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Scholarship on corporate crime focuses, quite naturally, on profit-motivated crime. But there are crimes with an institutional dimension that are not recognized in this framework of corporate crime. In this article, I present a case study of a police organization where multiple employees committed sexual assaults to show that these crimes can have an organizational dimension. This analysis shows two things: first, that the corporate-culture model of attributing mens rea is more effective at identifying corporate crime than the one currently in force in Canada and, second, that organization-facilitated sexual assault is a corporate-entity crime, broadening the conception of corporate crime generally. The corporate-culture model explains why corporations should be liable for crimes they encourage employees to commit even when these are not in line with the organization's objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminology and propaganda studies have both substantially influenced political, public and commercial thought yet not as a co-ordinated, embedded twine. Propaganda studies identify how narratives are constructed, conveyed and embedded within public and political discourses. To enhance existing debates, this article stirs the criminological cauldron with critical insights from propaganda analyses. Criminology is an evolving crucible, a gravitational black hole that imbues, harnesses and inculcates diverse perspectives in the pursuit of originality, criticality and creativity. By drawing on historical and contemporary propaganda scholarship we aim to enrich criminological theory, policy and practice. Our intention is not to critique, supplant or subvert existing criminological discourse but to invigorate it with the proponents, and prospects of propaganda studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the implications of stablecoins and their potential coexistence with sovereign money, advocating against such coexistence to maintain financial stability and monetary sovereignty. Topics include the historical context of sovereign money monopolies, the economic arguments against stablecoin coexistence, and legislative proposals aimed at regulating stablecoins versus creating sovereign digital currencies.

This article presents survey research in Romania to identify support or lack of support for propositions in convenience theory as they relate to motive, opportunity, and willingness. The research is important, as convenience propositions that might find strong support among respondents indicate areas for reduction in convenience as a measure to prevent and detect white-collar crime. Convenience is a concept not only associated with savings in time and effort but also with avoidance of strain and pain. Respondents express most strongly support for the proposition that persons in top positions have the opportunity to conceal financial crime at work where there is lack of guardianship, oversight and control. An important factor in improving control is reliable whistleblowing that will reduce the convenience of crime by privileged individuals who intend to abuse their positions for personal or organizational gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effects of violent crime on corporate investment and financing decisions of Brazilian firms. Exploring city variation in homicides, we find that an increase in the growth rate of homicides is associated with significantly lower corporate investments, with lower labour investments, and with a higher likelihood of layoffs. Spikes in violent crime are also associated with more conservative financing policies, reflected in higher cash holdings, in lower R&D (research and development) expenditures, and in lower dividend payments. Homicides further affect investment efficiency and financing choices, decoupling investment from debt finance and profitability. Moreover, the negative association between homicides and investment is significantly stronger in smaller firms, which highlights the uneven costs of violent crime in reducing firm growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The private nature of business creates opportunities for financial crimes. Convenience theory suggests that opportunity, accompanied by a willingness and motive, explains financial crimes. Newer technologies have created similar private environments, which allow for criminal behavior. For example, cryptocurrencies offer a new way of generating anonymous financial transactions. This paper explores criminal opportunity using cryptocurrency and convenience theory. Specifically, we test each convenience dimension – opportunity, willingness, and motive – using a sample of adults in the United States. We find all three dimensions explain online financial crimes. Opportunity, measured through any purchase of cryptocurrency is related to an increase in financial cybercrimes. Further, when motive is considered as greed or need, a need is more important than greed. The use of cryptocurrency increases certain opportunities for financial crimes. This may partially be attributed to the crimes themselves (e.g. pump-and-dump cryptocurrency schemes) but also to the general opportunity created through cyberspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In applying this article, the author finds a discrepancy between the judge's decision that has permanent legal force (inkracht van gewijsde) and what is mandated by Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Article 136 paragraph (1) explains that if an immigration crime is committed by a corporation, the parties who can be asked for responsibility are the management and the corporation. The author sees that there are three elements that have an influence on the effectiveness of law enforcement, namely Immigration Investigators, Public Prosecutors, and Judges. In this case, the Public Prosecutor has a major role in influencing the non-compliance with the application of the article. This is because the Public