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This article focuses on the scope and the different forms of tax recovery assistance provided by EU-directive 2010/24: exchange of information, presence of officials in another Member State, assistance for the notification of documents, and assistance by taking recovery or precautionary measures in the requested Member State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Documentation makes us suffer. This is, perhaps, an overstatement. Yet, the writing on performance art gives testimony to a range of discomforts that arise in relation to documentation. From anxieties about its insufficiency as record, to despair that documents are easily commodified, to unease with the very desire that documents seem to solicit, concerns about documentation have long been at the heart of discussions about performance art. In recent years, artistic re-enactment has seemed to some to promise a solution to the shortcomings of mediatized forms of documentation. Yet, many of these events have remained tangled up with documentation nevertheless, and an uneasy relationship to documents persists. This article focuses on this persistence of discomfort. Drawing upon my own experience attending Marina Abramović’sSeven Easy Pieces(2005), I ask what it might mean to endure documents. Responding to criticisms that Abramović recreated documentation rather than performances, and focusing in on the durational form of the work, I argue that Abramović’s sustained embodied engagement with performance documentation offers new insights into how performance and its documents endure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment of cervical carcinoma is affected by the stage of the disease, being most likely curable with early detection. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and persistency are necessary to the development of precancerous and cancerous lesions leaving the possibility to detect in time cells progressing in at risk behaviour. Methods: This study documents the proportion of HPV DNA positivity in 906 samples with cytological result negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy (NILM), 220 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) samples and 211 low grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) samples collected from various pathological laboratories in Brussels, Belgium. Results: The proportion of samples harbouring one or more HPV types was 10.8% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 8.8-12.8) in NILM, 34.5% (95% CI: 27.6-40.3) in ASC-US, 54.3% (95% CI: 47.5- 61.1) in LSIL, with significant variability of HPV proportion in ASC-US and LSIL between laboratories. Conclusion: This study provides an on-site picture, confirming an added value of HPV DNA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Health research capacity strengthening (RCS) projects are often complex and hard to evaluate. In order to inform health RCS evaluation efforts, we aimed to describe and compare key characteristics of existing health RCS evaluation frameworks: their process of development, purpose, target users, structure, content and coverage of important evaluation issues. A secondary objective was to explore what use had been made of the ESSENCE framework, which attempts to address one such issue: harmonising the evaluation requirements of different funders. Methods We identified and analysed health RCS evaluation frameworks published by seven funding agencies between 2004 and 2012, using a mixed methods approach involving structured qualitative analyses of documents, a stakeholder survey and consultations with key contacts in health RCS funding agencies. Results The frameworks were intended for use predominantly by the organisations themselves, and most were oriented primarily towards funders' internal organisational performance requirements. The frameworks made limited reference to theories that specifically concern RCS. Generic devices, such as logical frameworks, were typically used to document activities, outputs and outcomes, but with little emphasis on exploring underlying assumptions or contextual constraints. Usage of the ESSENCE framework appeared limited. Conclusions We believe that there is scope for improving frameworks through the incorporation of more accessible information about how to do evaluation in practice; greater involvement of stakeholders, following evaluation capacity building principles; greater emphasis on explaining underlying rationales of frameworks; and structuring frameworks so that they separate generic and project-specific aspects of health RCS evaluation. The third and fourth of these improvements might assist harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast collection of biomedical literature and its continued expansion has presented a number of challenges to researchers who require structured findings to stay abreast of and analyze molecular mechanisms relevant to their domain of interest. By structuring literature content into topic-specific machine-readable databases, the aggregate data from multiple articles can be used to infer trends that can be compared and contrasted with similar findings from topic-independent resources. Our study presents a generalized procedure for semi-automatically creating a custom topic-specific molecular interaction database through the use of text mining to assist manual curation. We apply the procedure to capture molecular events that underlie 'pain', a complex phenomenon with a large societal burden and unmet medical need. We describe how existing text mining solutions are used to build a pain-specific corpus, extract molecular events from it, add context to the extracted events and assess their relevance. The pain-specific corpus contains 765 692 documents from Medline and PubMed Central, from which we extracted 356 499 unique