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The article offers information on the Kyrgyz, an Islamic country and officially the Kyrgyz Republic, which gained independence on Auigust 31, 1991 from the former Soviet Union. Topics discussed include the migration of Kyrgyz due to the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Russian rules in the country in the 15th century, and the 2010 revolution due to the leadership of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev.

The article examines the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 and 2015. Topics addressed include the significance of the elections for both Bishkek and Central Asia, the elections of the country's first president, Askar Akaev and second president, Kurmanbek Bakiev, and the most important characteristic of the Constitutional Law.

The article focuses on survey of Religious freedom in Kyrgyzstan. Topics discussed include several ethnic groups such as Kyrgyz, Slavs and Dungans, freedom among all the religious communities during rule of former Kyrgyzstan president Kurmanbek Bakiev and introduction of Religion Law in 20019, and troubles created by implementation of Kyrgyzstan laws to human rights defenders and religious communities.

The article focuses on the Russian official discourse from the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003 to the 2014 crisis in Ukraine, and the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. Topics include the color revolutions in the post-Soviet regions from 2003-2005, the peaceful resignation of President Kurmanbek Bakiev of Kyrgyzstan, and the opinion of Russian President Vladimir Putin on the causes of the 2014 revolution in Ukraine.

The article informs about Kyrgyzstan, which got too much attention after the collapse of Soviet Union. It discusses Kyrgyzstan is closed to Afghanistan, Iraq & Iran, that's why U.S.A. and European Union became interested in it. It explains how these situations open the door to establish democracy in the country under President Askar Akayev. The article further elaborates some of the very dramatic change that took place in country including Tulip Revolution, that overthrew President Akayev and election of Kurmanbek Bakiyev as next president for democracy. It further explains how he failed to win the support of Kyrgyzstan and very soon anti Bakiyev opposition emerged to end regime of Bakiyev. It informs that after that a provisional government is formed led by Professor Roza Otunbayeva.

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The article chronicles the democratization process in Kyrgyzstan. The first phase involved constitutional reforms and restructuring of state institutions. A tendency to increase presidential power and weaken the power of the parliament emerged in 1994. 1995-1996 saw a rise of the authoritarian regime, followed by the removal from power of Presidents Askar Akayev in 2005 and Kurmanbek Bakiyev in 2010. The importance of an economic base in the democratization of Kyrgyzstan is highlighted.

The article discusses the political history of Kyrgyzstan as of 2011. On March 17, 1991, the absolute majority voted for a united country and nationalism was limited to part of the political elite, while being unknown among the ordinary people. Kurmanbek Bakiev became president through the 2005 Tulip Revolution and proceeded to disperse opposition rallies and set up the Ak Zhol Party. Greater transparency was implemented by Jogorku Kenesh when he was elected in October 2010.

This article focuses on the Bakiev family which ruled Kyrgyzstan from 2005-2010. It mentions that the family relied on formal and informal methods to rule the country and distorted the past to secure the future. It discusses several topics such as the family in power, how the family tried to achieve self-legitimization, and the revolution as presented in Kurmanbek Bakiev's discourse. It concludes that the clan-centered hierarchic structure, which rested on the ruling family, predominated.

The domestic and foreign policies of the post-Soviet Central Asian States are co-related. However, they operated their foreign policies amid heavy odds, say for instance, infrastructural, technological and human capital deficiency obviously for being transitional economies. Subsequently, they evolved independent and transparent foreign policies keeping in view fastly transforming regional and global geo-political and geoeconomic relations. After 9/11/2001 World Trade Tower tragedy, they took a bold step by joining the US in her war against global terror in Afghanistan and elsewhere, and thus became known to the world at large. For limitation of time and space, the present paper seeks to compare the foreign policies of only two Central Asian states: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan after Spring 2005. Robert Putnam's model of two-level game approach has been used to explain this comparison within their national and international paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the operations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in Kyrgyzstan. Analysts say that the OSCE failed to prevent the violence that arose before and after the fall of the regime of Kurmanbek Bakiev in 2010, including the killing of Uzbeks. The training of Kyrgyz police officers in community interaction, foreign aid, national elections, impact of the International Court of Justice ruling on Kyrgyz foreign relations, and expectations for the OSCE Summit in Kazakhstan are discussed.

The article offers information related to Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It discusses the OSCE summit meeting to be held in Astana, Kazakhstan on December 1-2, 2010 on the Kyrgyz crisis. It explores the OSCE Chairmanship in relation to the crisis and revolution in Kyrgyzstan done by Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek Bakiev. It also mentions the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the conformity of the Kosovo declaration of independence.

The article discusses the global repercussions of an April 2010 coup that ousted Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and led to a new government in Kyrgyzstan. The author details the corruption that characterized the government before the overthrow, Russia's relationship with Kyrgyzstan, and the United States' desire to maintain its military base in the country. The ethnic violence that took place following the coup and a suggestions for stabilizing the region are examined. Other topics addressed include the Manas Transit Center and the denouncement of events in Kyrgyzstan.