Prosecutor has authority over who and how much prosecution is in this case. However, the author cannot know what the basis for the Public Prosecutor's consideration in conducting the prosecution is because the Public Prosecutor is known to have died. The author concludes that there was an error in the interpretation of the elements of legal norms in Article 118 juncto Article 136 paragraph (1) which resulted in the prosecution only directed at the corporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National surveillance is often insufficient to identify transnational issues. One solution to this problem is to delegate to international organizations (IOs) the power to surveil activity in numerous states simultaneously, acting, in essence, as supranational detectives. When should we expect states to engage in such delegation? This article contends that this will depend on whether sub-state public agencies have acquired the exclusive capacity to surveil that phenomena at the national level. Those that have will actively oppose delegation to preserve the benefits afforded by that exclusivity, thereby reducing the likelihood that an IO is ultimately empowered to perform supranational surveillance. This hypothesis is tested against two case studies in which EU energy and securities regulators contemplated empowering an IO with supranational surveillance powers to detect transnational market abuse. Empirical evidence, drawing on 86 interviews, corroborates that each group's pre-existing surveillance capabilities impacted their delegation preferences and, in turn, whether delegation occurred. These findings advance our understanding of supranational delegation and the politics of multi-level governance in the EU. Further, they shed empirical light on transnational market abuse, an understudied form of financial crime that hurts consumers, destabilizes prices, and facilitates the movement of illicit funds across borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Combating Money Laundering in Africa: Dealing with the Problems of PEPs" by John Hatchard is a comprehensive study on the issue of money laundering in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on politically exposed persons (PEPs). The book examines the challenges faced by African countries in combating money laundering and explores the role of PEPs in the process. Hatchard recommends a three-pronged approach to address the problem, including effective action at the national, transactional, and corporate levels. The book provides in-depth analysis and case studies to highlight the depth of the problem and advocates for the development of political will, economic sanctions, and asset recovery mechanisms to combat money laundering. [Extracted from the article]

The implementation of digital technologies in financial security allows you to automate and accelerate the processes of ensuring security. Electronic monitoring and analytics systems can quickly identify suspicious transactions and vulnerabilities, facilitating a prompt response to threats. That is why the topic of the current research is relevant and timely. The purpose of the study is to present the main components of the digitization process of international financial security in the context of sustainable development, with an emphasis on the formation of a comprehensive methodological approach to the analysis of the issue. The methods used in this research include the observation method to identify the main features of the digitization process of international financial security, the forecasting method to identify the main trends in the development of digital security, and the methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction to visually present the results of the research. Additionally, the graphic method is utilized to display a comprehensive methodological approach and illustrate the research results. During the course of the research, the basic components of the process of digitizing financial security were analysed, and an assessment of strengths and weaknesses was conducted. Additionally, opportunities and threats related to the process of digitizing international financial security were determined. The priority areas for the digitization of international financial security in the context of sustainable development have been identified. The main results of the study include the development of a comprehensive methodological approach to the process of digitalizing international financial security under conditions of sustainable development. The study also yields the following conclusions regarding the development of digitization: the utilization of analytical tools and artificial intelligence in financial security improves the accuracy of detecting fraud, money laundering, and other financial crimes; digital technologies facilitate access to financial services in remote and less developed regions; digital technologies enable cost optimization for ensuring financial security through automation and efficient resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of countering transnational organized crime (TOC) in Africa and challenges the assumption that it promotes peace, security, and development. It argues that conventional anti-TOC strategies can be ineffective and harmful to local communities and economies. The article also highlights how the international counter-TOC agenda has criminalized livelihoods and economies in Africa, particularly affecting marginalized groups. It emphasizes the need for a critical understanding of TOC and its effects on politics, society, and the economy in African countries. Additionally, the article discusses the relationship between organized crime and capitalism, suggesting that neoliberal reforms imposed by international financial institutions and Western donors contribute to the social and economic problems that fuel organized crime. It calls for a broader analysis that includes corporate crime in discussions of organized crime. [Extracted from the article]

