species, which are pre-activated from lattice oxygens to "the nearest oxygens" by the surface in an amorphous state. (C) 1998 Academic Press.

To investigate the binding mechanisms of FVIII Trp1707Ser mutation-associated inhibitor.The APPT, PT, TT, Fg and FVIII:C were detected to make phenotypic diagnosis of haemophilia A. Inhibitors titer were measured by Bethesda method. Long distance-PCR (LD-PCR) and sequence-specific PCR were adopted for screening the intron 22 and intron 1 inversions respectively. FVIII coding and boundary sequences were analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. Inhibitor was reacted with different segments of FVIII, including heavy chain and its components A1 and A2, light chain and its components A3, C1 and C2. Corrected test was used to measure the remaining F VIII:C (% ) by adding pooled normal plasmas. After labeling purified inhibitors with biotin, western blot was performed to further confirm the binding reactions between inhibitors and segments.The haemophilia A patient had mild deficiency of FVIII:C (1.1%) and had high FVIII inhibitor titer of 18.4 BU. A mutation c.97223CG in exon 14 of F8 gene resulted to p.Trp1707Ser was identified by DNA sequencing. Corrected test showed that the remaining F VIII:C was increased when inhibitors reacted with heavy chain and light chain, especially with heavy chain. The remaining FVIII:C was also increased in the A2 and C2 domain reactions. No significant differences were seen in the A1, A3 and C1 domain reactions. Antigen-antibody reaction bands were confirmed by western blots when degenerated B-domain deleted recombinant FVIII, A2 and C2 were used as antigens.The binding sites of FVIIITrp1707Ser mutation inhibitor were the A2 domain of heavy chain and C2 domain of light chain. The binding reaction with heavy chain was more intense.

To investigate the function of abnormal fibrinogen in two inherited dysfibrinogenemia pedigrees.Routine coagulation tests were conducted in the probands and related family members. The antigen and activity levels of fibrinogen were detected by immunoturbidimetry assay and clauss assay, respectively. All the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the three fibrinogen genes and antithrombin gene（AT3）were analyzed by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. Routine thrombelastography (TEG) test and functional fibrinogen TEG test were both used to make a comprehensive evaluation of coagulation status and functional fibrinogen level in patients. The molecular weights of the three peptides from fibrinogen were measured by Western blot. The function of abnormal fibrinogen was assessed by fibrinogen dynamic polymerization and fibrinolysis velocity.The coagulation routine tests were normal in two probands except for prolonged thrombin time (TT) and reptilase time (RT), as well as reduced activity levels of 0.5 g/L and 0.6 g/L fibrinogen, respectively. The antigen levels of fibrinogen were 2.32 g/L and 2.66 g/L in two probands, which were in the normal reference range. The genotype analysis showed that Arg275His in fibrinogen γ chain (γ Arg275His) existed in both probands and patients in these two pedigrees. Meanwhile, proband B's grandfather and aunt also carried heterozygote g.5876TC (Ser116Pro) mutation in AT3. The results of routine TEG test demonstrated that the α values of proband B and his father were close to and lower than the lower limit of reference range, respectively, while the MA values were normal in both of them. However, functional fibrinogen TEG test revealed obviously reduced MA value. All the probands and patients demonstrated prolonged lag-off time and reduced peak value in fibrinogen dynamic polymerization tests. Meanwhile, most of fibrin formed from the patients' plasma could not be dissolved completely by plasminogen (PLG) and urokinase-typeplasminogenactivator (u-PA) at a certain time.We first reported cases of inherited dysgibrinogenemia associated with inherited AT deficiency. γArg275His mutation caused the abnormal fibrinogen in terms of fibrin mono polymerization and possibly in fibrinolysis. Combined use of routine TEG test and functional fibrinogen TEG test with comprehensive analyses of the parameters in both tests could better evaluate the level of functional fibrinogen and predict the risk of hemorrhage and thrombosis in patients with inherited dysfibrinogenemia.目的 对两个遗传性异常纤维蛋白原血症家系的突变纤维蛋白原（Fg）进行功能研究。方法 常规筛查凝血功能;Fg抗原和活性分别用免疫比浊法和Clauss法测定;抽提DNA,对Fg 3个基因（FGA、 FGB和FGG）以及抗凝血酶基因（AT3）所有外显子及侧翼序列进行PCR扩增、测序及分析;采用常规血栓弹力图（TEG）和功能性Fg TEG检查对家系B先证者及其父亲进行凝血功能的综合评价及血浆功能性Fg评估;应用Western blot 检测血浆Fg肽链分子量;采用Fg动态聚集曲线和纤维蛋白溶解曲线实验检测血浆Fg的功能。结果 2例先证者凝血酶原时间（TT）和爬虫酶凝固时间（RT）明显延长,Fg活性仅为0.5 g/L和0.6 g/L,但其抗原均正常,分别为2.32 g/L和2.66 g/L。两个家系先证者均存在γ链Arg275His杂合突变,家系B先证者的祖父和姑母同时检出AT3 g.5876TC (Ser116Pro)杂合突变。家系B先证者及其父亲TEG检测结果中α值分别接近和低于正常参考值范围下限,但最大波幅（MA值）均为正常;在功能性Fg TEG检测中,MA值明显偏低。Fg动态聚集曲线中先证者和家系患者的起跳时间明显延长、峰值明显降低。纤维蛋白溶解曲线中多数患者的纤维蛋白在特定时间内不能被纤溶酶原完全溶解。结论 首次发现遗传性异常纤维蛋白原血症合并AT缺陷的患者。γ链 Arg275His突变使Fg在纤维蛋白单体聚合以及纤维蛋白溶解方面出现异常。联合应用常规TEG和功能性TEG检测,可以更好地评估异常纤维蛋白原血症患者Fg的功能。

