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The synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of (A)[[Fe.sup.III](ox)[Cl.sub.2]] (A = [Et.sub.3]N[H.sup.+], [Me.sub.4][N.sup.+], and N-[Bu.sub.4][N.sup.+], ox = oxalate), are presented. The long-range magnetic ordering is attributed to the dipolar interaction between the chains separated by cations over the large distance.

Mono and diprotonated species of [[I[Mo.sub.6][O.sub.24]].sup.5-] were synthesized and structurally characterized. These protonated species react with methanol in a selective manner to give methylated Anderson-type anions while the unprotonated [[I[Mo.sub.6][O.sub.24]].sup.5-] anion does not react with methanol under similar conditions.

Five novel metal pamidronate (3-ammonium-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-biphosphonate, APD) complexes are hydrothermally synthesized under similar conditions, whose structures span zero, one, two and three dimensions on the basis of the different binuclear secondary building units (SBUs) and different coordination modes of APD. The solid-state emission spectra of the five compounds are measured, and their photoluminescence properties indicate that the introduction of different metal ions can enhance or weaken the intraligand transitions of APD.

A novel three-component synthesis of 5-aminooxazole and its subsequent one-pot triple domino transformation to pyrrolopyridine is described. The observed beneficial effect of ammonium chloride may be a general phenomenon and should find application in designing novel multicomponent reaction based on the isonitrile chemistry.

DFT/B3LYP calculations are carried out on complexes formed by N(H)4(super + ) with aromatics to characterize the forces involved in such interactions and to gain further insight in to the nature and diversity of cation-aromatic interactions. The calculated results indicate that the protanated heterocyclic N(H)3 hydrogen-bond complexes produce the largest enthalpies.

An easy one-pot room-temperate keto-group oxidation of a condensed heterocyclic system in a metal-(bis)dithiolene complex matrix is described. This oxidation from [[ODP].sup.2+] to [[ODP].sup.t+] in [[ODP].sub.2][Ni[(mnt).sub.2]] compound is a rare example of a metal-dithiolene system that caused an otherwise difficult oxidation at one of its component (cation) and exhibits emission in the visible region it room temperature.

A study was conducted to show that not only electronic properties but also the shape of anions could account for their influence on the interaction between cation and a synthetic host. The result showed the complex formation involves interaction of the whole ion pair with the host indicating that steric requirements of the anion influence complex geometry and stability.

A wide variety of different linear, diquaternary alkylammonium ions are used as supplementary crystallization structure-directing agents (SDAs) to synthesize the a high-silica version of zeolite erionite, UZM-12. The results demonstrated the detrimental effect of the nanocrystallinity of series of H-UZM-12 zeolites on the activity and stability of the reaction possibly due to the fast buildup of large coke molecules on the external surface of zeolite crystallites that inhibited the methanol diffusion to intrazeolitic acid sites, rendering them ultimately inaccessible for catalysis.

The [1,2] and [2,3] migration steps in the Stevens and Sommelet-Hauser rearrangements occurring in the yields of quaternary ammonium salts are analyzed at M05-2x levels. The most vital factor determining the extent of competition with the Stevens rearrangement is shown to be the difference in the reaction energies as the formation of the Sommelet-Hauser intermediate is less endoergic.

The pore volume and BET surface area of bio-MOF-1, [Zn.sub.8][(ad.sub.4])[(BPDC).sub.5]O.2[Me.sub.2]N[H.sub.2], is modified via postsynthetic cation exchange with either tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium or tetrabutylammonium cations to yield [Zn.sub.8][(ad).sub.4][(BPDC).sub.6]O.2[Me.sub.4]N, [Zn.sub.8][(ad).sub.4][(BPDC).sub.6]O.2[Et.sub.4]N, and [Zn.sub.8][(ad).sub.4][(BPDC).sub.6]O.2[[Bu.sub.4]N. The impact of pore volume and BET surface area on C[O.sub.2] capacity is analyzed and it is shown that materials with intermediate porosity have the largest C[O.sub.2] capacities under the conditions.

