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Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals is a fundamental requirement for advancing high-quality development in China. Carbon emission efficiency (CEE) indicates the proportion of optimal emissions to actual emissions in the production system, providing a basis for reasonable carbon emission reductions. To facilitate the realisation of China's goals, this paper analyses CEE and the carbon emission reduction potential in China from 2001 to 2020. Considering the heterogeneity of both regions and industries, this paper proposes a three-hierarchy meta-frontier directional distance function (DDF) method to measure CEE under convex and non-convex assumptions of production possibility set (PPS). The empirical results show that the assumption of convex or non-convex axiom on the innermost PPS has a great impact on efficiency distribution, and the distribution of technology gap rate (TGR) is more affected by the selection of convex or non-convex assumption compared with the distribution of CEE. Currently, China's carbon emission efficiency remains low, mostly due to management inefficiency. The primary industry has more advanced emission reduction technologies than the other two industries. The eastern region has a large potential for carbon emission reduction because of its high carbon emission base, despite its high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the context of addressing climate change, carbon emissions and leakages from the tourism industry have received wide attention. In this study, we adopted a Multi-Regional Input Output model to estimate tourism carbon emissions and flows between regions for the global tourism industry from 2000 to 2020. Subsequently, a Structural Decomposition Analysis was conducted to analyze the contribution of the determinant factors of tourism emissions in each region. The results indicate that the embodied carbon emissions of tourism grew by approximately 20% from 2000 to 2019, mainly due to the growth in tourism revenue, but were somewhat offset by the decline in carbon intensity. Furthermore, tourism leads to imbalanced GDP and carbon flow between regions. Based on the trends and driving factors of carbon emissions in the tourism industry, it is necessary to transform tourism practices and implement coordinated global efforts to eliminate these emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the nutrient profile, carbon and water footprints of traditional menus across geographical regions of Türkiye. The recipes were selected from cookbooks and were analyzed through Google Trends. The menus showed significantly higher levels of energy, protein, carbohydrates and several vitamins and minerals (p < 0.05). Carbon footprint analysis revealed Southeast Anatolia had the highest footprint (5.54 ± 0.55 kg CO2 eq/d), while Central Anatolia had the lowest (2.01 ± 0.23 kg CO2 eq/d) (p < 0.05). Water footprint data indicated Marmara had the highest values (4165.03 ± 386.95 L/kg/d), with Central Anatolia having lowest (1132.14 ± 101.18 L/kg/d) (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between traditional menus and the EAT-Lancet Planetary Diet. These findings highlight the importance of developing sustainability strategies that preserve cultural heritage while promoting plant-based ingredients, seasonal and local foods, and eco-friendly cooking methods to mitigate environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agglomerations are significant contributors of greenhouse gases, and their transition towards low-carbon development will aid in achieving China's carbon neutrality objective. This study provides a decoupling index that assesses the level of separation between economic development and carbon emissions in five national urban agglomerations. In addition, the double fixed-effect STIRPAT and mediation effect models are utilized to test the impact factors and potential mechanisms of carbon emission efficiency (CEE). Results show that urban agglomerations are in a state of weak decoupling, yet achieving strong decoupling poses a challenge. The CEE is significantly varied across different regions and remains inefficient overall. The urban agglomeration with the highest CEE is the Pearl River Delta, with an average of 0.70. Moreover, the industrial structure represents a significant mediating effect in the relationship between economic growth and CEE. Technological innovation, opening up level, foreign direct investment, fiscal intervention and energy intensity negatively impact CEE. Finally, this paper proposes several recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiocarbon (14C) is an optimal tracer of methane emissions, as 14C measurements enable distinguishing between fossil methane and biogenic methane (CH4). However, 14C measurements in atmospheric methane are still rare, mainly because of the technical challenge of collecting enough carbon for 14C analysis from ambient air samples. In this study, we address this challenge by advancing the system in Zazzeri et al. (2021) into a much more compact and portable sampler and by coupling the sampler with the MICADAS (MIni CArbon DAting System) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system at ETH Zurich, using a gas interface. Here, we present the new sampler setup, the assessment of the system contamination and a first inter-laboratory comparison with LARA (Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS) at the University of Bern. With our sampling line, we achieved a very low blank, 0.7 µgC compared to 5.5 µgC in Zazzeri et al. (2021), and a sample precision of 0.9 %, comparable with other measurement techniques for 14CH4, while reducing the sample size to 60 L of air. We show that this technique, with further improvements, will