normalized molecular events, with 261 438 single protein events and 93 271 molecular interactions supplied by BioContext. Event chains are annotated with negation, speculation, anatomy, Gene Ontology terms, mutations, pain and disease relevance, which collectively provide detailed insight into how that event chain is associated with pain. The extracted relations are visualized in a wiki platform (wikipain.org) that enables efficient manual curation and exploration of the molecular mechanisms that underlie pain. Curation of 1500 grouped event chains ranked by pain relevance revealed 613 accurately extracted unique molecular interactions that in the future can be used to study the underlying mechanisms involved in pain. Our approach demonstrates that combining existing text mining tools with domain-specific terms and wiki-based visualization can facilitate rapid curation of molecular interactions to create a custom database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gender affects household spending in two areas that have been widely studied in the literature. One strand documents that greater female bargaining power within households results in a variety of shifts in household production and consumption. One important source of bargaining power is ownership of assets, especially land. Another strand examines the gender bias in spending on children. This paper addresses both strands simultaneously. In this paper, differences in spending on education are examined empirically, both at the household and individual levels. Results are mixed, though the balance of evidence weighs toward pro-male bias in spending on education at the household level. Results also indicate that the relationship between asset ownership and female bargaining power within the household are contingent on the type of asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of bone microstructure in ornithopod and theropod dinosaurs from Victoria, Australia, documents ontogenetic changes, providing insight into the dinosaurs' successful habitation of Cretaceous Antarctic environments. Woven-fibered bone tissue in the smallest specimens indicates rapid growth rates during early ontogeny. Later ontogeny is marked by parallel-fibered tissue, suggesting reduced growth rates approaching skeletal maturity. Bone microstructure similarities between the ornithopods and theropods, including the presence of LAGs in each group, suggest there is no osteohistologic evidence supporting the hypothesis that polar theropods hibernated seasonally. Results instead suggest high-latitude dinosaurs had growth trajectories similar to their lower-latitude relatives and thus, rapid early ontogenetic growth and the cyclical suspensions of growth inherent in the theropod and ornithopod lineages enabled them to successfully exploit polar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enlarged Europe is addressing the challenge of territorial cohesion on the basis of a disciplinary and operative framework formed by a number of evolving documents and provisions to be applied and developed at different administrative and planning levels. Rapid and profound changes have occurred in previous decades as far as institutional framework, the role of actors and issues to be tackled are concerned, within a re-scaling process of territorial governance. In this context, small territories can take advantage of European funds, but experience a hard confrontation with the market economy and supra-local visions, use of resources and infrastructure projects. A decisive role, in many countries, has been gained by regional authorities, which must mediate among various territorial levels, institutions and actors involved in a multilevel governance process. The paper focuses on spatial and regional/territorial planning processes among the European dimension, Member States and regions, on the basis of a case study conducted in Northern Italy. The aim is to determine the role of European spatial planning as a 'learning machine' [Faludi, A. (2008) European Territorial Cooperation and Learning, disP 172, (1/2008), pp. 3-10.] able to support processes of mutual learning and cooperation, overcoming the attitude of compliance to upper level schemes and financial programmes rather than innovating usual procedures and territorial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large scale document digitization, orientation detection plays an important role, especially in the scenario of digitizing incoming mail. The heavy use of automatic document feeding scanners and moreover automatic processing of facsimiles results in many documents being scanned in the wrong orientation. These misoriented scans have to be corrected, as most subsequent processing steps assume the document to be scanned in the right orientation. Several existing methods for orientation detection use the fact that in Latin script text, ascenders are more likely to occur than descenders. In this paper, we propose a one-step skew and orientation detection method using a well-established geometric text-line model. The advantage of our method is that it combines accurate skew estimation with robust, resolution-independent orientation detection. An interesting aspect of our method is that it incorporates orientation detection into a previously published skew detection method allowing to perform orientation detection, skew estimation, and, if necessary, text-line extraction in one step. The effectiveness of our orientation detection approach is demonstrated on the UW-I dataset, and on publicly available test images from OCRopus. Our method achieves an accuracy of 99% on the UW-I dataset and 100% on test images from OCRopus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper sets out to discuss the use of information extraction (IE), a natural language-processing (NLP) technique to assist "rich" semantic