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To determine the prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PET) and identify it's risk factors in patients operated on a scheduled basis, in the general surgery service from the High Specialty Medical Unit Hospital de Especialidades de Puebla, of the Mexican Social Security Institute.Descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study of 52 patients' records with PET and pulmonary angiotomography whose indication was respiratory distress; from 2612 operated patients from November 2015 to March 2018, the sampling was not probabilistic. The statistics was descriptive, with measures of central tendency and dispersion. Fisher test, and Rho Spearman were used.There were association between the development of PET and trans-surgical time (p = 0.018), with the D Dimer (p = 0.014), there was correlation between PET and Wells scale (p=0.001) and blood transfusion (p=0.044). Age, gender, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, thromboprophylaxis, blood transfusion and surgical approach were not risk factors.The prevalence of postoperative PET in patients with respiratory distress after surgical procedure is 5.7% and the mortality is 33.3%.Determinar la prevalencia de la tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) e identificar sus factores de riesgo en los pacientes intervenidos en el servicio de cirugía general de manera programada de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades de Puebla, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 52 expedientes de pacientes con TEP y angiotomografía pulmonar cuya indicación fue la dificultad respiratoria, de 2612 pacientes operados de noviembre de 2015 a marzo de 2018. El muestreo fue no probabilístico. La estadística fue descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Se utilizó prueba de Fisher para riesgo y Rho de Spearman.Hubo asociación entre el desarrollo de TEP y el tiempo transquirúrgico (p = 0.018), y con el dímero D (p = 0.014); hubo correlación entre la TEP y con la escala de Wells (p = 0.001) y con la transfusión de hemoderivados (p = 0.044). La edad, el sexo, el índice de masa corporal, el diagnóstico preoperatorio, la tromboprofilaxis, la transfusión de hemoderivados y el abordaje quirúrgico no fueron factores de riesgo.La prevalencia de TEP posquirúrgica en pacientes que cursan con dificultad respiratoria después del procedimiento quirúrgico es del 5.7% y la mortalidad es del 33.3%.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori in SLE patients and to compare clinical characteristics and gastroduodenal lesions in patients with and without H. pylori infection. Adult SLE patients were selected and subjected to endoscopy. Gastroduodenal lesions were examined by endoscopy and biopsy (antrum and corpus). Biopsies were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa staining. Immunochromatographic membrane-based assay using amplification was used to test for H. pylori antigen (coproantigen) in stool samples in all participants. Clinical characteristics and gastroduodenal lesions were compared between patients with and without H. pylori infection. A total of 118 SLE patients were included (mean age 44.7 ± 11.7 years, mean disease duration 11.6 ± 6.0 years), of whom 101 (85.6%) were receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The coproantigen test was positive in 32 (27.1%) patients. H. pylori was present in twenty six patients (22.0%) in the gastric biopsy. The frequency of gastric erosions and gastric ulcers were 55.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Gastric erosions were less frequent in SLE patients with H. pylori infection than those without H. pylori (43.5.7% vs. 62.5%; p = 0.04). The age, disease duration, disease activity, chronic damage, gastroprotective drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy did not differ between the two groups. We found a high frequency of H. pylori infection in SLE patients. The severity of SLE and reception of gastroprotective therapy do not seem to be related to H. pylori infection. Immunosuppressive therapy may not be protective against H. pylori infection in SLE patients.

OBJECTIVE A protective function of vitamin D in metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been described. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and MetS in non-diabetic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) women. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between concentrations of 25(OH)D, MetS, and its components were made in 160 non-diabetic SLE women. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were categorized into quartiles (

Introduction and aims: An inlet patch (IP) is the presence of gastric columnar epithelium outside of the stomach. No studies have been conducted in Mexico on that pathology. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of esophageal IP and the clinical characteristics of the patients that present it. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted that included consecutive patients referred for endoscopy within the time frame of September 2015 to May 2016. The patients answered a questionnaire, and high-definition endoscopy with digital chromoendoscopy was performed. The prevalence of IP was identified. The chi-square test was used to compare the clinical characteristics between patients that presented with esophageal IP and those without it. Results: A total of 239 patients were included in the study. Their mean age was 53 years, and 130 (54.4%) were women. IP was found in 26 patients (10.9%), 15 of whom were men (57.7%). The main reason for referral to endoscopy was gastroesophageal reflux disease, present in 69.2% of the patients with IP and in 55.9% without IP (p = .19). The most common symptoms were heartburn and regurgitation. The former was present in 69.2% of the patients with IP and in 59.1% without IP (p = .32), and the latter was present in 65.4% of the patients with IP and 69.1% without IP (p = .7). Extraesophageal manifestation distribution was: cough in 46.2% of the patients with IP and 38% without IP (p = .45) and dysphonia in 54% with IP and 47% without IP (p = .53). Twenty-three percent of the patients with IP had Barrett's esophagus, as did 23% without IP (p = .99). Conclusions: The prevalence of IP was high. The primary referral diagnosis was gastroesophageal reflux disease. No differences were found in relation to symptoms or the presence of Barrett's esophagus between the patients with and without IP. Resumen: Introducción y objetivo: El parche de mucosa gástrica ectópica (inlet patch [IP]) es la presencia de mucosa columnar gástrica fuera del estómago. En nuestro país no se ha realizado ningún estudio sobre esta patología. El objetivo es determinar la prevalencia y características clínicas de pacientes que presentan IP en el esófago. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos enviados a endoscopía de septiembre de 2015 a mayo de 2016. Se les aplicó un cuestionario de manifestaciones clínicas y se realizó endoscopía con equipo de alta definición y cromoendoscopía digital. Se identificó la prevalencia de IP. Se contrastaron las características clínicas del grupo afectado con el resto del grupo mediante chi cuadrada. Resultados: Se incluyeron 239 pacientes, edad promedio 53 años, 130 (54.4%) mujeres. Se encontró IP en 26 pacientes (10.9%), 15 hombres (57.7%). El principal motivo de envío fue enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en 69.2% de los pacientes con IP y 55.9% sin IP (p = 0.19). Los principales síntomas fueron pirosis: 69.2% con IP, 59.1% sin IP (p = 0.32) y regurgitaciones 65.4% con IP, 69.1% sin IP (p = 0.7). La distribución de las manifestaciones extraesofágicas fueron: tos 46.2% con IP, 38% sin IP (p = 0.45) y disfonía 54% con IP, 47% sin IP (p = 0.53). Presencia de esófago de Barrett en 23.0% de pacientes con IP y 23% sin IP (p = 0.99). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IP fue alta. El principal diagnóstico de envío fue enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. No se encontraron diferencias en síntomas ni en presencia de esófago de Barrett en pacientes con y sin IP. Keywords: Esophageal inlet patch, Gastroesophageal reflux, Digital chromoendoscopy, Prevalence, Palabras clave: Parche de mucosa gástrica ectópica, Reflujo gastroesofágico, Cromoendoscopía digital, Prevalencia

Goals We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PB+S (pinaverium bromide 100 mg plus simethicone 300 mg) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Background IBS is a multifactorial disorder; thus, combination therapy with different mechanisms of action is expected to be useful. PB+S has shown effectiveness in an open-label clinical study in IBS. However, there are no placebo-controlled trials. Materials and methods IBS-Rome III patients with abdominal pain/discomfort for at least 2 days within the week prior to baseline assessment were included in this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of PB+S versus placebo, bid. The primary endpoint was overall symptom improvement, evaluated weekly by the patient (Likert Scale). Secondary endpoints included the weekly improvement in the severity of abdominal pain and bloating assessed both by patients (10-cm Visual Analogue Scale) and investigators (Likert Scale); frequency of Bristol Scale stool types (consistency) evaluated by patients and the IBS Quality of Life scores. Results A total of 285 patients (female: 83%; 36.5±8.9 y old) received at least 1 dose of PB+S (n=140) or placebo (n=145). No difference was observed in overall symptom improvement between the groups (P=0.13). However, PB+S was superior in abdominal pain (effect size: 31%, P=0.038) and bloating (33%, P=0.019). Patients with IBS-C and IBS-M showed the best improvement in the frequency of stool types with PB+S. No differences were observed in IBS Quality of Life scores and adverse events. Conclusions PB+S was superior to placebo in improving abdominal pain and bloating in patients with active IBS. The effect on the frequency of stool consistency was particularly significant in IBS-C and IBS-M.

