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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Primary hypothyroidism is a common comorbid condition, but little is known about its association with COVID‐19 severity and outcomes. This study aims to identify the frequency of hypothyroidism in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 as well as describe the differences in outcomes between patients with and without pre‐existing hypothyroidism using an observational, multinational registry. Methods: In an observational cohort study we enrolled patients 18 years or older, with laboratory‐confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection between March 2020 and February 2021. The primary outcomes were (1) the disease severity defined as per the World Health Organization Scale for Clinical Improvement, which is an ordinal outcome corresponding with the highest severity level recorded during a patient's index COVID‐19 hospitalization, (2) in‐hospital mortality and (3) hospital‐free days. Secondary outcomes were the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality. Results: Among the 20,366 adult patients included in the study, pre‐existing hypothyroidism was identified in 1616 (7.9%). The median age for the Hypothyroidism group was 70 (interquartile range: 59–80) years, and 65% were female and 67% were White. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (68%), diabetes (42%), dyslipidemia (37%) and obesity (28%). After adjusting for age, body mass index, sex, admission date in the quarter year since March 2020, race, smoking history and other comorbid conditions (coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia), pre‐existing hypothyroidism was not associated with higher odds of severe disease using the World Health Organization disease severity index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92, 1.13; p =.69), in‐hospital mortality (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.15; p =.58) or differences in hospital‐free days (estimated difference 0.01 days; 95% CI: −0.45, 0.47; p =.97). Pre‐existing hypothyroidism was not associated with ICU admission or ICU mortality in unadjusted as well as in adjusted analysis. Conclusions: In an international registry, hypothyroidism was identified in around 1 of every 12 adult hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. Pre‐existing hypothyroidism in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 was not associated with higher disease severity or increased risk of mortality or ICU admissions. However, more research on the possible effects of COVID‐19 on the thyroid gland and its function is needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Low-copy repeats (LCRs) or segmental duplications are long segments of duplicated DNA that cover > 5% of the human genome. Existing tools for variant calling using short reads exhibit low accuracy in LCRs due to ambiguity in read mapping and extensive copy number variation. Variants in more than 150 genes overlapping LCRs are associated with risk for human diseases. Methods We describe a short-read variant calling method, ParascopyVC, that performs variant calling jointly across all repeat copies and utilizes reads independent of mapping quality in LCRs. To identify candidate variants, ParascopyVC aggregates reads mapped to different repeat copies and performs polyploid variant calling. Subsequently, paralogous sequence variants that can differentiate repeat copies are identified using population data and used for estimating the genotype of variants for each repeat copy. Results On simulated whole-genome sequence data, ParascopyVC achieved higher precision (0.997) and recall (0.807) than three state-of-the-art variant callers (best precision = 0.956 for DeepVariant and best recall = 0.738 for GATK) in 167 LCR regions. Benchmarking of ParascopyVC using the genome-in-a-bottle high-confidence variant calls for HG002 genome showed that it achieved a very high precision of 0.991 and a high recall of 0.909 across LCR regions, significantly better than FreeBayes (precision = 0.954 and recall = 0.822), GATK (precision = 0.888 and recall = 0.873) and DeepVariant (precision = 0.983 and recall = 0.861). ParascopyVC demonstrated a consistently higher accuracy (mean F 1 = 0.947) than other callers (best F 1 = 0.908) across seven human genomes. Availability and implementation ParascopyVC is implemented in Python and is freely available at https://github.com/tprodanov/ParascopyVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996, to harmonize the reporting system of breast lesions on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), National Cancer Institute (NCI) proposed five categories from C1-C5. C3 and C4 categories are noted to be ambiguous during histopathological correlation, hence "grey-zoned." There have been limited researches regarding its usefulness and its histopathological correlation. This study was undertaken to evaluate C3 and C4 categories and to correlate with histopathological examination. This perspective and retrospective study was undertaken for two years. Forty cases of C3 and 32 cases of C4 were retrieved from a total of 602 cases of breast FNAC. Histopathological follow-up and correlation were available in 30 cases of C3 and 15 cases of category C4 and were selected for further study. On the histopathological correlation of the C3 category, 22 (73.3%) cases turned out to be benign, and 8 (26.7%) cases revealed malignant diagnosis, and among the C4 category, 2 (13.3%) cases revealed benign findings, and 13(86.7%) of the cases showed malignancy. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the C4 category in the diagnosis of malignancy were 61.9%, 91.6%, 86.6%, and 73.3%, respectively. FNAC is a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and accurate method to diagnose easily accessible breast swellings. However, one should be aware of its limitations as well. Our study supports maintaining C3 and C4 categories, as there was a statistically significant difference in benign & malignant diagnosis for these categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical students have personalities that are often shown to be perfectionistic. Perfectionism can manifest as maladaptive and lead to psychological distress. This study examined the mediating role of perfectionism on the association between personality trait profiles and levels of psychological distress. First-year medical students completed a questionnaire containing measures of personality, perfectionism (Concern over Mistakes: CoM), stress, anxiety and depression. Latent profile analysis classified students based on their personality traits and identified a profile vulnerable to psychological distress. Structural equation models examined the mediation effects of perfectionism on the relationship between the vulnerable personality profile and distress. The sample totalled 376 (84% response). The vulnerable personality profile was highest in Harm Avoidance, lowest in Self-Directedness, and significantly correlated with the highest Perfectionism-CoM. High Perfectionism-CoM was associated with the highest levels of stress, anxiety and depression. Perfectionism-CoM was a significant mediator for the relationship between personality and higher levels of psychological distress. Certain personality profiles are predisposed to psychological distress such as anxiety, stress and depression. Perfectionism, as a mediator between personality and psychological distress, may be a target strategy to help increase students' self-acceptance, and self-awareness of their