enable routine 14CH4 measurements in the field for an improved understanding of CH4 sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon emissions trading market is an important policy tool for the implementation of the "double carbon" goal, and the study of carbon emission quotas is an important topic for promoting green transformation, energy savings, and emission reduction in enterprises. This paper surveys the development and construction history of China's carbon trading market, uses the VOS-viewer measurement tool to analyze the keywords co-occurrence and evolution trend of the literature about the carbon trading market from 2005 to 2024, analyzes the research hotspots, and reviews the principles of the initial carbon quota allocation, carbon quota distribution methods, and the carbon trading market carbon quota mechanism under the model construction, etc. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The most commonly used principles for allocating initial carbon quota are the principle of equity, the principle of efficiency, and the principle of synthesis. The equity principle focuses on the capacities and burdens of different participants; the efficiency principle maximizes incentives for participants to reduce carbon emissions; the comprehensive principle allocates carbon allowances from the perspective of enterprises, with less consideration for social responsibility and economic benefits. (2) In terms of carbon quota allocation, the initial quota should be gradually tightened, and the proportion of paid quotas should be increased. (3) The types of participants in the carbon emission reduction supply chain model are relatively simple. This paper analyzes the current situation of the research on carbon emission quota, discusses its development rules and problems, and puts forward theoretical and practical suggestions for the better development and construction of China's unified carbon market in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose tabular two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis for extracting features from multifaceted characterization data, essential for understanding material properties. This method visualizes similarities and phase lags in structural parameter changes through heatmaps, combining hierarchical clustering and asynchronous correlations. We applied the proposed method to data sets of carbon nanotube (CNT) films annealed at various temperatures and revealed the complexity of their hierarchical structures, which include elements such as voids, bundles, and amorphous carbon. Our analysis addresses the challenge of attempting to understand the sequence of structural changes, especially in multifaceted characterization data where 11 structural parameters derived from eight characterization methods interact with complex behavior. The results show how phase lags (asynchronous changes from stimuli), and parameter similarities can illuminate the sequence of structural changes in materials, providing insights into phenomena such as the removal of amorphous carbon and graphitization in annealed CNTs. This approach is beneficial even with limited data and holds promise for a wide range of material analyses, demonstrating its potential in elucidating complex material behaviors and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isotopic pulse-labelling of photosynthate allows tracing of carbon (C) from tree canopies to below-ground biota and calculations of its turnover in roots and recipient soil microorganisms. A high concentration of label is desirable but is difficult to achieve in field studies of intact ecosystem patches with trees. Moreover, root systems of trees overlap considerably in most forests, which requires a large labelled area to minimize the impact of C allocated below-ground by un-labelled trees. We describe a method which combines a high level of labelling at ambient concentrations of CO2, [CO2], with undisturbed root systems and a model to account for root C and root-derived C from un-labelled trees. We raised 5-m-tall chambers, each covering 50 m2 of ground (volume 250 m3) in a young boreal Pinus sylvestris L. forest with up to 5 m tall trees. Rather than a conventional single release of 13CO2, we used five consecutive releases, each followed by a draw-down period, thus avoiding high [CO2]. Hence, we elevated successively the 13CO2 from 1.1 to 23 atom% after the first release to 61 atom% after the fifth, while maintaining [CO2] below 500 p.p.m. during 4–4.5 h of labelling. The average abundance of 13CO2 was as high as 42 atom%. We used the central 10 m2 of the 50 m2 area for sampling of roots and other soil biota. We modelled the dilution of labelled C across the plots by un-labelled C from roots of trees outside the area. In the central 10 m2 area, ~85% of roots and root-associated biota received C from labelled trees. In summary, we elevated the labelling of roots and associated soil biota four-fold compared with previous studies and described the commonly overlooked impact of roots from un-labelled trees outside the labelled area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) has been widely used in ecology since it allows to identify the circulation of energy in a trophic network. The anchialine ecosystem is one of the less explored aquatic ecosystems in the world and stable isotope analysis represents a useful tool to identify the routes through which energy flows and to define the trophic niches of species. Sampling and data recording was conducted in one anchialine cave, Cenote Vaca Ha, near the town of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico, where seven stygobitic species endemic to the anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula, plus sediment, water and vegetation samples were analyzed to determine what