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Trypoxylon is a genus of solitary crabronid wasps whose population genetics is poorly known. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic variation and differentiation among five populations of Trypoxylon albitarse, a species widely distributed throughout the Neotropics, with records from Panama to northern Argentina. Eight species-specific microsatellite loci were used for genotyping 96 adult wasps (one female per nest) sampled at five sites in Brazil. The analysis of allelic richness and private alleles indicated high genetic diversity in the populations sampled. Pairwise comparisons using the Fst and Dest indices revealed significant differentiation for all, but one pair of populations. Fst, Dest, AMOVA and assignment test values pointed to inter-population differentiation. Additionally, the analysis of population structure using Bayesian and PCA methods characterized two alternative genetic groups. The Mantel test indicated no correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Despite evidence of considerable dispersal capacity for T. albitarse, the data indicate low to moderate population structuring in this species.

Lynchiatilla silvai Casal, 1963 (Fig. 4) Lynchiatilla silvai Casal, 1963. Acta Zool. Lilloana 19: 375. Holotype ��, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Corup�� (AMNH). Material examined. Brazil, Paran��, Piraquara, Manancias da Serra, 25 �� 30 'S, 48 �� 59 'W, 26.II. 2003, col. E.Q. Garcia (��, MIUP), det. R. Cambra 2003. Distribution. Brazil: Santa Catarina, Paran�� (first record). Comments. Only two species of Lynchiatilla are known for the state of Paran��: L. silvai and L. parana sp. nov. They differ in the color of the head (mostly black in L. silvai, red in L. parana sp. nov.), scrobal carina (touching the base of the antennal tubercle in L. silvai, not reaching the base of the antennal tubercle in L. parana sp. nov.), and the shape of the mesosoma (dorsal face of the propodeum perpendicular to the posterior face (Fig. 2) in L. parana sp. nov., dorsal face oblique to the posterior face (Fig. 4) in L. silvai)., Published as part of Bergamaschi, Antonio C. B., Cambra, Roberto A., Brothers, Denis J. & Melo, Gabriel A. R., 2012, Lynchiatilla Casal, 1963 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae): a new species from Brazil associated with Paroxystoglossa spiloptera Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Halictinae), and notes on other species, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 3548 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282821, {"references":["Casal, H. C. (1963) Mutillidae Neotropicales XIX (Hymenoptera). Las especies del nuevo genero \" Lynchiatilla \". Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 343 - 383."]}

Lynchiatilla leguera Casal, 1963 (Figs 13, 15��� 22) Lynchiatilla leguera Casal, 1963. Acta Zool. Lilloana 19: 361. Holotype ��, Argentina, C��rdoba, Calera (AMNH). Description. MALE (hitherto unknown; Figs 13, 20��� 22). Body length 5.4���8.9 mm (mean 6.25 mm, SD 0.61 mm, n= 64). Color: integument of head, mesosoma and legs entirely black, metasoma usually with first few segments orange, becoming ferruginous and then black on apical segments, but sometimes entirely black (see discussion below); palps medium to dark brown; tibial spurs pale white; wings with membrane almost hyaline basally, weakly infuscated apical to cells, veins blackish; body and legs covered with sparse, simple to brachyplumose, white setae, except inner margin of eye with very few long black setae, mesoscutum with decumbent black setae and long white setae intermixed, and T 2 ���T 6 with decumbent brownish setae and erect white setae. Head: transverse in dorsal view, sub-rounded, with dorsal erect brachyplumose pubescence becoming briefly plumose posteroventrally; frons and vertex with medium-sized, very close punctures, gena with finer and denser punctures; eye 0.54���0.60 �� as long as medial length of head; ocelli small, distance between eye margin and lateral ocellus 5.54 ���6.00 �� as long as diameter of ocellus; genal carina absent; clypeus convex mesally, its antero-medial margin slightly concave and untoothed; proboscidial fossa large, extending laterally nearly to insertion of mandible; mandible slender, bidentate apically, simple ventrally; scrobal carina reduced to an inconspicuous protuberance