A continuous measurement was conducted in urban area of Shanghai from 1stSeptember to 21st November, 2011. The mass concentration of PM2.5 and the mixing ratio of VOCs were obtained during the period. Four pollution episodes were observed: PD1 (20th-23th September), PD2 (5th-9th October), PD3 (13rd - 18th October), PD4 (10th - 14th November). The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 were (45+/-16), (76+/-46), (57+/-36) and (122+/-92) microg.m-3, respectively. The mixing ratio of VOCs were (30.87+/-30.77) x10(-9), (32.09+/-30.69) x10(-)9, (34.04+/-28.13) x10(-9) and (44.27+/-31.58) x10(-9). Alkane, alkene and aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for 53. 58% , 27. 89% , and 10. 96% of the total VOCs, respectively. The OH radical loss rate (LOH) and the ozone formation potential (OFP) were applied to assess the chemical reactivity of VOCs, the results showed that the alkenes and aromatics were the most important contributors to LOH and OFP in the atmosphere in the urban area of Shanghai, in autumn. Fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) and the ratio of organic carbon to element carbon (OC/EC) were used to estimate the potential formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in Shanghai, the SOA concentration values obtained by the two methods were 1.43 microg.m-3 and 4.54 microg.m-3, respectively. The value predicted by OC/EC was significantly higher, which was mainly due to the low amount of SOA precursors measured in this study. The aromatics were not only the most important contributors to OFP, but also important SOA precursors. By applying the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, six major sources were extracted to identify the sources of VOCs in autumn in Shanghai, including vehicle exhaust (24.30%), incomplete combustion (17.39%), fuel evaporation (16.01%) , LPG/NG leakage (15.21%) , petrochemical industry (14.00% ), and paint/solvent usage (13.09%). Vehicle exhaust and paint/solvent usage contain abundant aromatics species which are the most important contributors to OFP and important SOA precursors. The above two sources contributed 37.39% of the total VOCs concentration. Hence, these sources should be listed as priority of air pollution control strategy for Shanghai in future.

The emission strength of VOCs was estimated in the study, based on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurement results. Air mass backward trajectories were computed and cluster analysis was done combining with the corresponding air pollution indexes and VOCs concentrations. Source apportionment of VOCs was studied using receptor model. According to this study, VOCs emission in Shanghai per hour resulted in the VOCs concentration increment of (5.98 +/- 3.18) x 10(-9) during 2010 EXPO (from 1st May to 31st October in 2010), which was decreased by about 1 x 10(-9) compared to that in the same period of 2009. Under the control of the air masses roughly from the east (40%), the API was lower than 50. Influenced by the air masses from the northwest, the air quality was the worst with the average API higher than 70. The air masses from the southwest also resulted in bad air quality, with API higher than 60. The air masses originated from the west accounted for 25%, followed by the south and north air mass (20%). The VOCs concentrations were positively related to API in the same air mass, R2 = 0.599. During the 2010 EXPO, the emission related to vehicles including exhaust and gasoline evaporation contributed the largest amount of VOCs, approximately about -40%, followed by industry including industrial processes and coal combustion (30% - 40%), and solvent use and painting (20%). The biogenic emission was also considerable and accounted for 6% of VOCs in summer.