the main nutrient sources are. We compared our results with two previous studies, one conducted in the same cave and another one from a cave in the same area, both based on the same seven species which are widely distributed in the area. Our study revealed: a) that despite a certain amount of variation in the δ13C and δ15N values of the species through time, both seasonally and interannually, the anchialine isotopic niche is much conserved; b) through contribution models we propose what are the most probable food sources for the studied species and the results confirm previous trophic classifications; and c) that the shrimp Typhlatya pearsei presents very negative δ13C values, suggesting their consumption of bacterial sources consistent with a chemosynthetic origin of organic matter. The implications of the new findings show a very stable ecosystem with the shrimp Typhlatya pearsei, as the key species to link chemosynthetic microbial production of organic matter to the anchialine trophic web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how fires impact the carbon cycle is crucial for developing effective climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Although there is a substantial global body of research on fire carbon cycle (FCC), there are relatively few studies offering graphical and quantitative analyses. To assess the trends in FCC research from 1989 to 2023, we performed a bibliometric analysis using the Science Citation Index—Expanded database. A total of 2408 publications were analyzed in this study. The results revealed that from 1989 to 2023, the quantity of publications in the field of FCC studies increased significantly. However, the average number of citations per paper per year first increased rapidly, followed by a slow increase, and then a decline. The top 10 institutions contributing to FCC research were predominantly based in the United States and the United Kingdom, with these countries also leading in the number of publications and citations. Beyond the keywords "fire" and "carbon" used in collecting literature, "climate-change" and "dynamic" were the top two most prominent research focuses. The topic of research has shifted from 1989 to 2023. Climate, vegetation, and emissions were the basic themes, which were important but not well developed, and will be the focus of future research. Along with climate change, research will focus more and more on fire emissions and modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the processes that shape biological communities under a variety of perturbations is a central challenge in ecology and conservation. Mammals contribute to critical functional processes of an ecosystem, such as seed dispersal to maintain forest carbon stocks.The analysis of functional diversity, which measures the range and value of the ecological traits of organisms, provides critical information to understanding the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.A growing number of studies have investigated the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on mammalian functional diversity; however, their results are very heterogeneous.Here, we conduct a comprehensive meta‐analysis of the effects of such anthropogenic disturbances on mammalian functional diversity in the tropics. We highlight major trends and analyse the influence of the type of anthropogenic disturbance, subgroups, and the functional diversity index used/applied.Our results indicate a negative effect of anthropogenic disturbances on mammalian functional diversity, particularly on functional richness (FRic) and functional dispersion (FDis). Habitat isolation was the stressor with the strongest effect, while agriculture and urbanisation showed a positive link with functional diversity.These results indicate that anthropogenic disturbances not only affect taxonomic diversity, but also reduce the functional diversity of mammals, which is likely to affect ecosystem functioning and possibly ecosystem service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the air oxidation and ozone-enhanced oxidation of zinc sulfite. Zinc sulfite was prepared by reacting pure or industrial zinc oxide with SO2 in water. The oxidation experiments were conducted under constant temperature conditions, with slurry, oxygen, and ozone concentrations in the ranges of 0.5–4%, 10–60%, and 1100–1920 ppm, respectively. The experiments involved determining the zinc ion concentration, sulfite concentration, dissolved oxygen, ozone concentration in the exhaust gas, and total organic carbon value for analysis of the oxidation process. The findings revealed that the mass transfer rate of O2 and/or O3 determined the reaction rate in the main stage of the oxidation process, while ozone affected the non-mass transfer control stage, resulting in an average enhancement of 15% in the oxidation rate. Furthermore, ozone causes organic matter attached to industrial zinc sulfite particles to fall off into the solution, significantly improving the oxidation ratio of industrial zinc sulfite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the current trends and causes of carbon storage changes and accurately predicting future land use and carbon storage changes under different climate scenarios is crucial for regional land use decision-making and carbon management. This study focuses on Beijing as its study area and introduces a framework that combines the Markov model, the Patch-based Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to assess carbon storage at the sub-district level. This framework allows for a systematic analysis of land use and carbon storage spatiotemporal evolution in Beijing from 2000 to 2020, including the influence of driving factors on carbon storage. Moreover, it enables the simulation and prediction of land use