The article examines political instability in the Central Asian island country of Kyrgyzstan. While the nation was once seen as a bastion of stability in a volatile region, violence has erupted since the overthrow of Kyrgyzstani President Kurmanbek Bakiyev in April 2010. Since that time ethnic clashes between Kyrgyzstan citizens and those of neighboring Uzbekistan have become commonplace. The author attests that the biggest threat in the region is not militant Islamism but rather surging nationalism.

The article presents an overview of the political developments in Kyrgyzstan, and the course of action undertaken by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). In 2010, Kyrgyzstan has experienced an uprising that resulted in the fall of Kurmanbek Bakiev's government in April, and then in June, the looting and killing in the towns of Osh and Jalalabad. The OSCE will hold a summit meeting on December 1-2, 2010, with the crisis in Kyrgyzstan as the central issue.

The article discusses the failure of President Kurmanbek Bakiev to consolidate the political regime in Kyrgyzstan as Askar Akaev's political successor. It examines the political process in Kyrgyzstan after the upheaval in the political elite in March 2005. President Bakiev's strategies of using institutions to consolidate the political regime are explored. According to the article, Bakiev was not competent to monopolize power into a new social explosion that ended in 2005.

The article explains the reasons for the April 2010 Kyrgyzstan revolution, its second in 5 years. It states that after the last one which installed President Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiev to power, the country ended up in worse condition than under his predecessor, Askar Akaev. Bakiev's failure to bring democracy, economic and political reform, his summary executions and nepotism, as well as his catering to criminal elements, are said to have set the stage for the violence which broke out. The current interim government, however, has yet to bring order.

The article explains the economic and political situation in Kyrgyzstan in the aftermath of its 2005 elections. It states that the then newly elected President Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiev showed himself no different from his predecessor, engaging in nepotism and corruption, and prioritizing tribal loyalties over nationhood. Though economic growth was seen, this was largely from taxation, which rose to its peak in 2008, with overseas Kyrgyzs remitting as much as 45% of the economy. The violent demonstrations in April 2010 therefore, were inevitable.

The article discusses the main results of the domestic political development of Kyrgyzstan in 2009. The most significant event cited was the victory of re-electionist Kurmanbek Bakiev over opposition's Almaz Atambaev in the presidential race of the 2009 elections. An interview by the Deutsche Welle radio station with United People's Movement (UPM) official Topchubek Turgunaliev in 2009 about the people's lack of trust in the opposition is presented.

The article focuses on the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) mission on human rights problems. It states that Kazakhstan will be chairing and will become the political leader for OSCE which is seen as a complicated process due to concerns that it might abuse its power as what is seen in the conviction of Kazakhstan's main human rights defender Evgeny Zhovtis which shows Kazakhstan lawlessness. It states that the Russian Federation has removed the OSCE mission in Georgia and its break-away regions to monitor the situation of the country to promote the democracy and rule of law due to lack of agreement. It adds on the winning of Kurmanbek Bakiev on the controversial elections wherein the OSCE observation mission states that the election was held with fraud.

The article presents the author's insights on the results of the presidential election in Kyrgyzstan held on July 23, 2009, which saw the re-election of Kurmanbek Bakiev. The initiation of court persecutions of the most prominent members of the opposition by Bakiev debilitated the party and was one of the reasons for his victory. Bakiev garnered 76.12 percent of the votes while opposition candidate A. Atambaev settled with 8.41 percent of the votes. Possible alternatives for the current president to hold on to power are discussed.

The article presents the open letter of protest from Evangelical-Christian Churches in Kyrgyzstan. The copy of the letter of protest is addressed to the Kyrgyzstan president and Honorable Kurmanbek Bakiyev. The letter highlights the struggle of the evangelical churches in adopting the Freedom of Worship and Religious Organizations law.

This article recalls the major events that have taken place since 24 March 2005. It examines Bakiev's new government formed in December 2007, analyses the changes in criminal world dynamics, explains problems in the hydro-energy sector, and concludes with a section on civil society groups. The article demonstrates how corruption, crime and politics are interlinked in the country and how, on the other hand, local civil society groups have proved to be considerably more stable compared to political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of UNISCI Discussion Papers is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the people power revolution that took place in Kyrgyzstan on March 2005. President Askar Akayev was forced to resign from his position and former prime minister Kurmanbek Bakiyev took over through a presidential election. The insurgency that happened in Kyrgyztan had made the Central Asians realized that democracy might have a chance to develop in their country.

The article discusses the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of the April 2010 Revolution, which concluded the corrupt and authoritarian regime of President Kurmanbek Bakiev, in Kyrgyzstan on April 7, 2015.