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Late 19th-century Singapore is considered the centre for the printing and distribution of Muslim-Malay lithographed texts in the Malay archipelago. In 1890, the island's print output was approximately six million pages, with many of these printed from lithography. Thus informed, our recent readings of Singapore's role in regional histories of the printed book tend to locate its prominence along contemporary, national lines – this is anachronistic. The island, historically, was neither nation nor state, but a British colonial settlement. Singapore's advantageous geographical position certainly established it as a prominent site for book production and distribution. However, the existing corpus of lithographed publications, printed at multiple localities, indicate a broader range of regional locations involved in Muslim printing. These texts, from mushaf to syair, often feature printed defects and paratextual marks on their pages. Informed by approaches from analytical bibliography and printing history, the materiality of these marks and defects can be 'read' to identify specific print production techniques. These, in turn, suggest printing methods that were common in British and Dutch territories, and beyond – an indication of the mobility of techniques, materials, and practitioners within the lithographic trade, and the collaborative nature of print enterprises in the Malay world. By discussing these printed marks, this article will (a) re-situate and revise our understanding of interactions and practices within the Muslim-Malay lithographic printing trade; and (b) posit the notion that late 19th-century Singapore is not the locus, but one of several sites of significance within a regional 'constellation' of printing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a discovery made by the author involving the wrong manuscript of calligrapher Şekerzâde being printed by the Ottoman Empire. It was initially illegal to sell printed copies of the Qurʾan in Ottoman lands, as cutting letters of the verses was deemed disrespectful. After foreign-printed copies began circulating, the position of the Ottoman government was forced to change. Thereby, the Ministry of Education, led by Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, was commissioned to produce a printed Qurʾan. However, the governmental body accidentally printed a manuscript that Şekerzâde wrote in Istanbul, while indicating it was the Qurʾan he wrote in Medina. Through careful examination, including translations of the inscriptions, this error was noticed for the first time. This paper presents an introduction to Ottoman reverence for the Qurʾan, a history of the printing process, background information of Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, and evidence regarding the mistake made when printing the manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the sermon that Matthew Parker preached at the funeral of Martin Bucer is more complicated than has been thought. It is generally known that the first printing of 1551 was subsequently translated from English into Latin for a European audience in 1562 (printed in that year and again in 1577), and then published in English a second time, in a 1587 imprint that is thought to be a second edition. What is not generally known is that the second English printing was a translation of the 1562/1577 Latin version, and that in the process of translation and re-translation, Parker's original sermon was stripped of nearly 60 per cent of its content, as a eulogy that followed the sermon was misattributed to Walter Haddon at some point just prior to 1562. The present article seeks to explain how this came to pass, and argues that the 1551 imprint should replace the 1587 as the primary text for what Parker said of Bucer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable theatrical history of Joseph Addison's 1713 tragedy Cato is well known, but the play is also an exceptional case in book history. This essay looks in detail at its two entirely distinct "first" editions. It resolves the relationship between these two editions and considers the quite different problems they raise for the bibliographer: the one of how we distinguish between edition and issue in a context of frenzied publication, standing type, and incremental resetting; the other, of how a manifestly substandard and suspicious edition came to carry the self-proclaimed hallmark of the play's true publisher, Jacob Tonson. The early print history of Addison's Cato , this essay shows, both puts pressure on the language of bibliography and also marks an important and revealing episode in a number of larger histories: those of the Tonson house, of book piracy and copyright protection, and of the bestseller. Appendices provide bibliographical descriptions of the 1713 Qα and Qβ editions, press variants of the earliest three issues of Qα, and uncorrected errors in Qβ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a metadata approach, this article explores the history of printing, publishing, print culture and writing in Africa during the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence periods, particularly in areas where oral tradition held sway prior to European colonization. Topics include the history of the book, the history of writing including the hieroglyphics of Egypt, the influence of missionaries on reading and writing skills in Africa, and the creation of written native languages in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Researchers of Omani literature unanimously agree that the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the foundational stages of fiction writing in the Sultanate of Oman with the first story collections published in the early 1980s. However, there is no consensus yet on the title of the first published collection5 due to the absence of documentation of the printing history of these collections. The evolution stage as