between antennal tubercle and eye; antennal tubercle simple, without protuberance or carina; scape with a single longitudinal carina below; first flagellomere as long as second. Mesosoma: pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with medium-sized, very close punctures; tegula convex, without a distinct posterior surface, smooth and shiny but with a few punctures along anterior and lateral margins; scutellum slightly convex; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum broadly reticulate; pronotum with humeral area rounded, anterior and lateral micro-setose tubercles distinct, lateral area with short obliquely vertical carina anteriorly; mesopleuron anterior one-third with small separated punctures and dense micro-punctation, posterior two-thirds with medium-sized, very close punctures, dorsal and ventral areas separated by broad and deep scrobal groove; metapleuron and propodeum laterally mostly smooth and impunctate; forewing with three submarginal and two discal cells, veins 3 rs-m and 2 m-cu faintly indicated and nebulous. Metasoma: T 1 not constricted posteriorly, sessile and evenly merging with T 2, 0.56���0.64 �� as long as wide, 0.37���0.40 �� length and 0.48���0.61 �� width of T 2, mostly smooth, with few and small punctures except apically and laterally with small, close punctures; T 2 covered with medium-sized, close punctures except base smooth and apex with small, close punctures, with lateral felt line 0.47���0.56 �� as long as lateral margin; T 3 ���T 6 with small, very close punctures; T 7 basal half with medium-sized, very close punctures, apical half with intermixed microgranulate and irregular rugose sculpture; S 1 mainly smooth, with strong median longitudinal carina ending anteriorly abruptly near sternal base and forking posteriorly; S 2 without felt line; S 2 with medium-sized punctures; S 3 ���S 6 with small, very close punctures; S 7 mainly smooth, with a few small close punctures medially; hypopygium with medium-sized punctures anteriorly and small fine punctures posteriorly, apex with deep, V-shaped, medial emargination; genitalia: paramere with apex simple, basal half not very broad, distal half gradually narrowing toward apex, ventral margin with long setae, except becoming short and sparser on apical one-fourth; volsella with cuspis and digitus short, cuspis with long setae; penis valve with apical tooth and lacking preapical tooth (Fig. 13). Material examined. Argentina, Jujuy, Huacalera [23 �� 25 ' 46 "S 65 �� 21 ' 25 "W], 17 km N Tilcara, 2800 m, 6.I. 1972, col. D.J. Brothers (2 ♂ 1 ��, AMNH; 62 ♂ 67 ��, DJBC). Uruguay, Rocha, Fortaleza de Santa Teresa [33 �� 59 'S 53 �� 32 'W], 2.X. 1944, col. P.A. Berry, det. Casal 1965 (1 ��, USNM). Variation. In the sample from Huacalera, there is considerable variation in color and size in both sexes. Males (n= 64) have the head, mesosoma and legs always black, but most specimens have the metasoma orange to reddish basally but darkened apically, and a few have it entirely black. The metasomal coloration can be characterized as follows: 3 % with at least T 2 ���T 4 orange, apical terga becoming darker (e.g. Fig. 21); 36 % with T 2 ���T 3 orange, T 4 ���T 7 distinctly darker; 39 % with T 2 orange, T 3 ���T 7 distinctly darker and apically black; 14 % with T 2 dark ferruginous, T 3 ���T 7 black; 6 % with entire metasoma, including T 2, black (e.g., Fig. 22); the metasomal sterna vary in a similar fashion, although their color tends to be slightly paler than the corresponding terga. Two males (8.5 and 8.9 mm long) are considerably larger than the rest (5.4 ���7.0 mm long, mean 6.17 mm, SD 0.42 mm, n= 62); nevertheless, no other morphological differences were found between these two and the others. Such distinct size differences may indicate development on different-sized hosts, as was found for Dasymutilla bioculata (Cresson, 1865) by Mickel (1924). Females show color variation across most of the body, the head usually ferruginous and darker than the orange to light ferruginous mesosoma, and the metasoma ferruginous to apically blackish above but light ferruginous laterally and ventrally; the legs are slightly darker than the mesosoma. In 13 % of specimens the head is paler, scarcely darker than the mesosoma (e.g. Fig. 15), and in 24 % it is much darker, almost black (even darker than shown in Fig. 17). In 7 %, T 2 is entirely light ferruginous to orange but appearing