To compare resilience in women with SLE and healthy women and determine whether sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms were associated with resilience in patients with SLE.This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 123 women with SLE according to the ACR criteria and 132 age-matched healthy women (median = 45 (IQR = 34-54) years). Scales administered were: SLEDAI-2 K for disease activity, Graffar method, SLICC damage index, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Spanish version of the Resilience Scale of Wagnild and Young. The statistical analysis was made using the Student t, Mann Whitney, Chi-square, and Spearman's Rho tests and multivariate analysis with a generalized linear model (GLM). Statistical significance was set as p .05.There were no differences in resilience scores between women with SLE and healthy women (median = 80, IQR = 75-87 vs. median = 80, IQR = 74-86.75, p = .38), although patients with SLE had higher self-efficacy scores (median = 47 IQR = 43-50 vs. median = 45, IQR = 42-48, p = .002) and depressive symptoms (median = 10, IQR = 5-18 vs. median = 8, IQR = 5-18, p = .01). The overall resilience score correlated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.537, p .01). The GLM showed no association between sociodemographic factors and resilience in patients with SLE.Resilience did not differ between women with SLE and healthy women. In patients with SLE, depressive symptoms may influence resilience and its domains, but sociodemographic factors do not.The results suggest that resilience was similar between females with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and age-matched healthy women. Depressive symptoms correlated negatively with resilience in patients with SLE. Sociodemographic factors were not associated with resilience in patients with SLE.

Resumen: Introducción: Dolor torácico no cardíaco (DTNC) se define como un síndrome clínico caracterizado por dolor retroesternal semejante a la angina de pecho, pero de origen no cardiaco y generado por enfermedades esofágicas, osteomusculares, pulmonares o psiquiátricas. Objetivo: Presentar una revisión consensuada basada en evidencias sobre definición, epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y opciones terapéuticas para pacientes con DTNC. Métodos: Tres coordinadores generales realizaron una revisión bibliográfica de todas las publicaciones en inglés y español sobre el tema y elaboraron 38 enunciados iniciales divididos en tres categorías principales: 1) definiciones, epidemiología y fisiopatología; 2) diagnóstico, y 3) tratamiento. Los enunciados fueron votados (3 rondas) utilizando el sistema Delphi, y los que alcanzaron un acuerdo > 75% fueron considerados y calificados de acuerdo con el sistema GRADE. Resultados y conclusiones: El consenso final incluyó 29 enunciados Todo paciente que debuta con dolor torácico debe ser inicialmente evaluado por un cardiólogo. La causa más común de DTNC es la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE). Como abordaje inicial, si no existen síntomas de alarma, se puede dar una prueba terapéutica con inhibidor de bomba de protones (IBP) por 2-4 semanas. Si hay disfagia o síntomas de alarma, se recomienda hacer una endoscopia. La manometría de alta resolución es el mejor método para descartar trastornos motores espásticos y acalasia. La pHmetría ayuda a demostrar exposición esofágica anormal al ácido. El tratamiento debe ser dirigido al mecanismo fisiopatológico, y puede incluir IBP, neuromoduladores y/o relajantes de músculo liso, intervención psicológica y/o terapia cognitiva, y ocasionalmente cirugía o terapia endoscópica. Abstract: Introduction: Non-cardiac chest pain is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by retrosternal pain similar to that of angina pectoris, but of non-cardiac origin and produced by esophageal, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, or psychiatric diseases. Aim: To present a consensus review based on evidence regarding the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain, as well as the therapeutic options for those patients. Methods: Three general coordinators carried out a literature review of all articles published in English and Spanish on the theme and formulated 38 initial statements, dividing them into 3 main categories: (i) definitions, epidemiology, and pathophysiology; (ii) diagnosis, and (iii) treatment. The statements underwent 3 rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi system. The final statements were those that reached > 75% agreement, and they were rated utilizing the GRADE system. Results and conclusions: The final consensus included 29 statements. All patients presenting with chest pain should initially be evaluated by a cardiologist. The most common cause of non-cardiac chest pain is gastroesophageal reflux disease. If there are no alarm symptoms, the initial approach should be a therapeutic trial with a proton pump inhibitor for 2-4 weeks. If dysphagia or alarm symptoms are present, endoscopy is recommended. High-resolution manometry is the best method for ruling out spastic motor disorders and achalasia and pH monitoring aids in demonstrating abnormal esophageal acid exposure. Treatment should be directed at the pathophysiologic mechanism. It can include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators and/or smooth muscle relaxants, psychologic intervention and/or cognitive therapy, and occasionally surgery or endoscopic therapy. Palabras clave: Dolor, Torácico, No cardíaco, ERGE, Trastornos motores esofágicos, México, Keywords: Pain, Chest, Non-cardiac, GERD, Esophageal motor disorders, Mexico

Introduction: Non-cardiac chest pain is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by retrosternal pain similar to that of angina pectoris, but of non-cardiac origin and produced by esophageal, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, or psychiatric diseases. Aim: To present a consensus review based on evidence regarding the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain, as well as the therapeutic options for those patients. Methods: Three general coordinators carried out a literature review of all articles published in English and Spanish on the theme and formulated 38 initial statements, dividing them into 3 main categories: (i) definitions, epidemiology, and pathophysiology; (ii) diagnosis, and (iii) treatment. The statements underwent 3 rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi system. The final statements were those that reached > 75% agreement, and they were rated utilizing the GRADE system. Results and conclusions: The final consensus included 29 statements. All patients presenting with chest pain should initially be evaluated by a cardiologist. The most common cause of non-cardiac chest pain is gastroesophageal reflux disease. If there are no alarm symptoms, the initial approach should be a therapeutic trial with a proton pump inhibitor for 2-4 weeks. If dysphagia or alarm symptoms are present, endoscopy is recommended. High-resolution manometry is the best method for ruling out spastic motor disorders and achalasia and pH monitoring aids in demonstrating abnormal esophageal acid exposure. Treatment should be directed at the pathophysiologic mechanism. It can include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators and/or smooth muscle relaxants, psychologic intervention and/or cognitive therapy, and occasionally surgery or endoscopic therapy. Resumen: Introducción: Dolor torácico no cardíaco (DTNC) se define como un síndrome clínico caracterizado por dolor retroesternal semejante a la angina de pecho, pero de origen no cardiaco y generado por enfermedades esofágicas, osteomusculares, pulmonares o psiquiátricas. Objetivo: Presentar una revisión consensuada basada en evidencias sobre definición, epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y opciones terapéuticas para pacientes con DTNC. Métodos: Tres coordinadores generales realizaron una revisión bibliográfica de todas las publicaciones en inglés y español sobre el tema y elaboraron 38 enunciados iniciales divididos en tres categorías principales: 1) definiciones, epidemiología y fisiopatología; 2) diagnóstico, y 3) tratamiento. Los enunciados fueron votados (3 rondas) utilizando el sistema Delphi, y los que alcanzaron un acuerdo > 75% fueron considerados y calificados de acuerdo con el sistema GRADE. Resultados y conclusiones: El consenso final incluyó 29 enunciados Todo paciente que debuta con dolor torácico debe ser inicialmente evaluado por un cardiólogo. La causa más común de DTNC es la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE). Como abordaje inicial, si no existen síntomas de alarma, se puede dar una prueba terapéutica con inhibidor de bomba de protones (IBP) por 2-4 semanas. Si hay disfagia o síntomas de alarma, se recomienda hacer una endoscopia. La manometría de alta resolución es el mejor método para descartar trastornos motores espásticos y acalasia. La pHmetría ayuda a demostrar exposición esofágica anormal al ácido. El tratamiento debe ser dirigido al mecanismo fisiopatológico, y puede incluir IBP, neuromoduladores y/o relajantes de músculo liso, intervención psicológica y/o terapia cognitiva, y ocasionalmente cirugía o terapia endoscópica. Keywords: Pain, Chest, Non-cardiac, GERD, Esophageal motor disorders, Mexico, Palabras clave: Dolor, Torácico, No cardíaco, ERGE, Trastornos motores esofágicos, México