Two Boeing 737 MAX aircraft crashes, occurring less than five months apart in 2018 and 2019, resulted in 346 deaths—possibly the deadliest corporate crime in U.S. history. The United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”) used an alternative dispute resolution tool called a deferred prosecution agreement (“DPA”) to resolve criminal charges against Boeing and to immunize the company’s senior-level managers from prosecution. In the end, the company admitted to engaging in the criminal behavior, paid a monetary fine, and agreed to cooperate fully with the government—meaning there would be no courtroom trial, no formal adjudication of guilt, and no possibility of jail time or other serious punishment for wrongdoers. DOJ also decided it would not appoint an independent monitor to ensure Boeing’s compliance with terms of the DPA agreement. These results are profoundly unjust. In response, the United States Congress should immediately outlaw the use of DPAs in addressing federal allegations of corporate misconduct when the wrongdoing leads to one or more human fatalities. To date, Congress has failed to draw any boundaries limiting DOJ’s use of DPAs as a tool in resolving allegations of corporate malfeasance. This Article argues that banning DPAs when there is loss of human life is a legal and moral imperative—a line both reasonable and necessary for Congress to draw, even if legislators wish to continue exploring additional ways of reforming the DPA legal landscape. The Article concludes by proposing specific legislation drawing the boundary needed to address the current problem, and by engaging in a thought exercise, hypothesizing and analyzing how the Boeing case might have turned out if the legislative proposal had been enacted into law before the disastrous airplane crashes occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, preventing and detecting financial crimes is one of the most important issues for countries. This issue also constitutes the basic struggle mechanism of financial intelligence units. Financial intelligence consists of the analysis and typologies created by financial intelligence units based on data in the fight against financial crimes. In the fight against financial crimes, the accuracy of financial intelligence and the financial intelligence that will emerge are considered the most important facts required to prevent the crime and to resolve it if it is committed. There are many international organizations fighting against financial crimes. In particular, The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and EGMONT Group carry out studies on financial crime activities and financial intelligence units in general. In addition, financial crimes are also fought by country financial intelligence units operating locally. Objective - This study aims to examine the concept of financial intelligence in the fight against financial crime. With this study, which is based on evaluating the role of financial intelligence in combating financial crimes, the situation of financial crimes will be evaluated. Method - What is the importance of financial intelligence in combating financial crimes? To find an answer to the question, the study examined the literature on this subject and included current information on financial intelligence in the fight against financial crimes. Results - Considering the transnational nature of financial crimes and the fact that the economic loss caused by financial crimes cannot be fully calculated, it is understood that financial intelligence is the most important tool in the fight against financial crimes. It is concluded that financial intelligence assists financial intelligence units effectively and efficiently in combating and preventing financial crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the genesis of arenas as an interorganizational relation space that can promote, or at least cleave, the path for corporate crimes. Based the scenario in which Brazil eradicated slavery, we argue there has been the creation of dynamic arenas and counter-arenas as spaces for avoiding or promoting corporate crimes, while the state has played the role of facilitator in such crimes. This paper asserts that promotion and prevention of corporate crimes are both legitimate actions by the state in its regime of permission, and every single actor who play in this field through arenas. In order to map the key elements of these arenas, our investigation is based on the techniques of shadowing, in-depth interviews, and field observation. After building our data pool, we analysed the phenomena mostly through open, axial, and selective coding, based on the Grounded Theory approach as a mean for categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activities of corrupt individuals engaged in white-collar crimes still persist despite EFCC's existence. This study was thus conducted to examine: the achievement of EFCC on containing money laundering and misappropriation of funds in Nigeria; and the implementation of EFCC's anti-graft mandate in terms of obtaining money by false pretense and fraudulent banking in Nigeria. The study adopted scooping and survey method wherein 301 participants were sampled from selected states in Nigeria. It revealed that the fight against money laundering and misappropriation of funds; and obtaining money by false pretense and fraudulent banking were to a low extent implemented by EFCC. This finding is sacrosanct for understanding the dynamics of the anti-graft war in Nigeria. The study's originality/value stems from its departure from the apparently over flogged issues regarding causes and/or effects of corruption to interrogating the extent of the performance of EFCC's objectives through mixed method design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The punishment of organizational offending has largely been overlooked by penologists, despite the fact that organizational actors such as corporations and the state perpetrate the most serious forms of offending. Accordingly, this paper represents a step toward