seen by Aziza AlTa’ei took place in the decade subsequent to the 1990s (i.e. 2000- 2010); the first ten years of the second millennium of the twenty-first century. The year 2010 is viewed as a pivotal year for the Omani novel because it witnessed the publication of the “Celestial Bodies”6 novel by novelist and academician Jokha AlHarthi. After this event, history can document a new stage for the Omani novels, one that can be said to be mature enough to start experimenting on creative writing. Thereafter, the Omani literature, started to contribute substantially to the world, reflecting on a deep-rooted history of humankind. In this paper, a comparison is made between the foundational stage and the maturity stage in novel writing by examining two works from each stage. The researchers sought to make selections based on variations of gender and styles so as to objectively examine how elements of structure and narration techniques were leveraged at every stage. This paper raises a very critical question: what are the significant and palpable features that defined and framed the development of narrative writing in the Omani novel? The answer to this question may explain how numerous Omani novelists and writers, from both genders, were successful recipients of prominent pan-Arab and international prizes in novel writing over the past five years. Study Samples From the foundational stage – which is divided by Aziza Al-Ta’ei into two phases –the researchers selected the novel authored by Abdulla Al-Ta’ei “Angels of Al-Jebel Al-Akhdar” which was published in 1956 to set a starting point for the early stages of fiction writing in Oman. Aziza Al-Ta’ei dubbed this novel as ‘the novel of the beginning’, a phase that continued up to 1987. The next stage, which is identified by Aziza as the foundational stage, spans the time between 1989 to 1999, and is represented by the novel “Wandering Around the Burning Wood” – written by Badriya Al-Shihhi and published by the Arabic Institute for Research & Publishing, Beirut. For the maturity stage, the researchers examined “Dilshad – Story of Hunger and Satiety” 7 authored by Bushra Khalfan and released in 2021 by Takween Publishing, along with “Exile of the Water Divider” by Zahran AlQasmi to add diversity to the samples and perspectives. Objectives of the Study The study is intended to achieve several objectives including: To compare between novels of the foundational stage and novels of the maturity stage based on elements of the narrative structure – characters, time and space, narrative techniques in terms of style, perspective and reflection on 7Dilshad was earlier shortlisted for the 2022 International Prize for Arabic Fiction (AKA Arab Booker Prize) and won the 2022 Katara Prize for Arabic Novel alongside the Algerian Ezzedine Jalaouji for his novel “Embrace of Snakes” and history or myths from a special philosophical angle. To identify the features of development and maturity in contemporary novels through the selected samples. To describe the elements of the narrative structure by examining the novels representing the two stages. To illustrate the role of experimentation and mechanisms in the evolution of the narrative structure in light of the models selected for the study. Methodology of the Study The comparative approach is used to compare foundational novels against contemporary novels based on description and analysis of the samples selected for the study. The researcher leveraged the structural studies founded by the Russian formalists toward the study of narration, in particular Gérard Genette’s and the techniques set forth by the narratological studies as feature of post modernity novels and experimentation mechanisms that seemed modern in the contemporary narratives. Conclusions The study draws several conclusions. It found that the narrative structure of the Omani novel evolved and developed significantly compared to the traditional narrative approach. The Omani novel is found to venture into unknow territories, go deeper with experimentation and demonstrate creativity in the narrative techniques that lend the novel a depth and philosophical existential perspective. The study also found that the Omani novel is not confined to a sole protagonist who is typically extravagantly celebrated, but encompassed several divergent voices and overlapping stories in a manner that sets the novel into a philosophical interpretation reflective of the existential time and memory. They further employ civilizational and mythical history in a way that charms the reader with its seamless narrative flow and poetic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been debate about the claim that Henry James's first American edition of Daisy Miller sold twenty thousand copies in a matter of weeks. This note aims to settle that debate by providing evidence in favor of the work's popularity through an analysis of Harper and Sons' printing and royalty records, James's letters, contemporary printing practices, and copies of the books themselves. I identify seven separate distinct impressions of this title printed in the period between its initial publication on September 9, 1878, and October 1881, and I conclude that because of a seven-month gap in the Harper records after the initial print order, there were undoubtedly one or more impressions printed in this period, copies of which have not yet been found. In addition, I show that a $200 check from Harpers to James (a check that has clouded the conversation over the novel's popularity) was not a royalty payment on Daisy Miller , but payment for the purchase by Harpers of the copyright of James's story An International Episode. Attached as appendices are details of each of the seven impressions and abstracts from the royalty records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a brief review of the history of printing, centred around the life and inventions of Johannes Gutenberg, who is widely regarded as the father of printing. Starting with what we know of the earliest developments in printing in China, the article will present the little knowledge we have about Gutenberg's life and a summary of his contribution to the invention and development of the printing press and its associated technologies. This will be illuminated by an examination of how his most famous publication, the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, came to be created. Gutenberg's improvements to the chemistry of metal type and printing ink are outlined. The crucial importance of printing on the development of European society in the critical periods of the Reformation and the Renaissance and in the development and culture of science is obvious, but the lasting impact of the language of printing in today's world is surprising. Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the father of printing through his contribution to the invention and development of the printing press and associated technologies such as the chemistry of metal type and printing ink. His work has had a major impact on the development and culture of science and on the language of printing in today's world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 2023, published by the Internationale Gutenberg-Gesellschaft, covers a wide range of topics related to the history of printing, book publishing, printers, and incunabula. The volume includes eleven articles and a review of recent research, with contributions in English, German, French, and Italian. Topics covered include the publications of Richard de Bury's Philobiblon, charges of blood libel and host desecration against Jews, the increase in paper products for book printers, illustrated books, German culinary recipes, and the identity of the author of a treatise on logic. The volume is well-regarded for its scholarly quality, but there are some issues with typos and mistakes in grammar and syntax. [Extracted from the article]

Material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), is currently one of the most widely used technologies. Although promising, the technology is prone to several defects including poor surface quality, low dimensional accuracy, and inadequate mechanical performance caused by weak bonds between successively deposited layers. Studies have shown that bonding between filaments forms above the material's glass transition temperature which makes it essential to study the thermal history of the printing process. Since interlayer bonding is thermally driven, this study has focused on the development of a regression model to predict the average interlayer bonding strength of a part using the thermal history of the printed layers and the process parameter settings. The process parameters studied are deposition temperature, print speed, and layer thickness. This study relies on using finite element analysis (FEA) to obtain the part's thermal history and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the bond quality by performing microstructure analysis. The average interlayer bond strength was assessed by measuring the interlayer bond widths and average weld times of all layers in a printed part. The weld time is the time that the temperature of an extruded filament stays above the glass transition temperature when reheated by an adjacent layer. This study includes experimental validation of the developed predictive models to estimate the average weld time and average bond strength of thin wall samples. Results show that the average bond strength is most significantly influenced by two key variables—the average weld time and layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Oxford History of the Book" is a collection of essays edited by James Raven that challenges the idea of a singular history of the book. The essays explore various aspects of book production, including ancient forms of record-keeping, the impact of printing technologies, and the role of publishers and booksellers. The collection also considers the influence of digital culture on the book industry. With its diverse perspectives and global scope, this volume offers a thought-provoking exploration of the history and future of the book. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to explore the history of scribes in the printing world. Scribes of printers were first needed with the using of lithography in the Ottoman World and by the time they became an actor of printing and publishing world. Printing clerks were first needed in the Ottoman world with the use of lithography, and in time they became an actor in the world of printing and publishing. Although they initially wrote books for lithographic printers, as new printing techniques develop, they wrote not only books but also business cards, invitations, company invoices, etc. Scribes of printers entered the market as freelance workers, then took permanent positions in printers and in the 20th century they opened calligraphy stores for printers but their story ended with language reform in 1928. It is emphasized that the development of printing capitalism after 1908 and that scribes became important actors in the new market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new fragmentary witness to Béroul's Tristan , which was previously thought to survive only in a single copy made in the thirteenth century. This fragment appears in a sixteenth-century English bookbinding containing Josephus's History of the Jews printed in Lyon in 1528. This article considers how the evidence of the binding and the fragment reveal new routes for the transmission of Béroul's poem, with implications for our understanding of the circulation of French in later medieval England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the historiographical production about the Cuban printed press of the 20th century. The documentary review confirmed a diversity of theoretical-methodological approaches. From volumes attached to anecdotes, one goes on to texts that try to explain the