Resumen: Desde la publicación en 2008 de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad diverticular del colon de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed de enero de 2008 a julio de 2018 con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guías 2008 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en español e inglés, de alta calidad. Se redactaron los enunciados, que fueron votados utilizando el método Delphi. Se estableció la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Cuarenta y tres enunciados fueron finalmente votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definición, clasificación, epidemiología, fisiopatología y factores de riesgo. Se revisó con especial énfasis la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada y de la colonoscopia, así como los métodos endoscópicos para el control de la hemorragia. Se discutió sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis no complicada, el papel de la rifaximina y la mesalazina, en el manejo de la diverticulitis aguda complicada tanto en sus alternativas mínimamente invasivas hasta las opciones quirúrgicas con énfasis en sus indicaciones, limitaciones y contraindicaciones. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presentan la discusión, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendación de cada uno de ellos. Abstract: Since the publication of the 2008 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease of the colon by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, significant advances have been made in the knowledge of that disease. A systematic review of articles published in the medical literature from January 2008 to July 2018 was carried out to revise and update the 2008 guidelines and provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English published within that time frame were included. The final versions of the 43 statements accepted in the three rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi method, were written, and the quality of evidence and strength of the recommendations were established for each statement, utilizing the GRADE system. The present consensus contains new data on the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of diverticular disease of the colon. Special emphasis is given to the usefulness of computed tomography and colonoscopy, as well as to the endoscopic methods for controlling bleeding. Outpatient treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis is discussed, as well as the role of rifaximin and mesalazine in the management of complicated acute diverticulitis. Both its minimally invasive alternatives and surgical options are described, stressing their indications, limitations, and contraindications. The new statements provide guidelines based on updated scientific evidence. Each statement is discussed, and its quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendation are presented. Palabras clave: Divertículos, Diverticulitis, México, Colon, Enfermedad, Consenso, Keywords: Diverticula, Diverticulitis, Mexico, Colon, Disease, Consensus

Objective: The objectives of this systematic review and meta-regression were: 1) to compare the prevalence of cervical HPV infection between SLE patients and healthy controls and 2) to evaluate the relationship between cervical HPV infection and traditional and SLE-related risk factors for cervical HPV infection in these patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Virtual Health Library and SciELO databases) following PRISMA guidelines and using meta-regression to investigate the pooled prevalence of cervical HPV infection in adult women with SLE. The articles included were independently evaluated by two investigators who extracted information on study characteristics, defined outcomes, risk of bias and summarized strength of evidence [Quality of evidence using the Oxford Centre for evidence-based medicine (EBM) Levels of Evidence]. Using meta-regression, we further analyzed whether factors such as multiple sexual partners and immunosuppressive therapy were associated with HPV prevalence. We evaluated the quality of evidence included using the Oxford Centre for EBM levels of evidence. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for studies providing data on HPV prevalence in women with SLE and in healthy controls. Results: A total of 687 articles were identified; 9 full-text articles examining the prevalence of cervical HPV infection in SLE women were included, comprising 751 SLE women. Eight studies employed PCR using general primers. The HPV prevalence varied from 3.1% to 80.7%. In the random effects meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of cervical HPV infection in SLE vs. controls was 34.15% (95% CI: 19.6%–52.5%) vs. 15.3% (95% CI 0.79–27.8%), OR = 2.87 (95% CI: 2.20–3.76) p and lt;.0001, with large between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 95.4%). When only SLE women were evaluated, meta-regression showed no significant differences between patients with and without a background of multiple sexual partners and any immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, the prevalence of cervical HPV infection did not significantly differ between SLE patients on azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that the prevalence of cervical HPV infection is higher in SLE women than in healthy controls. However, multiple sexual partners and any immunosuppressive therapy or specific immunosuppressive treatment (azathioprine and cyclophosphamide) were not associated with the prevalence of cervical HPV infection. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main five causes of morbidity and mortality by oncologic diseases in our country and worldwide. Recently, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) has proven to be a noninvasive screening test that allows to select patients most likely to have a pre-malign lesion in order to perform a colonoscopy.To report the findings of a CRC screening program using FIT in our country population.A multicentric study was performed, by inviting open population older than 50 years to participate in a CRC screening. Quantitative FIT specific for human hemoglobin was used, with a cut point of 100 ng/ml or higher to consider as positive. Those patients with positive results were asked to undergo a colonoscopy. In the cases where polypoid lesions were found, biopsies were performed.In total, 751 FIT were processed, and 51 (6.8) of those were positive, with a rate of 15.9 premalign lesions for 1,000 individuals, and 1.3 patients with CRC for every 1,000.The present study matches worldwide reports, supporting the initiative of establishing a formal and standardized CRC screening program in the public health sector.El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las cinco primeras causas de morbimortalidad por cáncer en nuestro país y en todo el mundo. La prueba inmunoquímica fecal (FIT, fecal immunochemical test) es una herramienta de tamizaje no invasiva que permite seleccionar a los sujetos con mayor probabilidad de lesión premaligna en la colonoscopia.Reportar los resultados del programa de escrutinio para CCR mediante FIT en población abierta en México.Estudio multicéntrico nacional en población abierta mayor de 50 años a través de medios de difusión masiva para participar en un programa de escrutinio de CCR. Se utilizó FIT cuantitativa específica para detectar hemoglobina humana con un punto de corte de 100 ng/ml (prueba positiva). Se realizó colonoscopia a los positivos. Se tomaron biopsias dirigidas de las lesiones premalignas/cáncer para análisis histopatológico.Se procesaron 751 FIT, de las cuales 51 (6.8%) fueron positivas, con una tasa de 15.9 lesiones premalignas por cada 1,000 sujetos evaluados, y 1.3 pacientes con CCR por cada 1,000 pacientes.Nuestro estudio concuerda con lo reportado en la literatura mundial, apoyando así la iniciativa de fomentar el establecimiento de un tamizaje formal y estandarizado dentro del sector de salud pública.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main five causes of morbidity and mortality by oncologic diseases in our country and worldwide. Recently, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) has proven to be a noninvasive screening test that allows to select patients most likely to have a pre-malign lesion in order to perform a colonoscopy. Objective To report the findings of a CRC screening program using FIT in our country population. Method A multicentric study was performed, by inviting open population older than 50 years to participate in a CRC screening. Quantitative FIT specific for human hemoglobin was used, with a cut point of 100 ng/ml or higher to consider as positive. Those patients with positive results were asked to undergo a colonoscopy. In the cases where polypoid lesions were found, biopsies were performed. Results In total, 751 FIT were processed, and 51 (6.8) of those were positive, with a rate of 15.9 premalign lesions for 1,000 individuals, and 1.3 patients with CRC for every 1,000. Conclusions The present study matches worldwide reports, supporting the initiative of establishing a formal and standardized CRC screening program in the public health sector.

Background/Purpose Insulin resistance (IR), which adversely impacts left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function in middle-aged patients.1 Although IR may not play as marked a role in determining LV dysfunction as hypertension, the impact of IR on ventricular dysfunction is unknown in SLE patients.2 The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the role of speckle tracking echocardiography in the early detection of LV dysfunction in SLE and 2) to examine the influence of IR measured by the Quantose score on subclinical LV dysfunction using speckle tracking echocardiography in normotensive SLE patients. Methods This cross-sectional study included SLE adult women without diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension or obesity. All participants underwent detailed two- dimensional Doppler and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Global longitudinal strain (GLS%) and global circumferential strain (GCS%) were determined. LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was verified according to current guidelines. Blood samples were drawn to estimate the Quantose score for IR, (derived from insulin, α-hydroxybutyrate, linoleoyl-glycerophosphocholine, and oleate). Results Sixty-nine patients were included (mean age: 38.9±9.9 years, mean disease duration 10.8±4.7 years). Despite a normal ejection fraction in all participants, ten (14.5%) patients had abnormal LV systolic GLS. The frequency of IR was high (65%). The GLS% and GCS% did not differ in patients with and without IR (-20.8±3.1 vs. -20.5±2.1; p=0.61 and -25.9±8.4 vs. -24.4±9.3; p=0.47, respectively). The prevalence of LVDD was 38.1% in patients with IR vs. 25.0% in patients without IR (p=0.30). E/e’ and E/A ratios did not differ significantly between groups (5.8±1.6 vs. 5.7±1.9; p=0.86 and 1.3±0.3 vs. 1.3±0.3; p=0.27). Conclusions Although IR was high in our patients with SLE, IR was not associated with either LV systolic dysfunction or LVDD in SLE patients without DM or hypertension. References Demmer R.T., Allison M.A., Cai J., et al. Association of Impaired Glucose Regulation and Insulin Resistance With Cardiac Structure and Function: Results From ECHO-SOL (Echocardiographic Study of Latinos). Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9;e005032. Tso T.K., Huang W.N. Elevation of fasting insulin and its association with cardiovascular disease risk in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2009;29;735–74.