foregrounding organizational offending within the discipline of penology. We begin by discussing the implications of several Classical School ideals and theories of punishment for organizational offending, with special emphases on challenges and contradictions. We then review control strategies that are unique to organizational offending, and we go on to contemplate how expressive and non-institutional tactics might potentially factor into how organizational offending is punished. When taken together, these sections reveal the limitations of penology's traditional assumptions of an individual offender and individual offending. We conclude by outlining our view of what a penology of organizational offending should accomplish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DeepFake involves the use of deep learning and artificial intelligence techniques to produce or change video and image contents typically generated by GANs. Moreover, it can be misused and leads to fictitious news, ethical and financial crimes, and also affects the performance of facial recognition systems. Thus, detection of real or fake images is significant specially to authenticate originality of people's images or videos. One of the most important challenges in this topic is obstruction that decreases the system precision. In this study, we present a deep learning approach using the entire face and face patches to distinguish real/fake images in the presence of limitations of blurring, compression, scaling and especially obstruction with a three-path decision: first entire-face reasoning, second a decision based on the concatenation of feature vectors of face patches, and third a majority vote decision based on these features. To test our approach, new data sets including real and fake images are created. For producing fake images, StyleGAN and StyleGAN2 are trained by FFHQ images and also StarGAN and PGGAN are trained by CelebA images. The CelebA and FFHQ data sets are used as real images. The proposed approach reaches higher results in early epochs than other methods and increases the SoTA results by 0.4% - 7.9% in the different built data sets. In addition, we have shown in experimental results that weighing the patches may improve accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The Covid-19 pandemic has sparked global challenges, economic disruption, and an increase in related crimes, such as scams, fraud, and cybercrime. It has also changed the routines of individuals, businesses, and governments in combating financial crimes, especially professional accountants. As front-liners in the anti-money laundering (AML) regime, professional accountants play a vital role in combating financial crime, including money laundering activities that have risen during the pandemic. However, limited study has investigated the money laundering reporting framework for the professional accountants. Hence, this study aims to investigate the money laundering framework for professional accountants that suits the post-pandemic period. Methodology: This study conducted a content analysis, focussing on the current red flags for money laundering activities specifically for the professional accountants mentioned in prior literature and publicly available reports such as Financial Action Task Force (FATF), ICAEW and ACCA Global. Since this study focuses on the money laundering framework for the professional accountants, this study also referred to the MIA Competency Framework that highlights the importance of professional scepticism and professional judgement. Findings: Findings showed that professional accountants must exercise high professional scepticism and judgement when dealing with money laundering risk indicators related to related party transactions, beneficial ownership and e-commerce activities. This is to provide quality reporting to the authorities and to proceed with money laundering investigations. Contributions: This study will contribute to the regulators and professional accountant by proposing a money laundering framework for the professional accountants that would assist them in fulfilling their role as money laundering reporting entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporations' profit-making objectives are a central force guiding development strategies in the Global South but contradictorily can be blamed for a range of social and environmental harms. This article brings a state-corporate crime lens to bear on the economic and political processes that shape Global South-located commodity production. It seeks to understand the functioning of neo-imperialist profiteering through elaborating the concept of regimes of extreme permission , described as modalities of 'intense' accumulation, defined by weaker or unstable forms of hegemony consolidation, illegal/illicit practices, state-sanctioned violence and various socio-environmental degradations. Through analyses of two regimes of extreme permission in the SE Asian context—Indonesian palm oil plantations and Export Processing Zones for garment production in the Greater Mekong Subregion—the paper describes the role of states and corporations in constructing the repressive socio-political space required for neo-colonial corporate accumulation. We contribute to 'Southernizing' criminology by re-articulating state-corporate crime theory within imperialist contexts. It also shows that neo-colonialism can be understood as the de-regulation of corporate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the making of the new foreign exchange market law, law no. 14.286/2021, some provisions directly impacted the complementation of certain criminal types. Among them, the crimes foreseen for in articles 16 and 22 of Law 7,492/86, stand out. Thus, studying the new law and its criminal impacts is of fundamental importance. In addition, it is necessary to analyze questions of intertemporal law, since the new law will only come into force on December 30, 2022 and contains provisions that bring beneficial criminal effects to the