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Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected protozoa during stool specimen examination. In the last decade, the studies about the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. have intensified. Additionally, treatment approaches against this parasite are still disputable. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of the substances of natural origin against two subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp.—ST3 and ST7. Garlic and turmeric extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect in relation to the ST3 viability. While horseradish and turmeric were found to be the most effective extracts to the ST7 viability. The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 µg/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 µg/ml, respectively, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections. Additionally, this research confirmed that Blastocystis ST7 is more resistant to the selected plant extracts treatment than Blastocystis ST3 which in consequence may bring some difficulties in its eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a chemical irritant, through cross‐modal interactions, may impact the human perception of tastes and odours. Currently, new strategies are being explored to reduce the salt content present in foods, without impacting their sensory appeal. AITC may be able to increase the saltiness perception of salt‐reduced foods. As such, the objective was to first determine the detection threshold of AITC, and then evaluate its cross‐modal interaction with saltiness in model solutions and soup. The study included ninty participants. The basic tastes and burning sensation of model solutions were evaluated using general labelled magnitude scales. The soups were evaluated using hedonic and intensity scales, as well as temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA). The group mean of the individual threshold was 0.123 mg/100 mL. The AITC increased the saltiness perception of the model solutions but also suppressed the sweetness. The AITC also increased the saltiness perception of the soup during both the static and dynamic evaluation, but it also added other flavours to the soup including metallic, bitter and sour. The AITC decreased the overall liking and liking of the soup's flavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish (Armocia Rusticana), is an edible plant from the Basicacea family. Horseradish is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals (vitamin C, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium), enzymes, isothiocyanates, glycosylates, flavonoids, pigments, oils, etc. Horseradish through its bioactive compounds provides antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. The biologically active compounds extracted from roots and leaves of horseradish can find applications in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical and agrochemical industries. Extraction from plant sources is a complex field involving various techniques to successfully obtain essential compounds and substances from live or dried plants. For the extraction of biologically active compounds, aqueous buffer systems are used (in a neutral, weakly basic environment - monosodium phosphate-disodium phosphate buffer solution, in an acidic environment citric acid-disodium phosphate buffer solution), organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran, benzene, methyl alcohol, etc.), eutectic solvents (ChCl: urea, ChCl: acetamide, ChCl: ethylene glycol, etc.), supercritical solvents (CO2). Regardless of the solvent used, it must be nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable. The bioactive compounds from horseradish are versatile and are of particular importance in many industrial fields, but also in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-amplification system based on CRISPR-Cas12a and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was developed for colorimetric determination of MC-LR. This dual-amplification was accomplished by combining the nuclease activity of CRISPR-Cas12a with the redox activity of HRP. HRP linked to magnetic beads through an ssDNA (MB-ssDNA-HRP) was used to induce a color change of the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 chromogenic substrate solution. Specific binding of MC-LR with its aptamer initiated the release of a complementary DNA (cDNA), which was designed to activate the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR-Cas12a. Upon activation, Cas12a cut the ssDNA linker in MB-ssDNA-HRP, causing a reduction of HRP on the magnetic beads. Consequently, the UV–Vis absorbance of the HRP-catalyzed reaction was decreased. The dual-signal amplification facilitated by CRISPR-Cas12a and HRP enabled the colorimetric detection of MC-LR in the range 0.01 to 50 ng·mL−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.53 pg·mL−1. The practicability of the developed colorimetric method was demonstrated by detecting different levels of MC-LR in spiked real water samples. The recoveries ranged from 86.2 to 118.5% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 8.4 to 17.6%. This work provides new inspiration for the construction of effective signal amplification platforms and demonstrates a simple and user-friendly colorimetric method for determination of trace MC-LR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) provides human organisms with various effective treatments for improving human health, and it constitutes a salubrious root used for culinary purposes. This outcome derives from the chemical composition and polyphenols content of horseradish. This study's objective was to determine individual polyphenols, total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, colour parameters, inhibition of advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by DPPH and ABTS of horseradish products. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were analysed by HPLC-DAD-MS method. Horseradish products were obtained by thermal treatments such as boiling, baking and sous-vide. Fresh and sous-vide samples were characterized by the most abundant TPC values, whereas TFC horseradish indicated the highest value after boiling treatment. Moreover, the highest values of antioxidant capacity in fresh horseradish roots were detected. Flavonoids presented lower concentrations than phenolic acids, while syringic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound. Horseradish, after sous-vide treatment, appeared to have a higher inhibition of AGEs formation. Thermal treatment of horseradish root increased the saturation of yellow (b*) and red (a*) colours and decreased colour brightness. Our findings indicate that horseradish products are a valuable source of polyphenols, with their profile, content, and antioxidant and anti-AGEs formation activity modulated by applied processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique measures antigens, antibodies, and protein reactions in biological samples by enzymatic reactions. The chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) technique determines sample concentrations based on the intensity of the light emitted by a chemical and biological reaction. This review provides an overview to understand the ELSIA and CLIA methods with their types and comparison. ELISA and CLIA methods were compared based on previous literature studies. In conclusion, CLIA is found highly sensitive, specific, and rapid, as compared to ELISA, but CLIA is an expensive method as compared to ELISA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many articles in the literature deal with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biomineralization, but none pay attention to the isoenzyme composition of commercial HRP or the influence of the carbohydrate component of the protein molecule on the biomineralization process. To study the impact of these factors, we performed periodate oxidation of commercial HRP and a purified HRP-C isoform for biomineralization within ZIF-8. With purified HRP, enzyme@ZIF-8 biocomposites with higher activity were obtained, while periodate oxidation of the carbohydrate component of both commercial HRP and purified HRP-C yields