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The main idea of this article is the necessity to take into account the multi-variant technological and organizational solutions of individual construction works in order to ensure rational planning for the implementation of construction projects. In practice, selection of construction works most often limited to the evaluation of technological and organizational solutions on the basis of time and cost criteria. However, it should be remembered that construction projects usually have a complex technological and organizational structure. This fact may increase the durations and costs of individual works in relation to their planned durations and costs. Therefore, the authors propose to take into account the criterion of technological and organizational complexity of the assessed construction work. The article describes the procedure for the technological and organizational optimization of construction works. A numerical example of the method of selecting technological and organizational solutions with the use of a fuzzy relation of preferences is also presented. The article also proposes to combine the computational selection model with the network planning model in a graphic form. This approach expands the computational and decision-making possibilities of network models in the practice of planning construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry plays a major role in the boost of the country's economy, providing basic facilities for residential and creating thousands of job opportunities. During COVID-19, the construction sectors in Sindh Pakistan was highly suffered and leading to delays in the completion of projects. As the construction sector was globally affected, building construction projects were also affected by completing the projects on estimated time and cost. Thus, this research investigates the significant factors of time and cost that affected the Hyderabad building construction projects during COVID-19 situation. Questionnaire surveys were designed to collect data from the employees working on building projects in Sindh Pakistan. The collected data was analyzed through the Average Index method. Unsafe working environment; shortage of workers; and increasing project cost was observed as significant factors that were highly affected during COVID-19. The results and findings shall be supportive for stakeholders to take into consideration of factors in the early stage of the expected pandemic situation. This research suggested that the stakeholders shall modify or amend the contract clause regarding for pandemic situation and incorporate the identified factors in the contract that should be considered by stakeholders to save the time and cost of the projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does initial placement in a temporary work contract affect workers' subsequent labor market outcomes? We study a unique set of natural experiments: In the mid-1990s, the Japanese airline industry implemented a new hiring policy using temporary employment contracts. The policy was later reversed in the mid-2010s. Examining the universe of employment records from one of Japan's major airlines as well as government surveys to compare outcomes for cohorts of flight attendants hired just before to those hired just after these changes in industry policy, we find that workers starting on temporary contracts were less likely to remain with the firm over time and are less likely to have children within 10 years after starting the job. These findings do not appear to be the result of selection on observables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So a worker might be a subcontractor for a large firm but not have access to that firm's pension or health policy (and might be too well off to qualify for means-tested noncontributory pension or health programs, even if these were on offer from the government. The COVID-19 pandemic yet again exposed the vast divide in working conditions across Latin America. Melina Altamirano, Sarah Berens, and Franziska Deeg's study of social policy preferences in Mexico closes the issue with a counterintuitive finding: informal workers support social assistance policy at lower rates than formal workers. Many governments struggled to provide social assistance and employment relief to workers and businesses without formal documents (Blofield et al. 2020; Filgueira and Blofield 2020; Hummel et al. 2021). First, as governments extend noncontributory social policies, many workers without formal labor arrangements have access to social programs. [Extracted from the article]

There, heightened alarm over slaves who escaped to Mexico and slave owners' inability to retrieve them legally soon whipped up demands for ever stronger laws to protect slavery within the United States. Mexican courts refused to permit slavery (though they permitted ten-year labor contracts) in Tejas and, most crucially, they would not permit slave owners to mount human dragnet operations to round up escaped slaves. Then, Baumgartner adds something completely new - a full-on comparison to Mexico's early nineteenth-century struggle to abolish slavery and to provide citizenship for everyone, including formerly enslaved people from the United States. [Extracted from the article]

