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Abstract Fluorometric determination of different biologically, industrially, and environmentally important analytes is a powerful technique because this technique has excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, rapid photoluminescence response, low cost, applicability to bioimaging, and low detection limit. Fluorescence imaging is a powerful technique for screening different analytes in the living system. Heterocyclic organic compounds have been extensively used as a fluorescence chemosensor for the determination of different biologically important cations like Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Al3+, Pd2+, Fe3+ Pt2+, Mn2+, Sn2+, Pd2+, Au3+, Pd2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and other ions in biological and environmental systems. These compounds also showed significant biological applications such as anti-cancer, anti-ulcerogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti neuropathic, antihistaminic, antihypertensive, analgesic, antitubercular, antioxidant, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antiglycation, antiviral anti-obesity, and antibacterial potency. In this review, we summarize the heterocyclic organic compounds based on fluorescent chemosensors and their applications in bioimaging studies for the recognition of different biologically important metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandarin is a favorite fruit of the citrus family. Mandarin seeds are considered a source of nontraditional oil obtained from byproduct materials. This investigation aimed to assess the biomolecules of mandarin seeds and evaluated their antimycotic and antimycotoxigenic impact on fungi. Moreover, it evaluated the protective role of mandarin oil against aflatoxin toxicity in cell lines. The two types of extracted oil (fixed and volatile) were ecofriendly. The fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sterols, and carotenoids were determined in the fixed oil, whereas volatiles and phenolics were estimated in the essential oil. A mixture of the two oils was prepared and evaluated for its antimicrobial impact. The reduction effect of this mixture was also investigated to reduce mycotoxin secretion using a simulated experiment. The protective effect of the oil was evaluated using healthy strains of cell lines. Fixed oil was distinguished by the omega fatty acid content (76.24%), lutein was the major carotenoid (504.3 mg/100 g) and it had a high β-sitosterol content (294.6 mg/100 g). Essential oil contained limonene (66.05%), α-pinene (6.82%), β-pinene (4.32%), and γ-terpinene (12.31%) in significant amounts, while gallic acid and catechol were recorded as the dominant phenolics. Evaluation of the oil mix for antimicrobial potency reflected a considerable impact against pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. By its application to the fungal media, this oil mix possessed a capacity for reducing mycotoxin secretion. The oil mix was also shown to have a low cytotoxic effect against healthy strains of cell lines and had potency in reducing the mortality impact of aflatoxin B1 applied to cell lines. These results recommend further study to involve this oil in food safety applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric nanoparticles are widely studied in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Kaempferitrin‐loaded nontoxic and biodegradable poly(d,l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) developed by the solvent emulsion evaporation method by improving its solubility and bioavailability. In order to improve the delivery of kaempferitrin (KM) to cancerous cells, folic acid (FA) combined kaempfertrin PLGA NPs were prepared. The goal of the study was whether PLGA NPs with surface KM and FA could help to prevent colorectal cancer. The synthesis of KM with FA in a nanomedicine could be crucial in the development of colon cancer chemotherapeutics. The physicochemical characteristics of synthesized KM‐entrapped PLGA NPs were investigated by XRD, FTIR, zeta potential, and TEM. The KM + FA + PLGA NPs showed particle size with 132.9 ± 1.4 nm, zeta potential ‒15.0 ± 1.73 mV, encapsulation efficiency 67.92 ± 4.8, and drug‐loading capacity 0.463 ± 0.173. In vitro cytotoxicity study on HT‒29 cell lines using the MTT assay, the apoptotic study revealed that KM + FA + PLGA NPs have an enhanced cytotoxic effect compared to the KM + PLGA NPs drug solution. These findings suggested that KM + FA + PLGA NPs could be an effective chemotherapeutic drug delivery system in colon adenocarcinoma HT‐29 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish oil is the primary source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are important nutrients that assist in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and have many health benefits. It also contains vitamins that are lipid-soluble, such as vitamins A and D. This work aimed to determine how the wall material composition influenced the encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability of omega fish oils in spray-dried microcapsules. In this study, mackerel, sardine waste oil, and sand smelt fish oil were encapsulated in three different wall materials (whey protein, gum Arabic (AG), and maltodextrin) by conventional spray-drying. The effect of the different wall materials on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), flowability, and oxidative stability of encapsulated oils during storage at 4 °C was investigated. All three encapsulating agents provided a highly protective effect against the oxidative deterioration of the encapsulated oils. Whey protein was found to be the most effective encapsulated agent comparing to gum Arabic and maltodextrin. The results indicated that whey protein recorded the highest encapsulation efficiency compared to the gum Arabic and maltodextrin in all encapsulated samples with EE of 71.71%, 68.61%, and 64.71% for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oil, respectively. Unencapsulated fish oil samples (control) recorded peroxide values (PV) of 33.19, 40.64, and 47.76 meq/kg oil for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oils after 35 days of storage, while all the encapsulated samples showed PV less than 10 in the same storage period. It could be concluded that all the encapsulating agents provided a protective effect to the encapsulated fish oil and elongated the shelf life of it comparing