and carbon storage changes in Beijing from 2025 to 2040 under various scenarios. The results show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall land use change in Beijing showed a trend of "Significant decrease in cropland area; Forest increase gradually; Shrub and grassland area increase first and then decrease; Decrease and then increase in water; Impervious expands in a large scale". (2) From 2000 to 2020, the carbon storage in Beijing showed a "decrease-increase" fluctuation, with an overall decrease of 1.3 Tg. In future carbon storage prediction, the ecological protection scenario will contribute to achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. (3) Among the various driving factors, slope has the strongest impact on the overall carbon storage in Beijing, followed by Human Activity Intensity (HAI) and Nighttime Light Data (NTL). In the analysis of carbon storage in the built-up areas, it was found that HAI and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) have the strongest effect, followed by NTL and Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC). The findings from this study offer valuable insights for the sustainable advancement of ecological conservation and urban development in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode electron emitter fabricated by the cold pressing process was developed and studied. The electron emission performance was investigated and the application of pulse x-ray emission and imaging was explored by this cold cathode. The results indicated that the electron emission performance was excellent with electric intensities of turn-on and threshold of 0.47 and 1.17 V/μm@1 mA/cm2, respectively, and the field enhancement factor reached 17 514. The application research results showed that the pulse x-ray waveform has a great corresponding well with the grid voltage, and the imaging of a screw was clear, whose thread and pitch could be seen clearly. This article proposed a cold pressing process prepared for the CNT cold cathode, providing a new technical approach for the development of field emission cold cathode preparation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C50 manufactured sand concrete requires good workability and strength, and economic efficiency and carbon emissions also need to be considered. This study incorporates sensitivity and significance analyses to recommend the optimal economic mix composition for C50 manufactured sand concrete. The relationship between cost, workability, and mechanical properties was analyzed by considering the water/binder ratio, sand ratio, fly ash content, and superplasticizer dosage. An optimal composition of C50 manufactured sand concrete was recommended. The cost and carbon emissions were quantified at the optimal composition. The results showed that the water/binder ratio had the most significant impact on the cost and carbon emission, while the sand ratio and superplasticizer dosage had the least. All factors significantly affected its cost and carbon emission. Compared to natural sand concrete, manufactured sand concrete achieved a lower cost but higher carbon emissions. Considering the workability, strength, and cost per cubic meter of concrete, the most economical mix proportion for C50 concrete was recommended with a water/binder ratio of 0.36, a fly ash content of 25%, a sand ratio of 0.42, and a superplasticizer dosage of 1.2%. This composition cost 356 yuan, and carbon emission was 352.6 kg CO2 per cubic meter of concrete. Compared to a composition with a water/binder ratio of 0.34 and fly ash content of 15%, the unit cost can be reduced by 18.4 yuan, and carbon emission can be minimized by 56.6 kg CO2 e/m3. The appropriate water/binder ratio and fly ash content can reduce cost and carbon emissions without compromising the workability, compressive strength, or elastic modulus of C50 concrete. This achieves triple benefits in terms of performance, economy, and the environment when applying C50 manufactured sand concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Accurate carbon price forecasting is crucial for effective carbon market analysis and decision‐making. We propose a novel Temporal Feature‐Refined (TFR) model to address the challenges of complex dependencies and high noise levels in carbon price time series data. The TFR model integrates Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) for signal decomposition, an Autoencoder for feature optimization, and a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) for capturing long‐range temporal dependencies. It incorporates both traditional economic factors and unconventional determinants such as air quality, policy uncertainty, and public sentiment. Experiments on the Shanghai carbon trading market demonstrate that the TFR model significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving an 83.96% improvement in MAE over Support Vector Regression (SVR) and up to a 65.56% improvement over Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Further analyses, including comparisons with different decomposition models and ablation studies, confirm the effectiveness of each component and the overall model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the global mean temperature as a consequence of incessant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, led by CO2, is one of the direst challenges faced by humankind today. The need of the hour is to minimize fossil fuel usage and capture the atmospheric CO2. Broadly, the CO2 mitigation strategies employ carbon capture and storage (CCS) and biological carbon capture and utilization (bio-CCU) technologies. A critical comparative summary of the prevalent CCS and bio-CCU methods has been presented in this study. Among all the CO2 capture technologies, the microalgal bio-CCU