F or decades C anadian trade unionists have expressed frustration with the grievance arbitration system, but this tends to be limited to criticisms of the legalistic nature of the process and the costs and delays involved in getting a judgement. There is little discussion or debate about the denial of the right to strike, which is the central feature of the system. Nor is there much discussion about approaches to contract enforcement that situate legal strategies in broader political strategies to use worker power effectively, including the withdrawal of labour. This study investigates how the United Electrical Workers (ue), a left-led union, defended workers' rights at Canadian General Electric (cge) and Westinghouse in the early years of the new legal regime. pecifically, it charts the North American origins of grievance arbitration systems, sketches the development of personnel policies in the electrical industry, surveys the ue Canadian district's struggle to establish contractual relations and codify workplace rights at these two corporations, reconstructs the elements of ue's approach to contract enforcement, and reviews a number of mid-contract work stoppages at cge and Westinghouse between 1946 and 1966 to determine how the union, workers, employers, and arbitrators negotiated the ban on grievance strikes as they adjusted to new legislation and new collective agreement language. P endant des décennies, les syndicalistes canadiens ont exprimé leur frustration à l'égard du système d'arbitrage des griefs, mais cela tend à se limiter aux critiques sur la nature légaliste du processus, ainsi que sur les coûts et les retards liés à l'obtention d'un jugement. Il y a peu de discussions ou de débats sur la dénégation du droit de grève, qui est la caractéristique centrale du système. Il n'y a pas non plus beaucoup de discussions sur les méthodes d'application des contrats qui situent les stratégies juridiques dans des stratégies politiques plus larges pour utiliser efficacement le pouvoir des travailleurs, y compris le retrait du travail. Cette étude examine comment le United Electrical Workers (ue), un syndicat dirigé par la gauche, a défendu les droits des travailleurs chez Canadian General Electric (cge) et Westinghouse dans les premières années du nouveau régime juridique. Plus précisément, elle retrace les origines nord-américaines des systèmes d'arbitrage des griefs, esquisse le développement des politiques du personnel dans l'industrie électrique, passe en revue les difficultés rencontrées par le district canadien de l'ue pour établir des relations contractuelles et codifier les droits du travail dans ces deux entreprises, reconstruit les éléments de l'approche de l'ue à l'exécution des contrats et examine un certain nombre d'arrêts de travail à mi-contrat chez cge et Westinghouse entre 1946 et 1966 pour déterminer comment le syndicat, les travailleurs, les employeurs et les arbitres ont négocié l'interdiction des grèves de grief à mesure qu'elles s'adaptaient à la nouvelle législation et au nouveau libellé de la convention collective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which labour and employment law form an autonomous subsystem within the legal order is a significant matter in labour relations scholarship. Human capability theory helps explain how open legal constructs for structuring personal work relations are emerging in a relatively autonomous manner. Similarly, concepts of relational rights and relational contract theory assist in understanding the relatively autonomous development of restorative labour market regulation, with both substantive and procedural dimensions. Moreover, dramatic changes in freedom of association doctrine under the Charter, which now procedurally protect collective bargaining, the right to strike and the independence of unions from management, provide space for relatively autonomous regulation of the unionized economic sector. However, there is far less constitutional protection for substantive norms governing workplace relations. Nonetheless, the relative autonomy of labour and employment law may constitute a barrier against illiberal, populist distortion of labour market regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service level agreement (SLA) is an essential agreement formed between a consumer and a provider in business activities. The SLA defines the business terms, objectives, obligations and commitment of both parties to a business activity, and in cloud computing it also defines a consumer's request for both fixed and variable resources, due to the elastic and dynamic nature of the cloud-computing environment. Providers need to thoroughly analyze such variability when forming SLAs to ensure they commit to the agreements with consumers and at the same time make the best use of available resources and obtain maximum returns. They can achieve this by entering into viable SLAs with consumers. A consumer's profile becomes a key element in determining the consumer's reliability, as a consumer who has previous service violation history is more likely to violate future service agreements; hence, a provider can avoid forming SLAs with such consumers. In this paper, we propose a novel optimal SLA formation architecture from the provider's perspective, enabling the provider to consider a consumer's reliability in committing to the SLA. We classify existing consumers into three categories based on their reliability or trustworthiness value and use that knowledge to ascertain whether to accept a consumer request for resource allocation, and then to determine the extent of the allocation. Our proposed architecture helps the service provider to monitor the behavior of service consumers in the post-interaction time phase and to use that information to form viable SLAs in the pre-interaction time phase to minimize service violations and penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the categorization of social space in five European countries, Germany, Belgium, Spain, France and Poland. It draws on analysis of reactions to the European Socio-economic Classification (ESeC) prototype designed by social science researchers for Eurostat. Looking beyond the logic underpinning the prototype, our work investigates how "ordinary" people understand the structuring of social space in different national contexts. By studying how respondents react to ESeC categories, we were able to address how they develop their own categories that guide them in social space. Through an experimental survey based on a list of occupations, classified according to the ESeC categories, we tested the self-consistency of the prototype by submitting it to ordinary individuals. Our results demonstrate that the respondents found it difficult to understand the main organizational principles of ESeC. We conclude by questioning the ability of the European classification system in question to take into account the diverse national socio-economic realities that still characterize the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present the companies that provide telecommunications services need to establish service level agreements with customers to agree and set the quality of services to offer. To establish service level agreements allow for multiple benefits to customers and service providers. There are a lot of existing initiatives for standardization of those agreements in various scenarios, but these have a high complexity and apply them to networks of entities that provide telecommunications services in non-commercial way would be complex and the tools to manage such agreements are generally proprietary software. In this article it is established a proposal to be applied to non-commercial networks that allows to manage service level agreements at the execution stage. To check out the operation of the proposal a software was developed, that is also showed up in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a column-generation-based heuristic procedure to solve a generalized version of the multisource Weber problem where in addition to the transportation cost we also consider staffing level costs that arise due to consideration of service level constraints. Traditional solution procedures for the multisource Weber problem do not take into account the staffing costs. Our contribution is towards addressing this gap. We develop a lower bound for the problem using which we evaluate the performance of the heuristic procedure on problems of different sizes and cost parameters. Our computational experience indicates that problems with up to 100 customer regions can be solved using the heuristic within five minutes of computational time on average. The average gap is less than 5% for a majority of problem instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the decision of the High Court of Australia in the court case "Commonwealth Commercial Bank of Australia v Barker." Topics discussed include mutual trust and confidence in all contracts of employment in the country, development of the trust and confidence term, and decision of a court in the case "Courtaulds Northern Textiles Ltd v Andrew" concerning employment contracts.