indexing of diverse archaeological text resources. The focus of the research is to direct a semantic-aware "rich" indexing of diverse natural language resources with properties capable of satisfying information retrieval from online publications and datasets associated with the Semantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources (STAR) project. Design/methodology/approach - The paper proposes use of the English Heritage extension (CRM-EH) of the standard core ontology in cultural heritage, CIDOC CRM, and exploitation of domain thesauri resources for driving and enhancing an Ontology-Oriented Information Extraction process. The process of semantic indexing is based on a rule-based Information Extraction technique, which is facilitated by the General Architecture of Text Engineering (GATE) toolkit and expressed by Java Annotation Pattern Engine (JAPE) rules. Findings - Initial results suggest that the combination of information extraction with knowledge resources and standard conceptual models is capable of supporting semantic-aware term indexing. Additional efforts are required for further exploitation of the technique and adoption of formal evaluation methods for assessing the performance of the method in measurable terms. Originality/value - The value of the paper lies in the semantic indexing of 535 unpublished online documents often referred to as "Grey Literature", from the Archaeological Data Service OASIS corpus (Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS), with respect to the CRM ontological concepts E49.Time Appellation and P19.Physical Object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph constraints were introduced in the area of graph transformation, in connection with the notion of (negative) application conditions, as a form to limit the applicability of transformation rules. However, we believe that graph constraints may also play a significant role in the area of visual software modelling or in the specification and verification of semi-structured documents or websites (i.e. HTML or XML sets of documents). In this sense, after some discussion on these application areas, we concentrate on the problem of how to prove the consistency of specifications based on this kind of constraints. In particular, we present proof rules for two classes of graph constraints and show that our proof rules are sound and (refutationally) complete for each class. In addition, we study clause subsumption in this context as a form to speed up refutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates from the U.S. Secret Service suggest that $40 million worth of counterfeit currency are confiscated each year in the United States. Despite measures to guard against the crime, modern technology has made reproducing fraudulent bills relatively easy. Over 90 percent of counterfeiting reported in the United States results from the use of readily available digital technology. Yet, little is known about the characteristics of the crime or those who engage in it. The current article presents a descriptive analysis of counterfeiting using data from closed case files from the Secret Service in a southern jurisdiction. Results suggest advances in consumer digital technologies have democratized the crime. That is, this form of offending is committed by a diverse group in terms of age, gender, race, and criminal history. The majority of counterfeiting cases involved multiple offenders, particularly among female counterfeiters. Sample limitations are discussed, as are recommendations for future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents a model-centered approach for rich document production and delivery to the accessible Web. A profile modeling task is proposed, where multidisciplinary teams can discuss users, devices, and usage scenarios, to grasp and synthesize rich scenarios for document delivery on the Web. A document production framework is presented, composed by different accessibility-aware components, affording the range of scenarios that might be modeled. By using this approach, documents are tailored to users in such a way that rich interaction capabilities are maintained, without sacrificing content accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of near duplicate documents is an important problem in many data mining and information filtering applications. When faced with massive quantities of data, traditional techniques relying on direct inter-document similarity computation are often not feasible given the time and memory performance constraints. On the other hand, fingerprint-based methods, such as I-Match, while very attractive computationally, can be unstable even to small perturbations of document content, which causes signature fragmentation. We focus on I-Match and present a randomization-based technique of increasing its signature stability, with the proposed method consistently outperforming traditional I-Match by as high as 40–60% in terms of the relative improvement in near-duplicate recall. Importantly, the large gains in detection accuracy are offset by only small increases in computational requirements. We also address the complimentary problem of spurious matches, which is particularly important for I-Match when fingerprinting long documents. Our discussion is supported by experiments involving large web-page and email datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the failure of U.S. courts to adopt a consistent approach to Rule 1003(1) challenges. It recalls court cases in 1814 and 2005 wherein the authenticity of duplicate copies of documents were questioned. Rule 1003 contains the provisions concerning the admissibility of duplicate copies in court proceedings which include the authenticity of the original copy. It also examines the reasons and methods that courts used in adopting the Best Evidence Rule in 1700.