defendants. Therefore, in view of the future and necessary retroactivity of the most beneficial criminal law, it should be applied immediately, to also encompass the conducts practiced before it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States criminalizes money laundering in part through 18 U.S.C. § 1957, which prohibits transactions of over $10,000 that are knowingly made using proceeds derived from specified illegal activities. The statutory requirement that transactions be more than $10,000 raises a complicated issue for courts. In many cases, potential launderers mix or "commingle" both legal and illegal funds in a single bank account. Once these funds are commingled, they become indistinguishable because money is fungible. In these cases, how can courts determine whether more than $10,000 of any particular transaction from the account in fact constituted illegal proceeds? An enduring circuit split has emerged over this question. While the Fifth and Ninth Circuits require the government to trace the funds to a specific underlying crime, the majority of circuits simply assume that a transaction of over $10,000 from a commingled account falls within the reach of § 1957. This Note presents an original survey of the existing split, tracing how the doctrine developed in the decades following the enactment of § 1957. It then argues that courts should adopt an intermediate stance: the proportionality approach, which would apply the percentages of illegal and legal funds in an account to each targeted transaction. This approach has been used by courts in similar legal contexts, including asset-forfeiture cases. In making this argument, the Note further urges courts to consider how new financial realities--in particular, the rise of cryptocurrency and digital assets--will affect the level of tracing that should be demanded from prosecutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small businesses are vital to the municipalities they serve. Significant government resources and geographically-targeted economic policies are allocated toward enhancing their presence and impact on the community. In this paper, we exploit a television show contest among small towns for a $500,000 revitalization award to study the impact of place-based economic policies on crime. We use a difference-in-differences approach and synthetic control techniques and find significant declines in property crimes for two of the three winning towns examined. Our results shed light on the positive spillover effects of place-based initiatives and the effectiveness of these investments as a crime reduction strategy in small towns. We estimate a savings from fewer crimes of between $80,000 to $100,000 annually following the year the investment occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are reports that criminal networks advertise on social media to recruit new members. In this paper, we will focus on money mules and examine how they become involved in cybercrime on Instagram. Money mules are used to hide the financial trail of a crime and are thus indispensable for cybercriminal networks. Yet, there is a dearth of research on this group. Based on keywords derived from the literature, 43 Dutch Instagram accounts were identified that are most likely used to recruit money mules. We analyzed the content of said accounts in order to map the recruitment techniques used by criminals online. Insights from previous literature on offline recruitment were used to provide an initial framework for the analysis. Thereafter, results were considered in the light of situational crime prevention. In this article, we will argue that while Instagram indeed offers possibilities for criminals to recruit money mules, different situational strategies can be applied to prevent this. This study underlines the relevance of social media in criminological research and encourages future studies to explore this innovative method further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prior studies have examined the association between the presence of various types of business facilities and crime in place, less attention has been paid to how the effects of businesses can be temporally different based on their age. We focus on four consumer-facing business types: 1) retail, 2) service, 3) restaurant, and 4) food and drug stores. For each type, we construct block level measures of the number of businesses, the average business age, and the standard deviation of business age. We estimate fixed-effects negative binomial regression models to test the effects of these measures on crime in blocks, controlling for a range of factors known to be associated with crime rates. The average age of businesses was robustly associated with lower crime rates and such pattern was most pronounced in blocks with a greater business presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of corporate attribution have always been a complex area of law, rife with uncertainty and controversy. The recent Supreme Court's decision in Crown Prosecution Service v Aquila Advisory Ltd is notable for clarifying the scope of the principle as articulated in its previous decision of Bilta (UK) Ltd v Nazir. This time, however, the Supreme Court was confronted with an issue that was hitherto unaddressed by previous courts: whether proprietary rights to which a principal would otherwise be entitled against his fiduciary could be asserted in the face of confiscation orders obtained by the Crown Prosecution Service against the fiduciary under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. This article argues that the reasoning and outcome in this significant decision are unsatisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about the role of emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in aggravating the course of identifying illegal transactions in the art world. Topics discussed include loopholes in the law, rise of new marketplaces, cryptocurrencies, and blockchain databases and the foreseeability of increased money laundering.

