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The antidiarrhoeal effect of Waltheria indica methanol extract and fractions have been reported earlier but, the present work examined the intestinal relaxant effects of two flavonoid-phenyl propanoids isolated from the methanol extract. The active aqueous fraction was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography using dichloromethane with increasing concentration of ethyl acetate, and that of methanol and water successively. The ten (10) fractions obtained were combined to give seven (7). The fraction 2 (C, D) was subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel GF254 (10-40μm) using CHCl3-CH3OH (8:2) to obtain compound coded F2. Fraction 4 (F) was subjected to column chromatography using silica gel (60-120μm mesh) and eluted with dichloromethane with increasing concentrations of methanol. Fractions 9-28 were combined and subjected to column chromatography using chloroform with increasing concentration of methanol. The fractions 1-16 of these were purified on Sephadex LH-20 to obtain compound BAA. The identities of the two compounds were established using spectroscopic methods. The antidiarrheal effect of compound F2 was evaluated on mice using charcoal transit (100,200, 400mg/kg), castor oil (40, 60 mg/kg) while the two compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on Ach-induced ileum contraction. The effects of the compounds were compared with loperamide (3mg/kg) and atropine (80μg). Compounds F2 and BAA were identified as tiliroside and 3’’’, 5’’’-dimethoxy tiliroside respectively. Tiliroside inhibited the charcoal transition in the animals in a dose dependent pattern with 400mg/ mL eliciting 63.41% inhibition compared to 59.23% produced by loperamide. The compound also elicited significantly (P

The antidiarrhoeal effects of Lantana camara ethanol leaf and stem extracts were compared in Wistar rats. The phytochemical and acute toxicity tests were also determined. The extracts were evaluated for castor oil- induced diarrhoea and enteropooling as well as intestinal transit in rats. The ethanol stem extract produced significant (P < 0.05), while the ethanol leaf extract produced significant (P < 0.01) dose dependent protection on rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The stem extract inhibited intestinal transit time and caused significant (P < 0.05), while leaf extract caused significant (P < 0.01) dose related inhibition of castor oil induced enteropooling in rats, comparable to the standard drugs. The leaf and stem extracts significantly and dose dependently delayed the onset of castor oil induced diarrhoea, decreased the frequency of defecation and reduced the severity of diarrhoea in rats. The ethanol leaf and stem extracts of L. camara significantly and dose dependently decreased the volume of intestinal fluid accumulation in the castor oil induced enteropooling. The distance travelled by charcoal meal in intestinal transit time was also reduced. The oral LD50 values obtained were greater than 5000 mg/kg in rats. These findings suggest that both ethanol leaf and stem extracts of Lantana camara may contain some biologically active ingredients that are active for the treatment of diarrhoea in Nigerian herbal traditional medicine. However, the leaf extract has more antidiarrhoeal activities compared to the stem extract in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal in Wistar rats.

Annona reticulate (AR) is indigenous to the tropical areas of India and worldwide. The use of plant as remedy for diarrhea and ulcer is well documented in Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, pharmacological evidence does not exist to substantiate its therapeutic efficacy for the same. The aim was to investigate the antiulcer and anti-diarrheal activity of methanolic (ME) and aqueous extracts (AE) of A. reticulate in animal model. The antiulcer activity of extracts was investigated using ethanol and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer. The anti-diarrheal activity of MEAR and AEAR extracts was evaluated by castor oil induced diarrhea and gastro intestinal motility using parameters such as onset of diarrhea, number of wet stools, total number of stool and weight of total number of stools. The antiulcer activity of the extracts was confirmed by a reduction in ulcer index along with the decrease in gastric volume, total acidity, and an increase in pH of gastric content in both the models. A. reticulate extracts were more efficacious in reducing number of total stools in both the models of diarrhea and showed a dose-dependent antidiarrheal effect. The obtained results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folkloric use of the A. reticulate as antiulcer and antidiarrhoeal agent.