Celiac disease, celiac sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a generalized autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and atrophy of the small bowel mucosa. It is caused by dietary exposure to gluten and affects genetically predisposed individuals. In Mexico, at least 800,000 are estimated to possibly have the disease, prompting the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología to summon a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop the “Clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in Mexico” and establish recommendations for the medical community, its patients, and the general population. The participating medical professionals were divided into three working groups and were given the selected bibliographic material by the coordinators (ART, LUD, JMRT), who proposed the statements that were discussed and voted upon in three sessions: two voting rounds were carried out electronically and one at a face-to-face meeting. Thirty-nine statements were accepted, and once approved, were developed and revised by the coordinators, and their final version was approved by all the participants. It was emphasized in the document that epidemiology and risk factors associated with celiac disease (first-degree relatives, autoimmune diseases, high-risk populations) in Mexico are similar to those described in other parts of the world. Standards for diagnosing the disease and its appropriate treatment in the Mexican patient were established. The guidelines also highlighted the fact that a strict gluten-free diet is essential only in persons with confirmed celiac disease, and that the role of gluten is still a subject of debate in relation to nonceliac, gluten-sensitive patients. Resumen: La enfermedad celiaca (EC), esprúe celíaco o enteropatía sensible al gluten, es una enfermedad autoinmune generalizada que se caracteriza por inflamación crónica y atrofia de la mucosa del intestino delgado, causada por la exposición al gluten de la dieta que afecta a individuos genéticamente predispuestos. En México se estima que al menos 800,000 personas podrían padecerla, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología convocó a un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos para que realizaran la Guía clínica para diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedad celíaca en México, y se establecieran recomendaciones para la comunidad médica, sus enfermos y la población general. Los profesionistas participantes, divididos en 3 mesas de trabajo, recibieron material bibliográfico seleccionado por los coordinadores (ART, LUD, JMRT), quienes propusieron los enunciados que fueron discutidos y votados en 3 sesiones: 2 a través de medios electrónicos y una presencial. Al final se aceptaron 39 enunciados que, una vez aprobados, fueron desarrollados y revisados por los coordinadores hasta su versión final, que fue aprobada por todos los participantes. Dentro de estas se destaca que la epidemiología y factores de riesgo asociados (familiares de primer grado, enfermedades autoinmunes, poblaciones de alto riesgo) a EC en México son similares a los descritos en otras partes del mundo. Se establecen pautas para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento apropiado de los pacientes mexicanos que la padecen. Se insiste en que una dieta estricta libre de gluten es indispensable solo en las personas con EC confirmada, y que su papel en pacientes con sensibilidad al gluten sin EC es aún un tema de controversia. Keywords: Celiac disease, Mexico, Diagnosis, Gluten, Allergy, Sensitivity, Palabras clave: Enfermedad celíaca, México, Diagnóstico, Gluten, Alergia, Sensibilidad

Resumen: La enfermedad celiaca (EC), esprúe celíaco o enteropatía sensible al gluten, es una enfermedad autoinmune generalizada que se caracteriza por inflamación crónica y atrofia de la mucosa del intestino delgado, causada por la exposición al gluten de la dieta que afecta a individuos genéticamente predispuestos. En México se estima que al menos 800,000 personas podrían padecerla, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología convocó a un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos para que realizaran la Guía clínica para diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedad celíaca en México, y se establecieran recomendaciones para la comunidad médica, sus enfermos y la población general. Los profesionistas participantes, divididos en 3 mesas de trabajo, recibieron material bibliográfico seleccionado por los coordinadores (ART, LUD, JMRT), quienes propusieron los enunciados que fueron discutidos y votados en 3 sesiones: 2 a través de medios electrónicos y una presencial. Al final se aceptaron 39 enunciados que, una vez aprobados, fueron desarrollados y revisados por los coordinadores hasta su versión final, que fue aprobada por todos los participantes. Dentro de estas se destaca que la epidemiología y factores de riesgo asociados (familiares de primer grado, enfermedades autoinmunes, poblaciones de alto riesgo) a EC en México son similares a los descritos en otras partes del mundo. Se establecen pautas para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento apropiado de los pacientes mexicanos que la padecen. Se insiste en que una dieta estricta libre de gluten es indispensable solo en las personas con EC confirmada, y que su papel en pacientes con sensibilidad al gluten sin EC es aún un tema de controversia. Abstract: Celiac disease, celiac sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a generalized autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and atrophy of the small bowel mucosa. It is caused by dietary exposure to gluten and affects genetically predisposed individuals. In Mexico, at least 800,000 are estimated to possibly have the disease, prompting the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología to summon a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop the “Clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in Mexico” and establish recommendations for the medical community, its patients, and the general population. The participating medical professionals were divided into three working groups and were given the selected bibliographic material by the coordinators (ART, LUD, JMRT), who proposed the statements that were discussed and voted upon in three sessions: two voting rounds were carried out electronically and one at a face-to-face meeting. Thirty-nine statements were accepted, and once approved, were developed and revised by the coordinators, and their final version was approved by all the participants. It was emphasized in the document that epidemiology and risk factors associated with celiac disease (first-degree relatives, autoimmune diseases, high-risk populations) in Mexico are similar to those described in other parts of the world. Standards for diagnosing the disease and its appropriate treatment in the Mexican patient were established. The guidelines also highlighted the fact that a strict gluten-free diet is essential only in persons with confirmed celiac disease, and that the role of gluten is still a subject of debate in relation to nonceliac, gluten-sensitive patients. Palabras clave: Enfermedad celíaca, México, Diagnóstico, Gluten, Alergia, Sensibilidad, Keywords: Celiac disease, Mexico, Diagnosis, Gluten, Allergy, Sensitivity

Resumen: Desde el último consenso mexicano para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) en el 2007, han existido avances importantes al respecto. Por tal motivo, la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología convocó a 20 expertos para la realización del «IV consenso mexicano sobre H. pylori». Durante febrero y junio del 2017 se organizaron 4 mesas de trabajo, una revisión de la literatura y 3 rondas de votaciones donde se establecieron 32 enunciados para discusión y consenso. Dentro de las recomendaciones se destaca el reconocer a México como un país con riesgo de cáncer gástrico bajo a intermedio a pesar de la alta prevalencia de infección por H. pylori. Se corrobora que enfermedad ulcerosa péptica, presencia de lesiones premalignas, antecedentes de cáncer gástrico y linfoma asociado a la mucosa deben considerarse indicaciones claras para erradicación. La relación del H. pylori con los síntomas dispépticos sigue siendo controversial. La triple terapia de erradicación con amoxicilina, claritromicina y un inhibidor de la bomba de protones ya no debe ser considerada la primera línea de tratamiento. En su lugar, se proponen 2 opciones: la terapia cuádruple con bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, subcitrato de bismuto, tetraciclina y metronidazol) y la terapia cuádruple sin bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, amoxicilina, claritromicina y metronidazol). Se establece la necesidad de la realización de sensibilidad antimicrobiana ante la falla a 2 tratamientos de erradicación. Finalmente, se proponen campañas de educación respecto al diagnóstico y tratamiento del H. pylori para médicos de primer contacto y población general. Abstract: Important advances have been made since the last Mexican consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was published in 2007. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología summoned 20 experts to produce “The Fourth Mexican Consensus on Helicobacter pylori”. From February to June 2017, 4 working groups were organized, a literature review was performed, and 3 voting rounds were carried out, resulting in the formulation of 32 statements for discussion and consensus. From the ensuing recommendations, it was striking that Mexico is a country with an intermediate-to-low risk for gastric cancer, despite having a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. It was also corroborated that peptic ulcer disease, premalignant lesions, and histories of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma should be considered clear indications for eradication. The relation of H. pylori to dyspeptic symptoms continues to be controversial. Eradication triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor should no longer be considered first-line treatment, with the following 2 options proposed to take its place: quadruple therapy with bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subcitrate, tetracycline, and metronidazole) and quadruple therapy without bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). The need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing when 2 eradication treatments have failed was also established. Finally, the promotion of educational campaigns on the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori for both primary care physicians and the general population were proposed. Palabras clave: Helicobacter pylori, México, Erradicación, Cáncer gástrico, Epidemiología, Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Mexico, Eradication, Gastric cancer, Epidemiology

Important advances have been made since the last Mexican consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was published in 2007. Therefore, the Asociacion Mexicana de Gastroenterologia summoned 20 experts to produce "The Fourth Mexican Consensus on Helicobacter pylori". From February to June 2017, 4 working groups were organized, a literature review was performed, and 3 voting rounds were carried out, resulting in the formulation of 32 statements for discussion and consensus. From the ensuing recommendations, it was striking that Mexico is a country with an intermediate-to-low risk for gastric cancer, despite having a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. It was also corroborated that peptic ulcer disease, premalignant lesions, and histories of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma should be considered clear indications for eradication. The relation of H. pylori to dyspeptic symptoms continues to be controversial. Eradication triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor should no longer be considered first-line treatment, with the following 2 options proposed to take its place: quadruple therapy with bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subcitrate, tetracycline, and metronidazole) and quadruple therapy without bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). The need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing when 2 eradication treatments have failed was also established. Finally, the promotion of educational campaigns on the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori for both primary care physicians and the general population were proposed.