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and reverse Monte Carlo simulation are used for studying the effect of addition of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate on the structure of propylene carbonate (PC) confined in slit-shaped carbon nanopores of activated carbon fiber. PC molecules have accepted these ions efficiently and the structural modulation function of PC molecular assemblies has contributed to the evolution of supercapacitance in carbon nanopores.

The application of the transition state analogue inhibitor 4-aza-eudesm-11-ene is described to explore the intermediacy of eudesmane cation as an on-path intermediate in the biosynthesis of aristolochene from Penicillium roqueforti (PR-AS). Ammonium ion in 4-Aza-eudesm-11-ene as the hydrochloride salt appears to act as a genuine mimic of eudesmane cation that most likely binds the active site of PR-AS in a productive conformation resembling that adapted by eudesmane cation during the PR-AS-catalyzed synthesis of bicyclic sesquiterpene (+)-aristolochene.

The secondary terephthalamide host 1a-H attached to four aryl blades is prepared from tetrabromide by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and has undergone a conformational change from a nonpropeller anti-form to a propeller-shaped syn-form upon complexation with ditopic guests such as p-xylylenediammonium derivatives (R,R)/(S,S)-3. The chirality generation-chirality biasing protocol is applied to a neurotransmitter, (-)-phenylephrine, which has acted as a chiral ditopic guest.

The targeted design and simulation of a new family of zeolitic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on benzenedicarboxylate (BDC) as the ligand and [epsi]-type Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) as building units, named as Z-POMOFs is reported. The electrocatalytic reduction of bromate demonstrated the application of the maintained electrochemistry of the [epsi]-Keggin POM in the insoluble Z-POMOF1 framework.

The synthesis and characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) filled with a zinc-containing quaternary ammonium based ionic liquid (ChZnCl3) inside is reported. The versatility of ionic liquids and the unique phase transition observed inside the SWNTs provide a new opportunity for modulation of the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes.

The synthesis of receptor 2,6,10,14,18-pentaaza[20]-21,34-phenanthrolinophane (L1), containing a pentaamine chain linking the 2,9 positions of a phenanthroline unit, is reported. The potentiometric, [super 1]H NMR, and spectrofluorimetric measurements offer insight into the protonation features of L1 and of receptor 2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaaza[23]-24,37-phenanthrolinophane (L2) and the fluorescent emission of both receptors which depended on the protonation state of the polyamine chain.

The application of the various supramolecular synthons for the synthesis of a new series of low molecular mass organic gelators (LMOGs) derived from simple organic salts. A new approach for the instant gelation of various different organic fluids at the room temperature is also presented.

A study was conducted to investigate how quaternary organic ammonium ion, benzyltriethylamine (BTEA), adheres to the Na,K-ATPase to produce membrane potential dependent inhibition. Findings revealed that information about electrogenic ion binding reactions of the Na,K-ATPase are not directly measurable during ion transport by this enzyme.

The influence of the substitution of novel cyclization/fluorination reaction of N-dienes in superacid on superelectrophilic character of dicationic intermediates was explored to determine their effect on the synthesis of fluoropiperidines. The newly obtained dicationic [alpha]-chloronium ammonium intermediates starting from halogen-substituted dienes were applied to synthesize high-valued fluorinated piperidines.

The first efficient synthesis of 5-taurinomethyluridine [T m.sup.5]U and 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine [T m.sup.5][s.sup.2]U and their physicochemical properties are described. The synthesis of modified ribonucleosides involved the reaction of 5-substituted uridine derivatives with a tetrabutylammonium salt of taurine that is highly reactive and well-soluble in common organic solvents.

The crystallization and solid photochemistry of six quaternary ammonium salts of 2,4-di-p-carboxyphenyl-2,4-dimethyl pentanone is reported. The salt formation resulted in solids with different melting temperatures and crystallinities, while photochemical excitation in the solid state resulted in the chemoselective formation of a single product arising from the homolytic loss of CO followed by combination of the intermediate radical pair.