The article looks at the decisions of the Missouri courts related to employment laws as of March 2015. It mentions litigations developed by the stat courts related to employment including the contributing factor standard on workers' compensation retaliation claims as per the 'Templemire v. W & M Welding,' Independent Contractor laws in the 'State ex rel. Sir v. Gateway Taxi Management Co.' and arbitration provisions on biased arbitrator in 'State ex rel Hewitt v. Kerr' case.

Youth today spend years moving in and out of different education and employment statuses until they settle into stable employment. This 14-year Canadian longitudinal study reveals how month-to-month fluctuations in employment and educational statuses from age 19 to 25 predict employment success at age 32. Early employment instability was linked to lower income at age 32 and, among men, to lower occupational status and career satisfaction. However, for those who had made at least one career change, employment fluctuation had a positive effect on income and career satisfaction. Greater fluctuation in educational status was associated with higher occupational status at age 32. In general, labor market instability in the early 20smight best be described as floundering, while educational status changes more often reflect exploring. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents the claim that the current transition from service to knowledge employment impacts income inequality in a manner that is comparable to the previous transition from agriculture to industry. This contention is tested by an employment transition index that calculates the difference of employment between the higher- and lower-paid sectors of the economy. The calculation of this index is consistent with Kuznets’s view that income inequality increases during the early stages of industrialization due to the presence of a small and higher-wage modern sector that encroaches on the total numbers employed in the large and lower-wage traditional sector. However, income inequality eventually declines with continued industrialization as more workers enter the modern sector of the economy. Results confirm the central argument of this study for a panel of 25 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries from 1980 to 2008. According to the findings, classical Kuznetsian variables such as sector-dualism are not significant and/or signed in unanticipated directions in their prediction of income inequality. Instead, the employment transition index returns robust negative associations with income inequality and consistently outperforms sector-dualism. Furthermore, knowledge employment returns positive and significant connections with the dependent variable net of the employment transition index. These results confirm that both between- and within-sector employment patterns are key determinants of income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the importance of online services in the modern society. It mentions that online services oftentimes result to privatisation of needed services, which include outsourcing of the said services and is necessary to avoid employment. It discusses the benefits and convenience of digital media.

The article offers information about the common law remedies and relational contracting in reference to McNeil v. Aberdeen CC. Topics discussed include right of employees to resign from the job and claim against the employer for breach of contracts, terms of obligations and contracts in reference to the Scots law and the laws made for the regulation of employment contracts. It further discusses the role of Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) in the regulation of employment contracts.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the impact of structural reform when managed in market contracting, the interactions of labor market and corporate governance, and risks of the over-regulation of corporation governance.