Resumen: Introducción: Desde la publicación de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento del estreñimiento crónico (EC) en México de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología en el 2011 se han producido avances significativos en el conocimiento de la epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento del EC. Objetivos: Presentar una revisión consensuada del estado actual de los conocimientos sobre el EC que actualice e integre las nuevas evidencias científicas. Métodos: Tres coordinadores generales realizaron una revisión de la bibliografía de enero del 2011 a enero del 2017. Con base en esta, se elaboraron 62 enunciados los cuales fueron enviados para su revisión a 12 expertos nacionales. Los enunciados fueron votados utilizando el sistema Delphi en 3 rondas de votaciones (2 electrónicas y una presencial) y calificados de acuerdo con el sistema GRADE. Aquellos que alcanzaron un acuerdo > 75% fueron considerados en este consenso. Resultados y conclusiones: El presente consenso consta de un total de 42 enunciados que actualizan la información sobre el EC y complementan la información que no había sido incluida en las guías previas. Para cada enunciado se presenta la fuerza de la recomendación y el grado de la evidencia. Se provee de una definición actualizada del EC y del EC funcional (EF), y del estreñimiento inducido por opioides (EIO). Se mencionan las estrategias diagnósticas con base en los métodos diagnósticos disponibles, y se emiten recomendaciones con respecto al tratamiento que incluye la evidencia del papel de la dieta y el ejercicio, la fibra, los laxantes, los nuevos fármacos (como prucaloprida, lubiprostona, linaclotida, plecanitida), la terapia de biorretroalimentación y la cirugía. Abstract: Introduction: Significant advances have been made in the knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic constipation, since the publication of the 2011 guidelines on chronic constipation diagnosis and treatment in Mexico from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Aims: To present a consensus review of the current state of knowledge about chronic constipation, providing updated information and integrating the new scientific evidence. Methods: Three general coordinators reviewed the literature published within the time frame of January 2011 and January 2017. From that information, 62 initial statements were formulated and then sent to 12 national experts for their revision. The statements were voted upon, using the Delphi system in 3 voting rounds (2 electronic and one face-to-face). The statements were classified through the GRADE system and those that reached agreement > 75% were included in the consensus. Results and conclusions: The present consensus is made up of 42 final statements that provide updated knowledge, supplementing the information that had not been included in the previous guidelines. The strength of recommendation and quality (level) of evidence were established for each statement. The current definitions of chronic constipation, functional constipation, and opioid-induced constipation are given, and diagnostic strategies based on the available diagnostic methods are described. The consensus treatment recommendations were established from evidence on the roles of diet and exercise, fiber, laxatives, new drugs (such as prucalopride, lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide), biofeedback therapy, and surgery. Palabras clave: Consenso, Estreñimiento, Laxantes, Fibra, México, Keywords: Consensus, Constipation, Laxatives, Fiber, Mexico

Introduction: Significant advances have been made in the knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic constipation, since the publication of the 2011 guidelines on chronic constipation diagnosis and treatment in Mexico from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Aims: To present a consensus review of the current state of knowledge about chronic constipation, providing updated information and integrating the new scientific evidence. Methods: Three general coordinators reviewed the literature published within the time frame of January 2011 and January 2017. From that information, 62 initial statements were formulated and then sent to 12 national experts for their revision. The statements were voted upon, using the Delphi system in 3 voting rounds (2 electronic and one face-to-face). The statements were classified through the GRADE system and those that reached agreement > 75% were included in the consensus. Results and conclusions: The present consensus is made up of 42 final statements that provide updated knowledge, supplementing the information that had not been included in the previous guidelines. The strength of recommendation and quality (level) of evidence were established for each statement. The current definitions of chronic constipation, functional constipation, and opioid-induced constipation are given, and diagnostic strategies based on the available diagnostic methods are described. The consensus treatment recommendations were established from evidence on the roles of diet and exercise, fiber, laxatives, new drugs (such as prucalopride, lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide), biofeedback therapy, and surgery. Resumen: Introducción: Desde la publicación de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento del estreñimiento crónico (EC) en México de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología en el 2011 se han producido avances significativos en el conocimiento de la epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento del EC. Objetivos: Presentar una revisión consensuada del estado actual de los conocimientos sobre el EC que actualice e integre las nuevas evidencias científicas. Métodos: Tres coordinadores generales realizaron una revisión de la bibliografía de enero del 2011 a enero del 2017. Con base en esta, se elaboraron 62 enunciados los cuales fueron enviados para su revisión a 12 expertos nacionales. Los enunciados fueron votados utilizando el sistema Delphi en 3 rondas de votaciones (2 electrónicas y una presencial) y calificados de acuerdo con el sistema GRADE. Aquellos que alcanzaron un acuerdo > 75% fueron considerados en este consenso. Resultados y conclusiones: El presente consenso consta de un total de 42 enunciados que actualizan la información sobre el EC y complementan la información que no había sido incluida en las guías previas. Para cada enunciado se presenta la fuerza de la recomendación y el grado de la evidencia. Se provee de una definición actualizada del EC y del EC funcional (EF), y del estreñimiento inducido por opioides (EIO). Se mencionan las estrategias diagnósticas con base en los métodos diagnósticos disponibles, y se emiten recomendaciones con respecto al tratamiento que incluye la evidencia del papel de la dieta y el ejercicio, la fibra, los laxantes, los nuevos fármacos (como prucaloprida, lubiprostona, linaclotida, plecanitida), la terapia de biorretroalimentación y la cirugía. Keywords: Consensus, Constipation, Laxatives, Fiber, Mexico, Palabras clave: Consenso, Estreñimiento, Laxantes, Fibra, México

Objective (a) to assess the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in female Mexican systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients using the Rome III criteria and (b) to examine the effect of disease duration on FGID prevalence. Methods Female SLE outpatients aged ≥18 years with no organic gastrointestinal disorder were included. Participants were invited to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy screening and a faecal immunochemical test. FGID symptoms were evaluated using the Rome III questionnaire. Results Eighty-six SLE patients with median age of 45 (interquartile range 34-54) years were included. At least one FGID was found in 76.7% (66/88) of patients with SLE. The most prevalent domains of FGID diagnosed were functional oesophageal, gastroduodenal disorders and bowel disorders, of which functional dyspepsia (72.7%), functional heartburn (68.1%) and bloating (63.8%) were the most frequent. Fifty-nine per cent of patients had overlapping FGIDs. The most prevalent overlap was the combination of functional dyspepsia and functional heartburn. Patients with longer disease duration had a higher prevalence of FGID than those with shorter disease duration. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of FGIDs in Mexican SLE women with low disease activity. Overlapping FGIDs were frequent. Longer disease duration may be associated with FGIDs in SLE patients.

Resumen Desde la publicacion de las guias de dispepsia 2007 de la Asociacion Mexicana de Gastroenterologia ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizo una revision sistematica de la literatura en PubMed (01/2007 a 06/2016) con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guias 2007 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en espanol e ingles, de alta calidad. Se redactaron enunciados que fueron votados utilizando el metodo Delphi. Se establecio la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones segun el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Treinta y un enunciados fueron redactados, votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definicion, clasificacion, epidemiologia y fisiopatologia. La endoscopia debe realizarse en dispepsia no investigada cuando hay datos de alarma o falla al tratamiento. Las biopsias gastricas y duodenales permiten confirmar infeccion por Helicobacter pylori y excluir enfermedad celiaca, respectivamente. Establecer una fuerte relacion medico-paciente, cambios en la dieta y en el estilo de vida son utiles como medidas iniciales. Los bloqueadores H2, inhibidores de la bomba de protones, procineticos y farmacos antidepresivos son efectivos. La erradicacion de H. pylori puede ser eficaz en algunos pacientes. Con excepcion de Iberogast y rikkunshito, las terapias complementarias y alternativas carecen de beneficio. No existe evidencia con respecto a la utilidad de prebioticos, probioticos o terapias psicologicas. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presenta la discusion, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendacion de cada uno de ellos.