in a biorefinery model is more environment and economy-friendly. Microalgal biorefinery can potentially serve as a platform not only for bio-CCU but also for producing third-generation biofuels and commercially important value-added products as means of wealth generation from waste CO2. Alongside reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels, this approach also directly or indirectly addresses most of the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs). To enhance the microalgal CO2 capture efficiency and consequent biomass productivity, smart bioprocess design and reactor engineering performed by researchers are summarized to understand the progress in this direction. Recent advances, innovations, and existing challenges in the design and development of microalgal cultivation processes and systems, including CO2 delivery mechanisms, have been critically discussed and assessed in terms of carbon capture efficiency. The futuristic vision for the fourth-generation microalgal biorefinery-based bio-CCU has also been outlined to make some practical recommendations for its successful implementation or adaptation by the thermal power plants and cement industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes modified with gold particles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, an ionic liquid based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and a composite derived from these materials have been developed for the voltammetric determination of sulfamethazine, sulfacetamide, and sulfathiazole. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that modifying the surface of a glassy carbon electrode with gold particles, a composite of carbon nanotubes, and an ionic liquid increases its effective surface area. Electrochemical impedance data indicate that the rate of electron transfer on the modified electrodes surpasses that on the unmodified ones. The composite electrode containing gold particles, carbon nanotubes, and the ionic liquid, exhibited the best performance, was utilized for the amperometric determination of sulfonamides in a batch-injection analysis system. Optimal parameters for the determination of sulfonamides in the batch-injection setup were found. The relationship between the analytical signal and the concentration of the compounds on the logarithmic coordinates is linear, ranging from 1 × 10–8 to 5 × 10–3 M for sulfamethazine and sulfacetamide, and from 1 × 10–7 to 5 × 10–3 M for sulfathiazole. The proposed method for determining sulfonamides has been tested in ananalysis of pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed analysis of embodied carbon (EC) in various case studies using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Through comprehensive assessments, including modules A, B and C, the study evaluates EC across different stages of building life cycles. This study also considers the EC savings achievable through current end‐of‐life strategies in the UK context. As Module A accounts for the highest EC in the case studies, the majority of reduction strategies should focus on this stage. The most impactful strategy for reducing EC emissions involves incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a replacement for cement. This approach has the potential to achieve a substantial reduction in the EC of concrete within the buildings under investigation, ranging from 60% to 70%. The study reveals that specification strategy can lead to significant Whole Life Embodied Carbon (WLEC) reductions, with the residential building achieving a 30.59% reduction, the college building a 46.86% reduction, and the hotel building a reduction of 23.69%. Effective mitigation strategies, such as utilizing recycled and reclaimed materials, demonstrate promising results, showcasing significant reduction in WLEC emissions in the buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) established a methodology to estimate carbon sequestered from biochar additions to mineral soils in the 2019 Refinement Guideline, requiring a pyrolysis temperature exceeding 350 °C and three variables: organic carbon content in fraction (Fc), fraction of biochar carbon remaining after 100 years (Fperm), and biochar mass. Japan has reported biochar amendments in its national greenhouse gas inventory since 2020 using default IPCC values. However, Japan has traditionally evaluated biochar properties based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) M 8812, which measures fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM), and ash content. This study developed a protocol to convert the JIS parameters to the IPCC variables Fc and Fperm for woody and bamboo biochar. We established a VM/FC-based power approximation expression to estimate pyrolysis temperature, and derived a conversion equation from the liner relationship between JIS values, organic carbon content (Corg, %) and Fperm. Inventory country-specific values for woody and bamboo biochar were proposed, with Fc (Fc = Corg/100) and Fperm reflecting three pyrolysis temperature levels. This conversion protocol enables practical, cost-effective application to diverse biochar feedstocks, supporting country-specific variable development and broader biochar use for carbon dioxide removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the reduction of iron ore sinter in a blast furnace (BF) simulator in CO–CO2–N2‐reducing gas, simulating conditions at the BF center and wall, is investigated. Measurements from an operating BF guide the study, ensuring realistic reduction parameters. Reduction rate and extent, along with physical properties, are assessed under a temperature range of 700–1100 °C. In isothermal reduction experiments, the BF center exhibits superior conditions, particularly at 900 °C, achieving an 83.78% reduction degree compared