interdependencies between journalistic production and the context of the complex Cuban 20th century. The still incipient state of studies on the history of the press on the island is confirmed. This review makes it possible to publicize the most important works carried out in recent years and suggest topics that urgently need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note offers a contextual overview of the printing history of Johann Blaeu's 1646 octavo edition of Hugo Grotius's De iure belli ac pacis (IBP). The note examines the printing process of the last edition that was prepared while Grotius was still alive, though it was published after his death. The note also sheds light on the theological dimension of some readers' annotations, and concludes by discussing the impact this edition had on the modern versions of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time of sociocultural changes that started questioning established Islamic learning traditions (independence years, post-Cold War/book market liberalization), printing diasporas exerted influence on the circulation of Islamic texts in East Africa: published overseas (Cairo, Beirut, and the Indian subcontinent) and/or locally reprinted on the Swahili-speaking Islamic coast, they came to play a seminal role in negotiating Swahili Muslim literary culture. How have transoceanic religious and intellectual networks operating beyond national borders become intertwined? In this paper, the beginnings of Swahili Muslim book publishing—and the entities underpinning it, such as Nairobi's Islamic Foundation Center, a Pakistani-oriented charitable foundation—will be outlined. I will then delve into the history of Indian-and-Swahili family-run publishers Adam Traders based in Mombasa in order to tackle hitherto neglected transoceanic connections and patterns of influence across the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective article shows the discovery and developmental journey electrospray printing (aka e-jet printing: electrohydrodynamic jet printing) has taken, demonstrating its contribution, as the leading support free three-dimensional printing technology. Electrospray printing is able to fabricate three-dimensional architectures such as self-standing and overhanging architectures without the need for any kind of support. The technology can handle a wide range of advanced materials (including living cells) to the scaling up of the process for fabricating architectures in the nano and microscale. [Display omitted] In this perspective article the author highlights a revolutionary technology, which makes reality, the ability to print true three-dimensional architectures, containing self-standing and self-supporting overhangs in the nano and micrometer scale, without the need for supports of any kind. There have been many attempts to achieve this feature in the rapid prototyping/additive manufacturing fields but has been met with little or no success. Current approaches to three-dimensional printing of self-standing and overhanging architectures have been achieved with the use of some form of supporting mould, secondary process or structure which could be either in the form of a viscous liquid or a solid structure to the coupling of lasers, temperature etc. Unfortunately, the use of such methodologies brings with them many issues and limitations, while destroying the concept of additive manufacturing. Note the author here defines additive manufacturing as a technology able to add materials when required during the fabrication of a 3D architecture without the need for external assistance or supports. These limitations in classical fabrication processes, restricts the use of advanced materials such as living biological cells to sensitive biomolecules to many others, for the forming of three-dimensional biological and non-biological architectures, whilst also increasing the costs and materials waste, which are required for acting as moulds, supports etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1920s, nearly six identical versions of an ancient printed book, The Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), have been found in Korea. Until very recently, they were believed to be woodblock-printed versions from the 13th to 16th centuries using woodblocks carved from the sheets of a metal-type-printed version from 1239. Two of the six versions were once identified to be woodblock prints in the Goryeo dynasty in the 13th century and designated as Korean treasures in 1984 and 2012. In 2021, one woodblock-printed version printed during the Joseon dynasty in 1526, was designated as a treasure of the Metropolitan city of Seoul, Korea. Historians in Korea have been in heated debate over the printing techniques (metal type print for one version or all woodblock prints) and printing dates (or sequence) of the two versions designated as Korean treasures for the last 50 years. It was almost a never-ending debate with struggles and anger among Korean historians due to the very subjective nature of the examination method and decision-making process by consensus. The heated debates in Korea were never brought to the world's attention, outside of Korea, and are still considered to be a taboo subject in Korea. To conclude this heated debate with direct evidence of metal type printing of the particular version of interests, all six versions were examined by image comparisons and quantitative analyses of inked areas of individual characters, lines of characters, pages and borderlines. All claims against the possibility of metal type printing of the particular version were reviewed thoroughly. Very clear circumstantial and physical evidence for metal type printing of the version designated as a Korean treasure in 2012 was found. The version carries more than metal casting defects and has the smallest inked area (characters with thin strokes) among all six versions. The version of interest was very likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239, as