Numerous accounting frauds that are presented in the financial reports of business entities represent a growing problem for the economy, society and the state. On the one hand, financial frauds occur more and more often not only in small and medium-sized enterprises, but also in large business units, in public enterprises and in state institutions. On the other hand, this phenomenon represents an increasingly frequent problem for the users of financial statements, because they are presented with incorrect financial information, the analysis of which will give a wrong picture of the financial situation of a certain subject. The interest of users of accounting information to have the clearest possible picture of the financial stability of a given entity is undoubtedly clear. This is precisely where the importance of forensic accounting and forensic accountants comes from in the detection of financial fraud through false financial information. Financial frauds can be of a different nature, and forensic accounting uses appropriate methods and techniques to detect them. The Republic of North Macedonia is in the 87th place according to the index for the perception of corruption at the world level, and is a challenging area for a deeper analysis. The largest number of financial frauds are recorded through tax evasion and the falsification or destruction of business books, but the abuse of official position and authority. Forensic accounting in support of court cases answers many questions about financial fraud. This represents the basic motive of the authors for the preparation of this paper, in order to highlight the place and role of forensic accounting in financial fraud investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on crime tends to emphasize clear-cut stories, either in support of or rejecting crime. Stories, however, are often ambiguous, mainly when they concern complex and multi-faceted phenomena. Based on qualitative interviews with Italian students, we explore how organized crime is viewed and evaluated by non-offenders. We found six widespread stories that highlight the moral ambiguity of organized crime, including such ambiguities as: people are good and evil; family relations take priority; crime involves ample opportunities and big money; organized crime is complex and involves "smart" organizations and that there are gray zones between business and crime and the endemicity of organized crime. Finally, we show the bounds of this moral ambiguity by pointing out what participants could not accept from organized crime organizations. The study was done within a framework of narrative criminology. We put a particular emphasis on how crime is socially constructed by those not involved, how worldviews of criminal organizations are embedded in more widespread values and the importance of ambiguity in storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This revision article is dedicated, in the introduction, to describe the problem identified by the author with respect to the institution of Criminal Compliance, as well as to determine its objectives. Then, various concepts about Criminal Compliance, Criminology, Criminological Policy, and some relevant criminological theories to prevent corporate crime are exposed, also demonstrating the relationships that exist between these concepts. Subsequently, the author rehearses and substantiates various solution proposals for each of the problems identified in the introduction. Finally, the main conclusions that have been reached as a result of the investigation were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any field of law, the goal it was designed to achieve permeates every aspect of its application and interpretation. This is particularly true when the black letter of the law is cryptic and silent on most aspects of how it should be interpreted and applied, as is the case with competition law, which for the most part revolves around a small number of highly abstract provisions. It is only natural then that ample scholarly work has been devoted to identifying the goals and purposes of competition law. By and large these attempts have been textual, historical, and teleological. We introduce here instead a quantitative analysis of the case law and present the results of the first empirical study into the goals and purposes of EU competition law as they emerge from the entirety of the case law of the European Court of Justice, opinions of the Advocate Generals, Commission decisions, and speeches of Commissioners for Competition. This body of almost 4,000 sources paints a comprehensive picture of the underlying goals of EU competition law, and helps conclusively confirm some previous insights while debunking others, thereby helping to advance the present application and future evolution of competition law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservatives perceive the world as a more dangerous and threatening place than liberals, which explains conservatives' more cautious social behaviors and their greater support for policies (e.g., anti‐immigration and harsher punitive measures) that aim to manage and reduce perceived threats and uncertainties. However, past research operationalized the "world" as a place replete with social and physical threats (e.g., street crimes and terrorism). Less attention has been given to the economic world, which is equally characterized by threatening events (e.g., corporate crimes, stock market crashes). In four studies, we examined whether differences in appraisal of the economic world explain ideological differences in stock market participation and neoliberal economic policy preferences. The findings reveal that liberals perceive the stock market as a more dangerous and riskier place than conservatives. This asymmetry explains liberals' cautious investment behaviors, their greater support for regulation of the stock market, and their greater opposition to privatization of Social Security. We argue that liberals' greater support for these policies serves to protect investors and the general public from the perceived harms of the economic world. Our findings