biocomposites with very high activity in acetate buffer that does not degrade the ZIF-8 structure. Using acetate instead of phosphate buffer can prevent the false high activity of HRP@ZIF-8 biocomposites caused by the degradation of ZIF-8 coating. At the same time, purification and especially oxidation of the carbohydrate component of enzymes prior to biomineralization lead to significantly improved activity of the biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish is a crop grown for its edible underground parts. The development of new cultivars is hindered by the species' predominant vegetative reproduction, making it essential to evaluate locally cultivated accessions to identify new types suitable for cultivation. To this end, 11 horseradish accessions from family vegetable gardens in Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy were examined using 26 qualitative and six quantitative morphological descriptors and characterized by the five major glucosinolates (GSLs) present in the rhizome compared to a reference cultivar. A wide range of variability was observed for the considered qualitative morphological traits. The rhizome's top and basal diameters were 9.9 and 6.2 cm, respectively, with an average fresh weight of 521 g. Total GSL content ranged between 79.5 and 133.5 μmol/g dry weight (DW), with sinigrin (SIN) being the primary component at an average content of 110.0 μmol/g DW. Differences among the investigated accessions were noted for quantitative traits describing their productive features and for GSL content. A positive correlation was discovered between the biometric traits of the plant's underground parts and the SIN and total GSL content, suggesting a link between the quality and yield of the edible product. According to the multivariate analysis, accessions were grouped into three main clusters: the largest of the reference cultivar and the majority of accessions with similar productive and qualitative traits; another featuring two with good qualitative and productive characteristics. The investigated accessions proved to be a valuable germplasm source for cultivating the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports on the proof-of-concept of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor with a horseradish peroxidase-single stranded DNA-encoded magnetic bead (MB-ssDNA-HRP) signal probe cleaved by the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA)-mediated clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a system for the quantification of microRNA (miR-21) by using yolk-in-shell Au@CdS as a photoactive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing is one of the ways to preserve plant products, because it allows inhibiting natural degradation and transformation processes of the bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of freezing on bioactive compounds of horseradish roots and their dynamics in long-term frozen storage. Horseradish roots were frozen at two different conditions (–18±2°C and –40 ± 2 °C) and further stored at –18 ± 2 °C for 12 months. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total flavonol content (TFlC), total flavan-3-ol content (TF3C), total phenolic acid content (TPAC), and radical scavenging activity (RedPow, DPPHÿ, ABTSÿ+) were determined spectrophotometrically. Individual phenolic compounds were deremined by liquid chromatography. The dominant individual phenolic compounds were phenolic acids (gallic and sinapic) and flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, and rutin). Because of freezing, TPC, TFC, and DPPHÿ as well as RedPow increased in horseradish roots. During storage, the content of analysed bioactive compounds mainly decreased. After 12-month storage, it was not possible to say unambiguously which of the freezing methods turned out to be better in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new and simple surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor based on the tyramine signal amplification (TSA)-triggered formation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) repeats on a gold sensing chip was designed for the highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Initially, gold wafers were functionalized with HRP as sensing chips. Then, the HRP immobilized on the chips triggers the TSA reaction to transform the tyramine–HRP conjugate into a tyramine–HRP repeat array. With the aid of the target H2O2, the HRP repeats catalyze the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and produce an enzyme catalytic product with a different chemical structure, thus altering the fingerprint of the SERS spectra from that of OPD. H2O2 can be quantitatively analyzed according to the change in SERS signal intensity. On the basis of the TSA strategy, the proposed method allows the detection of H2O2 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 × 10−8 M. The as-prepared SERS sensor can achieve high-sensitivity H2O2 detection with a small amount of sample for each analysis. Therefore, this sensor exhibits significant potential for application in bioanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-pressure processing (HPP) is well suited to combine consumer demand for meat products with minimal heat treatment without compromising product safety. In turn, herbs have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of hurdle technology combining microencapsulated horseradish root and leaf juice with HPP (300 MPa; 15 min) for extending of the raw pork meat shelf life. Water activity (aw), pH, colour, hardness, and micro-biological parameters of meat were evaluated during 21-day storage. Total plate count (TPC) in HPP treated samples was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) compared to untreated samples during storage until the day 14. On day 21, the TPC in processed samples was still slightly lower, however, at this point significance was not established between samples. Water activity dynamics in the HPP-treated microencapsulated pork meat samples differed significantly from other samples. Hardness decreased during storage, but no significant differences were found between samples. The L* values and pH of the meat were not significantly influenced by the added microencapsulated juice, but by high pressure treatment. Treatment with microencapsulated horseradish juice had a positive effect on the TPC and aw of the meat sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

► Increased heart rate ► Weakness ► Intense sweating ► Horseradish consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Plant polyphenols are well known to show antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiviral and antioxidative activity. The aim of this study was to investigate bioactive potential of Armoracia rusticana root juice and extracts: their polyphenol content, as well as in vitro antitumor activity and cell-death mechanism. Methods. Liquid-liquid extraction of polar and non-polar compounds was used and polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chomatography (HPLC) analysis. Antiproliferative activity was examined in vitro on human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7, MDAMB-231), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), melanocyte carcinoma (Hs 294T), hepatocyte carcinoma (Hep G2), as well as rat hepatocyte carcinoma (H-4-II-E), and normal human fetal lung (MRC-5) cell line using sulforhodamine B assay. The mechanism of cell-death in cell line was determined using Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit. Results. Dichloromethane extracts had the highest content of catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and gallic acid (pulp, E1), and epicatechin (juice, E3). The results showed strong and non-selective antiproliferative activity of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts and root juice - highest being towards liver, b reast and lung t issue c ells. IC50 values of extracts and juice had low range of concentrations (IC50 = 3.49-26.5 μg/mL) and high range of dilutions (IC50 = 418-1,590). High and unfavorable potential of horseradish juice and chloroform juice extract (E4) to induce necrotic cell death was detected. Conclusion. Strong and non-selective in vitro antiproliferative activity