indicated in the imprint, and is definitely the world's oldest extant book, printed using metal type in Korea in 1239, predating Jikji (1377) by 138 years and the 42-line Gutenberg Bible (1455) by 216 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six nearly identical versions of an ancient printed book, The Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), have been found in Korea since the 1920s. All of them were believed to be printed versions from the 13th to 16th centuries that used duplicated woodblocks of a metal-type-printed version from 1239 and its replica. Two of the six versions were designated as Korean treasures in 1984 and 2012. One other version was designated as a treasure of the Metropolitan city of Seoul, Korea in 2021. Since the 1970s, one of two Korean treasures has been identified as a potential movable metal-type-printed book prior to the Jikji printed in Korea in 1377, as recognized by the UNESCO Memory of the World program. The center of heated debates among Korean historians for the last 50 years was over the printing techniques and printing dates (or sequence). Due to the subjective nature of the examination, it was very difficult to reach a consensus. To end this heated debate, all six versions were examined by image comparisons of individual characters, lines of characters, pages and borderlines to identify whether they are the identical versions using the same woodblocks or different versions. Previous reports on the subjects were also reviewed very carefully. Very clear circumstantial and physical evidence showed that the one version designated as a Korean treasure in 2012 is significantly different from the others and was very likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239, as indicated in the imprint. It is the world's oldest extant book printed using metal type in 1239, 138 years prior to the printing date (1377) of Jikji. The mystery of the misidentification of the metal-printed book, as a woodblock print, has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression from print directories to an online database is a natural and clear direction for map collection discovery. Moving this information to a virtual environment that anybody can access and update has many benefits. However, the path to develop this online resource has been fraught with challenges that had to be overcome to bring this vision to reality and to create a sustainable and comprehensive guide that is relevant for many years to come. This article looks at the history of print directories for locating map collections and outlines the development and implementation of the Online Guide to U.S. Map Collections, as well as the ongoing work to expand the Online Guide and its potential to impact future initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chapter highlights the editions to be considered milestones of the publishing fortune of Euclid's work and provides an accurate list of all the editors, printers, and translators they inspired. The catalog is preceded by information and descriptions of the editions considered for the preparation of this volume - works containing at least one whole book of the I Elements i , or any shorter or larger collection which contain an edition of Euclidean works, all versions which omit, supplement, or replace the received proofs. As the authors claim, this edition "become a major source for Euclidean editions in Latin and various vernaculars during the eighteenth century, until it was superseded by new work on the manuscripts from the early decades of the nineteenth" (10). [Extracted from the article]

This article provides new information on the printing and readership history of the fifth edition of De iure belli ac pacis. Building on our earlier research on the way that the dispute between Willem Janszoon Blaeu and Johannes Janssonius influenced the publication of the 1631 edition of the text, this article studies how Blaeu harnessed his position to make the 1632 edition more reputable than the earlier version published by his rival. The article considers how, over four centuries, readers have appreciated the quality of the production and three engaged with the text for radically different ends: Remigius Faesch, Baron von Boineburg, and Wendell Phillips. The article draws attention to the changes and continuities in reading and annotation patterns and offers preliminary insights into the themes that these influential readers focused on. We hope that it will inspire readers to bring further copies to our attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four nearly identical versions of an ancient printed book, the Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), were examined by image analysis and comparisons to identify whether they are the identical versions or different versions in terms of printing techniques. Two out of four versions have been designated as Korean treasures and the other two versions are currently being examined for designation as Korean cultural properties. One of two Korean treasures has been spotlighted as a potential movable metal type printing book prior to the Jikji printed in 1377, as recognized by the UNESCO Memory of the World program. Heated debates over the printing techniques and printing dates have overwhelmed Korean historians for more than 50 years. Due to the subjective nature of the evaluation, it was hard to reach a unanimous decision. Finding objective new evidence is needed to end this heated debate. We found very clear evidence showing that one version is significantly different from the others and was likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239. It is the oldest extant book printed using metal type, 138 years prior to the printing date of Jikji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article places the girls' magazine Teen Vogue within the broader history of girls print culture, by reading it in relation to the Victorian girls' magazine