This paper studies the working conditions of workers with different forms of typical and atypical work contracts. The paper uses the European Working Conditions Survey from 2005 and 2010 which allows following the trends over time. The study has two main goals. In the first part it aims to map the structure of working contracts with regard to socio-demographic and geographic structure of labour force. In the second part this study investigates the primafacie relationships between the work contracts and working conditions. Firstly, the main findings reveal that the use of the a/typical working contracts has changed between 2005 and 2010 and is conditioned especially by sector, region and workers' age. Secondly, the results do not support the thesis that atypical workers would be exposed to worse working conditions than typical workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partir de una base de datos exhaustiva de las empresas de veinte asalariados o más de la industria francesa de 1984 a 2003, las autoras cuantifican el recurso a la subcontratación y ponen de manifiesto su generalización a partir de mediados de los años ochenta, así como la sustitución del trabajo interno por trabajo externo que de ello se deriva. El análisis empírico de las motivaciones conduce a pensar en comportamientos de evitación de los efectos de la relación de trabajo y de las obligaciones del empleador en virtud del derecho laboral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a brief overview of the policies and principles underlying the law respecting covenants against competition by ex-employees contained in non-competition agreements and urges to reconsider non-compete geographic restrictions. It explains the laws regarding geographic restrictions in Missouri. It mentions the court case Whelan Security Co. v. Kennebrew to refer the issue while discussing various aspects of the case in regard to geographic restrictions.

For a large scale cloud cluster, providing data access which crosses through high performance computing servers, network and storage servers, and scheduling resources among multi-tenants are challenging jobs, especially with specific level of quality of service (QoS) requirements. Besides the criteria of current availability and reliability in service level agreement (SLA), throughput and latency are also critical QoS performance measurements to the tenants. Any QoS solution, unfortunately, cannot be achieved without introducing additional overhead. A good QoS design should always be cost effective. This paper proposes a cost-effective QoS infrastructure over a distributed storage system, providing work-conserving differentiated QoS for multi-tenants cloud storage. The proposed QoS infrastructure combines global service differentiation with adaptive share allocation to support differentiated QoS and achieves both service isolation among users from the same class and service differentiation among users from different classes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on partial termination in construction projects. Topics include how market conditions impact the construction industry, the breach of construction contracts, and condominium law in Florida. Topics include the problem of 'phantom units' in condominiums, the market perception of construction projects, and common expenses.