This paper predicted the future development of China Mobile Tianjin Branch, based on support vector machine, stochastic gradient boosting and artificial neural networks. By comparison, we known that stochastic gradient regression had higher precision for the prediction of output value, and that support vector machine regression had higher precision for the prediction of profit. By using the two regression methods, output value and profit in the next 4 years was predicted respectively, based on the company’s past data. The study will provide creditable support for the formulation of the company’s development strategy.

Conventional rough set theory is based on indiscernibility relation, which lacks the adaptive ability to data noise or data missing. Furthermore, it may present qualitatively whether or not the faults exist, but it cant compute accurately the value of the faults. Though the neural network has ability of approximating unknown nonlinear systems, but it cant distinguish the redundant knowledge from useful knowledge, so its classification ability cant catch up with the rough set classifier. This paper combines the rough set theory and the tolerant rough set neural network to diagnose the rudder faults of fighter, which solves well the problem of fault diagnosis and fault degree computation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Two well-defined iron catalysts, Fe(II)/Al2O3 (4.5 wt %) and Fe2O3/Al2O3 (1.5 wt %), have been studied using Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The total coordination number of the nearest oxygen neighbors is found to be 4.9 for the former and 5.7 for the latter, but the average Fe−O bond length remains the same, 1.98 A. The nearest iron neighbors at 2.95−2.97 A are observed for both the catalysts, but for the Fe2O3/Al2O3, further two iron neighbors at 3.42 and 3.86 A are also present. The fact that the shell radius of 3.42 A is times longer than that of the first nearest irons is consistent with what is expected from the para- and the meta-positions surrounding the same oxygen on the γ-Al2O3 (111) plane but is at variance with the estimation made for the (110) plane. Two geometrical models proposed for the catalysts stoichiometrically explain why the higher metal loading only leads to one type of the iron neighbors but the lower metal loading unexpectedly leads to three types of iron neigh...

Predict the future passenger flow of a railway station, which can provide an important reference for decision-making on scales of building a station and the management after the completion of the construction. According to the population changes of Tianjin in recent years, we have predicted Tianjin West Railway Station’s passenger flow in future using Stochastic Gradient. The study found that the passenger flow of the station will grow significantly. The station will transmit the passengers mainly by rail-transport and vehicles like busses, taxis as an auxiliary. In addition, the south square will transmit more passengers than the north square.

Present status of research on construction cost indices was discussed and the methods of cost indices were analyzed. Based on multiplicative model of economic data time series, the cost index was decomposed into seasonal factor, trend-cycle factor and irregular component. The ARIMA model was established to fit the data of the construction cost indices of Tianjin from 2007 to 2011 and the fitting and predicting result shows that performance of the ARIMA model was satisfied.

To investigate the molecular mechanism of haemophilia B caused by the novel mutation of Arg327Ile (R327I) in FIX gene.The R327I, R327Ala(A), R327Lys(K), R327Asn(N) and a replacement mutant (FIXβFVII), in which FIX β strand 324-329 was replaced by that of FVII 298-303, expression plasmids were constructed with site-directed mutagenesis method based on the wild-type (WT) FIX expression plasmid. The HEK293 cell was transiently transfected, then the activity of FIX (FIX:C) was assayed by one stage method in the conditioned medium, while the FIX:Ag in both the conditioned media and the cell lysates was measured by ELISA. The molecular weight and the semi-quantity of expressed FIX were analyzed by Western blot. Fluorescent protein expression plasmid was constructed to investigate the synthesis and secretion of the FIX R327I mutation in the viable cells.FIX:C of the R327I mutant protein was 4.49% of the level of the WT in the conditioned medium, and the FIX:Ag of the R327I mutant protein in the conditioned medium and the cell lysates was 31.02% and 129.29% compared to that of WT, respectively. The mutation was characterized as cross-reaction material reduced (CRMR). The viable cell fluorescent assays showed that the R327I protein was more in both the viable cells and in lysosome than that of WT. The FIX:C of the R327A, R327K, R327N and FIXβFVII mutants was reduced compared to that of WT, the reduction of FIX:C of FIXβFVII was the most significantly amount among all the mutants in medium. FIX:Ag of all the mutants in the medium, except that the R327K increased, was reduced. The result of Western blot showed that the molecular weight of R327I protein was the same as that of WT, but the amount of the protein was much less compared with WT in the conditioned medium.The abnormal synthesis and secretion as well as the abnormal function of the R327I mutant protein causes haemophilia B. The residue of R327 as well as the β strand domain of R327 located play important roles of the specific function of FIX.