Diarrhoea is a condition characterized by a variation in the bowel movement. It is one of the major health issues in developing countries. Its severity is more in children’s. Diarrhoea causes severe dehydration and some time it may lead to death. Globally, over 5 million children’s are dying each year because of diarrhoea. In the present scenario, herbal medicines are used by the people in a wider range because of its safety as compared to synthetic drugs. So it is very crucial to identify and investigate available natural drugs for treating diarrhoea. Hence, the present study endeavor the evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of Achyranthus aspera. The anti-diarrhoeal activity was performed by using different animal models like castor oil-induced diarrhoea, prostaglandin-E2 induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test. All the extracts of Achyranthus aspera showed considerable antidiarrhoeal activity in all the three animal models by reducing diarrhoeal episodes. The findings of the present investigation revealed the significant antidiarrhoeal property of Achyranthes aspera. Hence this plant can be used in the suitable form as an alternative to available synthetic antidiarrhoeal medicines which are not completely safe. Thus the adverse effects of synthetic drugs can be minimized by reducing its use.

Background: Diarrhoea is one of the major health threats to the populace in the tropics, and also one of the killer diseases in children under 5 years of age. Antimicrobial resistance and its spread pose serious public health threats, hence the need for development of safer and more effective antibacterial agents. Daniella oliveri Hutch and Dalz is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Daniella oliveri leaves on diarrhoeal pathogens. Methods: Successive plant extraction was carried out with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol using soxhlet apparatus. Methanol extract was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Phytochemical screening was done using standard chemical assays. Antibiogram of test isolates was carried out using disc diffusion assay. Antimicrobial activity of plant extract and fractions against strains of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella cholerae-suis, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumannii was determined by agar well diffusion and MIC by agar dilution methods. Kill-kinetics study was carried out using viable count technique. Results: Terpenoids, steroids and anthraquinones were detected in fractions of D. oliveri. Antibiogram assay showed that 66% of isolates were MDR. Extract and fractions produced appreciable zones of inhibition on all challenge organisms except Acinetobacter baumannii. MICs ranged between 6.25-25 mg/ml. Kill kinetics studies showed total kill on susceptible pathogens after 24 hours. Conclusion: This research has shown D. oliveri is a promising drug candidate for the management and treatment of diarrhoea.

Buteamonosperma is widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, popularly known as ‘kakracha’, ‘mooduga’, ‘palasamu’, ‘parasa’, ‘muttuga’, ‘dhak’ or ‘palas’. This plant is commonly known as ‘flame of forest’and popularly known as ‘Palas’.Diverse biological activities are associated with the different parts of plant such as Antidiarrhoeal Activity, Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-anthelmintic activity, hepatoprotectiveactivity, contraceptive activity, anti-ulcer activity, anti-stress activity, hypoglycemicactivity, osteogenicactivity, anticonvulsive activity. This article will discuss the recent findings on remarkable biological activities and chemical constituents of Buteamonosperma.

This study aimed at providing pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of Parquetina nigrescens root in the treatment of diarrhoea. The antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol root extract of P. nigrescens(MPN) was determined using castor oil-induced diarrhoea (COD), castor oil-induced enteropooling (COE) and gastrointestinal motility (GIT) tests. In COD, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) delayed the onset of diarrhoea and significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the number of wet faeces (with percentage inhibition of 52.2; 53.33 and 71.13 at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. The frequency of defecation was significantly (p≤0.01) decreased at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In COE, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) reduced the volume of intestinal content with percentage inhibition of intestinal fluid accumulation of 79.36; 47.62; 68.25 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. In the GIT test, MPN significantly (p≤0.01) decreased the distance travelled by charcoal with a percentage reduction of peristalsis index of 41.19; 47.26; 43.46 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. The percentage inhibition of GIT at all doses of MPN was 50.48, 39.00 and 45.62 respectively. MPN possesses antidiarrhoeal activity thus, the credence for its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea. Keywords: Diarrhoea, castor oil, enteropooling, gastrointestinal motility, Parquetina nigrescens

Terminalia belerica Roxb. is belonging to family combretaceae, which is growing widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri-Lanka, and South East Asia. It is is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. There are different phytoconstituents Glucoside, Tannins, ellagic acid, ethylgallate, gallylglucose, chebulanic acid which are responsible for its wide therapeutic actions. It is mainly used as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and hepatoprotective agent. This review article sites the information of different pharmacological activities of Terminalia belerica which may be source for further research studies. Keywords: Phytoconstituents, pharmacologicalactivities, Terminaliabelerica, therapeutic actions.