darker dorsally because of the dark recumbent pubescence (e.g., Fig. 16) and in 9 % the entire metasoma (except perhaps for the base of T 1) is black (e.g., Fig. 18). Although there is a tendency for the whole body to be lighter or darker, the specimen with the darkest head (essentially black) is not that with the darkest metasoma. In addition to these variations in integumental color, there is also some variation in the shape and size of the pubescent spots on T 2; they are mostly relatively large, slightly elongate and with the borders somewhat fuzzy (as in Fig. 15) but less often (about 8 %) round, slightly smaller and better defined (as in Fig. 17). These differences are not evidently correlated with coloration. The females are 4.4���6.6 mm long (mean 5.4 mm, SD 0.52 mm, n= 68); there is no evidence for different size classes in the sample, but this may be sampling error (the holotype is reported as 8.5 mm long). As for some other mutillids (see, e.g., Nonveiller 1959: 114, 1980: 123), there is evidence that some specimens developed in cells or cocoons which were too small to permit full expansion of the body. This results in a squashed appearance (form ���curtiventris��� of Nonveiller), with the body regions proportionately shorter and broader than usual, and therefore differently shaped (compare the shapes of the head, mesosoma and T 2 in Figs 15 and 19, for example). Distribution. Argentina: Corrientes, Buenos Aires, Cordoba (Casal 1963, Fritz 1998), Jujuy (first record); Uruguay (first record of the genus and species). Comments. The sex association is based on two associated pairs of specimens collected with many others of both sexes in a limited bare area at Huacalera within a few hours. One pair was collected in copula and the male of the other pair was pursuing the female on the ground. The two females are essentially identical, but the two associated males differ in the coloration of the metasoma; one has T 2 and T 3 orange and the other has the metasoma entirely black. The presence of such a large number of specimens of both sexes in a limited area suggests that this species is a parasitoid of an aggregating host; although potential hosts were not observed at the locality, many species of Halictinae occur in aggregations and it is perhaps likely that one or more halictine species are involved, as for L. parana sp. nov. (see below) and several other pseudomethocine mutillids (Brothers et al. 2000). The larger male specimen in AMNH has many grains of pollen on the hypostoma and a few more on the meso and metasoma. The pollen (Fig. 14) was identified as belonging to the tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae), and its presence suggests the utilization of an asteraceous plant as a food source for L. leguera. None of the other specimens carries such pollen, however., Published as part of Bergamaschi, Antonio C. B., Cambra, Roberto A., Brothers, Denis J. & Melo, Gabriel A. R., 2012, Lynchiatilla Casal, 1963 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae): a new species from Brazil associated with Paroxystoglossa spiloptera Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Halictinae), and notes on other species, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 3548 on pages 59-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282821, {"references":["Casal, H. C. (1963) Mutillidae Neotropicales XIX (Hymenoptera). Las especies del nuevo genero \" Lynchiatilla \". Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 343 - 383.","Cresson, E. T. (1865) Catalogue of Hymenoptera in the collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, from Colorado Territory [part 2]. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4, 426 - 488.","Mickel, C. E. (1924) An analysis of a bimodal variation in size of the parasite Dasymutilla bioculata Cresson (Hymen.; Mutillidae). Entomological News, 35, 236 - 242.","Nonveiller, G. (1959) Jedna nova Mutila iz grupe Smicromyrme perisii S. - R. (Treci prilog poznavanju Mutila Jugoslavije i susednih zemalja) = Une nouvelle espece du groupe Smicromyrme perisii S. - R. (Troisieme note sur la connaissance des Mutillides de Yougoslavie et des regions limitrophes). Zastita Bilja, Beograd, 54, 105 - 116, pl. XIV - XVI.","Fritz, M. A. (1998) Mutillidae. In: Morrone, J. J. & Coscaron, S. (Eds.). Biodiversidad de Artropodos Argentinos: una Perspectiva Biotaxonomica. Ediciones SUR, Argentina, pp. 445 - 451.","Brothers D. J., Tschuch G. & Burger, F. (2000) Associations of mutillid wasps (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) with eusocial insects. Insectes sociaux, 47, 201 - 211."]}