The steady-state fluorescence characteristics, I5, I5I1, and I3I1, of pyrene and λmax of pyrene-3-carboxaldehyde, which are sensitive to the probes' environment, and the dynamic quenching of pyrene molecules by the excimer formation in micelles have been used to study the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and aggregation number (n) of N-alkylbetaine systems, respectively. The variations in CMC and N of N-dodecylbetaine and N-tetradecylbetaine aqueous solutions with pH, NaCl concentration, and addition of anionic and cationic surfactants were studied. The effect of salt on the CMC and N values of the N-alkylbetaines at pH values below the isoelectric point were more pronounced than above the isoelectric point. The surface activity and N values of binary systems of N-alkylbetaine with the commonly used anionic and cationic surfactants were higher than that of N-alkylbetaine solutions. The results obtained also showed that I5I1 of pyrene is a more reliable parameter than I3I1 for the CMC determination. Pyrene-3-carboxaldehyde was not suitable for the CMC determination of acidic surfactant solutions.

The activity and kinetic characteristics of glucoamylase has been investigated in W/0 microemulsion systems of AOT/isooctane/buffer, CTAB/isooctane/l-pentanol/buffer and TX-100/ibooctane/I-pentanol/buffer, and compared with that in aquous solution. The effect of various parameters, such as pH optimum, To ptimum and water content, on the activity of the enzyme in microemulsion was determined. The results obtained show that the structure of the microemulsion has strong effect on enzyme activity compared to the kcat, in aquous solution, the apparent turnover number k'cat values were decreased in AOT, TX- 100 based system, and in creased in CTAB based system.

TPD, H2-O2 titration and TPR techniques have been used to study the effect of the surface oxygen species on hydrogen adsorption in an oxidized Pt/TiO2 catalyst system. Oxygen desorption peaks in the temperature range of 610–730 K were observed in the O2-TPD profiles of the Pt/TiO2 samples oxidized in oxygen at temperatures 573, 673 and 773 K, respectively. They reveal that labile oxygen species were formed on the surfaces of these oxidized catalysts. Much more hydrogen spillover on the oxidized Pt/TiO2 catalysts was observed at room temperature using H2-O2 titration. The results from TPR and H2-TPD experiments further support the proposal that the existence of labile oxygen species enhances hydrogen spillover in the system studied.

Zirconia-supported iron oxide catalyst has been designed following the approach to the Fe/TiO2 catalyst. The catalyst prepared by reducing the precursor obtained from incipient wetness impregnation in H2 at the proper temperature exhibits good activity (CO2 conversion >20%) and selectivity (68%) in the selective synthesis of hydrocarbons (C2-C5) from CO2 and H2. The catalytic activity has been found to vary with iron weight loadings in a “two maxima” fashion and is also affected by reduction temperature. Mossbauer and EXAFS analyses suggest that the active phases are coordinatively unsaturated ferric cations and α-Fe. No ferrous cations are observed. A good geometric arrangement for the two phases on the catalyst is thought to give the highest catalytic activity.

To analyze the phenotype and genotype of two Chinese pedigrees with von Willebrand diseases, and to investigate the molecular pathogenesis.Bleeding time (BT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA), von Willebrand factor-ristocetin cofactor (vWF:Rco), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), von Willebrand factor activity (vWF:A), von Willebrand factor collagen binding assay (vWF:CB) and multimer analysis were used for phenotype diagnosis. DNA was extracted. All of the 52 exons and exon-intron bounda ries of the VWF gene were amplified with polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and analyzed by direct sequencing.APTT and BT were prolonged. Plasma RIPA, vWF:Rco, vWF:Ag, vWF:A and vWF:CB was significantly decreased. No VWF multimer can be found by plasma VWF multimer analysis. Homozygous insertional mutation g.82888_82889insCATG in exon 17 was found in proband A. Compound heterozygous mutations g.94865 G to A (Trp856stop) in exon 20 and g.110698_110699delinsG in exon 28 were found in proband B.Homozygous insertional mutation g.82888_82889insCATG and compound heterozygous mutations g.94865G to A(Trp856X) and g.110698_110699delinsG probably have respectively induced type 3 von Willebrand diseases in the two probands.