Since the publication of the 2007 dyspepsia guidelines of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, there have been significant advances in the knowledge of this disease. A systematic search of the literature in PubMed (01/2007 to 06/2016) was carried out to review and update the 2007 guidelines and to provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English were included. Statements were formulated and voted upon using the Delphi method. The level of evidence and strength of recommendation of each statement were established according to the GRADE system. Thirty-one statements were formulated, voted upon, and graded. New definition, classification, epidemiology, and pathophysiology data were provided and include the following information: Endoscopy should be carried out in cases of uninvestigated dyspepsia when there are alarm symptoms or no response to treatment. Gastric and duodenal biopsies can confirm Helicobacter pylori infection and rule out celiac disease, respectively. Establishing a strong doctor-patient relationship, as well as dietary and lifestyle changes, are useful initial measures. H2-blockers, proton-pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and antidepressants are effective pharmacologic therapies. H. pylori eradication may be effective in a subgroup of patients. There is no evidence that complementary and alternative therapies are beneficial, with the exception of Iberogast and rikkunshito, nor is there evidence on the usefulness of prebiotics, probiotics, or psychologic therapies. The new consensus statements on dyspepsia provide guidelines based on up-to-date evidence. A discussion, level of evidence, and strength of recommendation are presented for each statement. Resumen: Desde la publicación de las guías de dispepsia 2007 de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed (01/2007 a 06/2016) con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guías 2007 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en español e inglés, de alta calidad. Se redactaron enunciados que fueron votados utilizando el método Delphi. Se estableció la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Treinta y un enunciados fueron redactados, votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definición, clasificación, epidemiología y fisiopatología. La endoscopia debe realizarse en dispepsia no investigada cuando hay datos de alarma o falla al tratamiento. Las biopsias gástricas y duodenales permiten confirmar infección por Helicobacter pylori y excluir enfermedad celiaca, respectivamente. Establecer una fuerte relación médico-paciente, cambios en la dieta y en el estilo de vida son útiles como medidas iniciales. Los bloqueadores H2, inhibidores de la bomba de protones, procinéticos y fármacos antidepresivos son efectivos. La erradicación de H. pylori puede ser eficaz en algunos pacientes. Con excepción de Iberogast y rikkunshito, las terapias complementarias y alternativas carecen de beneficio. No existe evidencia con respecto a la utilidad de prebióticos, probióticos o terapias psicológicas. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presenta la discusión, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendación de cada uno de ellos. Keywords: Dyspepsia, Functional dyspepsia, Consensus, Diagnosis, Treatment, Palabras clave: Dispepsia, Dispepsia funcional, Consenso, Diagnóstico, Tratamiento

Background There are no studies on the factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) relapse in primary care patients. Aim To identify the risk factors associated with GERD relapse in primary care patients that responded adequately to short-term treatment with a proton pump inhibitor. Patients and methods A cohort study was conducted that included GERD incident cases. The patients received treatment with omeprazole for 4 weeks. The ReQuest questionnaire and a risk factor questionnaire were applied. The therapeutic success rate and relapse rate were determined at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment suspension. A logistic regression analysis of the possible risk factors for GERD relapse was carried out. Results Of the 83 patient total, 74 (89.16%) responded to treatment. Symptoms recurred in 36 patients (48.64%) at 4 weeks and in 13 patients (17.57%) at 12 weeks, with an overall relapse rate of 66.21%. The OR multivariate analysis (95% CI) showed the increases in the possibility of GERD relapse for the following factors at 12 weeks after treatment suspension: basic educational level or lower, 24.95 (1.92-323.79); overweight, 1.76 (0.22-13.64); obesity, 0.25 (0.01-3.46); smoking, 0.51 (0.06-3.88); and the consumption of 4-12 cups of coffee per month, 1.00 (0.12-7.84); citrus fruits, 14.76 (1.90-114.57); NSAIDs, 27.77 (1.12-686.11); chocolate, 0.86 (0.18-4.06); ASA 1.63 (0.12-21.63); carbonated beverages, 4.24 (0.32-55.05); spicy food 7-16 times/month, 1.39 (0.17-11.17); and spicy food ≥ 20 times/month, 4.06 (0.47-34.59). Conclusions The relapse rate after short-term treatment with omeprazole was high. The consumption of citrus fruits and NSAIDs increased the possibility of GERD relapse.

Resumen Antecedentes No existen estudios en primer nivel de atencion sobre factores asociados a recaida de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofagico (ERGE). Objetivo Identificar factores de riesgo asociados a recaida de ERGE en pacientes de primer nivel de atencion que respondieron adecuadamente a un tratamiento corto con inhibidor de la bomba de protones. Pacientes y metodos Estudio de cohorte, se incluyeron casos incidentes de ERGE. Se dio tratamiento con omeprazol durante 4 semanas. Se aplico ReQuest y un cuestionario de factores de riesgo. Se determino la tasa de exito terapeutico y de recaida a las 4 y 12 semanas despues de suspender el tratamiento. Se realizo analisis de regresion logistica de los posibles factores de riesgo para recaida de ERGE. Resultados De 83 pacientes, 74 (89.16%) respondieron al tratamiento. Los sintomas recurrieron en 36 pacientes (48.64%) a las 4 semanas y en 13 pacientes (17.57%) a las 12 semanas; recaida acumulada: 66.21%. En el analisis multivariado RM (intervalo de confianza del 95%): escolaridad basica o menor 24.95 (1.92-323.79), sobrepeso 1.76 (0.22-13.64), obesidad 0.25 (0.01-3.46), consumo de 4-12 tazas de cafe al mes 1.00 (0.12-7.84), citricos 14.76 (1.90-114.57), AINE 27.77 (1.12-686.11), chocolate 0.86 (0.18-4.06), acido acetilsalicilico 1.63 (0.12-21.63), tabaquismo 0.51 (0.06-3.88), bebidas carbonatadas 4.24 (0.32-55.05), picante de 7-16 veces/mes 1.39 (0.17-11.17), picante ≥ 20 veces/mes, 4.06 (0.47-34.59) de recaida de ERGE a las 12 semanas de suspender tratamiento. Conclusiones La tasa de recaida posterior al tratamiento corto con omeprazoI fue alta. El consumo de citricos y el consumo de AINE incrementaron la posibilidad de recaida de ERGE.

Objective To determine the prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PET) and identify it's risk factors in patients operated on a scheduled basis, in the general surgery service from the High Specialty Medical Unit Hospital de Especialidades de Puebla, of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Method Descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study of 52 patients' records with PET and pulmonary angiotomography whose indication was respiratory distress; from 2612 operated patients from November 2015 to March 2018, the sampling was not probabilistic. The statistics was descriptive, with measures of central tendency and dispersion. Fisher test, and Rho Spearman were used. Results There were association between the development of PET and trans-surgical time (p = 0.018), with the D Dimer (p = 0.014), there was correlation between PET and Wells scale (p=0.001) and blood transfusion (p=0.044). Age, gender, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, thromboprophylaxis, blood transfusion and surgical approach were not risk factors. Conclusion The prevalence of postoperative PET in patients with respiratory distress after surgical procedure is 5.7% and the mortality is 33.3%.

Galectin-4 has been reported to be altered in different cancer types. Its expression changes have been associated with early recurrence and metastasis. In cervical cancer (CC), galectin-4 has not been studied. The aim of the study was to determine the expression level and subcellular localization of galectin-4 in CC tissue and the concentration in the serum of patients with CC. For the analysis of serum levels of galectin-4, an ELISA assay was performed. To assess the expression in cervical tissue, immunohistochemical staining was performed. The results showed that the concentration of galectin-4 in the serum of patients with CC was higher (647.9 pg/ml) than that in the serum of women with normal cytology (382.1 pg/ml). The immunohistochemical analysis of CC samples showed a higher expression in keratinizing tumor than nonkeratinizing tumors and a trend of increased expression in tumors from patients with advanced clinical stage. In normal cervical tissue, galectin-4 was detected in the cytoplasm, and in tumor cells, the presence of galectin-4 was also detected in the nucleus, in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cervical cancer. The increase in serum concentration and different localization in the tumor cells suggest a possible role of galectin-4 in CC development.