perfectionistic tendencies and lower their vulnerability to poor mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity in living standards and population growth leads to increased global energy consumption. Human comfort always plays a vital role in using different means to reduce the effects of weather conditions. The building sector captures approximately 40% of the global energy and it is most commonly used for cooling and for heating of the space occupied due to the use of appliances such as room heaters or air coolers, air conditioners, etc. The use of these appliances contributes significantly to global warming, which is a very serious environmental problem. Passive energy sources are used widely to reduce the consumption of energy due to heating and cooling of the building. Earth air pipe heat exchanger is one of the passive cooling/heating technology used for the indoor thermal comfort of the occupants. In this review article, various discussion has been done on the use of passive energy explained by the earth air pipe heat exchanger and various investigations conducted by authors under different conditions and parameters like air velocity, pipe depth, pipe length, etc. that the thermal conductivity of the soil is the key point to the efficient operation of the earth air pipe heat exchanger system and it is also necessary to maintain the thermal conductivity of the soil in the vicinity of the pipe in order to achieve better performance in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep understanding of how regulation of the multiple levels of gene expression in mammalian tissues give rise to complex phenotypes has been impeded by cellular diversity. A handful of techniques were developed to tag-select nucleic acids of interest in specific cell types, thereby enabling their capture. We expanded this strategy by developing the Tagger knock-in mouse line bearing a quad-cistronic transgene combining enrichment tools for nuclei, nascent RNA, translating mRNA, and mature microRNA (miRNA). We demonstrate that Tagger can capture the desired nucleic acids, enabling multiple omics approaches to be applied to specific cell types in vivo using a single transgenic mouse line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Reconstruction of haplotypes for human genomes is an important problem in medical and population genetics. Hi-C sequencing generates read pairs with long-range haplotype information that can be computationally assembled to generate chromosome-spanning haplotypes. However, the haplotypes have limited completeness and low accuracy. Haplotype information from population reference panels can potentially be used to improve the completeness and accuracy of Hi-C haplotyping. Results In this paper, we describe a likelihood based method to integrate short-range haplotype information from a population reference panel of haplotypes with the long-range haplotype information present in sequence reads from methods such as Hi-C to assemble dense and highly accurate haplotypes for individual genomes. Our method leverages a statistical phasing method and a maximum spanning tree algorithm to determine the optimal second-order approximation of the population-based haplotype likelihood for an individual genome. The population-based likelihood is encoded using pseudo-reads which are then used as input along with sequence reads for haplotype assembly using an existing tool, HapCUT2. Using whole-genome Hi-C data for two human genomes (NA19240 and NA12878), we demonstrate that this integrated phasing method enables the phasing of 97–98% of variants, reduces the switch error rates by 3–6-fold, and outperforms an existing method for combining phase information from sequence reads with population-based phasing. On Strand-seq data for NA12878, our method improves the haplotype completeness from 71.4 to 94.6% and reduces the switch error rate 2-fold, demonstrating its utility for phasing using multiple sequencing technologies. Availability and implementation Code and datasets are available at https://github.com/vibansal/IntegratedPhasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The short read lengths of current high-throughput sequencing technologies limit the ability to recover long-range haplotype information. Dilution pool methods for preparing DNA sequencing libraries from high molecular weight DNA fragments enable the recovery of long DNA fragments from short sequence reads. These approaches require computational methods for identifying the DNA fragments using aligned sequence reads and assembling the fragments into long haplotypes. Although a number of computational methods have been developed for haplotype assembly, the problem of identifying DNA fragments from dilution pool sequence data has not received much attention. Results: We formulate the problem of detecting DNA fragments from dilution pool sequencing experiments as a genome segmentation problem and develop an algorithm that uses dynamic programming to optimize a likelihood function derived from a generative model for the sequence reads. This algorithm uses an iterative approach to automatically infer the mean background read depth and the number of fragments in each pool. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that our method, FragmentCut, has 25-30% greater sensitivity compared with an HMM based method for fragment detection and can also detect overlapping fragments. On a whole-genome human fosmid pool dataset, the haplotypes assembled using the fragments identified by FragmentCut had greater N50 length, 16.2% lower switch error rate and 35.8% lower mismatch error rate compared with two existing methods. We further demonstrate the greater accuracy of our method using two additional dilution pool datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To investigate the statistical measures of the performance of 2 interventions: a) early sepsis identification by a computerized sepsis "sniffer" algorithm (CSSA) in the emergency department (ED) and b) human decision to activate a multidisciplinary early resuscitation sepsis and shock response team (SSRT). Methods. This study used a prospective and historical cohort study design to evaluate the performance of two interventions. Intervention. A computerized sepsis sniffer algorithm (CSSA) to aid in early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary sepsis and shock response team (SSRT) to improve patient care by increasing compliance with Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) bundles. Results. The CSSA yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 99.13-100%) and a specificity of 96.2% (95% CI, 95.55-96.45%) to identifying sepsis in the ED (Table 1). The SSRT resource was activated appropriately in 34.1% (86/252) of patients meeting severe sepsis or septic shock criteria; the SSRT was inappropriately activated only three times in sepsis-only patients. In 53% (134/252) of cases meeting criteria for SSRT activation, the critical care team was consulted as opposed to activating the SSRT resource. Conclusion: Our two-step machine-human interface approach to patients with sepsis utilized an outstandingly sensitive and specific electronic tool followed by more specific human decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosis of monogenic as well as atypical forms of diabetes mellitus has important clinical implications for their specific diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. Single gene mutations that affect beta-cell function represent 1-2% of all cases of diabetes. However, phenotypic heterogeneity and lack of family history of diabetes can limit the diagnosis of monogenic forms of diabetes. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide an excellent opportunity to screen large numbers of individuals with a diagnosis of diabetes for mutations in disease-associated genes.Methods: We utilized a targeted sequencing approach using the Illumina HiSeq to perform a case-control sequencing study of 22 monogenic diabetes genes in 4016 individuals with type 2 diabetes (including 1346 individuals diagnosed before the age of 40 years) and 2872 controls. We analyzed protein-coding variants identified from the sequence data and compared the frequencies of pathogenic variants (protein-truncating variants and missense variants) between the cases and controls.Results: A total of 40 individuals with diabetes (1.8% of early onset sub-group and 0.6% of adult onset sub-group) were carriers of known pathogenic missense variants in the GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A, ABCC8, and INS genes. In addition, heterozygous protein truncating mutations were detected in the GCK, HNF1A, and HNF1B genes in seven individuals with diabetes. Rare missense mutations in the GCK gene were significantly over-represented in individuals with diabetes (0.5% carrier frequency) compared to controls (0.035%). One individual with early onset diabetes was homozygous for a rare pathogenic missense variant in the WFS1 gene but did not have the additional phenotypes associated with Wolfram syndrome.Conclusion: Targeted sequencing of genes linked with monogenic diabetes can identify disease-relevant mutations in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes not suspected of having monogenic forms of the disease. Our data suggests that GCK-MODY frequently masquerades as classical type 2 diabetes. The results confirm that MODY is under-diagnosed, particularly in individuals presenting with early onset diabetes and clinically labeled as type 2 diabetes; thus, sequencing of all monogenic diabetes genes should be routinely considered in such individuals. Genetic information can provide a specific diagnosis, inform disease prognosis and may help to better stratify treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-translational modifications of histones play a key role in the regulation of gene expression during development and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown the dynamics of combinatorial regulation by transcription factors and histone modifications, in the sense that different combinations lead to distinct expression outcomes. Here, we investigated gene regulation by stable enrichment patterns of histone marks H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 in combination with the chromatin binding of the muscle tissue-specific transcription factor MyoD during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Using k-means clustering, we found that specific combinations of H3K4me2/3 profiles over and towards the gene body impact on gene expression and marks a subset of genes important for muscle development and differentiation. By further analysis, we found that the muscle key regulator MyoD was significantly enriched on this subset of genes and played a repressive role during myogenic differentiation. Among these genes, we identified the pluripotency gene Patz1, which is repressed during myogenic differentiation through direct binding of MyoD to promoter elements. These results point to the importance of integrating histone modifications and MyoD chromatin binding for coordinated gene activation and repression during myogenic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PCR amplification is an important step in the preparation of DNA sequencing libraries prior to high-throughput sequencing. PCR amplification introduces redundant reads in the sequence data and estimating the PCR duplication rate is important to assess the frequency of such reads. Existing computational methods do not distinguish PCR duplicates from "natural" read duplicates that represent independent DNA fragments and therefore, over-estimate the PCR duplication rate for DNA-seq and RNA-seq experiments. Results: In this paper, we present a computational method to estimate the average PCR duplication rate of high-throughput sequence datasets that accounts for natural read duplicates by leveraging heterozygous variants in an individual genome. Analysis of simulated data and exome sequence data from the 1000 Genomes project demonstrated that our method can accurately estimate the PCR duplication rate on paired-end as well as single-end read datasets which contain a high proportion of natural read duplicates. Further, analysis of exome datasets prepared using the Nextera library preparation method indicated that 45-50% of read duplicates correspond to natural read duplicates likely due to fragmentation bias. Finally, analysis of RNA-seq datasets from individuals in the 1000 Genomes project demonstrated that 70-95% of read duplicates observed in such datasets correspond to natural duplicates sampled from genes with high expression and identified outlier samples with a 2-fold greater PCR duplication rate than other samples. Conclusions: The method described here is a useful tool for estimating the PCR duplication rate of high-throughput sequence datasets and for assessing the fraction of read duplicates that correspond to natural read duplicates. An implementation of the method is available at https://github.com/vibansal/PCRduplicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of ED visits/Hospitalization rate, and adverse events were not statistically significant between the groups (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.32-1.70, p= 0.47 I SP 2 sp =75% and OR 1.10 95% CI 0.67-1.82, p=0.70, I SP 2 sp =28%). The primary outcome was overall mortality and secondary outcomes included symptom-based clinical improvement rates at day 14, ER visits or hospitalization, and adverse events. B Conclusions: b This meta-analysis shows that the therapeutic use of ICS in COVID-19 is associated with higher symptom-based clinical improvement rates. [Extracted from the article]

B Introduction: b Studies of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have found varying clinical outcomes associated with underlying respiratory conditions and inhaled corticosteroid use. A total of 1,122,329 patients were included, of which 10,466 patients died (2,289 out of 824,005 in ICS arm patients and 8,177 out of 298,324 in the non-ICS arm), resulting in the unadjusted odds of death (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.70, I SP 2 sp =82%). [Extracted from the article]

We performed a meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) and observational studies assessing the effect of Baricitinib on mortality outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Using the random-effects model, the odds of mortality in the therapeutic Baricitinib use showed a statistically significant reduction in all-cause mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.90; p=0.008, I SP 2 sp =79%). B Introduction: b The reduction of mortality in COVID-19 has been clinically established only for Dexamethasone and Tocilizumab to date, but the overall mortality in COVID-19 remains high. [Extracted from the article]

B Introduction: b During the COVID-19 pandemic, the burden on the healthcare system makes it critical to examine readmission patterns. In this study, we evaluated the readmission rates and risk factors associated with COVID-19 from the large SCCM Discovery VIRUS: COVID-19 Registry. [Extracted from the article]