Girl's Realm. These two periodicals represent two moments in the history of print culture, the rise of magazines in the late 19th century, bookended by what appears to the end of print culture in the early 21st century. During these moments, both magazines make and remake the ideal girl through the redefinition and contestation of narrow models of girlhood that reimagine the implied girl reader as invested with political agency. Both of these magazines reimagine the female reader as engaged with the social and cultural politics of their respective eras. The political legacies of these two magazines open up new possibilities for scholars of girls' media studies to rethink the historical trajectories of feminist girls' cultures and the relevance of the girls' periodical press in defining politically activist girl readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of libraries in Japan, resulting in the establishment of the National Diet Library. The history of libraries is closely connected with the history of printing, which dates back to the 8th century in that country. The oldest libraries in Japan were archives of official documents or private collections of nobles and aristocrats. Later on, as Buddhist monks dealt with printing technology, libraries appeared near temples. In the Middle Ages, special attention was paid to the literacy of the nation, which directly encouraged the culture of reading. However, the beginning of modern librarianship in Japan is linked to the end of the 19th century and the increasingly rapid modernization of the country in all spheres of society. The first modern library - the Book Institute (Shojaku-kan, 1872), later known as the Imperial Library, is one of three pillars on which the present National Diet Library in Japan was formed in 1948. Today, the NDL consists of two main facilities: the Main Building in Tokyo and the Kansai-kan in Kyoto, as well as the following branches: the International Library of Children's Literature, the Oriental Library, and 27 other libraries. NDL is the only library in Japan, which has the characteristics of a national library: it is founded by the government; in terms of capacity it is larger than other libraries in the country; it supports other libraries with training programs, etc.; it is the depository library and as such it is looking for mandatory copies, because its duty is to collect and preserve the literary heritage of the nation and to preserve rare, valuable and significant works, etc. In addition, the Japanese National Parliamentary Library manages to cope with the increasingly stressed demands of modern society, focused on information technologies. This includes, above all, the growing need for digitalization, as well as, for the remote use of all types of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing, books and libraries have been around since antiquity, but their millennia-long evolution has seen difficult periods of transition. In the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area, archaeological discoveries have uncovered evidence of writing dating back to the Palaeolithic. These include the first cave paintings in Romania, discovered in the Cuciulat Cave (Sălaj County), the Coliboaia Cave (Bihor County) and the Gaura Chindiei Cave (Caraș-Severin County). The typography appeared after long researches and multiple attempts, with the aim of eliminating all the shortcomings encountered by writing throughout its history, each stage in the history of writing entering our country shortly after it made its presence felt at European level. Subsequently, the interest in grouping and preserving these writings arose, and it was in this context that libraries appeared. In Romania, the history of libraries and books was connected both to the socio-cultural situation of the time and to the specific characteristics of this territory, characterized at the same time by a certain openness to Western culture. The fact that contemporary libraries preserve and supply a wide variety of documents indicates that the written text, in whatever form it has appeared throughout history, can endure through these millennia-old cultural institutions. By welcoming the public with unusual, rare collections of documents, these institutions are transforming their traditional role as repositories of information and becoming providers and creators of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the origins of the ethnic landscapes in contemporary states? Drawing on a preregistered research design, we test the influence of dual socioeconomic revolutions that spread throughout Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—export agriculture and print technologies. We argue these changes transformed ethnicity via their effects on politicization and boundary-making. Print technologies strengthened imagined communities, leading to more salient—yet porous—ethnic identities. Cash crop endowments increased groups' mobilizational potential but with more exclusionary boundaries to control agricultural rents. Using historical data on cash crops and African language publications, we find that groups exposed to these historical forces are more likely to be politically relevant in the postindependence period, and their members report more salient ethnic identities. We observe heterogenous effects on boundary-making as measured by interethnic marriage; relative to cash crops, printing fostered greater openness to assimilate linguistically related outsiders. Our findings illuminate not only the historical sources of ethnic politicization but also mechanisms shaping boundary formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Böninger's book is noteworthy both for the amount of information it contains as well as for the methodology that the author has used. Niccolò di Lorenzo also published Landino's I Disputationes Camaldulenses i , a study of the active and contemplative lives as illustrated through Virgil's I Aeneid i ; Leon Battista Alberti's I De re aedificatoria i , an important architectural treatise based on Vitruvius; and the vernacular translation of Gregory the Great's I Moralia i on the book of Job. Secondary scholarship in the area of bibliography and printing history is well represented, but it would have been nice in places to see more on a couple of the key authors that Niccolò di Lorenzo published (Landino, for example, has been the study of a good deal of scholarship in the last couple of generations that is not referenced here or integrated into the argument). [Extracted from the article]