Lynchiatilla parana Cambra in Bergamaschi et al., sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10��� 12) Diagnosis. In Casal���s (1963) key to females of Lynchiatilla species, L. parana runs to couplet 6 and is related to L. tacana Casal, 1963. Females of these two species can be separated as follows: L. parana without genal carina, and T 2 with two rounded, golden, pubescent maculae (Fig. 1); L. tacana with genal carina, and T 2 with two longitudinal oval, pale white, pubescent maculae (Fig. 3). The males can be separated as follows: L. parana with metasomal integument black and T 2 ���T 6 apically with dense transverse rows of pale golden setae (Fig. 7); L. tacana with metasomal integument orange and T 2 ���T 6 apically with sparse white setae laterally and red-brown in the middle with a few white setae intermixed (Fig. 9). The wings are very similar, but differ slightly in the shape of the first submarginal cell (Figs 5���6). Description. FEMALE (holotype, Figs 1, 2). Body length 8.5 mm. Color: integument of head and mesosoma red; scape, pedicellus, and first three flagellomeres orange-yellow, other antennomeres black; mandible orangeyellow except tip black; legs orange-yellow; T 1 red except apex black; T 2 ���T 6 black except discal area of T 2 with two broad, transverse, red maculae hidden in part by pubescence; S 1 red; S 2 black except basal third red; S 3 ���S 6 black. Frons and vertex with sparse black setae; gena and clypeus mostly with pale white setae; dorsum of mesosoma with sparse black setae except propodeum with sparse pale golden setae; sides of pronotum with sparse pale pubescence; mesopleuron with very few pale setae; T 1 with pale golden setae except apex with black setae medially; T 2 with black setae except for lateral area with white setae and two discal rounded spots of golden pubescence covering parts of the two red integumental spots; T 3 ���T 5 with dense golden pubescence interrupted in middle by black setae; T 6 basal half with intermixed pale golden and black setae; S 1 ���S 4 with pale white setae; S 5 ���S 6 with pale golden setae. Head: rectangular; with deep medium-sized punctation, mostly semiconfluent and confluent, sculpture not hidden by pubescence; eye large, distance between posterior margin of eye and postero-lateral angle about 0.65 �� maximum diameter of eye; scrobal carina present, not reaching base of antennal tubercle; genal carina absent; clypeus with anterior margin straight, medial area with a weak, arcuate, transverse ridge ending in anterior margin near tubercle in front of each antennal tubercle; antenna slender, first flagellomere 1.4 �� as long as second in dorsal view; mandible with apex bidentate, simple beneath without any tooth or process. Mesosoma: 1.2 �� as long as wide (excluding prothoracic collar); lateral margin distinctly sinuate, gradually narrowing to propodeal spiracle then broadening posteriorly; dorsally with punctation very similar to head; propodeal dorsal face with large punctures, deep, longitudinally irregular and confluent; mesopleuron micropunctate, metapleuron and side of propodeum smooth and glabrous; lateral margin of mesonotum with a very small tooth between prothoracic and propodeal spiracles; propodeal margin with three very small spines anterolaterally and a transverse row of seven large spines or projections posteriorly. Metasoma: T 1 not constricted posteriorly, sessile and evenly merging with T 2, basal two-thirds with small sparse punctures, apical third with small close punctures; T 2 evenly convex throughout, without elevated, longitudinal carinae, mostly with medium-sized, dense, contiguous and somewhat confluent punctures; T 3 ���T 5 with small, close punctures; T 6 with flattened medio-apical microgranulate area defined by distinct lateral carina; S 1 mostly smooth but with a prominent, median, longitudinal keel; S 2 with medium-sized close punctures; S 3 ���S 5 with small, close punctures; S 6 with medium-sized, contiguous punctures except apical third smooth. MALE (allotype). Body length 9.0 mm. Color: Integument black; tibial spurs pale white; body and legs covered with sparse, simple, white setae, except near inner margin of eyes, mesoscutum, tegula