Correction: Tagger - A Swiss army knife for multiomics to dissect cell type-specific mechanisms of gene expression in mice Reference 1 Kaczmarczyk L, Bansal V, Rajput A, Rahman R-u, Krzyzak W, Degen J, et al. (2019) Tagger - A Swiss army knife for multiomics to dissect cell type-specific mechanisms of gene expression in mice. Tagger mice in the C57Bl/6N background with the FNF cassette removed but the LSL cassette still in place (i.e., B6-LSL-Tagger) are now archived at the European Mouse Mutant Archive with the ID EM:14660: https://www.infrafrontier.eu/search?keyword=EM%3A14660. [Extracted from the article]

Background:Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for patients with severe COPD. They have been associated with increased risk of pneumonia but not with increased pneumonia-associated or overall mortality.Methods:To further examine the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on pneumonia incidence, and mortality in COPD patients, we searched for potentially relevant articles in PubMed, Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and manufacturers' web clinical trial registries from 1994 to February 4, 2014. Additionally, we checked the included and excluded studies' bibliographies. We subsequently performed systematic review and meta-analysis of included randomized controlled trials and observational studies on the topic.Results:We identified 38 studies: 29 randomized controlled trials and nine observational studies. The estimated unadjusted risk of pneumonia was increased in randomized trials: RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.35–1.93,p< 0.001; as well as in observational studies: OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.39–2.58,p< 0·001. Six randomized trials and seven observational studies were useful in estimating unadjusted risk of pneumonia ­case-fatality: RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.52–1.59,p= 0.74; and OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.88,p= 0.001, respectively. Twenty-nine randomized trials and six observational studies allowed estimation of unadjusted risk of overall mortality: RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.85–1.05,p= 0.31; and OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.65–0.97,p= 0.02, respectively.Conclusions:Despite a substantial and significant increase in unadjusted risk of pneumonia associated with inhaled corticosteroid use, pneumonia fatality and overall mortality were found not to be increased in randomized controlled trials and were decreased in observational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Estimation of individual ancestry from genetic data is useful for the analysis of disease association studies, understanding human population history and interpreting personal genomic variation. New, computationally efficient methods are needed for ancestry inference that can effectively utilize existing information about allele frequencies associated with different human populations and can work directly with DNA sequence reads. Results: We describe a fast method for estimating the relative contribution of known reference populations to an individual's genetic ancestry. Our method utilizes allele frequencies from the reference populations and individual genotype or sequence data to obtain a maximum likelihood estimate of the global admixture proportions using the BFGS optimization algorithm. It accounts for the uncertainty in genotypes present in sequence data by using genotype likelihoods and does not require individual genotype data from external reference panels. Simulation studies and application of the method to real datasets demonstrate that our method is significantly times faster than previous methods and has comparable accuracy. Using data from the 1000 Genomes project, we show that estimates of the genome-wide average ancestry for admixed individuals are consistent between exome sequence data and whole-genome low-coverage sequence data. Finally, we demonstrate that our method can be used to estimate admixture proportions using pooled sequence data making it a valuable tool for controlling for population stratification in sequencing based association studies that utilize DNA pooling. Conclusions: Our method is an efficient and versatile tool for estimating ancestry from DNA sequence data and is available from https://sites.google.com/site/vibansal/software/iAdmix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Estimation of individual ancestry from genetic data is useful for the analysis of disease association studies, understanding human population history and interpreting personal genomic variation. New, computationally efficient methods are needed for ancestry inference that can effectively utilize existing information about allele frequencies associated with different human populations and can work directly with DNA sequence reads. Results We describe a fast method for estimating the relative contribution of known reference populations to an individual's genetic ancestry. Our method utilizes allele frequencies from the reference populations and individual genotype or sequence data to obtain a maximum likelihood estimate of the global admixture proportions using the BFGS optimization algorithm. It accounts for the uncertainty in genotypes present in sequence data by using genotype likelihoods and does not require individual genotype data from external reference panels. Simulation studies and application of the method to real datasets demonstrate that our method is significantly times faster than previous methods and has comparable accuracy. Using data from the 1000 Genomes project, we show that estimates of the genome-wide average ancestry for admixed individuals are consistent between exome sequence data and whole-genome low-coverage sequence data. Finally, we demonstrate that our method can be used to estimate admixture proportions using pooled sequence data making it a valuable tool for controlling for population stratification in sequencing based association studies that utilize DNA pooling. Conclusions Our method is an efficient and versatile tool for estimating ancestry from DNA sequence data and is available from https://sites.google.com/site/vibansal/software/iAdmix [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Nanostructure lipid particles of bleomycin sulphate enhanced the oral bioavailability by averting first pass metabolism. [•] Nanostructure lipid particles augmented intestinal lymphatic uptake of bleomycin sulphate to reach the systemic circulation. [•] The nanoformulation of bleomycin sulphate improved the cytotoxicity and extent of apoptosis against cervical cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to optimise process parameters to prepare spray-dried honey-based milk powder containing functional properties of honey. Experimental design with temperature (180 to 200 °C), honey concentration (5-15%) and feed flow rate (8-10 rpm) as independent variables was studied to investigate the effect on product responses. Results showed that increasing the temperature resulted in powder with lower moisture, bulk density, antioxidant activity, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and higher water solubility index. Increasing feed flow rate resulted in higher moisture, bulk density, antioxidant activity, reduced water solubility index, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, whereas increasing honey concentration resulted in increase in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The moisture content, bulk density, water solubility index, DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 3.27%, 0.44 g cc−1, 96.67 g g−1, 17.45%, 2.54 GAE g−1 powder and 1.40 RE g−1 powder, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copy number variations (CNVs) are one of the main sources of variability in the human genome. Many CNVs are associated with various diseases including cardiovascular disease. In addition to hybridization-based methods, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are increasingly used for CNV discovery. However, respective computational methods applicable to NGS data are still limited. We developed a novel CNV calling method based on outlier detection applicable to small cohorts, which is of particular interest for the discovery of individual CNVs within families, de novo CNVs in trios and/or small cohorts of specific phenotypes like rare diseases. Approximately 7,000 rare diseases are currently known, which collectively affect ∼6% of the population. For our method, we applied the Dixon’s Q test to detect outliers and used a Hidden Markov Model for their assessment. The method can be used for data obtained by exome and targeted resequencing. We evaluated our outlier- based method in comparison to the CNV calling tool CoNIFER using eight HapMap exome samples and subsequently applied both methods to targeted resequencing data of patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. In both the HapMap samples and the TOF cases, our method is superior to CoNIFER, such that it identifies more true positive CNVs. Called CNVs in TOF cases were validated by qPCR and HapMap CNVs were confirmed with available array-CGH data. In the TOF patients, we found four copy number gains affecting three genes, of which two are important regulators of heart development (NOTCH1, ISL1) and one is located in a region associated with cardiac malformations (PRODH at 22q11). In summary, we present a novel CNV calling method based on outlier detection, which will be of particular interest for the analysis of de novo or individual CNVs in trios or cohorts up to 30 individuals, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unadjusted odds ratio for severe COVID-19 patients with hypothyroidism was 1.18 (95% CI 1.08, 1.31; p-value < 0.001), for hospital mortality was 1.23 (95% CI 1.09-1.39, p-value < 0.001) and differences in hospital-free days was -0.88 (95% CI 1-1.53--0.23, p-value 0.008). The primary outcomes were 1) the disease severity defined as per the World Health Organization scale for clinical improvement, which is an ordinal outcome corresponding with the highest severity level recorded during a patient's index COVID-19 hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and hospital free days. B Introduction: b Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and worse outcomes have been reported for various comorbidities. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Thermal performance of Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger (EATHE) under transient operating conditions has been evaluated for predominantly hot and dry climate of Ajmer (India) using experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling. Effects of time duration of continuous operation, thermal conductivity of soil pipe diameter and flow velocity on thermal performance of EATHE under transient conditions have been analyzed. Results show that the transient thermal performance of EATHE is significantly dependent on thermal conductivity of the soil and duration of its continuous operation. The analyzed cases have shown the range of derating to be as minimal as 0% to as high as 64%, which if ignored while designing may lead to poor performance of EATHE. Study reveals that the effect of pipe diameter due to prolonged use of EATHE system on its thermal performance is least in case of soil with higher value of thermal conductivity. Results show that the increase in flow velocity leads to deterioration in thermal performance of EATHE system. Under steady state condition, drop of 18.8°C in air temperature is obtained, whereas, under transient conditions cooling of air reduces from 18.7°C to 16.6°C for soil thermal conductivity of 0.52Wm−1 K−1, after 24h of continuous operation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Effect of soil thermal conductivity and time period of continuous operation of EATHE on thermal performance has been carried out for different pipe length of EATHE using experimentally validated CFD simulation. In this paper, the authors aim to study the underground temperature characteristics of the soil surrounding the EATHE pipe and the effect of duration of operation of EATHE on its thermal performance. Maximum air temperature drop of 15.6, 17.0 and 17.3K are observed for soil thermal conductivities of 0.52, 2 and 4Wm−1 K−1 respectively. Maximum deterioration in the performance in terms of temperature drop obtained during continuous operation of 24h is recorded as 2.9K for soil with thermal conductivity of 0.52Wm−1 K−1. Thickness of soil annulus surrounding the pipe up to which the thermal influence is observed depends on the thermal conductivity of the soil and period of continuous running of EATHE system. The thickness of the soil annulus beyond which no significant rise in temperature of soil is observed is equal to the pipe diameter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thermal performance of earth air tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) under transient operating conditions has been evaluated for predominantly hot and dry climate of Ajmer (India) using experimental and computational fluid dynamics modeling. Effect of time duration of continuous operation and thermal conductivity of soil on thermal performance of EATHE under transient conditions has been analyzed. Results show that the transient thermal performance of EATHE is significantly dependent on thermal conductivity of the soil and duration of its continuous operation. Under steady state condition, a drop of 18.8°C is obtained in air passing through EATHE having 0.1m diameter and 60m length, at 5ms−1 flow velocity, whereas, the transient analysis shows that for soil having thermal conductivity of 0.52Wm−1 K−1, the cooling of air reduces from 18.7°C to 16.6°C, after 24h of continuous operation. Change in cooling effect after 24h of operation for soil thermal conductivity of 2.0Wm−1 K−1 and 4.0Wm−1 K−1, reduced from 18.8°C to 18.5°C and 18.8°C to 18.7°C respectively. The analyzed cases have shown the range of derating to be as minimal as 0% to as high as 64%, which if ignored while designing may lead to poor performance of earth air heat exchangers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thermal performance of Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger (EATHE) under transient operating conditions in winter season has been evaluated for predominantly hot and dry climate of Ajmer (India) using experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. Effect of time duration of continuous operation and thermal conductivity of soil on thermal performance of EATHE under transient conditions has been analyzed. Results show that the transient thermal performance of EATHE is significantly dependent on thermal conductivity of the soil and duration of its continuous operation. Under steady state condition, a rise of 19.6°C is obtained in air passing through EATHE having 0.1m diameter and 60m length, at 5m/s flow velocity, whereas, the transient analysis shows that for soil having thermal conductivity of 0.52Wm−1 K−1, the heating of air reduces from 19.4°C to 17.2°C, after 24h of continuous operation. Heating effect