A nation's construction industry plays a pivotal role in the nation's development. While the arrangement and organisation of participants for construction procurement is critical to project delivery, participants are often faced with a maze of possible procurement paths. This study used 94 construction projects in Nigeria that were executed or being executed with the traditional or integrated project procurement methods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using dependent and independent variables. A model for predicting the chosen procurement method evolved from this analysis. The developed model was significant, and its robustness was validated. The model's predictive use is recommended for projects in the research environment. Further examination of ethical and cultural issues with respect to construction procurement in the research environment is recommended. Furthermore, a similar study should be done in countries with similar or dissimilar characteristics to elicit the effects of geographical and cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian Parliament adopted the new Labour Code, which came into effect on the 1st of July 2012. The main objective of the reform is flexibilisation of labour law, in order to increase the employment rate by promoting competitiveness of employers. This new orientation of labour law policy has been widely criticised, since the immediate effect of the new Act is the reduction of employee protection. Firstly, the article describes the main objectives and background of the labour law reform. Secondly, we elucidate conceptual changes in the fields of sources of labour law, collective rights and atypical forms of employment. The main question concerning the reform is, what effects may be expected as a consequence of flexibilising employment protection legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms involved in contracting and implementation of customised high-tech products face a number of challenges in their relationships with customers because of the underlying variability of complex technologies. Existing research proposes the use of rational decision models and represents technology as an input to the firm's production function that generates a specific return on investment when used appropriately. As such, existing research does not account for the parties' varying interpretations of complex technology. If these interpretations are not revealed and resolved they may decrease customer satisfaction and create problems in the efficiency of technology use within the firm. This study investigates the potential of the inquiring dialogue approach for improving information sharing about technology interpretations held by the different parties. An empirical case study of a customised high-tech product in the software industry is analysed. Based on the insights obtained, we discuss the potential use of inquiring dialogue as a means to reveal information about the different interpretations held by the parties involved in contracting and implementing a customised high-tech product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of ongoing debates within the legal academy and the American Bar Association on the needfor "practice-ready" law school graduates through enhanced attention to law clinics and externships and on the status of faculty teaching in those courses, this report identifies and evaluates the most appropriate modes for clinical faculty appointments. Drawing on data collected through a survey of clinical program directors andfaculty, the report analyzes the five most identifiable clinical faculty models: unitary tenure track; clinical tenure track; long-term contract; short-term contract; and clinical fellowships. It determines that, despite great strides in the growth of clinical legal education in the last 30 years, equality between clinical and non-clinical faculty remains elusive. Clinical faculty still lag behind non-clinical faculty in security ofposition and governance rights at most law schools. The report then identifies four core principles that should guide decisions about clinical faculty appointments: 1) clinical education is a foundational and essential component of legal education; 2) the legal academy and profession benefit from full inclusion of clinical faculty on all matters affecting the mission, function, and direction of law schools; 3) there is no justification for creating hierarchies between clinical and non-clinical faculty; and 4) the standards for hiring, retention, and promotion of clinical faculty must recognize and value the responsibilities and methodologies of clinical teaching. The report concludes that these core principles are best realized when full-time clinical faculty are appointed to a unitary tenure track. This conclusion does not ignore the imperfections of a tenure system. However, to the extent that tenure remains the strongest measure of the legal academy's investment in its faculty and is the surest guarantee of academic freedom, inclusion in faculty governance and job security, the report recommends that law schools predominantly place their clinical faculty on dedicated tenure lines. In addition, it recommends that schools implement standards for hiring, promotion, and retention that reflect the teaching responsibilities and methodologies, as well as practice and service obligations, unique to their clinical faculty. To facilitate the development of such standards, the report suggests good practices for the appointment of clinical faculty on a unitary tenure track [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of flow variation and how they affect construction project performance have been studied by previous researchers. One aspect that has not been well researched is how work flow variation and labor productivity are related in construction practice. To study that issue, 134 weeks of project production data were collected and analyzed to explore this relationship. Labor productivity was found to be positively correlated with Percent Plan Complete (PPC), a measure of work flow variation. The relationship between productivity and the ratio of total task completion to planned tasks, weekly workload, weekly work output, and weekly work hours was also studied, and no significant correlation was found. The results suggest that productivity is not improved by completing as many tasks as possible regardless of the plan, nor from increasing workload, work output, or the number of work hours expended. In contrast, productivity does improve when work flow is made more predictable. These findings can help project managers focus on actual drivers of productivity. It can also help consulting companies pinpoint responsibility for productivity losses in claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emerges from a narrative inquiry focused on academics' perceptions of marginalization and belonging in Canadian universities. Through multiple conversational interviews over a 4-year period, the 15 participants described the ways they came to learn that the academy is not the benevolent place they had at one time imagined. Participants once believed their employment contracts were reciprocal agreements of loyalty with their institutions. We heard echoes of Paul Simon's song, 'There Must be Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover' as the participants shared stories of their efforts to disengage from their contractual agreements when they no longer felt desired or appreciated by their institutions. Their stories reflect a gradual recognition that academic troth is premised on the ruling relations of the academy and that self-preservation sometimes demands disengagement. We emphasize the ways that disengagement leads to both personal and communal loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis is dedicated to the 17 measures of the 2012 labor reform that affect employment contracts and dismissal. The reform of 2012 has a greater impact on the regulation of termination of the employment contract that in hiring. While the model of fixed-term contracts remains virtually intact, unless recovery art.15.5 ET limit in contractual chains with the same worker, the normative layoffs change facilitating extinction and reducing costs. The normative changed has some asymmetry, because the changes in termination of the employment contract are not used to promote open-ended contracts. So perhaps the bet single contract integrated on these new rules, would have been more balanced and transformative reform option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the regulation of the Cuban labor market after slavery was abolished there in 1886, specifically with regards to the former slaves working in the sugarcane industry. The author notes that the sugar mill workers were controlled by the mill owners -- formerly slave owners -- through the means of contracts, regulated wages and a judicial campaign against vagrancy. The relationship between the workers and owners is described, and it is noted that despite being legally freed from slavery, most workers found their labor and living conditions unchanged, as they were bound to their employers by laws against vagrancy, strict regulation of wages and a lack of other options for employment.