of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts and root juice of horseradish was detected, with necrosis as a main mechanism of induced cell death. In order to utilize horseradish root bioactive potential further investigations that will pinpoint active components with more favourable apoptosis/necrosis inducing properties are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Horseradish is a valuable agricultural crop with gastronomic and medical significance. It contains mono- and polysaccharides, protein compounds and organic acids, minerals and starch, as well as a rich vitamin complex. Unfortunately, horseradish diseases are still insufficiently studied, while crop losses from them can be quite significant. The purpose of our study was to determine the composition of pathogenic fungi on horseradish Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. and to develop measures to combat them. Methods: The research was carried out on horseradish “Atlant” varieties in the plantings of the of FSBSI “Far East Federal Research Center of agrobiotechnology n.a. A.K. Chaika” at 2019-2020. Studies of phytopathogens were carried out in the field conditions and in vitro. Microscopy was performed using Levenhuk D740T, 5,1 MP. Lifelong injuries photofixation was performed using Sony SAL1855. Processing of the microscopy results was carried out using Outfi, PluriIQ, CellProfiler software. In the experiment to study the agent fungicidal efficacy against horseradish diseases, we used: Acrobat WG, Bravo SC, Zummer SC, Consento SC, Infinito SC, Topaz EW, Ordan SP, Thiovit Jet WG, Rajok EW, Proton Extra RG, Ridomil Gold MZ RG. The agents were diluted in doses of 10%, 30% and 70% of the recommended dose, the index of conidia occurrence was calculated, phytotoxicity was carried out. Result: For five iterations, the greatest fungicidal activity was demonstrated by the Acrobat WG, Topaz EW and Proton Extra WG agents. The maximum effectiveness was observed for the agent Ridomil Gold MZ WG. The lowest efficiency was shown by the Infinito SC, Consento SC, Ordan SP, Thiovit Jet WG agents. No phytotoxic effect was found in any of the agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish is a herb with a special pungent flavor. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of pulse-spouted infrared freeze drying (PSIRFD) on the nutritional value, flavor and application of horseradish. Several key product quality parameters were compared with those of samples dried by hot air drying (HAD), infrared-assisted hot-air drying (IRHAD), and freeze drying (FD). PSIRFD samples displayed similar color to that of the freeze dried samples. FD sample had higher total phenolics content (TPC; 22.71 mg GAE/g) as well as ascorbic acid content (4.32 mg/100 g). The content of isothiocyanates (ITCs) was the highest in PSIRFD samples, accounting for 97.44% of the total volatile compounds. PSIRFD can not only retain good flavor and taste, but also reduce the drying time and energy consumption. Horseradish paste made from PSIRFD samples was observed to possess the best DPPH scavenging ability, mellow taste, and higher viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied methods of the in situ synthesis of gold nanostructures on the electrode surface and of the directed electrochemical synthesis of nanodendrites to create biosensors based on horseradish peroxidase. The effect of nanostructuring of the transducer surface and its subsequent modification on the electroanalytical characteristics of sensors for the determination of hydrogen peroxide was studied. The use of these methods can significantly improve the performance characteristics of the biosensors, such as the sensitivity coefficient, limit of detection, and stability in the range of micromolar and submicromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The electrodes modified by the in situ synthesis of nanostructures with subsequent treatment with Meerwein's reagent, as well as ultramicroelectrodes prepared by directional electrochemical synthesis, show low limits of detection for hydrogen peroxide, 0.2 and 0.08 µM, and high sensitivity coefficients, 0.71 and 0.84 A M–1 cm–2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triplet carbonyls generated by chemiexcitation are involved in typical photobiochemical processes in the absence of light. Due to their biradical nature, ultraweak light emission and long lifetime, electronically excited triplet species display typical radical reactions such as isomerization, fragmentation, cycloaddition and hydrogen abstraction. In this paper, we report chemical reactions in a set of amino acid residues induced by the isobutanal/horseradish peroxidase (IBAL/HRP) system, a well‐known source of excited triplet acetone (Ac3*). Accordingly, quenching of Ac3* by tryptophan (Trp) unveiled parallel enzyme damage and inactivation, likely explained by scavenging of IBAL tertiary radical reaction intermediate and Ac3*‐derived 2‐hydroxy‐i‐propyl radical. Quenching constants were calculated from Stern–Volmer plots, and the structure of radical adducts was revealed by mass spectrometry. As expected, a concurrent Schiff‐type adduct was found to be one of the reaction by‐products. These findings draw attention to potential structural and functional changes in enzymes involved in the electronic chemiexcitation of their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armoracia rusticana P. G. Gaertner. belongs to the Brassicaceae family and has aroused scientific interest for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In a continuing investigation to discover bioactive constituents from A. rusticana , we isolated 19 phenolic glycosides including three undescribed flavonol glycosides and one undescribed neolignan glycoside from MeOH extract of this plant. Their structures were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic analysis (1H, 13C, 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), HRESIMS, and chemical methods. The determination of their absolute configuration was accomplished by ECD and LC-MS analysis. All the compounds were assessed for their potential neurotrophic activity through induction of nerve growth factor in C6 glioma cell lines and for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity based on the measurement of inhibition levels of nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. , IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia BV-2 cells. [Display omitted] • Four undescribed glycosides were isolated from the roots of Armoracia rusticana. • The structures were characterized through the 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS analysis. • The stereochemical assignments were carried out using ECD and LC-MS analysis. • Some compounds exhibited powerful NGF secretion activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to develop a novel method integrating two-step aqueous two-phase extraction and temperature-controlled affinity precipitation for the separation and purification of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from horseradish roots. First, a two-step aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) process was used as a primary separation process to remove sugars and pigments, and then a temperature-controlled affinity precipitation process based on a thermosensitive triblock copolymer (PEG113-b-PVBA49-b-PNIPAM105) was exploited as a further purification process to selectively isolate HRP from other impurity proteins. The optimum PEG4000 (0.20, w/w) − (NH4)2SO4 (0.18, w/w) aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was obtained by studying the liquid–liquid equilibrium of PEG (400/1000/2000/4000) + (NH4)2SO4/K3C6H5O7/K2HPO4 ATPSs and the distribution behaviors of 9 kinds of model compounds in these PEG-salt ATPSs. The successful isolation of HRP from horseradish roots was achieved by the integrated method without having a negative effect on the structure of HRP, and the extraction efficiency and purification factor of HRP reached 84.26 ± 0.15% and 9.15 ± 0.10, respectively. The integrated method shows outstanding separation and purification performances and has good prospects for the industrial production of plant glycoprotein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acellular allograft (ACA) improves the repair and reconstruction of long peripheral nerve defects. ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) carry a neuroprotective potential, and their effects on ACA bridging were elucidated. Thirty rats with long gap sciatic nerve defects (15 mm long) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): ACA, ACA + PUFAs, and autograft (AU). Limb condition, wet weight of tibialis anterior muscle (TAM), nerve electrophysiology, S-100, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and percentage of splenic CD4+ and CD8 + T-lymphocytes were evaluated for 12 weeks after the operation. Rats in the AU and ACA + PUFA groups showed superior condition in affected limbs compared to the ACA group. At 12 wk after surgery, the wet weight of TAM in the ACA + PUFA group was higher than that in the ACA group (0.4519 ± 0.1185 vs. 0.3049 ± 0.1272 ; P < 0.01) but lower than that in the AU group (0.4519 ± 0.1185 , 0.5628 ± 0.0092 ; P < 0.05). In all the three groups, sole irritation elicited withdrawal reflex, and S-100 staining was detected in plantar skin. Moreover, horseradish peroxidase staining was overt in both the ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord. Nerve conduction velocity (m/s), amplitude of action potential (mV), or somatosensory evoked potentials in ACA + PUFAs (28.81 ± 1.04 , 2.20 ± 0.27 , 6.98 ± 0.29) were significantly different from that in the AU (35.71 ± 1.28 , 1.81 ± 0.19 , 8.15 ± 0.52 ; P < 0.05) and ACA (20.03 ± 1.94 , 2.95 ± 0.36 , 5.22 ± 0.53 ; P < 0.01) groups. The percentages of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ cells were similar among the three groups. Omega-3 PUFAs improve the bridging effect of ACA on long gap peripheral nerve defects by promoting neuroprotection without arousing an immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasabi, horseradish and mustard are popular pungent crops in which the characteristic bioactive hydrolysis of specialized glucosinolates (GSLs) occurs. Although the metabolic pathways of GSLs are well elucidated, how plants have evolved convergent mechanisms to accumulate identical GSL components remains largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that sinigrin is predominantly synthesized in wasabi, horseradish and mustard in Brassicaceae. We de novo assembled the transcriptomes of the three species, revealing the expression patterns of gene clusters associated with chain elongation, side chain modification and transport. Our analysis further revealed that several gene clusters were convergently selected during evolution, exhibiting convergent shifts in amino acid preferences in mustard, wasabi and horseradish. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how unrelated crop species evolve the capacity for sinigrin super-accumulation and thus promise a potent strategy for engineering metabolic pathways at multiple checkpoints to fortify bioactive compounds for condiment or pharmaceutical purposes. Jinghua Yang et al. provide the de novo assemblies of the transcriptomes of wasabi, horseradish and mustard to examine the evolution of specialized glucosinolates. This study demonstrates convergent evolution of super-accumulation of sinigrin in these taxa and may allow for potential strategies to engineer metabolic pathways of bioactive compounds for human food sources or pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health-conscious consumers are interested in products with an increased bioactive compound content. The nutritional quality is considered both as a stability and bioaccessibility concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of horseradish products (horseradish root pomace, horseradish leaf pomace, microencapsulated horseradish root and leaf juice) on the physicochemical properties of biscuits, as well as to assess in vitro bioavailability and activity of phenolics. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of horseradish products, which were used to replace the flour in biscuit dough, were analysed. Physicochemical parameters (pH, water activity, colour, phenolic compound contents, and antioxidant activities) were determined for the biscuits. Horseradish products compared to other cruciferous vegetables have a high content of phenolic compounds, as well as high antioxidant activity. Higher levels of bioactive compounds were found in microencapsulated horseradish leaf juice, compared to the other horseradish products used in the study. Enriched biscuits had a significantly higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, compared to the control. After 180-day storage, TPC of biscuits with horseradish root products did not change significantly but in biscuits with horseradish leaf products it decreased by 27-29%. The bioaccessibility index of phenolic compounds after in vitro digestion of enriched biscuits ranged between 2.19 and 2.99. Microencapsulated horseradish leaf juice was more effective in enriching biscuits with bioactive compounds. The developed biscuits enriched with horseradish products could meet consumer expectations for healthy, functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) leaves pomace, which contains high-value bioactive compounds, is the product resulting from pressing horseradish leaves for juice production. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of convective, microwave-vacuum and freeze-drying on the content of bioactive compounds in horseradish leaves pomace. Convective hot air-drying was performed at 40, 60 and 80 °C. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total flavan-3-ol content, total phenolic acid content, total flavonol content, chlorophylls and total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Individual profiles of phenols and organic acids are estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but volatile compounds are estimated by gas chromatography (GC). Totally, 14 individual phenolic compounds, 8 organic acids, and 49 volatile compounds were analysed in the studied samples. The main phenolic compound identified in horseradish leaves pomace was rutin (3231 mg/100 g DW), among organic acids—quinic and malic acids, and volatile compounds—allyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenenitrile and benzyl alcohol. In the drying process, the content of some (total flavan-3-ols, total carotenoids content) compounds increased, but others (TPC, total organic acids content) decreased, and it was drying method-dependent. Freeze-drying caused the reduction of TPC by 29%, whereas convective drying by 53–59%. Fresh pomace contains such isothiocyanates as allyl isothiocyanate and butyl isothiocyanate, which were completely lost in the drying process. Freeze-drying allowed the best retention of various phenolic and volatile compounds in horseradish leaves pomace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biocatalytic system based on the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is obtained in a one-pot process by directly combining the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, the ligand and metal ions, in water at room temperature. The resulting system provides a useful platform for the next generation of reusable/repositionable biocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed injectable gelatin hydrogels have attracted much attention in various biomedical fields because of their processability, biodegradability, and excellent biocompatibility in promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. However, gelatin derivatives are mainly obtained from mammalian sources (porcine, bovine) with thermal gelation at room temperature, leading to the potential problems in biofabrication applications. Here, we introduce a novel fish gelatin derivative that can be easily dissolved and cross-linked at room temperature by horseradish peroxidase. This system provides thermally stable fish gelatin hydrogels with tunable mechanical and biological properties, comparable to porcine gelatin hydrogels. The properties (gelation time, stiffness, degradation rate) of hydrogels prepared from fish gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (FGH) are controllable for suitable applications. Moreover, FGH hydrogels allow human dermal fibroblast cells to