after 24h of operation for soil thermal conductivity of 2.0Wm−1 K−1 and 4.0Wm−1 K−1, reduced from 19.6°C to 19.2°C and 19.6°C to 19.5°C, respectively. The analyzed cases have shown the range of derating to be as minimal as 0% to as high as 64%, which if ignored while designing may lead to poor performance of earth air heat exchangers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new term ‘Derating Factor’ is devised for evaluating deterioration in thermal performance of Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger (EATHE) under transient operating conditions in predominantly hot and dry climate of Ajmer (India) using experimental and computational fluid dynamics modeling with FLUENT software. Maximum air temperature drop obtained using steady state approach for EATHE of pipe length 100m, pipe diameter 0.2m and at air velocity of 5ms−1 is 18.4°C, 18.7°C and 18.4°C for soil thermal conductivity of 0.52, 2.0 and 4.0Wm−1 K−1 respectively. However, the maximum air temperature drop obtained using transient approach during 24h of operation vary between 18.3°C and 14.0°C, 18.3°C and 17.2°C and 18.6°C and 18.0°C for soil thermal conductivity of 0.52, 2.0 and 4.0Wm−1 K−1 respectively. The derating factor is found to be a function of thermal conductivity of soil, duration of continuous operation of EATHE and length of pipe. The analyzed cases have shown the range of derating to be as minimal as 0.2% to as high as 68%, which if ignored while designing may lead to poor performance of earth air heat exchangers. Maximum value of derating factor is observed after continuous operation of EATHE for 24h. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Earth–air–tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) systems are insufficient to meet the thermal comfort requirements in summer conditions. Therefore, evaporating cooling has been integrated with EATHE to enhance the thermal comfort hours. Economics of integrated EATHE–evaporative cooling system to reduce/avoid the use of air-conditioner and electric heater is analyzed by evaluating simple Internal Rate of Return (IRR) on investment. For this analysis a transient and implicit model based on computational fluid dynamics has been used for evaluating the energy saving obtained by the use of EATHE system integrated with evaporative cooling. Four base cases of existing systems, i.e. air-conditioner and electric heater have been considered for carrying out the economic analysis. Moreover, three different types of blower (i.e. energy efficient blower, standard blower and inefficient blower) have been considered for evaluating the energy saving and financial viability of the proposed system. These results of IRR calculation shows that wherever, the existing air conditioner and heaters are efficient, their replacement with proposed EATHE system is not a technically and economically viable option. It is observed that the IRR value is greatly dependent on the electric tariff and the energy efficiency of the blower used in the proposed EATHE system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increasing the coefficient of performance of air-conditioner with air-cooled condenser is a challenging task especially in areas where weather conditions are quite hot. The performance of conventional vapour compression system based air-conditioners can substantially be improved by coupling these active cooling systems with less energy intense passive cooling systems. In the present research, an attempt has been made to enhance the performance of active cooling system by coupling it with EATHE in four different hybrid modes and thermal performance of the developed hybrid cooling system has been investigated experimentally. The power consumption of conventional 1.5 TR window type air conditioner is found to be reduced by 18.1% when cold air from EATHE is completely used for condenser cooling of the air-conditioner. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Performance of simple earth–air-tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) is enhanced by integrating an evaporative cooler at the outlet. Year round hourly analysis of the integrated system has been carried out for predominantly hot and dry climatic conditions using multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with FLUENT software (version 6.3). The analysis has been carried out individually for all 8760h of the year for the city of Ajmer (India), considering the temperature and humidity of ambient air as condition of inlet air. Results show that a simple EATHE system provides 4500MJ of cooling effect during summer months, whereas 3109MJ of additional cooling effect can be achieved by integrating evaporative cooler with the EATHE. Although the winter season in most of the cities in hot and dry climatic zones is very short, analysis of the 8760h show that the EATHE system is capable of providing 4856MJ equivalent of heating effect at such locations. For every hour, the condition of the outlet air has also been matched with the thermal comfort zone specified ay ASHRAE-55. Results show significant improvement in usefulness of the EATHE system when integrated with evaporative cooler in hot and dry climatic conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Motivation: High-throughput sequencing technologies have made population-scale studies of human genetic variation possible. Accurate and comprehensive detection of DNA sequence variants is crucial for the success of these studies. Small insertions and deletions represent the second most frequent class of variation in the human genome after single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although several alignment tools for the gapped alignment of sequence reads to a reference genome are available, computational methods for discriminating indels from sequencing errors and genotyping indels directly from sequence reads are needed.Results: We describe a probabilistic method for the accurate detection and genotyping of short indels from population-scale sequence data. In this approach, aligned sequence reads from a population of individuals are used to automatically account for context-specific sequencing errors associated with indels. We applied this approach to population sequence datasets from the 1000 Genomes exon pilot project generated using the Roche 454 and Illumina sequencing platforms, and were able to detect a significantly greater number of indels than reported previously. Comparison to indels identified in the 1000 Genomes pilot project demonstrated the sensitivity of our method. The consistency in the number of indels and the fraction of indels whose length is a multiple of three across different human populations and two different sequencing platforms indicated that our method has a low false discovery rate. Finally, the method represents a general approach for the detection and genotyping of small-scale DNA sequence variants for population-scale sequencing projects.Availability: A program implementing this method is available at http://polymorphism.scripps.edu/~vbansal/software/piCALL/Contact: vbansal@scripps.