suggest that the psychological processes underlying threat management and uncertainty reduction are similar for conservatives and liberals, but these processes are context dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of crime and the different types of crimes included in Revised Book VI, comparing it with the previous version of Book VI in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, and highlighting similarities, differences and novelties. Some critical commentary is also provided, comprising proposals de iure condendo. The new system of titles categorizing the different crimes is discussed, as one of the most innovative and positive elements of the reform. The new types of crime outlined in Part II of the new Book VI are briefly described, except those in c. 1398, which would require more detailed, separate study. The author also analyzes the origins of the newly included crimes. Finally, the paper describes the most innovative and positive aspects of Revised Book VI, such as the formulation of the principle of the presumption of innocence, new financial crimes, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal Canon Law maintained the imputability of moral persons until CIC 17. Corporate crimes and punishments disappeared from Book VI CIC 83. This issue was not taken into account in the reform promulgated in 2021. In the meantime, secular legislation has introduced the criminal liability of legal persons, including that of recognized religious entities. Corporate criminal culpability is consistent with the canonical tradition. This study presents the teachings of Johannes Teutonicus and Bernardus Compostellanus Antiquus, which were included in the revision of the Glossa Ordinaria to Gratian's Decretum by Bartolomaeus Brixiensis. It is rare for a universitas to commit a crime, but it is not impossible. Irrespective of civil liabilities ex delicto, the moral person and its members may be punished with spiritual or corporal penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the civil juridical personhood of many ecclesiastical entities, they are potential subjects of "corporate criminal liability". The main focus here is on the canonical specificity of ecclesiastical subjects, the primary political-criminal dimension of this form of liability (which applies mainly to companies), and the crimes that may be committed in an ecclesiastical context (especially financial crimes and the cover-up of child abuse). In light of these considerations, new requirements for oversight by ecclesiastical authorities are envisaged. A compliance model to prevent the cover-up of child abuse is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated trust-violating economic crimes committed in businesses and at public and non-profit organizations by employees with problem gambling. Verdicts delivered by the Swedish general courts over a five-year period (N = 283,884) were subject to a keyword search, and verdicts matching the search criteria (n = 1,232) were examined in detail, identifying 62 such cases. A notable finding was that middle-aged women with no previous criminal record were overrepresented compared with women in national statistics on crimes in general. Non-profit organizations and public services were relatively ineffective in detecting gambling-driven trust-violating crimes. The implications of our findings for criminological theory are discussed; the results lend support to Donald Cressey's theory of trust-violating crime as driven by a non-shareable problem and agree with the 'fraud triangle' conceptualization. We conclude that although these gambling-driven crimes are relatively rare, the risk of them occurring should not be ignored by businesses and organizations as the consequences can be severe and, for small businesses, sometimes devastating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina has taken a protagonist role in corporate accountability for crimes against humanity committed during the past authoritarian regime (1976-1983). This study examines in-depth the factors that allowed for those advances. It highlights the role of victims, human rights groups, and their advocates in demanding justice for gross human rights violations perpetrated by an alliance of economic and state actors involved in them. It considers the role institutional innovators within the judicial realm played to advance these demands, translating them into legal actions. This combination of forces 'from below' has made Argentina a leader in corporate accountability, capable of overcoming barriers posed by a powerful veto by the business sector. Not all from below processes advance victims' rights, however. Using an original database of cases, the article develops an Archimedes' Lever approach for explaining how cases move along an accountability continuum. Specifically, in the right context and with the right tools, even relatively weak victims in the Global South can lift the weight of corporate accountability. The article concludes by highlighting the tools that are transferable to other country contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fidelity Coverage Analysis Analysis of a fidelity claim will vary depending on whether it covers employee dishonesty or employee theft and based on the circumstances surrounding the fraudulent scheme perpetrated by the employee. 3d 512, 518 (D.N.J. 2015) (holding that kickbacks an employee received from a colluding vendor satisfied the employee theft insuring agreement but that padded amounts paid to the vendor for legitimate services due to the employee misconduct were not covered). Further, identifying the steps in the employee's scheme is necessary to determine whether a loss results directly from employee dishonesty or employee theft. However, issues can arise where a defalcating employee is involved in a kickback scheme containing a mix of legitimate and illegitimate services.24 Query what an insured loses if an employee retains a vendor that renders legitimate services to the insured at a fair price but pays a kickback to the employee for the procurement of the service contract. [Extracted from the article]