Aims: The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the traditional claim of Ficus retusa as an anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic agent using different pharmacological models. Background: Diarrhea is considered as major cause of mortality, especially in children and aged persons. Because of diarrhoea, 17% of admitted children get die. In order to treat the diarrhea, natural drugs may be useful. Objective: In order to prove the traditional claim of Ficus retusa, present work was undertaken with objective to prove antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activity. Methods: The anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated by magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea and 5-hydroxy tryptamine(5HT) induced diarrhea. Further, the exact were subjected to gastrointestinal motility test using standard procedure. Conclusion: The response towards bioactivity was dose dependent. It was concluded that 400mg/kg bw of ethanolic extract is most potent in antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder. It generates joint inflammation and synovitis. Which influence more or less 20 % of the population in India. The arthritis symptoms are created step by step. The major symptom of RA is a pain in the joint. The high level of rheumatoid factor ( RF ) in the blood is most often associated with autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis & sjogren's syndrome. The Normal range of RF is from 0-20 IU / ml. The anti-arthritis activity evaluation can be studied by using an animal model. The anti-arthritis activity can be done using pithecellobium dulce leaves. The pithecellobium dulce is also called Manila tamarind. PD leaves are also used as astringent to treat antidiabetic activity. The phytoconstituent is existing in leaves are alkaloids, phenol, afezilin, glycoside, saponin, telephenoid, quericitin, dulcitol and laempferol. The fresh leaves are collected and dried to prepared the extract. The dried leaves were ground by using a blender has fine powder. In pithecellobium dulce leaf extract, various methods of extraction like methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extract used for many activities such as CNS depressant, Analgesic, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory and Anti arthritis activity. The ethanol extract of pithecellobium dulce has a significant Anti arthritis activity.

No Abstract.

Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Tylophora indica, a threatened medicinal plant of family Asclepiadaceae, grows profoundly in Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceanic Islands, Ceylon, Malay island, and Borneo. The plant is a twinning herb that is excessively used in folk medicine as a substitute of ipecac, an expectorant. Different parts of the plant are accredited for the anti-asthmatic, antibacterial, anti–psoriasis, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antiallergic, antidiarrhoeal, hypolipidemic, and anxiolytic properties. Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiangiogenic, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-rheumatic, and diuretic activities are also attributed to the magnificent medicinal plant owing to the occurrence of various active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, and primary metabolites. The plant has been exploited by the ethnic people due to the immense medicinal importance, leading to the endangerment of the plant species. The review brings to light the important pharmacological attributes, folk medicinal uses, and biotechnological approaches that must be followed to save the plant from extinction.

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant mortality in developing country. It has been reported that Mangifera indica is used as an antidiarrhoeal agent in traditional medicine. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Mangifera indica Linn stem bark. The extracts were tested in vitro on the growth of bacteria and fungi; and in vivo at doses of 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg on the effects of Escherichia coli, castor oil, misoprostol and charcoal meal in rats. In vitro, the methanolic extract was the most active with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 256 µg/mL for all Gram negative and Gram postive bacteria tested; the value of MIC for all fungi tested was 32 µg/mL. In vivo, the aqueous extract at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg and methanolic extract at dose of 500 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease (p

In the present study the quantitative phytochemical analysis of extract of unripe fruits of Aegle marmelos was carried out with specific biomarkers like gallic acid, quercetin and rutin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detection and quantification of these markers were performed at 200 - 450 nm wavelength with reference to standards in mobile phase Toulene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic Acid: Methanol (3:3:0.3:0.2). The hydro-ethanolic extract of unripe fruits of Aegle marmelos showed peak Rf values which were coinciding with standard Rf value of gallic acid and quercetin. The Rf values for gallic acid and quercetin in sample and reference standard were found comparable. These observations indicated the presence of gallic acid and quercetin in hydro-ethanolic extract of unripe fruits of Aegle marmelos. Results of this study concludes that the presence of gallic acid and quercetine that might be responsible for its antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial, astringent and anti-inflammatory activity in extract.