To correlate ultrasonographic and histopathological diagnosis in patients categorized as breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4.Cross-sectional study, performed on patients with BI-RADS 4 (A, B or C) diagnosed by ultrasonography in the high specialty medical unit, hospital of specialties, Centro Médico Nacional General de División Manuel Ávila Camacho, of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Age, ultrasonographic and histopathological diagnosis, menarquia, menopause, gestations, lactation, use of contraceptives and family history of breast cancer were evaluated.101 patients categorized BI-RADS 4 were included; average age was 53.0 ± 8.3 years old, 6.9% of the patients were nulliparous, 92.2% with positive breastfeeding and 25.7% had a family history of breast cancer. By ultrasonography, 55.4% of the cases were BI-RADS 4A, 22.8% 4B and 21.8% 4C. 75.2% of the biopsies performed on the patients were benign and 24.8% were malignant. The overall ultrasonographic-histopathological concordance index was 0.25; 0.11 for BI-RADS 4A, 0.22 for BI-RADS 4B and 0.63 for BI-RADS 4C.The ultrasound-histopathological correlation is weak and inferior to that reported in the literature.Correlacionar el diagnóstico ultrasonográfico con el histopatológico en pacientes categorizadas como BI-RADS 4.Estudio transversal en pacientes con BI-RADS 4 (A, B o C) diagnosticado por ultrasonografía en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional General de División Manuel Ávila Camacho, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Se evaluaron la edad, el diagnóstico ultrasonográfico, el resultado histopatológico, la edad de primera y última menstruación, el número de gestas, la lactancia, el uso de anticonceptivos y los antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama.Se incluyeron 101 pacientes con BI-RADS 4, con una edad promedio de 53.0 ± 8.3 años. El 6.9% de las pacientes eran nulíparas. El 92.2% habían realizado lactancia. El 25.7% tenían antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama. Por ultrasonografía, el 55.4% de los casos eran BI-RADS 4A, el 22.8% eran 4B y el 21.8% eran 4C. El 75.2% de las biopsias realizadas a las pacientes fueron benignas y el 24.8% fueron malignas. El índice de concordancia global ultrasonográfica-histopatológica fue de 0.25; para BI-RADS 4A fue de 0.11, para BI-RADS 4B fue de 0.22 y para BI-RADS 4C fue de 0.63.La correlación ultrasonográfica-histopatológica es débil e inferior a la reportada en la literatura.

Objective To correlate ultrasonographic and histopathological diagnosis in patients categorized as breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4. Method Cross-sectional study, performed on patients with BI-RADS 4 (A, B or C) diagnosed by ultrasonography in the high specialty medical unit, hospital of specialties, Centro Medico Nacional General de Division Manuel Avila Camacho, of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Age, ultrasonographic and histopathological diagnosis, menarquia, menopause, gestations, lactation, use of contraceptives and family history of breast cancer were evaluated. Results 101 patients categorized BI-RADS 4 were included; average age was 53.0 ± 8.3 years old, 6.9% of the patients were nulliparous, 92.2% with positive breastfeeding and 25.7% had a family history of breast cancer. By ultrasonography, 55.4% of the cases were BI-RADS 4A, 22.8% 4B and 21.8% 4C. 75.2% of the biopsies performed on the patients were benign and 24.8% were malignant. The overall ultrasonographic-histopathological concordance index was 0.25; 0.11 for BI-RADS 4A, 0.22 for BI-RADS 4B and 0.63 for BI-RADS 4C. Conclusion The ultrasound-histopathological correlation is weak and inferior to that reported in the literature.

espanolIntroduccion: La evaluacion de la respuesta al tratamiento de linfoma se basa en estudios de imagen. Objetivo: Correlacionar la evaluacion de la respuesta al tratamiento de linfoma mediante tomografia axial computarizada (TAC) y tomografia por emision de positrones/tomografia computarizada (PET/TC). Metodo: Estudio observacional transversal en el que se revisaron expedientes de pacientes con linfoma en vigilancia mediante TAC y PET/TC. Resultados: La poblacion de estudio estuvo constituida por 43 pacientes con edad media de 32.7 ± 22.4 anos; 26 (60.5 %) tenian diagnostico de linfoma de Hodgkin y 17 (9.5 %), de linfoma no Hodgkin. Por TAC se diagnosticaron 34 (79.1 %) con enfermedad y nueve (20.9 %) sin enfermedad. El criterio para evaluar la respuesta fue la experiencia del medico imagenologo en 39 (90.7 %) y RECIST 1.1 en cuatro (9.3 %). Por PET/TC con 18-FDG se diagnostico falta de respuesta al tratamiento o respuesta parcial-recurrencia en 32 pacientes (74.4 %) y con respuesta al tratamiento en 11 (25.6 %); con los criterios PERCIST en 13 (30.2 %) y con los de Deuaville en 30 (69.8 %). Al comparar el diagnostico por TAC contra PET/TC, de 11 pacientes con respuesta total, tres tuvieron diagnostico tomografico similar. De los 34 pacientes con datos de enfermedad diagnosticados por tomografia, 26 tuvieron resultados similares por PET/TC con 18-FDG (p = 0.54). Conclusion: El valor de la respuesta al tratamiento por TAC en linfoma no concuerda con el obtenido mediante PET/TC con 18-FDG. EnglishIntroduction: The assessment of lymphoma response to treatment is based on imaging studies. Objective: To correlate the assessment of lymphoma treatment response by computed tomography (CT) and by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Method: Cross-sectional, observational study, where records of patients with lymphoma under surveillance by CT and PET/CT were reviewed. Results: The study population consisted of 43 patients with a mean age of 32.7 ± 22.4 years; 26 (60.5 %) had a diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 17 (9.5 %) had non-Hodgkin lymphoma. By CT, 34 (79.1 %) were diagnosed with disease and nine (20.9 %) without disease. The criteria used to assess the response was radiologist experience in 39 (90.7 %) and RECIST 1.1 criteria in four (9.3 %). The diagnosis by 18-FDG PET/CT was no response to treatment or partial response-recurrence in 32 (74.4 %) and response to treatment in 11 (25.6 %); with PERCIST criteria in 13 (30.2 %) and Deuaville criteria in 30 (69.8 %). When the diagnosis by CT versus 18-FDG PET/CT was compared, out of 11 patients with complete response on PET/CT, three had a similar CT diagnosis. Of the 34 patients with data consistent disease diagnosed by CT, 26 had similar results by 18-FDG PET/CT (p = 0.54). Conclusion: The value of lymphoma treatment response on CT does not agree with that obtained by 18-FDG PET/CT.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multisystemic involvement. Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are frequent but functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) have scarcely been studied in SLE. To determine the prevalence of FGIDs and their potential risk factors in SLE female patients vs controls. Methods Systemic lupus erythematosus patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and controls completed the Rome III questionnaire for FGIDs and a structured interview to assess sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment variables after excluding organic GI diseases. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors (ie, alcohol drinking, medications) for FGIDs. Key results Responders included 113 SLE patients and 122 age-matched controls. The presence of at least one FGIDs was higher in SLE (73.4%) vs controls (54.1%), P = .003. The most frequent FGIDs in SLE patients were nausea and vomiting disorders (NVD), belching disorders, globus, anorectal pain, functional heartburn (FH), and functional bloating (FB). After adjustment for confounding variables, SLE was associated with NVD (OR: 7.1, 95% CI: 2.7-19.1) globus (3.5, 1.3-9.3), anorectal pain (3.4, 1.4-8.4), and FH (2.5, 1.5-4.4). The simultaneous presence of >1 FGID was more common in SLE patients than controls (69.8% vs 31.8%). Glucocorticoids (5.2, 1.3-19.9) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; 3.0, 1.1-8.0) were associated with any FGID in SLE patients while alcohol drinking with gallbladder/sphincter of Oddi disorders 7.4 (1.1-47.3). Conclusions and inferences Functional gastrointestinal disorders are more frequent in SLE patients compared with controls. Medication that may alter gastrointestinal homeostasis, such as glucocorticoids and NSAIDs, are potential risk factors for FGIDs in SLE.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease develops when the stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and complications. Mild forms are non-erosive and erosive esophagitis, and severe forms are Barrett's esophagus and Esophageal adenocarcinoma. Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases that can degrade components of the extracellular matrix, they play an important role in tumor invasion as well as in metastasis.To correlate the expression of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in esophageal biopsies from patients with mild and severe forms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease.Cross-sectional study. The expression of MMP-9 was determined in biopsies of esophageal tissue of patients with mild and severe GRD. The included variables were age, sex, diagnosis, smoking and alcoholic habits, body mass index (BMI) and expression of MMP-9. Descriptive statistics was performed, Kappa for concordance in diagnosis as well as X2.There were 50 patients, 32 (64%) men and 18 (36%) women, mean age 52.13 ± 14.75 years of age. 12 (24%) with smoking and 7 (14%) with alcoholism. Average BMI was 26.71 ± 4.07 kg/mThe expression of MMP-9 is most common in severe forms compared to the mild forms of GRD.La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) se desarrolla cuando el contenido estomacal ocasiona síntomas molestos o complicaciones. Las formas leves son esofagitis no erosiva y erosiva; las graves, esófago de Barrett y adenocarcinoma esofágico. Las metaloproteinasas de la matriz degradan componentes de la matriz extracelular, y tienen un papel importante en la invasión tumoral y la metástasis.Relacionar la expresión de la metaloproteinasa-9 (MMP-9) en biopsias esofágicas de pacientes con formas leves y graves de ERGE.Estudio transversal. Se determinó la expresión de MMP-9 en biopsias esofágicas de pacientes con ERGE grave y leve. Las variables fueron edad, sexo, diagnóstico, tabaquismo, alcoholismo, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y expresión de MMP-9. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, concordancia para el diagnóstico y prueba de ji al cuadrado.50 pacientes, 32 (64%) hombres y 18 (36%) mujeres, con edad media de 52.13 ± 14.75 años. Doce (24%) fumadores y 7 (14%) con alcoholismo. El IMC promedio fue de 26.71 ± 4.07 kg/mLa expresión de MMP-9 es más frecuente en las formas graves que en las leves de ERGE.