Abstract We propose a method for performing evaluation of relevance feedback based on simulating real users. The user simulation applies a model defining the user's relevance threshold to accept individual documents as feedback in a graded relevance environment;user's patience to browse the initial list of retrieved documents; and his/her effort in providing the feedback. We evaluate the result by using cumulated gain-based evaluation together with freezing all documents seen by the user in order to simulate the point of view of a user who is browsing the documents during the retrieval process. We demonstrate the method by performing a simulation in the laboratory setting and present the ''branching'' curve sets characteristic for the presented evaluation method. Both the average and topic by-topic results indicate that if the freezing approach is adopted, giving feedback of mixed quality makes sense for various usage scenarios even though the modeled users prefer finding especially the most relevant documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most search engines display some document metadata, such as title, snippetand URL, in conjunction with the returned hits to aid users in determining documents. However, metadata is usually fragmented pieces of information that, even when combined,does not provide an overview of a returned document. In this paper, we propose a mechanism of enriching metadata of the returned results by incorporating automatically extracted document keyphrases with each returned hit. We hypothesize that keyphrases of a document can better represent the major theme in that document. Therefore, by examining the keyphrases in each returned hit, users can better predict the content of documents and the time spent on downloading and examining the irrelevant documents will be reduced substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popularity of the Internet has contributed towards the explosive growth of online information, and it is especially useful to have tools which can help users digest information content. Text summarization addresses this need by taking a source text, selecting the most important portions of it, and presenting coherent summary to the user in a manner sensitive to the user's or application's needs. The goal of this paper is to show how these objectives can be achieved through an efficient use of lexical cohesion. The current work addresses both generic and query-based summaries in the context of single documents and sets of documents as in current news. We present an approach for identifying the most important portions of the text which are topically best suited to represent the source texts according to the author's views or in response to the user's interests. This identification must also take into consideration the degree of connectiveness among the chosen text portions so as to minimize the danger of producing summaries which contain poorly linked sentences. We present a system that handles these objectives, discuss its performance, and evaluate it and compare it to other systems in the context of Document Understanding Conference (DUC) evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years graph-ranking based algorithms have been proposed for single document summarization and generic multi-document summarization. The algorithms make use of the "votings" or "recommendations" between sentences to evaluate the importance of the sentences in the documents. This study aims to differentiate the crossdocument and within-document relationships between sentences for generic multi-document summarization and adapt the graph-ranking based algorithm for topic-focused summarization. The contributions of this study are two-fold: (1) For generic multi-document summarization, we apply the graph-based ranking algorithm based on each kind of sentence relationship and explore their relative importance for summarization performance. (2) For topic-focused multi-document summarization, we propose to integrate the relevance of the sentences to the specified topic into the graph-ranking based method. Each individual kind of sentence relationship is also differentiated and investigated in the algorithm. Experimental results on DUC 2002-DUC 2005 data demonstrate the great importance of the cross-document relationships between sentences for both generic and topic-focused multi-document summarizations. Even the approach based only on the crossdocument relationships can perform better than or at least as well as the approaches based on both kinds of relationships between sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise corpora contain evidence of what employees work on and therefore can be used to automatically find experts on a given topic. We present a general approach for representing the knowledge of a potential expert as a mixture of language models from associated documents. First we retrieve documents given the expert's name using a generative probabilistic technique and weight the retrieved documents according to expert-specific posterior distribution. Then we model the expert indirectly through the set of associated documents, which allows us to exploit their underlying structure and complex language features. Experiments show that our method has excellent performance on the expert search task of the TREC Enterprise track and that it effectively collects and combines evidence for expertise in a heterogeneous collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential pitfalls of selecting a currency board over full dollarization with reference to the Cook Islands case. It highlights the Cook Islands case wherein a combination between the accelerating rates of currency issuance and the rising government budget deficits that led to a critical loss of confidence in 1994. It implies that a country that is willing to give up an independent monetary policy always has the choice of taking an established foreign currency as the local circulating medium and dollarizing the economy. It notes that an ultimate price of the increased monetary flexibility was a loss of confidence in the over-issued local money forcing the government to abandon the currency board and restore full dollarization of the economy in 1995.

We present a novel approach to managing redundancy in sequence databanks such as GenBank. We store clusters of near-identical sequences as a representative union-sequenceand a set of corresponding edits to that sequence. During search, the query is compared to only the union-sequences representing each cluster; cluster members are then only reconstructed and aligned if the union-sequence achieves a sufficiently high score. Using this approach with BLAST results in a 27 reduction in collection size and a corresponding 22 decrease in search time with no significant change in accuracy. We also describe our method for clustering that uses fingerprinting, an approach that has been successfully applied to collections of text and web documents in Information Retrieval. Our clustering approach is ten times faster on the GenBank nonredundant protein database than the fastest existing approach, CD-HIT. We have integrated our approach into FSA-BLAST, our new Open Source version of BLAST (available from httpwww.fsa-blast.org). As a result, FSA-BLAST is twice as fast as NCBI-BLAST with no significant change in accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the affects retained, carried, and