to 27.17% at the wall for the same temperature. In this study, it is highlighted that basic iron ore sinter demonstrates higher reduction efficiency compared to acid iron ore pellets under identical BF center reducing conditions. Specific surface area and porosity measurements unveil a contrasting trend in specific surface area and porosity evolution between the BF wall and center. Surface morphology analysis reveals that the reduction in specific surface area and porosity of sinter samples at the BF center conditions at 1000–1100 °C is attributed to the sintering of the formed metallic iron. Carbon analysis confirms no carbon deposition took place during reduction. Mineralogical and physical property analyses provide detailed insights into the evolving phase composition during sinter reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, the CO2 growth rate was 3.37 ± 0.11 ppm at Mauna Loa, which was 86% above that of the previous year and hit a record high since observations began in 1958, while global fossil fuel CO2 emissions only increased by 0.6% ± 0.5%. This implies an unprecedented weakening of land and ocean sinks, and raises the question of where and why this reduction happened. Here, we show a global net land CO2 sink of 0.44 ± 0.21 GtC yr−1, which is the weakest since 2003. We used dynamic global vegetation models, satellite fire emissions, an atmospheric inversion based on OCO-2 measurements and emulators of ocean biogeochemical and data-driven models to deliver a fast-track carbon budget in 2023. Those models ensured consistency with previous carbon budgets. Regional flux anomalies from 2015 to 2022 are consistent between top-down and bottom-up approaches, with the largest abnormal carbon loss in the Amazon during the drought in the second half of 2023 (0.31 ± 0.19 GtC yr−1), extreme fire emissions of 0.58 ± 0.10 GtC yr−1 in Canada and a loss in Southeast Asia (0.13 ± 0.12 GtC yr−1). Since 2015, land CO2 uptake north of 20°N had declined by half to 1.13 ± 0.24 GtC yr−1 in 2023. Meanwhile, the tropics recovered from the 2015–2016 El Niño carbon loss, gained carbon during the La Niña years (2020–2023), then switched to a carbon loss during the 2023 El Niño (0.56 ± 0.23 GtC yr−1). The ocean sink was stronger than normal in the equatorial eastern Pacific due to reduced upwelling from La Niña's retreat in early 2023 and the development of El Niño later. Land regions exposed to extreme heat in 2023 contributed a gross carbon loss of 1.73 GtC yr−1, indicating that record warming in 2023 had a strong negative impact on the capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to mitigate climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel method is presented to analyze the buckling behavior of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using the initial value method (IVM) in conjunction with the approximate transfer matrix, within the framework of nonlocal elasticity theory. The study aims to accurately approximate critical buckling load parameters under various boundary conditions, without encountering high computational requirements. IVM enables the computation of displacements and stress resultants along the entire beam from given initial conditions. The approximate transfer matrix is employed to analyze system states at different points through successive integration of solutions, generating the principal matrix needed for IVM and ensuring systematic and precise results that optimize the accuracy of the analysis. A convergence study confirms the effectiveness and precision of the proposed method, revealing a decrease in the critical buckling load parameters as the nonlocal parameter increases, applicable across all boundary conditions studied (simply supported, clamped–clamped, clamped–simply supported, and clamped‐free). These results underscore the need to incorporate nonlocal effects for more accurate nanostructure mechanics predictions. The integration of IVM and the approximate transfer matrix provides a computationally efficient alternative to traditional numerical and semi‐analytical methods, aiding researchers and engineers working with SWCNTs and other nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Marigo et al, identified a kink in the initial-final mass relation around initial masses of M i n i ≈ 1.65 − 2.10 M ⊙ , based on Gaia DR2 and EDR3 data for white dwarfs in open clusters aged 1.5–2.5 Gyr. Notably, the white dwarfs associated with this kink, all from NGC 7789, exhibit masses of ∼0.70–0.74 M⊙, usually associated with stars of M i n i ∼ 3–4 M ⊙ . This kink in the Mini mass range coincides with the theoretically accepted solar metallicity lowest-mass stars evolving into carbon stars during the AGB phase. According to Marigo et al., these carbon stars likely experienced shallow third dredge-up events, resulting in low photospheric C/O ratios and, consequently, middle stellar winds. Under such conditions, the AGB phase is prolonged, allowing for further core mass growth beyond typical predictions. If this occurs, it might provoke other anomalies, such as a non-standard surface chemical composition. We have conducted a chemical analysis of several carbon stars belonging to open clusters within the above cluster ages. Our chemical analysis reveals that the carbon stars found within the kink exhibit C/O ratios only slightly above the unity and the typical chemical composition expected for carbon stars of near solar metallicity, partially validating the above theoretical predictions. We also show that this kink in the IMFR strongly depends on the method used to derived the distances (luminosity) of these carbon stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the role of zooplankton in terms of the food web and carbon cycle (particularly carbon produced in the surface export to the