The homogenizing effects of the technology are further exemplified in an account of Maret's own Monotype design, "Hungry Dutch: A Typographical Adventure", which appeared as one of his private press books (an edition of 108 copies) in November 2020. The first hardcover printing (250 copies) comes with a specimen of typefaces designed by Maret. Thus, this volume can be read as no more than a sustained argument in favor of proprietary typefaces and private printing, but in making that case, Maret also challenges much received wisdom on the history of type and printing. [Extracted from the article]

The volume itself is an impressive example of bibliophile publications; the era of book printing is certainly not over, although it is changing rapidly, as this yearbook also indicates. Falk Eisermann offers a bibliography of recent publications concerning recent research on incunabula, and Ralf de Jong discusses the new print font, the Comma Base by Martin Majoor. Every second year, a new print font is used, and the present volume has appeared in the Comma Base font developed by Martin Majoor. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: The printed editions of the Liber extra usually contain summaria , which are short summaries added to the source text providing the encapsulated ratio of each chapter. These short additions were mostly overlooked by the canonists and legal historians, and for this reason their history and relevance are not satisfactorily assessed. The study of incunabula shows that summaria were taken mostly from the Commentaria of Niccolò de Tudeschi, however his summaries were usually founded on the earlier commentaries to the Liber extra. Summaria were first introduced to the printed Liber extra in 1489 by Girolamo Chiari in the edition of the Venetian printer Battista Torti. This innovation was immediately adopted by other printers who expressly signalled the addition of summaria to attract the attention of students and other potential purchasers. The other redaction of summaria was prepared by Jean Chappuis for the edition of the Liber extra in 1501, and both redactions were inserted in the editio Romana of 1582, either in the centre or in the margins. Summaria were reiterated in almost all editions starting from the edition of Torti from 1489 up to the edition of Friedberg in 1881. The scarce scholarly accounts on the significance of summaria claim only that they were lacking authoritative value but should be treated as interpretative, didactic or epistemic tools for a better understanding of the Liber extra and accompanying the history of canon law jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides new information on the publication history of the first edition of the text that, according to many scholars, laid the ground for the growth of international law: Hugo Grotius's De iure belli ac pacis. Drawing on the preliminary findings of the Grotius Census Project at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), the following pages shed light on the first three states of the typescript, the sources that Grotius had access to in France while drafting the book, and the early circulation of the 1625 edition, published by Nicolas Buon in Paris. The goal of this publication is to disseminate updated information on the printing history of this key text in the history of legal and political thought, and to invite readers to come forward with more information about the location of the remaining copies of the text, in order to advance our understanding of the rise of international law around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , 248-51 wilde, oscar: Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , 248-51 I Early English Books Online i , reviewed, 114-17 edgar, eleazar: Mansky, Joseph, "The Case of Eleazar Edgar: I Leicester's Commonwealth i and the Book Trade in 1604", 233-41 editing: Bouchard, Mathieu D. S., "A Revised Account of the 1714 I Works of Mr. William Shakespear i ", 419-461; Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , reviewed, 248-51 drama: Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the circumstances in which the Declaration of Arbroath was first printed in 1680 by Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh and the original manuscript on which Mackenzie's text was based (NRS SP13/7). It then traces its subsequent print history between the Revolution of 1689–90 and the Union of Parliaments in 1707 both in Latin and in an English translation that first appeared in 1689. It locates the Declaration within the broader context of whig propaganda that encompassed a defence not just of the Revolution Settlement but of Scottish sovereignty at the time of the Union, culminating in James Anderson's new edition and translation of the text of 1705. An appendix further examines the earliest reference to the Declaration in print – in Archbishop John Spottiswoode's History of the Church in Scotland (1655) – and Spottiswoode's use of a manuscript copy of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early colonial prints of coastal profiles and inland surveys, wisps of smoke uncoil in uncharted territory, signalling human presence on this continent. From today's perspective, since our reprisal of the doctrine of terra nullius, they can be seen as place markers of Indigenous sovereignty. Before European incursion, we have recently learned, traditional