The photoisomerization of terminal (E)-[alpha]-methylstilbene units of dialkylammonium salts in the presence of the crown ether dibenzo[24]crown-8 (DB24C8) was used to synthesize two [2]rotaxanes, each having a (Z)-[alpha]-methylstilbene unit as one of its stoppers. The obtained rotaxanes are found to be stable at room temperature, but dissociate slowly to their two components at elevated temperatures.

Ammonium salts are used as reagents in the Cu-catalyzed three-component reaction with terminal alkynes and sulfonyl or phosphoryl azides leading to N-protected amidines. The amidines bearing 2-bromobenzenesulfonyl moiety are efficiently catalyzed by the Cu-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation to give an important pharmacophore skeleton of 2H-,1,2-4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides.

An efficient active transport that is energized by a simple one-shot acylation reaction of [2]rotaxane is described by providing the appropriate potential surface on the axle component. The series of the wheel movement controlled by the neopentyl group is shown to be the basic motion of the unidirectional linear molecular motor.

A very simple and efficient method is described to perform highly chemoselective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding amino derivatives by using Cu nanoparticles and ammonium formate. The reduction could also be carried out by wide variety of other reducible functional groups in the molecules such as Cl, I, OC[H.sub.2]Ph, NHC[H.sub.2]Ph, COR, COOR, and CN.

The synthesis of a new ferrocenyl anion receptor N,N,N,N-(dimethyl, ethyl, ferrocenecarboxylic amidodimethylene) ammonium fluoborate with specially designed multiple binding sites of amide and positively charged nitrogen is described. The results for anion recognition behaviors provide insight into the combination of two interactions that enforced the anion binding ability and the binding selectivity of ferrocenyl receptor to phosphate anion.

The catalytically active species formed in the reaction of the first row transition metal ions such as [Co.sup.2+], [Ni.sup.2+], and [Cu.sup.2+] with ammonia-borane hydrolyze ammonia-borane to generate hydrogen are described. The results obtained demonstrated the deployment of stable first row transition metal catalysts for the generation of [H.sub.2] from AB via hydrolysis.

The hydrothermal synthesis of two microcrystals, [(N[H.sub.4]).sub.2]Th[(P[O.sub.4]).sub.2].[H.sub.2]O and N[H.sub.4][Th.sub.2][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.3] by using Th[(N[O.sub.3]).sub.4]-CO[(N[H.sub.2]).sub.2]-[H.sub.3]P[O.sub.3]-[H.sub.2]O system is reported. These are the first three-dimensional ammonium-thorium phosphate compounds structurally characterized by using X-ray power diffraction data.

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations are used for studying the interactions of the lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) complex with N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium (DEME), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM) cations, neutral dithylether (DEE) and the DEMETFSA complex. The attraction between the DEME cation and the LiTFSA complex has shown that the interaction between the Li cation and the oxygen atom of DEME cation has played key roles in determining the mobility of the Li cation in DEME-based room temperature ionic liquids.

Ion transport is analyzed in dilute organic liquid electrolyte solutions in which close cation-anion interactions are minimized either through steric hindrance imposed by the bulky tetrabutylammonium cation or by strong solvation of alkali metal cations by DMSO or 1-propanol. The molar conductivity has depended only on the dielectric constant and not the specific functional group in the broad family of solvents.

The diffusion of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) polycations in coacervates formed from PDADMAC and the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) is studied. Several ensembles of PDADMAC polycations with different diffusivities are observed.

The effect of 1 and 2-naphthols on the shape transition of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) micelles are analyzed. Transmitting electron microscope (TEM) micrographs of vacuum-dried samples have shown spherical to rodlike micellar transition of CTAB and CPB in presence of naphthols.

The potential usefulness of the spectroscopic properties of an efficient cancer cell photosensitizer molecule is explored to understand the switching between the different prototropic forms of this molecule and know the biodistribution in membrane mimetic cationic micellar environments.