deep sea) in the open ocean, the vertical distribution of the major taxa and its abundance of zooplankton in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) of the Northeast Pacific were investigated. In March 2019, zooplankton samples were collected from seven depth strata (0-50, 50-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-500, 500-700, and 700-1,000 m) using Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) during both day- and night-time. For carbon biomass analysis, samples were categorized into five size groups (0.2-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-5 mm, and > 5 mm). The vertical distribution of key environmental parameters were also observed using CTD. Results revealed complex and diverse vertical distribution among zooplankton taxa, with several size groups exhibiting distinct day-night differences in zooplankton biomass. Euphausiids showed the most distinct vertical differences between day- and night-time, with weighted mean depths (WMD) varying significantly between day- and night-time (WMD: 346 m at day-time and WMD: 107 m at night-time). Chaetognaths (WMD variation: 92 m) and copepod Xanthocalanus spp. (WMD variation: 85 m) also displayed notable differences. In contrast, some copepods such as Oncaea spp. and Corycaeus spp. showed minimal day- and night-time vertical differences. Interestingly, ostracods exhibited the reverse pattern of day- and night-time vertical distribution. Among environmental factors, a strong vertical stratification of seawater (pronounced thermocline) and oxygen minimum zone significantly affected zooplankton stratification. The distribution of small copepods strongly correlated with temperature, concentrating in warmer surface waters both day- and night-time. Chlorophyll-a concentration, an indicator of food availability for herbivores, also influenced the distribution of herbivorous zooplankton, particularly with high abundance of those at subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) depths. This study demonstrated that the day- and night-time vertical distribution differences of zooplankton abundance and carbon biomass in the CCFZ exhibited diverse characteristics, influenced by both environmental factors and the inherent biological traits of different zooplankton taxa. These findings would provide to better understand the role of zooplankton not only the pelagic ecosystem but also the mesopelagic one in CCFZ. Furthermore, it will be very useful to assess potential environmental impacts of climate change and future deep-sea mining activity in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the interaction of economies with the environment is very important in today's globalized world. Traditional economic models, which focus on single regions, are often inadequate for capturing the complexity of these global interactions. To overcome this, Multi- Regional Input-Output (MRIO) matrices expand conventional Input Output (IO) models by incorporating multiple regions, providing a comprehensive view of economic relationships within the global economy. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive bibliometric review of scientific articles published on the topic of "Multi-Regional Input-Output" analysis in an attempt to understand the research trends, key themes, and future research directions in this field. The methodology undertaken in this paper is a bibliometric analysis of 1,247 research publications from 2003 to 2024. This has been performed by extracting bibliometric data with the Biblioshiny function of the Bibliometrix package in R-studio and mapping it to identify crucial trends and contributors to MRIO research. The findings of these analyses can be summarised into five key points. First, research in the MRIO field is significantly increasing, especially since 2014 and peaking in 2022. Second, the Journal of Cleaner Production is by far the most prolific source for MRIO research. The thematic analysis finds that "carbon pricing," "environmental policy," and "embodied energy" are among the dominant and popular themes within MRIO research. The study highlights the importance of collaboration networks and key contributors within the field, identifying influential authors, sources, and trending keywords. Furthermore, the study underlines that important authors, sources and trending keywords in MRIO research agree with the pattern of collaboration extrapolated considering works cited. Finally, great value is put into future research to investigate new themes and work further on integrating and consolidating them into a wider MRIO framework. This is one of the first attempts at a bibliometric analysis of MRIO research. Hence, this bibliometric review provides valuable insights for future research by pinpointing areas for further investigation, such as integrating MRIO methodologies into broader sustainability assessment frameworks and improving their applicability for policy decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantify carbon emission indicators for railway bridge construction and explore green, low-carbon optimization strategies. It focused on analyzing the carbon emissions generated by different precast schemes during the construction phase of railway bridges. A carbon emission calculation framework for the construction phase was established, and the analysis was applied to an intercity railway bridge project in the Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Two design schemes were considered: the segment precast continuous rigid frame bridge and the full-span precast simply supported beam bridge. The results showed that the segment precast continuous rigid frame bridge scheme produced lower carbon emissions per unit distance than the full-span precast simply supported beam bridge scheme, reducing emissions