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High-throughput sequencing of targeted genomic loci in large populations is an effective approach for evaluating the contribution of rare variants to disease risk. We evaluated the feasibility of using in-solution hybridization-based target capture on pooled DNA samples to enable cost-efficient population sequencing studies. For this, we performed pooled sequencing of 100 HapMap samples across ∼600 kb of DNA sequence using the Illumina GAIIx. Using our accurate variant calling method for pooled sequence data, we were able to not only identify single nucleotide variants with a low false discovery rate (<1%) but also accurately detect short insertion/deletion variants. In addition, with sufficient coverage per individual in each pool (30-fold) we detected 97.2% of the total variants and 93.6% of variants below 5% in frequency. Finally, allele frequencies for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) estimated from the pooled data and the HapMap genotype data were tightly correlated (correlation coefficient >= 0.995). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary sequencing studies often ignore the diploid nature of the human genome because they do not routinely separate or 'phase' maternally and paternally derived sequence information. However, many findings - both from recent studies and in the more established medical genetics literature - indicate that relationships between human DNA sequence and phenotype, including disease, can be more fully understood with phase information. Thus, the existing technological impediments to obtaining phase information must be overcome if human genomics is to reach its full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitations of genome-wide association (GWA) studies that focus on the phenotypic influence of common genetic variants have motivated human geneticists to consider the contribution of rare variants to phenotypic expression. The increasing availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled studies of rare variants but these methods will not be sufficient for their success as appropriate analytical methods are also needed. We consider data analysis approaches to testing associations between a phenotype and collections of rare variants in a defined genomic region or set of regions. Ultimately, although a wide variety of analytical approaches exist, more work is needed to refine them and determine their properties and power in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome wide association (GWA) studies, which test for association between common genetic markers and a disease phenotype, have shown varying degrees of success. While many factors could potentially confound GWA studies, we focus on the possibility that multiple, rare variants (RVs) may act in concert to influence disease etiology. Here, we describe an algorithm for RV analysis, RARECOVER. The algorithm combines a disparate collection of RVs with low effect and modest penetrance. Further, it does not require the rare variants be adjacent in location. Extensive simulations over a range of assumed penetrance and population attributable risk (PAR) values illustrate the power of our approach over other published methods, including the collapsing and weighted-collapsing strategies. To showcase the method, we apply RARECOVER to re-sequencing data from a cohort of 289 individuals at the extremes of Body Mass Index distribution (NCT00263042). Individual samples were re-sequenced at two genes, FAAH and MGLL, known to be involved in endocannabinoid metabolism (187Kbp for 148 obese and 150 controls). The RARECOVER analysis identifies exactly one significantly associated region in each gene, each about 5 Kbp in the upstream regulatory regions. The data suggests that the RVs help disrupt the expression of the two genes, leading to lowered metabolism of the corresponding cannabinoids. Overall, our results point to the power of including RVs in measuring genetic associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Earth–pipe–air heat exchanger (EPAHE) systems can be used to reduce the cooling load of buildings in summer. A transient and implicit model based on computational fluid dynamics was developed to predict the thermal performance and cooling capacity of earth–air–pipe heat exchanger systems. The model was developed inside the FLUENT simulation program. The model developed is validated against experimental investigations on an experimental set-up in Ajmer (Western India). Good agreement between simulated results and experimental data is obtained. Effects of the operating parameters (i.e. the pipe material, air velocity) on the thermal performance of earth–air–pipe heat exchanger systems are studied. The 23.42m long EPAHE system discussed in this paper gives cooling in the range of 8.0–12.7°C for the flow velocities 2–5m/s. Investigations on steel and PVC pipes have shown that the performance of the EPAHE system is not significantly affected by the material of the buried pipe (pipe). Velocity of air through the pipe is found to greatly affect the performance of EPAHE system. The COP of the EPAHE system discussed in this paper varies from 1.9 to 2.9 for increase in velocity from 2.0 to 5.0m/s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the sequencing of several individual human genomes. These technologies are also being used in novel ways for mRNA expression profiling, genome-wide discovery of transcription-factor binding sites, small RNA discovery, etc. The multitude of sequencing platforms, each with their unique characteristics, pose a number of design challenges, regarding the technology to be used and the depth of sequencing required for a particular sequencing application. Here we describe a number of analytical and empirical results to address design questions for two applications: detection of structural variations from paired-end sequencing and estimating mRNA transcript abundance. Results: For structural variation, our results provide explicit trade-offs between the detection and resolution of rearrangement breakpoints, and the optimal mix of paired-read insert lengths. Specifically, we prove that optimal detection and resolution of breakpoints is achieved using a mix of exactly two insert library lengths. Furthermore, we derive explicit formulae to determine these insert length combinations, enabling a 15% improvement in breakpoint detection at the same experimental cost. On empirical short read data, these predictions show good concordance with Illumina 200 bp and 2 Kbp insert length libraries. For transcriptome sequencing, we determine the sequencing depth needed to detect rare transcripts from a small pilot study. With only 1 Million reads, we derive corrections that enable almost perfect prediction of the underlying expression probability distribution, and use this to predict the sequencing depth required to detect low expressed genes with greater than 95% probability. Conclusions: Together, our results form a generic framework for many design considerations related to highthroughput sequencing. We provide software tools http://bix.ucsd.edu/projects/NGS-DesignTools to derive platform independent guidelines for designing sequencing experiments (amount of sequencing, choice of insert length, mix of libraries) for novel applications of next generation sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Earth–pipe–air heat exchanger (EPAHE) systems can be used to reduce the heating load of buildings in winter. A transient and implicit model based on computational fluid dynamics is developed to predict the thermal performance and heating capacity of earth–air–pipe heat exchanger systems. The model is developed inside the FLUENT simulation program. The model developed is validated against experimental investigations on an experimental set-up in Ajmer (Western India). Good agreement between simulated results and experimental data is obtained. Effects of the operating parameters (i.e. the pipe material, air velocity) on the thermal performance of earth–air–pipe heat exchanger systems are