To analyze the phenotype, genotype and function in four Chinese pedigrees with inherited dysfibrinogenemia.Routing tests including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), reptilase time (RT), the activities of antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC) and protein S (PS) were detected in four pedigrees. The activity and antigen of plasma fibrinogen were analyzed by Clauss and immunoturbidimetry methods, respectively. The molecular weight of fibrinogen of four probands was assessed by Western blot. The function of abnormal fibrinogen was evaluated by fibrinogen clottability, fibrinogen dynamic polymerization and fibrinolysis velocity, respectively. The sequences of all the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the three fibrinogen genes were amplified by PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing.Four probands had prolonged TT and RT, reduced plasma fibrinogen activity levels and normal antigen levels. The assays of Western blot showed no abnormal molecular weight of fibrinogen. Function tests revealed reduced fibrinogen clottability, delayed and decreased fibrinogen dynamic polymerization and reduced fibrinolysis velocity. Aα chain Arg16His and Arg16Cys mutations were identified in the four probands, respectively.The four probands with dysfibrinogenemia were caused by the mutations of Aα chain Arg16His or Arg16Cys. Mutation of the fibrinogen induced dysfunction of plasma fibrinogen.

To investigate the relationship between plasma level of homocysteine (Hcy) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).The differences of Hcy, Vitamin B(12), and folate levels between 150 outpatients with ALS and 137 age and sex matched controls were compared in a cross-sectional study.Compared with the healthy controls, patients with ALS had a higher plasma Hcy level [(18.47 ± 13.09) µmol/L vs (11.91 ± 5.37) µmol/L, P0.001] and a lower folate level [(8.39 ± 4.45) ng/ml vs (10.38 ± 5.01) ng/ml, P0.001]. In a logistic regression model using ALS as a dependent variable, plasma level of Hcy was significantly associated with ALS. A trend for higher Hcy levels in patients with shorter interval from symptom onset to diagnosis (ODI) was also found [Hcy levels (20.73 ± 15.79) µmol/L with ODI19 months vs (16.41 ± 9.73) µmol/L with ODI ≥ 19 months, P = 0.035].Plasma Hcy level is significantly increased in patients with ALS. The individuals with shorter time to diagnosis present higher Hcy level, suggesting that it may associate with the progression pace of ALS.

Light-duty gasoline taxis (LDGT) and passenger cars (LDGV), heavy-duty diesel buses (HDDB) and trucks (HDDT), gasoline motorcycles (MC) and LPG scooters (LPGS), were selected for tailpipe volatile organic compounds (VOCs) samplings by using transient dynamometer and on road test combined with SUMMA canisters technology. The samples were tested by GC-MS to analyze the concentration and species composition of VOCs. The results indicate that light-duty gasoline automobiles have higher fractions of aromatic hydrocarbons, which account for 43.38%-44.45% of the total VOCs, the main aromatic hydrocarbons are toluene and xylenes. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles have higher fractions of alkanes, which constitute 46.86%-48.57% of the total VOCs, the main alkanes are propane, n-dodecane and n-undecane. In addition, oxy-organics account for 13.28%-15.01% of the VOCs, the main oxy-organics is acetone. The major compound from MC and LPGS exhaust is acetylene, it accounts for 39.75% and 76.67% of the total VOCs, respectively. VOCs exhaust from gasoline motorcycles and light-duty gasoline automobiles has a significantly higher chemical reactivity than those from heavy-duty diesel vehicles, which contribute 55% and 44% to the atmospheric chemical reactivity in Shanghai. The gasoline motorcycles and light-duty gasoline automobiles are the key pollution sources affecting city and region ambient oxidation, and the key active species of toluene, xylenes, propylene, and styrene make the greatest contribution.

To study the effects of Compound Ganshao Paste (CGP) on the levels of sex hormones and hepatic transaminases in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rat model.The PCOS rat model was established using Kafali modeling method. Rats were randomly divided into five groups, i. e., the normal control group, the PCOS model group, the Diane-35 group, the Compound Ganshao Caspule group, and the CGP group. The levels of sex hormones were detected using radioimmunoassay. The levels of hepatic transferases were detected using method of enzyme coupling ratio.Compared with the normal control group, the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) decreased, showing statistical difference (P0.05). Compared with the model group, the serum levels of LH, T, and FSH decreased, while serum E2 and P increased in the three medication groups, showing statistical difference (P0.05). There was insignificant difference in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among the normal control group, the model group, and the CGP group (P0.05). Compared with the Diane-35 group and the Compound Ganshao Capsule group, the levels of hepatic transaminases of the CGP group was lower with statistical difference (P0.05).CGP could improve the ovarian functions through adjusting the endocrine functions of PCOS model rats, thus stimulating the follicular development and ovulation. CGP did not add the hepatic burden.