adhere, proliferate, and produce the extracellular components. These results suggest horseradish peroxidase-cross-linked FGH as potential hydrogel matrices that can be used as an alternative for mammalian gelatin hydrogels in various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera (MO) kernel oil is categorized as a high‐oleic oil that resembles olive oil. However, unlike olive trees, MO trees are largely present in most subtropical and tropical countries. In these countries, therefore, the benefits of oleic acid can be obtained at a cheaper price through the consumption of MO kernel oil. This study reports on the effect of different extraction methods on oxidative properties of MO kernel oil during storage for 140 days at 13, 25, and 37 °C. RESULTS: All aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE)‐based methods generally resulted in oil with better oxidative properties and higher tocopherol retention than the use of solvent. Prior to AEE, boiling pre‐treatment deactivated the hydrolytic enzymes and preserved the oil's quality. In contrast, high‐pressure processing (HPP) pre‐treatment accelerated hydrolytic reaction and resulted in an increase in free fatty acids after 140 days at all temperatures. No significant changes were detected in the oils' iodine values and fatty acid composition. The tocopherol content decreased significantly at both 13 and 25 °C after 60 days in the oil from SE method, and after 120 days in oils from AEE‐based methods. CONCLUSION: These findings are significant in highlighting the extraction methods resulting in crude MO kernel oil with greatest oxidative stability in the storage conditions tested. Subsequently, the suitable storage condition of the oil prior to refining can be determined. Further studies are recommended in determining the suitable refining processes and parameters for the MO kernel oil prior to application in variety food products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low-temperature ball milling (LBM) can increase WHC and OHC of horseradish powder. • LBM helps improve flavor and increase pungent odor of the powder. • LBM helps increase total flavonoids and phenolic contents of the powder. • Flavonoids and phenolic contents are related to antioxidant activity of the powder. • Excessive milling time exhibits adverse effect on quality of the powder. Horseradish is widely used as a seasoning and food additive due to its unique flavor and ability to act as antioxidant, among other favorable characteristics. A dried powdery form of horseradish is desired as it is convenient for either domestic or industrial use. Size reduction time is among the most important parameters that needs to be optimized to produce horseradish powder of higher quality. In this study, dried horseradish was milled either for 15, 30, 60, 120 or 180 min using a low-temperature ball-milling pulverizer to obtain powder of different sizes. Effect of milling time on particle size, microstructure, color, water and oil holding capacities, flavor profiles, isothiocyanates, phenolics and flavonoids contents as well as radical scavenging activities of the powder was determined. Powder milled for 60 min exhibited a more intense pungent flavor, better physicochemical properties and higher flavonoids content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity than the powder milled for different other periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from horseradish oil. Materials and Methodology: Horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticles were initially synthesised and centrifuged using Lark refrigerator centrifuge. They were characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Further the horseradish oil mediated AgNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. The antibacterial property was also determined using the agar well diffusion method against S.mutans and Lactobacillus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Results: Horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticles were biosynthesised with ease to show good antioxidant and antibacterial activity compared to standard. The antimicrobial activity was analysed against S.mutans and Lactobacillus and Candida albicans and the highest zone of inhibition was 9 mm seen with S.mutans. The antioxidant activity of horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticles showed a highest percentage of inhibition as 84% at a concentration of 50µL. Conclusion: The biological approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using horseradish oil is an ecofriendly method. The synthesised horseradish mediated silver nanoparticles showed very good antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity exhibited was minimal. Hence, the study concluded that Horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticles may be used for its antioxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticle. Materials and method: The Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using horseradish oil and was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity by studying the inhibitory effect on albumin denaturation assay. The cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles were examined by the brine shrimp lethality assay. Result: The silver nanoparticles prepared from horseradish oil showed good anti-inflammatory. The silver nanoparticles were analysed using UV -Visible Spectrophotometry and were found in the absorbance range of 200nm to 540nm. The peak was found to be at the maximum at 300nm. The synthesised nanoparticle showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity with 96% of inhibition at a concentration of 10μL. The study did not show any cytotoxic activity. Conclusion: In the present study it has been observed that the silver nanoparticles prepared from horseradish oil have very good anti-inflammatory properties and did not exhibit any cytotoxic activity. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using horse radish oil was ecofriendly, reliable and suitable. They can also be used for large scale production. It was easy to handle and is a rapid process. Hence horseradish oil mediated silver nanoparticles may be used as a better option for using against various inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between two heme proteins myoglobin (HMb) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are investigated by using UV-vis absorption, steady state fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, FT-IR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and circular dichroism (CD) techniques under physiological condition of pH∼7.4. The presence of mainly static mode in fluorescence quenching mechanism of HMb and HRP by ZnO nanoparticle indicates the possibility of formation of ground state complex. The processes of bindings of ZnO nanoparticles with the two proteins are spontaneous molecular interaction procedures. In both cases hydrogen bonding plays a major role. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra reveal that a helicity of the proteins is reduced by increasing ZnO nanoparticle concentration although the α-helical structures of HMb and HRP retain their identity. On binding to the ZnO nanoparticles the secondary structure of HRP molecules (or HMb molecules) remains unchanged while there is a substantial change in the environment of the tyrosin active site in case of HRP molecules and tryptophan active site in case of HMb molecules. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied for the investigation the structure of HRP adsorbed in the environment of nanoparticles on the silicon and on the bare silicon. HRP molecules adsorb and aggregate on the mica with ZnO nanoparticle. The aggregation indicates an attractive interaction among the adsorbed molecules. The molecules are randomly distributed on the bare silicon wafer. The adsorption of HRP in the environment of ZnO nanoparticle changes drastically the domains due to a strong interaction between HRP and ZnO nanoparticles. Similar situation is observed in case of HMb molecules. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of biomedical applications of ZnO nanoparticles as well as in elucidating their mechanisms of action as drugs in both human and plant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed analysis of the addition-elimination reaction pathways for the gas-phase conversion of molecular hydrogen and methane on FeO+ to water and methanol, respectively, using first-principles calculations. These two reactions represent paradigmatic, challenging test cases for electronic structure approaches to transition-metal catalysis. We compare here density-functional approaches against state-of-the-art coupled-cluster and multireference quantum chemistry approaches. The quantum chemical approaches are found to be in close agreement between themselves as well as with the available experimental evidence. For the density-functional calculations, we employ a recently introduced ab initio, self-consistent Hubbard-like correction, coupled here with a generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange-correlation functional. We find that our formulation provides a remarkable improvement in the description of the electronic structure, hybridization, and multiplet splittings for all calculated stationary points along these reaction pathways. The Hubbard term, which is not a fitting parameter and, in principle, can augment any exchange-correlation functional, brings the density-functional theory results in close agreement with the reference calculations. In particular, thermochemical errors as large as 1.4 eV in the exit channels with the GGA functional are reduced by an order of magnitude, to less than 0.1 eV on average; additionally, close agreement with the correlated-electron reference calculations and experiments are achieved for intermediate spin splittings and structures, reaction exothermicity, and spin crossovers. The role that the Hubbard U term plays in improving both quantitative and qualitative descriptions of transition-metal chemistry is examined, and its strengths as well as possible weaknesses are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors compared the spectral response of Zn-substituted horseradish peroxidase in a glycerol/water solvent to hydrostatic pressure at 2 K and ambient temperature. The low temperature experiments clearly demonstrate the presence of at least three different conformations with drastically different elastic properties. However, the main conformation, which determines the fluorescence spectrum at ambient temperature, did not show any significant difference between low and high temperature and pressure. The authors conclude that the local compressibility of the heme pocket of the protein depends only very weakly on temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection is essential for patient management and disease control. Detection of the antigen non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has been proven to provide early diagnosis of DENV infection. Thus, commercial NS1 antigen detection assays have been increasingly used and are becoming the tool of choice among clinicians to confirm DENV infection in Indonesia. METHODS To obtain anti-NS1 DENV antibody, NS1 protein (90 µg/ml) from the collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia was injected into a rabbit. The anti-NS1 antibody from the rabbit was then labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using the periodate oxidation method. Sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect NS1 from DENV-infected patients. RESULTS Serially diluted antibody labeled with HRP tested using the direct ELISA method showed the highest absorbance value at a 1:100 dilution (Mean [SD] = 1.35 [0.35]); even at a dilution as high as 1:3,200 (0.22 [0.15]), antibody labeled with HRP was able to detect the NS1 protein, although the absorbance value did not differ greatly from that of the negative control (0.13 [0.01]). CONCLUSIONS In an attempt to develop an NS1-based diagnostic test, polyclonal anti- NS1 DENV antibody was successfully produced as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of DENV NS1 antigen in patients' sera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological diversity was studied in 101 accessions of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) collected from old gardens in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. The characterization work was performed over three years, where a total of 19 descriptors from the UPOV guidelines TG/191/2-2001 were recorded each year. The results showed high diversity among the studied accessions, both for leaf and rhizome characters. A morphotype with long leaves and a high leaf length/leaf width quota was the most common, but also elliptic and heart-shaped leaf types were found. Some characters showed stability over the years, although there were variations in the results. Correlations between descriptors were found and five different clusters of descriptors were identified. In two of the clusters, only leaf characters were found, whereas the rhizome characters were divided into three other clusters. Correlation between descriptors can be used to reduce the number of descriptors for further studies of horseradish. The results showed that there is a high diversity both in leaf and rhizome characters, despite that horseradish is a vegetatively propagated plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract A nanochip biosensor was modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics and the proposed model was used to determine the phenol concentration in the presence of HRP. Experimental results from phenol measurement in the presence of HRP were in agreement with results of the proposed model. Highlights • A nanochip biosensor was modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics. • The proposed model was used to determine the phenol concentration in presence of HRP. • Cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric responses were predicated by the model. • Experimental results from phenol measurement in the presence of HRP were in agreement with the results of the model. • Diffusion layer of phenol enzymatic oxidation product was predicated by the model. Abstract Horseradish peroxidase enzyme selectively oxidizes phenol to o -quinone that can be reduced electrochemically to catechol and generating a current response which is directly proportional to phenol concentration. In order to investigate the o -quinone enzymatic production and its electrochemical behavior, a 2-D model was developed for a nanochip biosensor in COMSOL Multiphysics. The oxidation rate of phenol to o -quinone was predicted by the developed model based on Michaelis-Menten equation. The diffusion coefficient of o -quinone was obtained 2.17 × 10−6 cm2 s-1 based on experimental chronoamperograms. The cathodic and anodic peak potentials for o -quinone/catechol redox couple are obtained experimentally 255 and 310 mV, respectively. The obtained results from simulation were compared with the experimental results to verify the validity of the model. By comparing the cyclic voltammograms from the simulation and experimental results, the heterogeneous rate constant, k°, and the transfer coefficient, α, were calculated 0.02 cm s-1 and 0.5, respectively. Then, using simulation results, chronoamperograms were drawn for the nanochip biosensors with different heights. Also, o -quinone concentration gradients were determined at the electrode surface, which can be used to estimate the thickness of the diffusion layer. Finally, a calibration plot was obtained based on the simulation results of the proposed nanochip as phenol biosensor with the following equation I (nA) = 0.1497 C (μM)–0.3521 and a linear range of 20.0–150.0 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • One-pot polymerization to prepare nanogel-based artificial enzymes, which is facile and scalable. • NAEs are much more stable than the natural HRP in a broad range of temperature and pH. • NAEs have a good enzymatic activity on several azo compounds. • NAEs are temperature-switchable, and have a great potential in controllable catalysis. Abstract Novel artificial enzymes are highly desired to overcome the shortcomings of natural enzymes during industrial or biological applications. Here we designed and prepared nanogel-based artificial enzymes (NAEs) to mimic natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using a facile one-pot, scalable method. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) matrix provided a temperature-responsive and size-controllable scaffold for the NAEs, and 1-vinylimidazole (Vim) moieties stabilized the enzymatic centers (Hemin) through coordination interaction. The feeding ratios of the components to prepare NAEs were subsequently studied and optimized to ensure the NAEs possess the highest catalytic activity and stability. The optimized NAEs were quite stable and can maintain their catalytic activities over a broad range of heat or pH treatments, and a long storage period as well. The NAEs are active to catalytic oxidation of several azo compounds and their activities can easily be switched on/off by changing the surrounding temperature. Taken together, these easily made, highly stable, efficient and activity-switchable NAEs could mimic natural HRP while overcoming their shortcomings and have a potential in wastewater treatment and controllable catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese horseradish (Wasabia japonica Matsumura) is a perennial plant originated from Japan, but is currently grown in many other countries across the world. Wasabi contains important substances isothiocyanates (ITCs) which have potential positive influence on human health. Wasabi extract is also eventual a plant protection product. Therefore, using these positive features and obtaining an effective multiplication of this crop is an important element. This work focuses on methods of Wasabi propagation especially with the use of in vitro culture and the possible influence of the content of ITCs-allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on important substances in Wasabi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the signal transduction with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-functionalized gold nanoprobe, this work develops a new electrochemical aptasensing method for kanamycin (Kana) detection. The aptasensor was constructed through the hybridization of biotinylated Kana-aptamer at its complementary oligonucleotide strand-modified electrode, followed by intercalating methylene blue (MB) into the formed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Then, the streptavidin and high-content HRP functionalized gold nanoparticle probes were bound onto the aptasensor. As the MB-mediated HRP-catalytic reaction could produce sensitive electrochemical signal and the aptamer-biorecognition toward Kana could cause quantitative decrease of MB intercalation and nanoprobe capture, convenient electrochemical signal transduction was achieved. Both the enzymatic reaction and nanoprobe signal amplification greatly enhance the electrochemical signal, offering ultrahigh sensitivity of the method. The MB intercalation into dsDNA not only provides necessary electron mediator for the enzymatic reaction but also simplifies the electrochemical measurement. Under optimal conditions, this method showed a wide linear range over four-order of magnitude with a low detection limit of 0.88 pg/mL. In addition, the aptasensor features high specificity, excellent repeatability and stability as well as satisfactory reliability. Thus it possesses valuable application potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Non-fouling surfaces can be equipped with specific bioactivity. • Terminal click functionality useful for covalent attachment of enzymes on brushes. • Control of immobilized amount by spacer length and brush conformation. • Control of activity by spacer length and immobilized amount. Abstract Thermoresponsive poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) brushes with terminal click functionality can be used to selectively immobilize enzymes. Exploiting their inherent protein-repellent and thus non-fouling properties, surfaces with specific bioactivity can be created in this way. This report describes the functionalization of alkyne-PNIPAAm brushes with two biotin linkers of different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer length via click chemistry and the subsequent immobilization of streptavidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) by the strong interaction between biotin and streptavidin. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to quantify the biotin and the SA-HRP amount on the PNIPAAm brushes. Enzyme activities are determined by UV‑vis spectroscopy. A better accessibility to the alkyne-functionalized chain ends for the short biotin-PEG 3 linker leads to a higher biotin amount on these PNIPAAm brushes, which in turn results in higher SA‑HRP amounts on biotin-PEG 3 -modified brushes in the swollen (20 °C) and collapsed state (37 °C) compared to biotin-PEG 23 -modified ones. For both linkers, an increased immobilization temperature leads to higher SA-HRP amounts due to an enhanced reaction kinetics and mobility. All immobilized SA-HRP amounts are in range of 81–98% monolayer coverage, except for SA-HRP immobilized on biotin-PEG 23 -modified PNIPAAm brushes at 20 °C, exhibiting only 43% monolayer coverage. A high mobility of the biotin linker combined with a low surface loading of SA-HRP is found to be beneficial for the activity of SA-HRP. Hence, the highest specific activity as measured by HRP-catalyzed 3,3´,5,5´‑tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation is found for a low SA-HRP amount on biotin-PEG 23 -modified brushes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a sandwich-type electrochemical biosensing platform is developed based on carbon sphere-MoS 2 (CS-MoS 2 ) and target recycling amplification of catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) strategy for ultrasensitive determination of microRNA (miRNA). The CS-MoS 2 is prepared and used as sensing substrate, which shows high specific surface area, enhanced stability and good dispersibility. The capture probe is first modified on Au nanoparticles/CS-MoS 2 modified glassy carbon electrode through Au-S band, and hairpin DNA1 (H1) then reacts with it and unfolds its loop domain by hybridizing with target miRNA-21. The opened H1 subsequently assembles with biotin labeled hairpin DNA 2 (H2) to displace the target. The liberated miRNA-21 is free and backs to the original solution to proceed next circulation, resulting in the generation of large amounts of H1–H2 duplex. Massive signal indicators horseradish peroxidase are then immobilized on electrode, and catalyze hydrogenperoxide + hydroquinone (H 2 O 2  + HQ) system to produce a strong electrochemical response. The proposed assay benefits from advantages of sandwich-type structure, favorable electrochemical properties of CS-MoS 2 and CHA target recycling amplification strategy. Therefore, it exhibits a wide linear relation between 1 × 10 −16 and 1 × 10 −10  M with a low detection limit of 1.6 × 10 −17  M for miRNA-21 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are increasingly causing urinary tract infections (UTI), which has been linked to frequent use of antibiotics. Alternative treatment regimens are urgently needed and natural isothiocyanates (ITC) may represent one. ITCs are natural plant products found in nasturtium ( Tropaeoli majoris herba ) and horseradish ( Armoraciae rusticanae radix ). Purpose The objectives were to (1) assess the antimicrobial effects of nature-identical ITCs for UTI treatment caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), (2) to evaluate a potential influence of antimicrobial resistance on ITC susceptibility, and (3) to test whether ITCs affect UPEC penetration into human uroepithelial cells. Methods We tested 217 clinical UPEC isolates, 54.5% of which were classified as MDR, for susceptibility against ITCs. ITC susceptibility testing was performed by broth dilution using a mixture of three synthetic ITCs. Internalization was tested using human T-24 bladder carcinoma cells in an internalization assay co-incubated with UPEC ( n  = 5) and ITCs. Results The mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 90 was 0.17 mg/ml, showing very high susceptibility against ITCs. Interestingly, MDR E. coli were significantly less susceptible than non-MDR strains ( p  = .01). Internalization of UPEC was decreased by 31.9% in the mean when treated with ITCs. Overall, ITCs exerted a strong antimicrobial activity against clinical UPEC isolates and reduced internalization into uroepithelial cells. Conclusion ITCs might present a promising treatment alternative for UTIs, expressing both high antimicrobial activity as well as blocking the pathogenic process of human cell penetration by UPEC. Clinical studies, however, are needed to confirm activity of ITCs in UTIs in vivo . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cold-pressed horseradish (Armoracia rusticana L.) root juice was used for spray-drying encapsulation within different biopolymeric carriers (maltodextrin/alginate, maltodextrin/guar gum, and maltodextrin/gum Arabic) to ensure easier handling and preservation of its bioactive compounds. The obtained encapsulates were added in mayonnaise formulations as potential substitutes for synthetic antioxidants. Physicochemical, spectrophotometric, and chromatographic analyses of the encapsulates showed the presence of various phenolic compounds and a pronounced antioxidant activity. The encapsulates were stable in terms of total phenolic content retention over 6 months of storage at −18 °C. The determination of the peroxide and p -anisidine values as well as the accelerated oxidation stability analysis showed that the horseradish encapsulates added to the mayonnaise were more potent in maintaining the oxidative stability of the mayonnaise than the synthetic antioxidant. The added encapsulates positively affected the pH and acid values of the mayonnaises. Also, mayonnaises with encapsulates were sensory acceptable. These results suggest that encapsulated horseradish root juice within various carriers could find useful application as a natural antioxidant in food products to prevent oxidation and prolong shelf-life. [Display omitted] • Encapsulated horseradish root juice exhibited desirable physicochemical properties. • Encapsulates contained high amounts of phenols and potent antioxidant activity. • Adding the encapsulates to mayonnaise delayed the formation of oxidation products. • Mayonnaises with the encapsulated horseradish root juice were sensory acceptable. • Horseradish encapsulates could be potential substitutes for synthetic antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, nanodiamond (ND) was blended with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and then electrospun into nanofibers (nfPMMA-ND) for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The maximum immobilization efficiency of HRP (96%) was detected at 10% ND and pH 7.0. ATR-FTIR, SEM and TEM were used to characterize the immobilized enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained 60% of its initial activity after ten reuses. The pH was shifted from 7.0 for soluble HRP to 7.5 for the immobilized enzyme. The soluble HRP had an optimum temperature of 30 °C, whereas this temperature was shifted to 40 °C for the immobilized enzyme. The substrate analogs were oxidized by immobilized HRP with higher efficiencies than those of soluble HRP. The kinetic results showed that the soluble HRP had more affinity toward guiacol and H2O2 than immobilized HRP. The effect of metal ions on soluble and immobilized HRP was studied. The immobilized HRP was markedly more stable when it exposed to urea, isopropanol, butanol and heptane compared with the soluble enzyme. The immobilized HRP exhibited high resistance to proteolysis by trypsin than that of soluble enzyme. In conclusion, the nfPMMA-ND-HRP could be employed in several applications such as biosensor, biomedical and bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants of the genus Armoracia P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Brassicaceae) contain glucosinolates, which volatile hydrolysis products are known for their antimicrobial activity. In this work, the composition and antimicrobial activity of the root volatiles of wild-growing Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. & Kit.) Kit. ex Baumg., obtained by hydrodistillation, were analysed for the first time. These results were compared with those of widely used horseradish, A. rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Additionally, the possibility of the propagation of A. macrocarpa from the roots, and impact of its cultivation on the composition and antimicrobial activity of the root volatiles were investigated. The GC-FID and GC–MS analysis revealed that all A. macrocarpa root volatile fractions were dominated by berteroin (55.0–59.0%) and lesquerellin (34.1–36.4%), and were significantly different from horseradish root volatile fraction. In microdilution method, A. macrocarpa volatile fractions exhibited weak/no antibacterial activity, while their effect against standard strain (MICs = 4.8–9.3 μg/mL) and clinical isolates (MICs = 25–119 μg/mL) of Candida albicans was significant. Horseradish volatiles exhibited better antibacterial and slightly weaker anticandidal activity. Armoracia macrocarpa represents a new source of raw materials with potential use in pharmaceutical and food industries, as well as in cookery. Preliminary results indicated the possibility of its cultivation, which is required for its preservation and sustainable usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the efficiency of horseradish Amorica rusticana leaf, and Levisticum officinale lovage leaf and stem extracts for the stabilisation of rapeseed oil during storage was evaluated. Plant extracts were added to unrefined rapeseed oil in a concentration of 1% by weight, which was chosen based on the results of previous experiments studying the possibilities of the addition of different concentrations of plant extracts for extending the shelf life of the oil. As a control a rapeseed oil sample without extracts was analysed, and for comparison butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the maximum allowed concentration was added to the oil. The efficiency of the extracts in oil was tested in the dark and in the light/dark cycles (day/night regime). For all samples the peroxide value, acid value and DPPH scavenging activity were determined. The oil samples with the added plant extracts stored in the dark oxidised significantly (p < 0.05) slower than the control sample and the sample with BHT. After 24 weeks of storage, the lowest peroxide value was in the sample with the lovage stem extract. The extracts contain compounds that could absorb light (for example chlorophyll) and in the light/dark conditions accelerate oxidation in oil. Among the analysed extracts the lovage stem extract was the most effective oil oxidation inhibitor, but horseradish leaf extract was the most effective DPPH radical scavenger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison with other cruciferous vegetables, horseradish has rarely been the object of scientifi c research, and the knowledge about the composition, content and distribution of glucosinolates (GLS) in different organs of horseradish plants is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the GLS content in leaves and roots of four horseradish landraces during the growing season. The presence of 13 GLS was determined in the examined horseradish tissues, and glucoraphanin, glucoraphenin and napoleiferin were noted for the fi rst time in the species. During the growing season, the content of individual GLS changed signifi cantly. The rate and direction of these changes varied across the examined landraces and plant organs. In the leaves, between May and June, the content of sinigrin, the main GLS in all horseradish landraces, decreased in Bavarian (40%) and Hungarian (11%) horseradish, increased (22%) in Creamy horseradish, whereas in Danish horseradish, the difference was not signifi cant. Despite the changes observed in the fi rst two months, the highest content of sinigrin was noted in July in all horseradish landraces. During the growing season (August-October), the content of sinigrin fl uctuated in the roots of Creamy and Danish landraces, reaching the highest level in October and September, respectively, whereas in the roots of Hungarian and Bavarian landraces, sinigrin concentrations continued to increase and peaked in October. Changes in the content of other, minor GLS during the growing season often differed from those noted in sinigrin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]