Acute diarrhoea is a leading cause of deaths amongst children below five years. Annona senegalensis plant is used traditionally to treat diarrheoa. This study aims at evaluating the antidiarroeal potency of the aqueous extract of the root and stem bark of Annona senegalensis. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous extracts of the root bark, stem bark and mixture of stem and root bark of Annona senegalensis was assessed. Stool inhibition, enteropooling, electrolyte secretion and gastro-intestinal motility potential of the extract were assessed in castor oil induced diarrhoeic rats following administration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extracts of stem bark alone, root bark alone and the mixture of root and stem bark. The extract showed good antioxidant property. The mixture of aqueous root and stem bark extract of Annona senegalensis improved antimicrobial activity against three diarrhoea causing micro-organism; Escherichua coli, Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysentriae. All the extracts inhibited stooling by a percentage ranging from 17 – 21.9 in a dose independent manner. The root extract did not reduce number of stool as effective as stem extract. The root extract significantly reduced weight and volume of intestinal fluid. 200 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous root bark extract inhibited gastrointestinal transit the most. The mixture of root and stem bark extract exhibited synergistic effect on some diarrhoea causing micro-organisms. The root exerts its antidiarrhoeal effect by reducing intestinal motility and enhancing water and nutrient absorption, while the stem exerts its effect by antisecretory mechanism.

The present study determined phytochemical content, antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal effect of methanol extract of Fimbristylis miliacea. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll-α, and chlorophyll-β contents were found 154.13 mg GAE/g, 83.14 mg QE/g, 126.45 mg QE/g, 215.72 mg GAE/g, 1.51 µg/g, 0.66 µg/g, 7.10 mg/g and 4.25 mg/g, respectively. Antioxidant potential was compared against ascorbic acid. IC50 and EC50 values were determined as indices of antioxidant potential using five experiments; IC50 in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were 138.83 and 353.82 µg/ml respectively. EC50 of thiobarbituric acid assay, FRAP assay and reducing power assay were observed 2159.5, 31.59 and 129.56 µg/ml respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was 155.35 mg/g AAE. Significant reduction (p≤0.001) in fecal movement was produced by plant extract and the effect was stronger than that of the standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg.bw). Loperamide showed 58.16% inhibition whereas extract at 400 mg/kg.bw dose inhibited 80.85% diarrhea. Key words: Fimbristylis miliacea, phytochemical content, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal

Meytenus senengalensis (Lam). Ethanol leaf extract was investigated for its phytochemical contents as well as anti-diarrhoea effects. The ethanol leaf extract which is normally used in folkloric medicine was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Graded doses of the extract (200, 400 and 800 mg per kg) were administered orally to the three groups of rats (n = 5) before induction of diarrhoea with castor oil. Another two groups of animals were treated with normal saline (control) and loperamide, a conventional anti-diarrhoea drug respectively. Gastro-intestinal transit of charcoal meal and gastro-intestinal enteropooling with the same graded doses of the ethanol leaf extract were used for comparison. The extract produced a significant inhibition of the castor oil induced diarrhoea. The gastro-intestinal transit of charcoal meal was also reduced by the various graded doses of the extract used in this study. However, the intestinal fluid accumulation was only slightly reduced by 400 mg/kg dose of the extract. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanol leaf extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The findings suggest that, the ethanol leaf extract of M. senengalensis possesses antidiarrhoeal effect, which could be related to inhibition of gastro-intestinal motility and secretion.