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease develops when the stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and complications. Mild forms are non-erosive and erosive esophagitis, and severe forms are Barrett's esophagus and Esophageal adenocarcinoma. Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases that can degrade components of the extracellular matrix, they play an important role in tumor invasion as well as in metastasis. Objective To correlate the expression of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in esophageal biopsies from patients with mild and severe forms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Method Cross-sectional study. The expression of MMP-9 was determined in biopsies of esophageal tissue of patients with mild and severe GRD. The included variables were age, sex, diagnosis, smoking and alcoholic habits, body mass index (BMI) and expression of MMP-9. Descriptive statistics was performed, Kappa for concordance in diagnosis as well as X2. Results There were 50 patients, 32 (64%) men and 18 (36%) women, mean age 52.13 ± 14.75 years of age. 12 (24%) with smoking and 7 (14%) with alcoholism. Average BMI was 26.71 ± 4.07 kg/m2 (15 to 33); 40 (80%) with obesity. The inter observer concordance for histopathological diagnosis was 1.0 and 0.84 for esophagitis degrees. 27 (54%) patients had esophagitis, 16 (32%) Barrett's esophagus and 7 (14%) esophageal cancer. There was expression of MMP-9 in four patients with esophagitis, five with Barrett's esophagus and five with esophageal cancer. Statistical significance was found between the expression of MMP-9 and smoking (p = 0.011) and histopathological diagnosis (p = 0.052). Conclusions The expression of MMP-9 is most common in severe forms compared to the mild forms of GRD.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with multisystemic involvement. Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are frequent in patients with SLE, but functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), a heterogeneous group of GI diseases have hardly been evaluated in SLE patients. Objectives We evaluated the prevalence of FGIDs in SLE patients compared with age-matched controls and the role of potential risk factors for FGIDs. Methods SLE patients who met the ACR classification criteria for SLE and age-matched controls completed the Rome III questionnaire to assess the prevalence of FGIDs. Exclusion criteria were organic gastrointestinal disorders. Patients completed a structured interview to assess sociodemographic, clinical and treatment variables. Logistic multivariate analysis was performed to determine potential clinical factors (alcohol ingestion and medications) for FGIDS. Results The study responders included 116 SLE patients and 122 controls. The prevalence of FGIDs was higher in SLE patients than in controls (74.1% vs. 54.1%; p= 0.01). The most frequent FGIDs were nausea and vomiting disorders, belching disorders and globus pharyngeus. Anorectal disorders, mainly anorectal pain, were more frequent in SLE patients than controls (14.7% vs. 5.7%). After adjusting for confounding variables, SLE was associated with globus pharyngeus (OR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1.3-9.3), functional heartburn (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5-4.4), nausea and vomiting disorders (OR 7.1, 95% CI 2.7-19.1) and anorectal disorders (OR: 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.4). Overlap symptoms were present in 69.8% of patients vs. 31.8% of controls. When only SLE patients were evaluated, glucocorticoid therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were associated with any FGID and functional bowel disorders, while alcohol ingestion was associated with gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi disorders. Conclusion There is a higher prevalence of FGIDs in patients with SLE and a wider distribution of various GI tract symptoms compared with controls. Medication that may alter gastrointestinal homeostasis, such as NSAIDs and protein pump inhibitors, were associated with FGIDs in SLE patients. Disclosure of Interests None declared

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori in SLE patients and to compare clinical characteristics and gastroduodenal lesions in patients with and without H. pylori infection.Adult SLE patients were selected and subjected to endoscopy. Gastroduodenal lesions were examined by endoscopy and biopsy (antrum and corpus). Biopsies were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa staining. Immunochromatographic membrane-based assay using amplification was used to test for H. pylori antigen (coproantigen) in stool samples in all participants. Clinical characteristics and gastroduodenal lesions were compared between patients with and without H. pylori infection.A total of 118 SLE patients were included (mean age 44.7 ± 11.7 years, mean disease duration 11.6 ± 6.0 years), of whom 101 (85.6%) were receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The coproantigen test was positive in 32 (27.1%) patients. H. pylori was present in twenty six patients (22.0%) in the gastric biopsy. The frequency of gastric erosions and gastric ulcers were 55.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Gastric erosions were less frequent in SLE patients with H. pylori infection than those without H. pylori (43.5.7% vs. 62.5%; p = 0.04). The age, disease duration, disease activity, chronic damage, gastroprotective drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy did not differ between the two groups.We found a high frequency of H. pylori infection in SLE patients. The severity of SLE and reception of gastroprotective therapy do not seem to be related to H. pylori infection. Immunosuppressive therapy may not be protective against H. pylori infection in SLE patients.Key Points• In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection was 39% and gastric erosions were frequent.• Disease activity, chronic damage, gastroprotective drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy may not affect the prevalence of H. pylori infection in SLE patients.

ResumenAntecedentesDesde la publicación de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología en el 2009 (Guías 2009) se han producido avances significativos en el conocimiento de la epidemiología, fisiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta enfermedad.ObjetivosPresentar una revisión consensuada del estado actual de los conocimientos sobre el SII que actualicen las Guías 2009, integrando las nuevas evidencias científicas publicadas a nivel mundial con énfasis en estudios realizados en México.MétodosSe realizó una revisión de la bibliografía en PubMed de enero del 2009 a marzo del 2015, que se complementó en forma manual. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en inglés y español, con preferencia por los consensos, guías, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Se generaron enunciados en los diferentes aspectos de la enfermedad que fueron votados por 24 gastroenterólogos con el método Delphi. Una vez consensuado cada enunciado, se calificó el nivel de la evidencia y se otorgó la fuerza de la recomendación utilizando el sistema GRADE.ResultadosSe generaron 48 enunciados que actualizaron la información sobre el SII y complementaron la información que no había sido incluida en las Guías 2009 con referencia al papel del ejercicio y la dieta, las estrategias diagnósticas, así como alternativas de tratamiento existentes que fueron evaluadas con mayor rigor o que surgieron en los 5 últimos años.ConclusionesPresentamos una revisión consensuada de los progresos más relevantes en el SII, que actualizan y complementan las Guías 2009. Se incluyen diversos estudios realizados en México.AbstractBackgroundSince the publication in 2009 of the Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (2009 Guidelines), there have been significant advances in our knowledge of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.AimsTo present a consensus review of the most current knowledge of IBS, updating the 2009 Guidelines by incorporating new internationally published scientific evidence, with a special interest in Mexican studies.MethodsThe PubMed literature from January 2009 to March 2015 was reviewed and complemented through a manual search. Articles in English and Spanish were included and preference was given to consensuses, guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Statements referring to the different aspects of the disease were formulated and voted upon by 24 gastroenterologists employing the Delphi method. Once a consensus on each statement was reached, the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation were determined through the GRADE system.ResultsForty-eight statements were formulated, updating the information on IBS and adding the complementary data that did not appear in the 2009 Guidelines regarding the importance of exercise and diet, diagnostic strategies, and current therapy alternatives that were analyzed with more stringent scientific vigor or that emerged within the last 5 years.ConclusionsWe present herein a consensus review of the most relevant advances in the study of IBS, updating and complementing the 2009 Guidelines. Several studies conducted in Mexico were included.