to the untreated oil sample (control). The results suggest that encapsulation of fish oil is beneficial for its oxidative stability and its uses in the production of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The analytical efficiency of spectrophotometric determination of cobalt was improved using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), and long optical path microcells (Microcell–50). • Using Microcell–50, the electronic spectrum of the [Co(C 38 H 28 O 2 N) 2 ] complex recorded in the sedimented phase shows a well-defined peak at λ max 324 ± 3 nm with a molar absorptivity of 1.08 × 106 M−1 cm−1. • Cobalt was monitored at a detection limit (LOD) of 80 ppt and in the linear concentration range of 0.45–10 ppb. • The [Co(C 38 H 28 O 2 N) 2 ] complex prepared in the present study was fully characterized using different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, EDX and XRD. In this paper, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), long optical path microcells, and a selective chromogenic reagent were employed to improve the analytical efficiency of cobalt determination by spectrophotometry. The methodology proposed in the present study is based upon the microextraction of a cobalt(II) complex with 1-[4-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylideneamino] phenyl]ethanone (HNE) by DLLME and measurement of the absorbance of the sedimented phase using a microcell with an optical path length of 50 mm (Microcell–50). DLLME was performed using a binary mixture containing 900 μL of methanol as a dispersing solvent and 400 μL of CHCl 3 (extraction solvent) at pH 6–8 adjusted by a mixture of HCl and NaOH. The electronic spectrum of the dark brown complex recorded in the sedimented phase using Microcell–50 shows a well-defined peak at λ max 324 ± 3 nm with a molar absorptivity of 1.08 × 106 M−1 cm−1. Cobalt was monitored at a detection limit (LOD) of 0.08 μg L–1 and in the linear concentration range of 0.45–10 μg L–1, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ), relative standard deviation (RSD), and the enhancement factor (EF) were 0.264, 1.6 μgL–1, and 223, respectively. Our method was evaluated by determining cobalt in certified reference materials and experimental samples, and the results were compared with ICP–MS measurements. Moreover, the chemical structure of the [Co(C 38 H 28 O 2 N) 2 ] complex was suggested through using different characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermal analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides a description of the design, characterization, and use of a Hg2+ selective electrode (Hg2+–SE) for the determination of Hg2+ at ultra-traces levels in a variety of real samples. The ionophore in the proposed electrode is a new Schiff base, namely 4-bromo-2-[(4-methoxyphenylimino)methyl]phenol (BMPMP). All factors affecting electrode response including polymeric membrane composition, concentration of internal solution, pH sample solution, and response time were optimized. The optimum response of our electrode was obtained with the following polymeric membrane composition (% w/w): PVC, 32; o-NPOE, 64.5; BMPMP, 2 and NaTPB, 1.5. The potentiometric response of Hg2+–SE towards Hg2+ ion was linear in the wide range of concentrations (9.33 × 10–8−3.98 × 10–3 molL–1), while, the limit of detection of the proposed electrode was 3.98 × 10–8 molL–1 (8.00 μg L–1). The Hg2+–SE responds quickly to Hg2+ ions as the response time of less than 10 s. On the other hand, the slope value obtained for the developed electrode was 29.74 ± 0.1 mV/decade in the pH range of 2.0−9.0 in good agreement with the Nernstian response (29.50 mV/decade). The Hg2+–SE has relatively less interference with other metal ions. The Hg2+–SE was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titrations to estimate Hg2+ ions in waters, compact fluorescent lamp, and dental amalgam alloy and the accuracy of the developed electrode was compared with ICP–OES measurement values. Moreover, the new Schiff base (BMPMP) was synthesized and characterized using ATR–FTIR, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The PVC membranes containing BMPMP as an ionophore unloaded and loaded with Hg(II) are reported by scanning electron microscope images (SEM) along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their appropriate physicochemical properties, nanoparticles are used in nanomedicine to develop drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy. In biomedical applications, metal oxide nanoparticles are used as powerful and flexible multipurpose agents. This work described a green synthesis of Y2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using the sol-gel technique with the use of aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara L (LC). These nanoparticles were characterized with the aid of different methods, including UV, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), and photocatalytic degradation. Y2O3 nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli with a 10 to 15 mm inhibitory zone. Green Y2O3 NPs were released with a 4 h lag time and 80% sustained release rate, indicating that they could be used in drug delivery. In addition, the bioavailability of green Y2O3 NPs was investigated using cell viability in cervical cancer cell lines. These green-synthesized Y2O3 NPs demonstrated photocatalytic degradation, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic combustion with Mellifera (Honey) capping produced ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The phase and crystal structure of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have been recorded through XRD spectrum. It confirms that the prepared metal oxides are within the nanoscale range. The average crystallite size of Fe-doped ZnO is 8.8 nm, smaller than ZnO and Ag-doped nanoparticles. The vibrational spectra of ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles confirm functional group stretching vibrational modes. The exterior surface morphology of all metal oxide nanoparticles was captured by FESEM. Metal oxide nanoparticle compositional analysis shows elemental presence, atomic, and weight %. The optical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles have been examined using UV–vis spectroscopy. The band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles reduced from 2.68 eV to 1.74 eV under Fe doing and increased to 2.9 eV under Ag doing. Metal oxide thermal stability is also being investigated to determine how it affects ZnO nanoparticles. Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles have greater sensor properties than other metal oxides due to their tiny size, band gap, and stability. Gas sensor behaviour of three metal oxide nanoparticles was examined in various accepts. It proves Fe-doped ZnO is a promising gas sensor material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyridine derivatives are the most common and significant heterocyclic compounds, which play an important role in various fields ranging from medicinal to chemosensing applications. Pyridine derivatives possess different biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiglycation, analgesic, antiparkinsonian, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic, antiviral, and anticancer activity. Furthermore, these derivatives have a high affinity for various ions and neutral species and can be used as a highly effective chemosensor for the determination of different species. In this review article, generally used synthetic routes of pyridine, structural characterization, medicinal applications, and potential of pyridine derivatives in analytical chemistry as chemosensors have been discussed. We hope this study will support the new thoughts to design biological active compounds and highly selective and effective chemosensors for the detection of various species (anions, cations, and neutral species) in various samples (environmental, agricultural, and biological). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time high energy Helium–Silver laser which belongs to the category of metal-vapor lasers applied as microstructure promoter for optimally Ir-doped-MgB 2 sample. The Ir-optimally doped-Mg 0.94 Ir 0.06 B 2 superconducting sample was selected from previously published article for one of authors themselves. The samples were irradiated by a three different doses 1, 2 and 3 h from an ultrahigh energy He–Ag-Laser with average power of 103 W/cm 2 at distance of 3 cm. Superconducting measurements and micro-structural features were investigated as function of He–Ag Laser irradiation doses. Results indicated that irradiations via an ultrahigh energy He–Ag-Laser promoted grains to lower sizes and consequently measured J c ’s values enhanced and increased. Furthermore Tc-offsets for all irradiated samples are better than non-irradiated Mg 0.94 Ir 0.06 B 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present research, a simple cost-effective auto-combustion method has been adopted to prepare NiO nanoparticles with nickel nitrate and urea as raw materials. Urea has been taken as a fuel to perform combustion processes with different concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). The effects of urea concentration on structural, optical, morphological properties, and colloidal stability of NiO nanoparticles were analyzed through various techniques (XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and Zeta Potential analyzer). The single-phase cubic structure of NiO nanoparticles was examined through an XRD profile, and it confirms that the crystallite size of the nanoparticles is in the nanoscale range. The average crystallite size of NiO nanoparticles increases with an increase in fuel concentration (18.2 nm for 50%, 27.3 nm for 75,% and 38.4 nm for 100%). Among three different fuel ratios, 50% urea has been concluded as the optimum fuel ratio to prepare fewer particles. The functional groups present in all three samples were recorded by FT-IR spectra, which confirms the metallic Ni-O presence in all the samples. The role of fuel ratio on morphology was also examined by SEM micrographs, and morphological changes under three fuel ratios were also observed. The colloidal stability of NiO nanoparticles for all three samples was analyzed by a zeta potential analyzer, and it confirms that the stability of the samples is varied with fuel ratios. Using UV–vis spectra, the optical band gap of NiO nanoparticles was calculated. The optical band gap of NiO nanoparticles decreases as particle size increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave irradiation was used to prepare the CdO nanostructure for photocatalytic activity. The X-ray diffraction profile after 600 °C annealing confirms the phase transition from monoclinic Cd(OH 2) to CdO cubic structure. The typical crystallite sizes of the prepared and annealed nanoparticles are 34 nm–52 nm. The presence of functional groups in the samples is supported by vibrational studies. The optical band gap of as-prepared and annealed samples was calculated using UV spectra. It was discovered to be 3.06 eV for the as-prepared sample and 2.17 eV for the annealed sample. Photoluminescence measurement was selected to study the optical performance of CdO nanoparticles. They confirm the green emission at 522 nm. The morphological and elemental analyses of the CdO nanostructure were recorded using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The spherical-shaped CdO nanostructures with a uniform size distribution are clearly visible in scanning electron micrographs. TEM micrographs confirm the size of the spherical shaped particles is 50 nm. Using the energy dispersive spectrum, the expected percentages of elements Cd and O were determined. The photocatalytic activity of CdO nanoparticles was tested using methylene blue and rhodamine B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green and cost-effective technique for the preparation of silver nanoparticles stabilized with cinnamon's phytochemicals (CIN-AgNPs) as H 2 O 2 and xanthine nonozyme is described in the present study. Cinnamon's phytochemicals played the role of effective reducing agents as well as stabilizers of the silver. Nanoparticles were obtained in an optimum time of 90 min at room temperature. The optimum pH was found to be the normal pH of the plant extract (pH = 4.5). High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) showed that most of the particles were regular spherical shaped with particle sizes ranging from 10.0 to 70.0 nm. The patterns were indexed as (111), (200), (220) and (311) reflections of the FCC silver crystal based on their d-spacing of 2.47, 2.13, 1.49 and 1.27 Å respectively. CIN-AgNPs test showed the peroxidase enzyme like activity in the absence of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), while the xanthine oxidase enzyme like activity is shown only when the CIN-AgNPs are combined with TMB. This combination was suitable for the detection of xanthine in the range of 1.0–28 µM with a detection limit of 0.48 µM and a limit of quantitation of 1.45 µM. While CIN-AgNPs test was suitable for the detection of H 2 O 2 without the need of TMB with a linear range from 4.7 nM to 25 µM with a limit of detection of 0.62 nM and limit of quantitation of 1.88 nM. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advanced technology for synthesizing nanoparticles utilizes natural resources in an environmentally friendly manner. Additionally, green synthesis is preferred to chemical and physical synthesis because it takes less time and effort. The green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles has recently risen due to its physico-chemical properties. In this study, many functional groups present in Psidium guajava leaf extracts are used to stabilize the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The biosynthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopic analysis. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups, aromatic amines, alcohols and phenolic groups. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed various peaks ranging from 32.35 to 67.35°, and the highest intensity showed at 36.69°. The particle size ranged from 26 to 40 nm and confirmed the average particle size is 30.9 nm. The green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles contain cobalt as the major abundant element, with 42.26 wt% and 18.75 at% confirmed by the EDAX techniques. SEM images of green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed agglomerated and non-uniform spherical particles. The anti-bacterial activity of green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli with a 7 to 18 mm inhibitory zone. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles and observed 79% of dye degradation. The MTT assay of P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed an excellent cytotoxic effect against MCF 7 and HCT 116 cells compared to normal cells. The percentage of cell viability of P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles was observed as 90, 83, 77, 68, 61, 58 and 52% for MCF-7 cells and 82, 70, 63, 51, 43, 40, and 37% for HCT 116 cells at the concentration of 1.53, 3.06, 6.12, 12.24, 24.48, 50, and 100 μg/mL compared to control cells. These results confirmed that green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles have a potential photocatalytic and anti-bacterial activity and also reduced cell viability against MCF-7 breast cancer and HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, biopolymer-metal oxide nanocomposites have gained prominent importance in the attenuation of environmental toxicants from aqueous phase. But lanthanide oxide-based biopolymer nanocomposites have scantly been evaluated for their adsorption potential. A novel guar gum-polyacrylamide/erbium oxide nanocomposite (GG-PAAm/Er2O3 NC) adsorbent was synthesized by copolymerization of guar gum (GG) and acrylamide (AAm) utilizing N-N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and Er2O3 as a reinforcing agent. The adsorptive efficacy of GG-PAAm/Er2O3 nanocomposite was evaluated using nile blue (NB) as a model pollutant dye from aquatic system. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optimal process parameters, which include dosage (0.8 g/L), agitation time (40 min), initial solution pH (6), and initial NB concentration (80 mg/L) were determined by batch methodology. The equilibrium data for NB confiscation was better expressed by Langmuir isotherm model, with maximal adsorption effectiveness (Qm) of 225.88 mg NB/g demonstrating the actively monolayer adsorption onto homogeneous surface of GG-PAAm/Er2O3 NC. The kinetics of NB sorption process onto GG-PAAm/Er2O3 NC was reliable with pseudo-second order model. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH° (15–17 kJ/mol) and ΔS° (0.079–0.087 kJ/mol/K), and − ΔG° (8.81–10.55 kJ/mol) for NB validated the endothermic, an increased randomness at the GG-PAAm/Er2O3–NB interface, and spontaneity and feasibility of the process, respectively. The spent nanocomposite was effectively regenerated with NaOH, and could be reused proficiently for five runs demonstrating the high reusability potential of the nanocomposite. The commendable removal efficiency and high reusability of GG-PAAm/Er2O3 NC recommended it to be a highly competent adsorbent for cationic dyes particularly NB diminution from aqueous waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca is a species of flowering plant belonging to the Rosaceae family that plays an important role as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of specific types of cancer, microbial infections, and diabetes mellitus. This work presents the first report on the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential along with the phytochemical analysis of Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves. Five leaf extracts of hexane, chloroform, methanol, hydromethanol 80%, and water were prepared. Assessment of antioxidant activity was carried out via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria—including Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis—and the fungus Candida albicans, was examined using the disc diffusion method. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Isolation, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed using HPLC-DAD analysis. Amongst the five leaf extracts that were investigated, hydromethanol 80% extract possessed the highest extraction yield, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity against all tested microbial strains. Moreover, this extract furnished six active phenolic compounds: gallic acid (1), (+) catechin (2), chlorogenic acid (3), (–) epicatechin (4), quercetin-3-O-α-d-(glucopyranoside) (5), and quercetin (6). This study provides an alternative utilization of R. gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottle gourd seeds are surrounded by innumerable bioactive components of phytochemicals. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bottle gourd extracts as antimicrobial and an-ti-mycotoxigenic against toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Polar and nonpolar extracts were made from the seeds. The polar eco-friendly extract was prepared by an ultrasonication-assisted technique utilizing aqueous isopropanol (80%), whereas the non-polar extract was obtained using petroleum ether (40–60). The antioxidant efficacy, total phenolic content, and flavonoid content of the extracts were all measured. The fatty acid profile was measured using GC equipment, and the influence on toxigenic fungus and mycotoxin release was also investigated. The antioxidant efficacy of the polar extract is reflected. The total phenolic values of the oil and polar extract were 15.5 and 267 mg of GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of the oil was 2.95 mg catechol/g, whereas the isopropyl extract of seeds contained 14.86 mg catechol/g. The polar extract inhibited the DPPH more effectively than oil. When compared to other seed oils, the fatty acid composition differed. The pathogens were distinguished by the MIC and MFC for the polar extract. Three sterols were found in the oil, with a high concentration of B-sitosterols. The oil's valuable -carotene content and tocopherol content were recorded. When compared to traditional antibiotics, the polar extract has shown promising antimicrobial activity against infections and toxigenic fungi. Bottle gourd extracts, as a non-traditional bioactive source, are viewed as a potentially promising alternative that might contribute to increased food safety, shelf-life, and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrasensitive detection of feed additive ractopamine using swift and economical electrochemical technique. • Fabrication of novel ZnFe 2 O 4 /3DG/SPCE for selective and reliable ractopamine quantification. • This is the first work that reports ractopamine detection using ZnFe 2 O 4 nanomaterial. • The fabricated ractopamine sensor has comparatively very low detection limit of 1 nM in nanomolar range. • Practical feasibility of ractopamine sensor was successfully validated in pork, beef, and sausage samples. Accurate detection of feed additive is significant for food safety monitoring, warding off its illegal use in livestock production, safeguarding public health, and regulatory compliance. Hence, this paper presents a cost-effective and ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting commonly used animal feed additive, ractopamine to combat food frauds in meat samples. The sensor was created by embedding spinel zinc ferrite nanospheres (ZnFe 2 O 4) on three-dimensional graphene (3DG) nanosheets using sonochemical method. ZnFe 2 O 4 nanospheres were synthesized using solvothermal approach, and 3DG was prepared using hydrothermal method. Various characterization techniques were used for inspecting structural and morphological properties of materials, including XRD, SEM, TEM, elemental mapping, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and EIS. The hybrid nanocomposite modified electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance, with high sensitivity of 16.97 μA μM−1 cm−2 and detection limit of 1 nM. The practicality of sensor was demonstrated by performing real sample analysis in pork, beef, and sausage which gave adequate recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of a novel Schiff base-based off–on-off chemosensor SBC-1. • Applied the synthesized chemosensor for the detection of Cu2+ ions. • Applied the SBC-1-Cu2+ complex for the detection of 2,4-D. • Study the performance of SBC-1 and SBC-1-Cu2+ in various water samples. The development of selective and sensitive chemosensors for the recognition of metal ions and pesticides is very important in environmental monitoring, industrial quality control, and public health. In this study, we present a novel Schiff base-based off–on-off chemosensor SBC-1 for the specific and sensitive detection of Cu2+ ions and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The Schiff base chemosensor forms a complex with Cu2+ (SBC-1-Cu2+), leading to characteristic color changes from bright yellow to light yellow and significant enhancement in fluorescence emission at 584 nm. The resulting complex was further applied for the determination of 2,4-D. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.0028 ppm (0.044 µM) for Cu2+ and 0.0327 ppm (0.147 µM) for 2,4-D. The analytical performance of the Schiff base chemosensor is evaluated in various water samples (pond, lake and tap water) and demonstrating its robustness and reliability for practical use. The percent recovery from these samples was found to be 92.100. ± 0.18 % to 105.333 ± 0.34 % at various levels. Additionally, the chemosensor response mechanisms and binding interactions with heavy metal ions are elucidated through spectroscopic studies. The chemosensor and its complex exhibit remarkable selectivity, providing distinct responses toward Cu2+ and 2,4-D even in the presence of different interfering species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave synthesis method was adopted to prepare CdO nanoparticles using polyethylene glycol (PEG), NH 3 and NaOH as a co-reagent. A systematic investigation by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS has been undertaken to evaluate the role of co-reagents on the microstructural and morphological study of the metal oxide nanostructure obtained. The pH of the solution, determined by the co-reagent used, was the main parameter addressing the morphology of CdO nanostructures obtained. By using NH 3 the growth of individual CdO particle is favored at the low pH of 9, likely due to low Cd supersaturation rate at this pH. On the other hand, the presence of NaOH as co-reagent increases pH to 11, enhancing Cd supersaturation and leading mainly to formation of nanowire aggregates. The optical and photoluminescence characteristics of the different CdO nanostructures synthesized have been also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid population growth and economic development have largely contributed to environmental pollution. Various advanced oxidation processes have been used as the most viable solution for the reduction of recalcitrant pollutants and wastewater treatment. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the broadly used technologies for wastewater treatment among all advanced oxidation processes. Graphitic carbon nitride alone or in combination with various other semiconductor metal oxide materials acts as a competent visible light active photocatalyst for the removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants from wastewater. Rational designing of an environment-friendly photocatalyst through a facile synthetic approach encounters various challenges in photocatalytic technologies dealing with semiconductor metal oxides. Doping in g-C3N4 and subsequent coupling with metal oxides have shown remarkable enhancement in the photodegradation activity of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites owing to the modulation in g-C3N4 bandgap structuring and surface area. In the current study, a novel ternary Fe-doped g-C3N4/Ag2WO4 visible light active photocatalyst was fabricated through an ultrasonic-assisted facile hydrothermal method. Characterization analysis included SEM analysis, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and UV-Visible techniques to elucidate the morphology and chemical structuring of the as-prepared heterostructure. The bandgap energies were assessed using the Tauc plot. The ternary nanocomposite (Fe-CN-AW) showed increased photodegradation efficiency (97%) within 120 minutes, at optimal conditions of pH = 8, catalyst dose = 50 mg/100 ml, an initial RhB concentration of 10 ppm, and oxidant dose 5 mM under sunlight irradiation. The enhanced photodegradation of rhodamine B dye by ternary Fe-CN-AW was credited to multielectron transfer pathways due to insertion of a Fe dopant in graphitic carbon nitride and subsequent coupling with silver tungstate. The data were statistically assessed by the response surface methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient degradation and accurate quantification of tetracycline in environment and food samples is pivotal for ensuring public health and safety by monitoring potential contamination and maintaining regulatory standards. Hence, in this study, photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and its electrochemical detection in environment and food samples based on dual-functional silver-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles embedded chitosan-functionalized carbon nanofibers fabricated on a screen-printed carbon electrode (AgZFO/CHIT-CNF/SPCE) is presented. A hydrothermal method was used in the synthesis of Ag-doped ZFO, and chitosan was functionalized on the CNF surface using a swift and cost-effective chemical modification process of carboxyl groups. Various techniques, such as XRD, HRTEM, elemental mapping, EIS, XPS, FTIR, VSM, BET, UV–Vis DRS, and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the characteristics of the prepared nanocomposite. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to evaluate the surface-controlled electrocatalytic properties of AgZFO/CHIT-CNF towards tetracycline. Electrochemical tests revealed that the proposed electrode exhibited excellent sensitivity for detecting tetracycline. The fabricated electrode had a low detection limit of 1 nM and a wide linear range (0.2–53.2 μM). The sensor also demonstrated exceptional selectivity, stability, and reusability. The practical feasibility evaluated with real samples, including chicken feed, shrimp, milk, soil, and wastewater, resulted in high recovery values. [Display omitted] • Ultrasensitive detection of polyketide drug tetracycline based on AgZFO/CHIT-CNF/SPCE. • Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline with high efficiency (95.72%) using dual-functional nanocomposite. • This is the first work that reports tetracycline detection using ZFO based nanomaterial. • A very low detection limit (1 nM) in nanomolar range was achieved for proposed sensor. • High recovery values for practical feasibility analysis in wastewater, soil, chicken feed, shrimp, and milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient degradation and accurate quantification of tetracycline in environment and food samples is pivotal for ensuring public health and safety by monitoring potential contamination and maintaining regulatory standards. Hence, in this study, photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and its electrochemical detection in environment and food samples based on dual-functional silver-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles embedded chitosan-functionalized carbon nanofibers fabricated on a screen-printed carbon electrode (AgZFO/CHIT-CNF/SPCE) is presented. A hydrothermal method was used in the synthesis of Ag-doped ZFO, and chitosan was functionalized on the CNF surface using a swift and cost-effective chemical modification process of carboxyl groups. Various techniques, such as XRD, HRTEM, elemental mapping, EIS, XPS, FTIR, VSM, BET, UV–Vis DRS, and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the characteristics of the prepared nanocomposite. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to evaluate the surface-controlled electrocatalytic properties of AgZFO/CHIT-CNF towards tetracycline. Electrochemical tests revealed that the proposed electrode exhibited excellent sensitivity for detecting tetracycline. The fabricated electrode had a low detection limit of 1 nM and a wide linear range (0.2–53.2 μM). The sensor also demonstrated exceptional selectivity, stability, and reusability. The practical feasibility evaluated with real samples, including chicken feed, shrimp, milk, soil, and wastewater, resulted in high recovery values. [Display omitted] • Ultrasensitive detection of polyketide drug tetracycline based on AgZFO/CHIT-CNF/SPCE. • Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline with high efficiency (95.72%) using dual-functional nanocomposite. • This is the first work that reports tetracycline detection using ZFO based nanomaterial. • A very low detection limit (1 nM) in nanomolar range was achieved for proposed sensor. • High recovery values for practical feasibility analysis in wastewater, soil, chicken feed, shrimp, and milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes are extensively used worldwide although they instigate adverse environmental and health issues at higher concentrations. A reliable and ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for nanomolar determination of common food colorant sunset yellow FCF is reported in this paper. The electrochemical sensor was integrated with a regularized neural network to enable intelligent sensing of this azo dye. The sensor was fabricated using a ternary nanocomposite based on silver doped spinel Co 3 O 4 nanorods embedded functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (fCNTs). Co-precipitation method was employed for synthesis of porous Co 3 O 4 nanorods and CNTs were functionalized using acid-treatment approach. Electrochemical investigations based on cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques revealed stupendous electrocatalytic