Objectives: Present study was designed to evaluate Analgesic, Antidiarrhoeal and Antimicrobial activities of methanol and acetone extracts of fruit peels of Limonia acidissima L. by different methods. Method: The analgesic activity of the samples was studied using acetic acid- induced writhing model in mice. Castor oil-induced antidiarrheal activity was observed by Thomas method and antimicrobial activity was monitored by disc diffusion method. Results: Limonia acidissima L. inhibited 60.53 % and 59.65 % writhing of methanol as well as acetone fruit peels extracts, respectively, compared to standard drug Diclofenac Na inhibited 78.07 % writhing. At higher dose (500 mg/kg) of the methanol and acetone fruit peels extracts, significant inhibition 47.13 and 44.83 % of characteristic diarrhoeal feces was observed, respectively, as well as at lower dose (250 mg/kg) of the both extracts, inhibition 34.45 and35.63 %. Mention able on average 12mm zone of inhibition was observed of both extract at 250µg/disc and 500µg/disc compare to zone of inhibition 36mm of ciprofloxacin at 50µg/disc. Conclusion: From the above results, it will be very much possible source for an isolating lead compound for curing the numerous disorders. Keywords: Limonia acidissima L. Fruit peels, Diclofenac sodium, Loperamide, Ciprofloxacin.

Background: Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries requiring urgent attention. Many of the conventional anti-diarrhoeal drugs cause serious adverse effects, hence the need to screen various plants for their medicinal values becomes imperative. Objective: To investigate the anti-diarrhoeal activity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Newbouldia laevis in castor-oil induced diarrhoea in rats. Methods: The stem bark of Newbouldia laevis collected from Abeokuta, Ogun State, was air-dried, ground, macerated in 90% ethanol and concentrated to dryness in a water bath and then reconstituted using distilled water. Fifty (50) albino rats of both sexes used for the study were divided into two groups: A and B with twenty-five (25) rats per group. Group A was used for the gastro-intestinal motility test using charcoal meal while Group B was used for castor-oil induced diarrhoea test and the number of stool pellets was counted over an hour period. Results: The extract (250-1000mg/kg) showed significant (p = 0.0399) anti-diarrhoeal activity by decreasing the distance of the gastrointestinal movement of charcoal meal in the treated rats and also inhibited the severity of diarrhoea induced by castor-oil in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control (distilled water). This activity could be attributed to phytochemicals like flavonoids and tannins present in Newbouldia laevis. Conclusion: The results showed that stem bark extract of Newbouldia laevis possesses a significant anti-diarrhoeal property and this supports the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br is a shrub or small tree that grows 3–9 m tall throughout South Africa in nature and as ornamental plant. Various parts of the plant are used to cure gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, epilepsy, convulsion, infertility, and amenorrhoea. Despite popular use, the phytochemicals responsible for the medicinal efficacy of the plant has not been exhaustively investigated. Bioautography-guided fractionation was used to isolate the antimicrobial phytochemicals of the acidified 70% acetone leaf extract. A combination of open column chromatography using silica gel 60, Sephadex LH-20, normal phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on precoated Kieselgel 60F254 plates and the spots visualized under UV366 and UV254 light, and spray reagents (vanillin/sulphuric acid) were used to isolate compounds. The compounds were identified by UV spectra, extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and comparison of the data with those reported in the literature. The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds was determined against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, C. albicans (M0824), C. albicans (M0825), C. albicans (1051604),and C. albicans (1051608) using a serial dilution microplate method. Result: Six compounds including two novel (24-Isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol(1) and 5, 7, 4′ 5′ tetrahydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone (isoetin 2′ methyl ether) (4)) and four known (3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) (2); 3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-hexahydroxyflavone (myricetin) (3); quercetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside (5) and myricetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside (6)) were isolated and characterised. The isolated compounds inhibited antimicrobial growth with MICs ranging between 3.9 and 125 μg/. The results may provide a rational support for the traditional use of Bauhinia galpinii leaf in the treatment of infectious gastrointestinal disorders, since antimicrobial compounds especially the flavonoids isolated from the 70% acetone extract may also present in the traditional water extract. They could be responsible for the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of B. galpinii extract.