burning practices had kept the Australian landscape 'parklike' and flourishing for millennia. Once emptied of their custodians and carers, these Indigenous estates became overgrown, fire-prone and unable to sustain their distinct and varied ecologies. This article shows settler perceptions of Indigenous fire practices as graphically depicted in a selection of early engravings by convict artists and explorers. How do we view these colonial artworks of Aboriginal traditional burning through the retrospective lens of a belated recognition of its role in managing bushfire? Images of Aboriginal smoke plumes in colonial topographies, and the changing technologies of print that produced them, offer new ways to reflect on recent Australian bushfires, with their many layers of loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Fragile History, written by Andrew Pettegree and Arthur der Weduwen Nevertheless, I would like to suggest reading another major work on the history of the library alongside: James W.P. Campbell, I The Library: a world History i (2013) who tackles the library from the angle of the construction, its use and how it functions within environmental planning all over the world. A Fragile History i is an essential work and Pettegree and Der Weduwen have shown the incredible power of the library to re-invent itself over and over. [Extracted from the article]

Stieber masterfully weaves together an archive of understudied Haitian print sources beginning in 1804 that demonstrate the development of competing Haitian intellectual traditions, Dessalinean and republican. Although this leaves the final chapters on the twentieth century feeling a bit rushed, Stieber notes the importance of the first decades in establishing "the political and ideological divisions that shaped Haiti's long nineteenth century of post-independence writing" (23). Haiti's Paper War: Post-Independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804-1954. [Extracted from the article]

For religious subcultures, the reading of religious books was of great importance, even for Roman Catholics, renowned for their ritual-mindedness and the prevailing limitations in terms of religious reading for laypeople. This article aims to reveal the extent to which the status and role of a subculture affected the printing history and reception of religious books. The Post-Reformation Low Countries – split into the South, where the Catholics were a dominant culture, and the Dutch Republic in the North, where they were a subculture – provides an excellent case study. A very popular meditation book serves as the source for the study, namely Sondaechs Schoole (Sunday school) (1623). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article discusses the University of California-Berkeley's collection of select rare books from Imperial Russia and its predecessor states while relating this tracing to the history of printing in Russia. For this case study, a sample of pre-Petrine era and early Imperial Russian books that were published before 1800 was gathered and analyzed for the subject distribution. This article provides some historical background on how this collection evolved over the history of UC Berkeley. The collection was also analyzed based on Old Church Slavonic and Russian along with the places of imprints within the Russian Empire. The purpose of this case study was to document the rare books from pre-Imperial and Imperial Russia while providing the ancillary yet useful information about the Russian Studies collection development at UC Berkeley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the contrast between the mobility of print circuits and the nature of physical buildings in 19th-century Calcutta, India. It cites the role of the British government in securing circuits of print within India through censorship of the press. It notes the significance of the Writers' Buildings in Calcutta in the emergence of Anglo-Indian literary culture, which prompted British authorities to subordinate Indian authors through the "little-colonial logic of comparison."

Istanbul became one of the most important centers of publication in Persian during the 19th century. This situation emerged with the publications of Ajam/Persian printing houses as one of the essential actors of the Ottoman printing history. Furthermore, the Iranians residing in Istanbul, who supported these publications intellectually and financially, had a significant impact on it. Hence this study focuses on the transformation of Istanbul into a center in terms of the publication in Persian and examines one of the most significant names in this field, Muhammad Tāhir Tabrīzī and his printing house of Akhtar. This study first provides a general evaluation of the bookstores and printers owned by Iranian subjects based in Istanbul. Then, with a particular attention to the publications in the Persian language, it focuses on the publishing career of Muhammad Tāhir Tabrīzī and his printing house of Akhtar. In this context, alongside the newspaper Akhtar published for twenty years, Persian grammar books and textbooks, the classics of Persian literature and the scientific and intellectual works that were crucial for Iranian modernization are evaluated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how digital methodologies expand the capabilities of book history scholarship through a case study of the Women's Print History Project. The WPHP is a database of thousands of bibliographical records about printed books linked to records about the persons and business firms that created them. Using what we call "radical descriptivism" tempered with "radical skepticism," we explore how traces of women's labor exist in plain sight and how books can obscure and reveal gendered norms. We conclude that incorporating gender studies and digital methodologies into the history of print moves us closer to the capacious potential of the sociology of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]