and anterior third of scutellum with black setae; metasomal segments 2���6 apically with dense transverse rows of pale golden setae. Head: transverse in dorsal view, sub-rounded; frons, vertex and gena with medium-sized, very close punctures; eye 0.5 �� as long as medial length of head; ocelli small, distance between eye margin and lateral ocellus 7 �� diameter of ocellus; genal carina absent; clypeus convex mesally, its antero-medial margin almost straight and untoothed; proboscidial fossa large, extending laterally to insertion of mandible; mandible slender, bidentate apically, simple ventrally; scrobal carina reduced to an inconspicuous protuberance between antennal tubercle and eye; antennal tubercle simple, without protuberance or carina; scape with a single longitudinal carina below; first flagellomere as long as second. Mesosoma: pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with medium-sized, very close punctures; tegula convex, without a distinct posterior surface, smooth and shiny but with a few punctures along anterior and lateral margins; scutellum slightly convex; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum broadly reticulate; pronotum with humeral area rounded, lateral area with short transverse carina ventrally; mesopleuron anterior one-third with small separated punctures, posterior two-thirds with medium-sized very close punctures, dorsal and ventral areas separated by broad and deep scrobal groove; metapleuron and propodeum laterally mostly glabrous and impunctate; forewing with three submarginal and two discal cells, veins 3 rs-m and 2 m-cu faintly indicated, nebulous (Fig. 5). Metasoma: T 1 not constricted posteriorly, sessile and evenly merging with T 2, about as long as wide, 0.5 �� length and 0.62 �� width of T 2, mostly smooth with few small punctures, except apically and laterally with small, very close punctures; T 2 covered with medium-sized, close punctures except apex with small, very close punctures, with lateral felt line about 0.57 �� as long as lateral margin; T 3 ���T 6 with small, very close punctures; T 7 basal half with medium-sized, very close punctures, apical half with intermixed microgranulate and irregular rugose sculpture; S 1 with a median longitudinal carina; S 2 without felt line; S 1, S 2 and S 7 with medium-sized punctures; S 3 ���S 6 with small, very close punctures; hypopygium apex with deep, V-shaped, medial emargination (Fig. 8); genitalia: paramere with apex simple, basal half not very broad, distal half gradually narrowing toward apex (Fig. 10), ventral margin with long setae, except apical one-fourth with row of sparse short setae; volsella with cuspis and digitus short (Fig. 11), cuspis with long setae; penis valve with apical tooth and lacking preapical tooth (Fig. 12). Material examined. Holotype, ��: Brazil, Paran��, Piraquara, Manancias da Serra, 25 �� 29 ' 18 ''S, 48 �� 58 ' 26 ''W, 10.II. 2008, A.C.B. Bergamaschi (DZUP 161738). Allotype, ♂ same data as holotype (MIUP). Paratypes: 1 �� same data as holotype (MIUP); same data except 03.I. 2008 (1 ��, DZUP 167630); same data except 07.I. 2008 (1 ��, DZUP 167631); same data except 04.III.08 (1 ��, DZUP 167632); same data except 15.XI. 2008 (3 �� 1 ♂ DZUP 167633, 167634, 167636, 167637); Brazil, Paran��, Curitiba [25 �� 26 'S 49 �� 16 'W], 15.XI. 1965, col. C.D. Michener (1 ��, MIUP). Variation. The female specimen from Curitiba has the integument of the metasoma mostly red instead of mostly black. Distribution. Brazil (Paran��). Etymology. The species is named in reference to Paran��, the Brazilian State from which the specimens have been collected, used here as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Bergamaschi, Antonio C. B., Cambra, Roberto A., Brothers, Denis J. & Melo, Gabriel A. R., 2012, Lynchiatilla Casal, 1963 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae): a new species from Brazil associated with Paroxystoglossa spiloptera Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Halictinae), and notes on other species, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 3548 on pages 56-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282821, {"references":["Casal, H. C. (1963) Mutillidae Neotropicales XIX (Hymenoptera). Las especies del nuevo genero \" Lynchiatilla \". Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 343 - 383."]}

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