performance towards sunset yellow detection. A nanomolar detection limit of 0.8 nM and high sensitivity of 8.79 μA μM−1 cm−2 was exhibited by the developed sensor and real sample analysis experiment was conducted in commercial beverages to validate its practical feasibility. [Display omitted] • Prepared AgNPs-Co 3 O 4 /fCNTs ternary nanocomposite based on sonochemical approach. • Ultrasensitive and reliable detection of commonly used synthetic dye sunset yellow FCF. • This is the first work that reports intelligent electrochemical sensing of sunset yellow. • Nanomolar-level detection limit and high sensitivity was achieved for proposed sensor. • Real sample analysis was conducted in Fanta drink and pineapple juice to ensure practical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have synthesized a novel Schiff base-centered chemosensor, designated as SB, with the chemical name ((E)-1-(((6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) imino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol). This chemosensor was structurally characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. After structural characterization the chemosensor SB was subsequently employed for the detection of Cu2+ and Ag+, using fluorescence spectroscopy. The chemosensor SB showed excellent ability to recognize the target metal ions, leading to fluorescence enhancement and color change from yellow to yellowish orange for Cu2+ and yellow to radish for Ag+ ions. The detection capabilities of this chemosensor were impressive, showing excellent selectivity and an exceptionally low detection limit of 0.0016 µM for Cu2+ and 0.00389 µM for Ag+. Most notably, our approach enables the quantitative detection both metal ions in different water and soil samples at trace level. This achievement holds great promise for analytical applications and offers significant contributions to the field of chemical sensing and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Our aim was to assess the effect of different doses of linagliptin with or without l -dopa/Carbidopa on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in mice. Methods Eighty Balb/c mice were divided into 8 equal groups: Control; MPTP; MPTP +  l -dopa/Carbidopa; MPTP + linagliptin 3 mg/kg/day; MPTP + linagliptin 10 mg/kg/day; MPTP + Carboxymethyl cellulose; MPTP +  l -dopa/Carbidopa + linagliptin 3 mg/kg/day and MPTP +  l -dopa/Carbidopa + linagliptin 10 mg/kg/day. Striatal dopamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), antioxidant enzymes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), receptors of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), mitochondrial complex I activity, catalepsy and total swim scores were measured. Also, the substantia nigra was subjected to immunohistochemical examination. Results The combination of l -dopa/Carbidopa and linagliptin in a dose-dependent manner resulted in significant improvement of the behavioural changes, striatal dopamine, antioxidant parameters, Nrf2/HO-1 content, GLP-1, ATP and mitochondrial complex I activity with significant decrease in striatal RAGE, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-10, TLR4 and alleviated the immunohistochemical changes better than the groups that received either l -dopa/Carbidopa or linagliptin alone. Conclusion The combination of l -dopa/Carbidopa and linagliptin might represent a promising therapeutic modality for management of parkinsonism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous/salt/urea micellar solutions of amphiphilic antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) have been examined by conductivity and fluorescence measurements at different temperatures and composition. From the conductometric study, values of critical micelle concentration ( cmc ) of drug have been evaluated and analyzed in terms of effect of surfactant on the hydrophobic nature of AMT–SDBS complex. The values of critical micelle concentration ( cmc ) and other aggregation parameters, micellar mole fraction ( X 1 ) and interaction parameters ( β ) were obtained and discussed in detail. In mixtures of AMT and SDBS, the synergistic interactions in mixed micelles formation increases with the raise in mole fraction of surfactant in absence and attendance of salt/urea. Thermodynamic parameters of the mixtures in aqueous as well as in salt/urea solution have been evaluated by means of a pseudo-phase model. The effect of NaCl shows the salting-out effect, which promotes aggregate formation of AMT and SDBS as well as their mixed systems at lower concentration relative to aqueous solution. The micelle aggregation number ( N agg ) of drug increases with the raise in surfactant mole fraction in mixtures. N agg value of individual and mixed amphiphiles rises in the presence of electrolyte while reduces in the occurrence of urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SMST single crystal has grown with a size of 2cm in combination with methanol-acetonitrile solvents by slow evaporation. • The band gap value of SMST is calculated to be 2.69eV, which confirms the semi-conducting nature of SMST. • Global reactivity descriptors confirm that SMST is a soft molecule that is more reactive and highly polarized. The structural characteristics and optimized geometry of salicyl-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (SMST), a derivative of the prominent electro-nonlinear optic crystal 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-N-methyl-4-toluene sulfonate (DAST) is investigated. Its morphology, spectral, vibrational, thermal, and electronic features have been examined in studies like FT-IR, UV-Transmittance spectroscopy, single crystal XRD and TG-DTA analysis. Thermal parameters like activation energy, entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy suggest that the reaction is slower and non-spontaneous. The optical constants like energy band gap, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and skin depth of SMST have been calculated. The energy band gap value is found to be 2.69 eV, which makes SMST a potential and promising material for non-linear optical applications. The dielectric behavior of SMST is in agreement with the property needed for NLO materials. Theoretical calculations like density functional theory and frontier molecular orbitals- HOMO and LUMO are investigated to analyze the structural properties, atomic arrangement, oriented geometry, and dipole moment. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Hirshfeld surface, and 2D fingerprint plot analysis are examined to provide information about the molecular interaction, crystal packing, electron density, and intermolecular properties of atomic contacts. Second Harmonic Generation of SMST shows greater efficiency than urea, which confirms that SMST crystal can leads to many applications in the optical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of acridine orange and Cr6+ ion onto plaster of paris reinforced glutamic acid-grafted-polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocomposite modified with riboflavin, Glu- g -PAM/POP/Rb HNC was studied. The Glu-g-PAM/POP/Rb HNC was physico-chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter were 15.48 m2/g, 0.015 cm3/g and 4.23 nm, respectively. Adsorption process was strategized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on a 3-level 5-factor (initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial adsorbate concentration and temperature) central composite design (CCD), and validity of the estimated parameters was statistically evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized operating variables were: pH (AO = 10; Cr6+ = 4.15), contact time (AO = 60 min; Cr6+ = 59 min), adsorbent dose (0.8 g/L), initial adsorbate concentration (60 mg/L) and temperature (298 K). Isotherm results were coincident with Langmuir isotherm model. The experimental kinetic adsorption data was congruous with pseudo-second order model, with the uptake rate controlled by both intraparticle and liquid film diffusions. The relatively high Langmuir saturation capacity of 202.63 mg AO/g and 143.68 mg Cr6+/g, supported by the decent recyclability up to four times affirmed the promising performance of the adsorbent. The efficacy of the adsorbent for simultaneous removal of AO and Cr6+ from bi-component system was assessed. The possible adsorption mechanism mainly involved hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, electrostatic and π-π interactions. Adsorption of AO and Cr6+ onto Glu- g -PAM/POP/Rb HNC was feasible and exothermic as revealed by the thermodynamic parameters. The findings demonstrated superior adsorbent efficacy for the seizure of pollutants, particularly AO and Cr6+ from aqueous solution. • Novel Glu-g-PAM/POP/Rb HNC was prepared by graft co-polymerization technique. • Acridine orange and Cr+6 sequestration was optimized using RSM. • Langmuir isotherm model appropriately described the equilibrium data. • Langmuir saturation capacity Q m was 202.63 mg AO/g and 143.68 mg Cr+6/g. • H-bonding, electrostatic, and π-π interactions majorly governed the adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit byproducts are considered a high source of bioactive molecules, which possess antioxidant activities. These antioxidants play principal functions in mycotoxin reduction. This study aimed to evaluate crude mandarin byproduct extract for its chemical interaction with fungal growth and suppression of mycotoxin production, and to illustrate whether the impact was regarding individual molecules or a synergistic antioxidation process. Extract contents were analyzed for their phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The fatty acid composition and volatile components were determined using the GC apparatus. The influence of the extract evaluated versus the standard phenolics of trans-ferulic and hesperidin were evaluated. The liposome technique was applied to prevent the antioxidant properties of the bioactive extract. The anti-mycotoxigenic effects of the liposomal and non-liposomal extract were determined in fungal media against the standard phenolics. The results manifested ferulic (235.54 ± 3.34 mg/100 g) and hesperidin (492.11 ± 1.15 mg/100 g) as high phenolics in the extract. Limonene was the main volatile (67.54 ± 1.74%), as well antioxidant activities determined in considerable values. The crude extract recorded efficiency as an anti-Fusarium agent, but less than the standard hesperidin applied in fungal media. The bioactive extract recorded possessed a reduction influence on mycotoxin production. The impact may be joining with its fungal inhibition or its component activity with the active groups on the mycotoxin molecule. The formation of liposomal extract enhanced its efficacy in mycotoxin reduction. This enhancement may illustrate its protective properties for antioxidant components of the bioactive extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The β-cyclodextrin shell of synthesized silver nanoparticles (βCD-AgNPs) are found to enhance the detection of hydrogen peroxide in urine when compared to the Horse Radish Peroxidase assay kit. Nanoparticles are confirmed by the UV-Vis absorbance of their localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) at 384 nm. The mean size of the βCD-AgNPs is 53 nm/diameter; XRD analysis shows a face-centered cubic structure. The crystalline structure of type 4H hexagonal nature of the AgNPs with 2.4 nm β-CD coating onto is confirmed using aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A silver atomic lattice at 2.50 Å and 2.41 Å corresponding to (100) and (101) Miller indices is confirmed using the HRTEM. The scope of βCD-AgNPs to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in aqueous media and human urine is investigated. The test is optimized by examining the effect of volumes of nanoparticles, the pH of the medium, and the kinetic and temperature effect on H2O2 detection. The βCD-AgNPs test is used as a refined protocol, which demonstrated improved sensitivity towards H2O2 in urine compared to the values obtained by the Horse Radish Assay kit. Direct assessment of H2O2 by the βCD-AgNPs test presented always with a linear response in the nM, μM, and mM ranges with a limit of detection of 1.47 nM and a quantitation limit of 3.76 nM. While a linear response obtained from 1.3 to 37.3 nmoles of H2O2/mole creatinine with a slope of 0.0075 and regression coefficient of 0.9955 when the βCD-AgNPs is used as refined test of creatinine. Values ranging from 34.62 ± 0.23 nmoles of H2O2/mole of creatinine and 54.61 ± 1.04 nmoles of H2O2/mole of creatinine when the matrix is not diluted and between 32.16 ± 0.42 nmoles of H2O2/mole of creatinine and 49.66 ± 0.80 nmoles of H2O2/mole of creatinine when the matrix is twice diluted are found in freshly voided urine of seven apparent healthy men aged between 20 and 40 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]