Chemical treatments for diarrhoea usually lead to side effects, so humans are seeking out a safe pharmaceutical source to cure them. From ancient times, medicinal plants have served as an important pharmaceutical source for the treatment of various acute and chronic diseases and infectious and non-infectious diseases. This study was carried out from April 2017 to February 2018 by interviewing with and administering a questionnaires to 29 traditional therapists. The questionnaire also included demographic items. The interviewers referred to the participants in person and asked them certain questions to elicit their beliefs about herbal medicine. Data were finally analyzed by the Excel software. In this study, the frequency of plant use was calculated by using a formula. According to the ethnobotanical knowledge of the region under study, Astragalus hamosus L., Ziziphora taurica M.Bieb., Anthemis hyalina DC., Plantago major L., Quercus brantii Lindl., Myrtus communis L., Satureja bachtiarica Bung., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Peganum harmala L., Rheum ribes L., Rumex pulcher L., Artemisia absinthium, Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantle., Plantago major L. and some others medicinal plants are used as antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants. Most plant species reported belong to the Asteraceae family and the aerial part (36%) is the most frequently used plant organ for cases of diarrhoea in Shahrekord. The scientific registration and review of the written and non-written knowledge of different ethnicities in Iran regarding traditional medicine will help preserve the valuable treasure of thousands of years of Iranians’ medical knowledge and experience and will provide the basis for the discovery of new drugs and the progress of the pharmaceutical industry.

This study determined the potential antidiarrhoeal potential of Pericopsis angolensis and Swartzia madagascariensis extracts against Escherichia coli O157, Shigella species and Salmonella Typhi. Extracts were obtained using the following methods: (i) hot water extraction (90°C) (LHWE), (ii) cold water extraction (CWED) and (iii) ethanolic extraction (EED). Antimicrobial effects of the extracts were determined using the well diffusion assay. Phytochemical analysis was performed using standard biochemical methods. The LHWE extracts exhibited significantly greater inhibition than CWED and EED extracts as follows: (i) P. angolensis bark extract at 0.8 mg/ml against Shigella spp. and (ii) P. angolensis bark extract at 1.6 mg/ml and S. madagascariensis bark extract at 1.6 mg/ml against S. Typhi. The aqueous methods largely resulted in P. angolensis and S. madagascariensis extracts rich in flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The aqueous extraction methods (CWED and LHWE) are therefore suitable to obtain extracts with high antimicrobial effects against E. coli O157, Shigella species and S. Typhi. Key words: Antidiarrhoeal, phytochemicals, extraction, Pericopsis angolensis, Swartzia madagascariensis.

Methanolic extracts (ME) of Parkia biglobosa barks and Parquetina nigrescens leaves were used to treat Escherichia coli– and castor oil–induced diarrhea. The liver toxicity biomarker activi...

Aim: To evaluate the antidiarrhoea effect of hydromethanolic leave extract of I. asarifolia (HLEIA) on castor oil-induced diarrhea. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life sciences, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi state, Nigeria. P.M.B.1144. Kebbi State. Nigeria, between February 2015 and September 2016. Methodology: In a continuous effort to search for bioactive agents from medicinal plants, the antidiarrhoea activity of I. asarifolia was investigated. The effect of hydromethanolic leave extract of I. asarifolia (HLEIA) on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) were assessed in albino rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures while acute oral toxicity studies was determined using the staircase method. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid, tannin, saponin, phenols. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 3000 mg/kg since there was no mortality recorded after 14 days of acute oral toxicity studies. Sub-chronic administration of graded doses (150 – 600 mg/kg) of HLEIA significantly (p

Various parts of Wrightia Tinctoria Roxb have been utilized broadly in conventional Indian medication for treatment of anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric, astringent, febrifuge, seminal weakness and as an aphrodisiac. Current research on Wrightia Tinctoria Roxbis directed towards finding naturally‐occurring antioxidants of plant origin that provided efficacy by added substance or synergistic exercises since cell reinforcements from plant root are basic to avoid the movement of free radical interceded issue. Antioxidant activity of methanolic Wrightia Tinctoria Roxbroot extract/fractiondiscover by utilizing distinctive in-vitro models. It includes Free radical scavenging activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, o-phenanthroline assay/Iron chelating activity. Plant contains a lot number of Phenolic compounds and Flavonoids. Plant shows significant antioxidant activity. The ponder was directed to investigate the utilization of root separate/portions of W. Tinctoria