effected by documents, as they are produced, exchanged, transformed, and transacted among their users. I study the interactions which Turkish-Cypriots (in Britain and on either side of the border in Cyprus) forge with documents, especially those used for identity verification and travel. For those who juggle documents manufactured by several complexes of law and statecraft (including the 'illegal' Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus), documents generate differential and politically charged affectivities. Bringing anthropological literature on law, policy, and bureaucracy, as well as Actor Network Theory, into dialogue with psychoanalytic work on affect, this article charts a new terrain for the study of affect (in the domain of documents as objects) and explores emotive dimensions previously unattended by scholars of bureaucracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a way, this text continues two of my previously published text and a lecture on Open Access (OA) to published scientific information. OA is a world wide initiative for the maximal access to scientific information, in a digital form, be it as digital OA journals („golden way"), or as digital OA self-archived documents („green way"). In this article, after a brief summary of some basic principles of the concept of OA, a short account of the most important global developments regarding the OA initiative during the years 2005 and 2006. Everything indicates that OA is ever more widespread and that there is an increasing number of institutions and foundations adhering to it. However, the initiative still requires more promotion among scientists. OA's appeal to individual scientists should lie in the fact that OA increases the visibility of newly published information, and its impact on scientific research. Of course, this also contributes to the reputation of scientists publishing noteworthy papers. On the global scene, OA could bridge the gap between affluent and less affluent scientific communities, at least in the field of sharing published information. The reduced profit of scientific publishers is, and may for some time be, the main obstacle for further advancement of the OA approach. However, there are encouraging signs that some of the more progressive publishers are trying to adapt to the new situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content-oriented XML retrieval approaches aim at a more focused retrieval strategy: Instead of retrieving whole documents, document components that are exhaustive to the information need while at the same time being as specific as possible should be retrieved. In this article, we show that the evaluation methods developed for standard retrieval must be modified in order to deal with the structure of XML documents. More precisely, the size and overlap of document components must be taken into account. For this purpose, we propose a new effectiveness metric based on the definition of a concept space defined upon the notions of exhaustiveness and specificity of a search result. We compare the results of this new metric by the results obtained with the official metric used in INEX, the evaluation initiative for content-oriented XML retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We describe a procedure for reconstructing documents that have been shredded by hand, a problem that often arises in forensics. The proposed method first applies a polygonal approximation in order to reduce the complexity of the boundaries and then extracts relevant features of the polygon to carry out the local reconstruction. In this way, the overall complexity can be dramatically reduced because few features are used to perform the matching. The ambiguities resulting from the local reconstruction are resolved and the pieces are merged together as we search for a global solution. The preliminary results reported in this paper, which take into account a limited amount of shredded pieces (10–15) demonstrate that feature-matching-based procedure produces interesting results for the problem of document reconstruction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Current research in automatic single-document summarization is dominated by two effective, yet naïve approaches: summarization by sentence extraction and headline generation via bag-of-words models. While successful in some tasks, neither of these models is able to adequately capture the large set of linguistic devices utilized by humans when they produce summaries. One possible explanation for the widespread use of these models is that good techniques have been developed to extract appropriate training data for them from existing document/abstract and document/headline corpora. We believe that future progress in automatic summarization will be driven both by the development of more sophisticated, linguistically informed models, as well as a more effective leveraging of document/abstract corpora. In order to open the doors to simultaneously achieving both of these goals, we have developed techniques for automatically producing word-to-word and phrase-to-phrase alignments between documents and their human-written abstracts. These alignments make explicit the correspondences that exist in such document/abstract pairs and create a potentially rich data source from which complex summarization algorithms may learn. This paper describes experiments we have carried out to analyze the ability of humans to perform such alignments, and based on these analyses, we describe experiments for creating them automatically. Our model for the alignment task is based on an extension of the standard hidden Markov model and learns to create alignments in a completely unsupervised fashion. We describe our model in detail and present experimental results that show that our model is able to learn to reliably identify word- and phrase-level alignments in a corpus of document, abstract pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last step of the Information Retrieval process is to display the found documents to the user. However, some difficulties might occur at that point. English texts are usually written in the ASCII standard. Unlike the English language, many languages have different character sets, and do not have one standard. This plurality of standards causes problems, especially in a web environment, where one may download a document with an unknown standard. This paper suggests a purely automatic way of finding the standard which was used by the document writer based on the statistical letters distribution in the language. We developed a vector-space-based method that creates frequencies vectors for each letter of the language and then matches a new document's vectors to the pre-computed templates. The algorithm was applied on various types of corpora in Hebrew, Russian and English, and provides an efficient solution to the stated problem in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the amendment to the Supreme Court of Missouri Rule 58.01(c) (4) on the production of documents for inspection. Also cited are the federal law in the U.S. on electronically stored information (ESI) production, the interpretation of the 'reasonably usable' phrase under the law, and how the rule change should be enforced.

Seizure of documents at company offices by competition inspectors without prior authorisation by a court or control of the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]