studied. The 23.42m long EPAHE system discussed in this paper gives heating in the range of 4.1–4.8°C for the flow velocities 2–5m/s. Investigations on steel and PVC pipes have shown that performance of the EPAHE system is not significantly affected by the material of the buried pipe. Velocity of air through the pipe is found to greatly affect the performance of EPAHE system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A thermal model has been developed to investigate the potential of using the storage capacity of the ground for cooling with the help of an earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) system integrated with evaporative cooler. Parametric studies performed for the EAHE coupled with the evaporative cooler illustrate the effects of buried pipe length, pipe diameter, volumetric flow rate of air, number of pipes and surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio on the outlet temperature of the EAHE. An analytical solution has been derived by considering the fundamental equation of energy, heat transfer and psychrometry, for predicting the temperature at the outlet of EAHE. The results of the EAHE coupled with evaporative cooling are compared with that of EAHE without evaporative cooling for different S/V ratio and bypass factor. It is observed that the length of the EAHE pipe is reduced significantly as much as 93.5% for obtaining desired temperature at the outlet of the EAHE by the integration of evaporative cooling with EAHE. Reduction in the length of buried pipe is also noted with decrease in bypass factor of evaporator cooler. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recyclable metal nanoparticles provide an efficient, economic, and novel route for the synthesis of propargylamines via three-component A3 coupling reaction of aromatic aldehyde, amine and alkyne. This method provides a wide range of substrate applicability. This protocol avoids the use of heavy metal, co-catalyst and gives propargylamines in quantitative yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Molecular iodine has been used an efficient catalyst for an improved and rapid one-pot synthesis of 3,3′-arylmethylenebis-(4-hydroxycoumarin) and 2,2′-arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) in excellent yields using water as a reaction medium. This aqua mediated Michael addition of various aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with 4-hydroxycoumarin or dimedone using catalytic amount of molecular iodine devoids the use of expensive, corrosive reagents, toxic sovents and provides the operational simplicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simple and facile synthesis of 7-arylbenzopyrano[1,3]diazepines has been accomplished by treatment of 4-hydroxycoumarin, cyanoguanidine with aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes using molecular iodine in non-protic solvent under reflux. This method not only provide an excellent complement for 7-arylbenzopyrano[1,3]diazepines but also avoids the multistep and harsh reaction conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cu-Nanoparticles provide an efficient catalysis for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazoles by the coupling of aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes with 2-aminophenol though the oxidative cyclization of the Schiffs’ bases using 10mol% of the Cu-nanoparticles in the presence of K2CO3 in MeOH. This method avoids the use of metal oxide or organic oxidizing agents, namely, DDQ or strong acids such as polyphosphoric acid or boric acid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel method for reduction of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with ammonium formate using Ni-nanoparticles is described. The Ni-nanoparticles act as a green catalyst for selective reduction of the aldehydic group in the presence of other functional groups, viz.: –NO2, –CN and alkenes to give the corresponding alcohols in excellent yields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: There are concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine in inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively summarises the available literature regarding the safety and effectiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine in IBD. Methods: Three independent reviewers performed a comprehensive review of all original articles describing the response of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in patients with IBD. Primary outcomes were (1) pooled seroconversion rate SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in IBD patients (2) comparison of breakthrough COVID‐19 infection rate SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in IBD patients with control cohort and (3) pooled adverse event rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine. All outcomes were evaluated for one and two doses of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine. Meta‐regression was performed. Probability of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and with Egger's test. Results: Twenty‐one studies yielded a pooled seroconversion rate of 73.7% and 96.8% in IBD patients after one and two doses of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine respectively. Sub‐group analysis revealed non‐statistically significant differences between different immunosuppressive regimens for seroconversion. Meta‐regression revealed that the vaccine type and study location independently influenced seroconversion rates. There was no statistically significant difference in breakthrough infection in IBD patients as compared to control after vaccination. Conclusion: In summary, the systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine is safe and effective in IBD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of anxiety and mood disorders. This study examines the temporal trends and clinical impact of anxiety and mood disorder diagnoses in hospitalized IBD patients in the United States during a 10-year period. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample from 2009-2018, all IBD-related discharges in adults were analyzed. Primary outcomes were the prevalence and temporal trends of mood disorder and anxiety diagnoses for IBD-related admissions. The impact of the psychiatric comorbidities on clinical outcomes was also evaluated. Results A total of 1,718,736 IBD-related discharged were identified. A diagnosis of anxiety or a mood disorder was found to have a prevalence of 16.44% and 18.97%, respectively, amongst IBDrelated admissions. The prevalence of anxiety disorders amongst hospitalized IBD patients increased significantly (from 12.13% to 20.26%), whereas the prevalence of mood disorders did not (17.46% and 18.9%). IBD admissions with psychiatric comorbidities had lower rates of IBD-related complications or mortality during hospitalization compared to IBD admissions without comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. This population, however, was more likely to experience certain comorbidities such as Clostridioides difficile, pneumonia, and venous thromboembolism, as well as a longer hospitalization. Conclusions The prevalence of comorbid anxiety among hospitalized IBD patients in the United States matches or exceeds the prevalence of anxiety in the general hospitalized population. Given its association with more in-hospital complications and a longer hospital stay, it is important to further understand how psychological screening and mental health services can improve the management of hospitalized IBD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]