The concession of public work is one of the modalities in which the association public - private in Chile is demonstrated. By virtue of this one, the State entrusts to the private one the execution, conservation or repair of a public fiscal work in exchange for the right to exploit it in the terms stipulated in the respective contract of concession. It is a question of a relatively new system with tremendously successful results for a country as Chile: 67 projects awarded by an approximate investment of US$11.700 million. Great part of the success of this system is attributed to the existence of a juridical statute that protects and guarantees adequately the interests of all the involved actors, be these reports of the contract or third that relate to her. In the present document, the author does a review to the historical evolution of the Law of Concessions of Public Works up to its more recent modification in 2010. For reasons of development, the principal modifications introduced by each of the promulgated laws are being checked according to the opinion of the author. The aim of the work is to exhibit, in the international concert this evolution, having in consideration that this juridical statute is of habitual diffusion in international forums. No doubt, the main conclusion of this article is that the Law of Concessions of Public Works of Chile is a product of a long and costly learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the employment rights of medical residents under the non-negotiable employment contract in the U.S. It provides a brief historical overview of medical residents within the employment setting. It discusses various issues regarding employment faced by medical residents. Also presented are various legislative and policy reform proposals with respect to medical resident employment and the workplace.

The article focuses recommendations regarding the application of the International Federation of Consultant Engineers (FIDIC) construction contracts in Romania. The Ministry of Economy and Finances have created a project for PHARE technical assistance, with the goal of transposing the General Conditions of FIDIC Contracts in the legislation. It notes that the FIDIC norms had the goal of driving the public acquisition contracts that encountered serious difficulties in the previous years.

The article explores the provisions of the Miller Act, granting a material supplier the recovery of the labor and materials supplied to a federal construction project in cases if the subcontracting party fails to pay to the ordered resources. With the concern of the material supplier, the general contractor can be consulted for the surety of payment. Moreover, the Miller Act has failed to provide the full scope of recovery, particularly on service charges, repair costs, and other related costs.

Firms have increasingly moved productive activities from within to outside the firm through outsourcing arrangements. According to some estimates, the value of outsourcing contracts has been nearly 100 billion dollars per year since 2004. Firm outsourcing happens for a number of reasons, including to save labor costs, capture the benefits of regulatory arbitrage, and take advantage of economies of scale in the provision of firm needs. We review a number of outsourcing contracts for evidence that contract techniques are used to help modularize the relationship between the firm and its service provider. Consistent with what modularity theory might predict, some contract terms seem to work to thin the interactions between the firm and its service provider, and this thinning serves to make contracting for otherwise intrafirm services more feasible. Other contract terms serve to help the parties manage the fact that inevitably their relationship will be thick with interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overtime , man characterized himself through a more or less intense spatial mobility depending on the natural, social and especially economic conditions be cause of some rejection factors in the departure region (origin), as well as of some attraction factors in the arrival area (destination). The mobility represents a form of population movement relating to the needs of production. The mobility does not affect in the same way and in the same measure all the population range , but it refers to adults ( less elders), to men etc. The mobility of labor force is a complex phenomenon which implies the circulation among the employees, among the professions and different stages of the career, between different types of contracts as well as inside or outside labor market. The internal mobility of labor force, that is , the regional mobility has an important role in the redistribution of labor. The mobility can also be the effect of the economic politics of regional development, when these want to attract higher qualified people , with capital and ideas to assisted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax credits were introduced in 2003 as the main instrument to deliver the Labour government's commitments to increase work incentives, make work pay and reduce poverty levels among working families. This paper uses a case study of one family over several years to explore and illustrate the experience of being in the tax credit system. The analysis highlights the importance of tax credits to family income, but also the negative impact of late and incorrect payments, payments that varied in inexplicable ways, reductions in awards for overpayments and the lack of detailed information about awards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the legal components of the boarding agreement shows that this contract, in fact, is an individual employment contract concluded for a fixed period, with a particular suite of elements determined by very specific of the sailor profession. The individual boarding agreement is an undefined legal concept, which incidentally regulates the meaning of "individual employment contract concluded for a fixed period" by employees who are part of the crew [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]