A highly efficient hydrogen generation from formic acid/sodium formate aqueous solution catalyzed by in situ synthesized Pd/C with citric acid has been successfully achieved at room temperature. Interestingly, the presence of citric acid during the formation and growth of the Pd nanoparticles on carbon can drastically enhance the catalytic property of the resulted Pd/C, on which the conversion and turnover frequency for decomposition of formic acid/sodium formate system can reach the highest values ever reported of 85% within 160 min and 64 mol H(2) mol(-1) catalyst h(-1), respectively, at room temperature. The present simple, low cost, but highly efficient CO-free hydrogen generation system at room temperature is believed to greatly promote the practical application of formic acid system on fuel cells.

In recent years, a variety of minimally invasive lumbar surgery techniques have achieved desirable efficacy, but some dispute remains regarding the advantages over open surgery. This study aimed to compare minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion via MAST Quadrant retractor with open surgery in terms of perioperative factors, postoperative back muscle function, and 24-month postoperative follow-up results.From September 2006 to June 2008, patients with single-level degenerative lumbar spine disease who were not responsive to conservative treatment were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized to undergo either minimally invasive surgery (MIS, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion via MAST Quadrant retractor, 41 cases) or open surgery (improved transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, 38 cases).The MIS group had longer intraoperative fluoroscopy time than the open surgery group, and the open surgery group had significantly increased postoperative drainage volume and significantly prolonged postoperative recovery time compared with the MIS group (P0.05 for all). MRI scanning showed that the T2 relaxation time in the multifidus muscle was significantly shorter in the MIS group than in the open surgery group at 3 months after surgery (P0.01). Surface electromyography of the sacrospinalis muscle showed that the average discharge amplitude and frequency were significantly higher in the MIS group than in the open surgery group (P0.01). The Oswestry disability index and visual analog scale scores were better at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively than preoperatively in both groups. Both groups of patients met the imaging convergence criteria at the last follow-up.MIS can effectively reduce sacrospinalis muscle injury compared with open surgery, which is conducive to early functional recovery. In the short term, MIS is superior to open surgery, but in the long term there is no significant difference between the two procedures.

To investigate the clinical phenotype, genotype and molecular mechanism of recurrent venous thrombosis in two Chinese pedigrees with type I antithrombin (AT) deficiency.The routine coagulation screening tests were detected, thrombin generation tests was performed to evaluate the hypercoagulation. Anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and diluted viper venom time assay (DVVT), respectively. The activities of protein C, protein S and AT (PC:A, PS:A, AT:A) were tested with chromogenic substrate assay or clotting method. The antigen of AT (AT:Ag) was performed with immunoturbidimetry methods. Western blot was used to analyze the molecular weight (MW) and the plasma levels of AT:Ag. All 7 exons and the flanking sequences were amplified by PCR. The mutation of AT gene and thrombophilia associated gene polymorphisms were analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. The expression plasmid of Ala404Asp mutant was constructed with site-directed mutagenesis method based on the wild-type (WT) AT cDNA contained in pcDNA 3.1 vector, and transiently expression of AT WT and the Ala404Asp mutant was performed using HEK293T cells. Cultured supernatant and cell lysates were collected and measured for AT:Ag by ELISA and Western blot.The results of routine coagulation tests in two probands were normal, thrombin generation tests indicated that proband 1 presented hypercoagulable state with 2.8 and 1.5 times higher of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak height compared with that of normal, respectively. The levels of PC:A, PS:A, ACA and LA were normal. AT:A in proband 1 and proband 2 were 45% and 32%, and AT:Ag were almost half of the normal (121 mg/L and 158 mg/L), respectively. The results of Western blot showed that both probands' plasma levels of AT:Ag were lower than the normal pooled plasma and MW was normal. Two heterozygous mutations of g.3291C→T(Thr98Ile), g.13863CA(Ala404Asp) were identified in the probands, respectively. No proband had venous thrombosis associated gene polymorphisms. Expression in vitro showed that AT:Ag in culture media and lysates of Ala404Asp are 4.8% and 60.6% of that of WT, respectively.Thr98Ile and Ala404Asp mutation of AT gene significantly correlate with recurrent venous thrombosis in the two probands, respectively. Ala404Asp has not been described before. The mutant Ala404Asp protein can not be expressed due to impaired secretion and increased intracellular degradation, resulting in type I AT deficiency.