by about 3.96%. The material production stage accounted for the highest proportion of carbon emissions, about 95%, while transportation contributed the least, about 1 %, and the mechanical construction stage accounted for about 4%. Compared to the segment-precast continuous rigid frame scheme, the full-span precast simply supported scheme had 4.37% higher material-related carbon emissions, 15.57% higher transportation carbon emissions, and 4.04% lower machinery carbon emissions. For both schemes, the carbon emissions from steel and concrete accounted for over 94% of the total material-related emissions. The full-span simply supported beam scheme had higher carbon emissions from concrete production and transportation, which were 20.27% and 19.35% higher, respectively, than those of the segment-precast continuous rigid frame scheme. The primary energy types consumed by construction machinery were diesel and electricity, accounting for over 99% of total energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of carbon capture and storage in the petrochemical industry is one of the means of decarbonization. This research focuses on a comprehensive technical analysis of the deployment of post-combustion carbon capture and storage based on monoethanolamine absorption in the petrochemical industry. The olefin complex petrochemical industry in Tuban, Indonesia, is the basis for the analysis, which includes a steam cracker, polyethylene, polypropylene, and raw pyrolysis gasoline hydrotreating units, with capacities of 1000, 940, 600, and 570 kilotons/year, respectively. The total energy consumption is about 16 024.53 GJ/h, and the CO2 emissions are about 1.6 megatons/year. Based on these plant systems, comprehensive technical analyses of the implementation of carbon capture and storage in that industry were performed using Aspen HYSYS® simulation software. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the total CO2 captured, energy intensity, monoethanolamine consumption, and net CO2 captured in various scenarios based on the number of absorber column stages, absorption pressure, and desorption temperature. The CO2 storage site is about 100 km away and is transported by an onshore pipeline with a supercritical phase of CO2. The optimal net CO2 capture value is achieved by setting up a 50-stage absorber column with a pressure of 1 barg and a temperature of 110°C at the top of the desorber column, resulting in a CO2 capture yield of 86.4% and an energy intensity of 12.6 GJ/ton CO2. Under these conditions, the net CO2 captured in the scenario based on gas power plants' electricity is 0.225 megatons/year, while in the scenario based on gas power plants incorporating 30% biomass electricity, it is 0.544 megatons/year. With increased use of renewable energy in carbon capture and storage facilities, more net CO2 is captured. This study can be applied to various cases of post-combustion carbon capture and storage implementation in the industrial sector, especially in the petrochemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Apples are among the most important fruits worldwide and the most consumed fruit in Germany. Due to higher energy and personnel costs, domestic apples are more expensive and thus offer an incentive for mixing with foreign goods. Moreover, imported apples have a higher carbon footprint, which is an obstacle regarding sales in times of climate change. Not only the transport of the goods but also the analysis influences the carbon footprint. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful tool for origin discrimination. In this study, 85 apple juice samples were analyzed, whereby sample preparation for ICP-MS was optimized by eliminating the freeze-drying step and thereby reducing CO2 emissions. The CO2 emission was lowered by around 97%. The optimized method was applied to 272 apple juice samples from seven countries to create models for origin determination. The differentiation of European and non-European apples provided an accuracy of 90.9% ± 2.4%. German samples can be differentiated from other countries with an accuracy of 83.2% ± 1.4%. The regional differentiation of German samples (north vs. south) achieved an accuracy of 92.3% ± 5.4%. The results show that the optimized ICP-MS method, in which freeze-drying is not required is well suited for determining the origin of apples from apple juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship traffic substantially contributes to air pollution, thus affecting climate and human health. Recently introduced regulations by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on the fuel sulfur content (FSC) caused a shift in marine fuel onsumption from heavy fuel oils (HFO) to diesel-like distillate fuels, but also to alternative hybrid fuels and the operation of sulfur scrubbers. Using multi-wavelength thermal-optical carbon analysis (MW-TOCA), our study provides emission factors (EF) of carbonaceous aerosol particles and link the fuel composition to features observed in the soot microstructure, which may be exploited in online monitoring by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). Particulate matter from distillate fuels absorbs stronger light of the visible UV and near-infrared range than HFO. However, Simple Forcing Efficiency (SFE) of absorption weighted by EF of total carbon compensated the effect, leading to a net reduction by >50% when changing form HFO to distillate fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a rectangular cellular microplate is taken into consideration which is embedded between two functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite layers that have the piezoelectric ability. Different patterns for the carbon nanotube dispersion are considered. Moreover, an external electrical voltage is applied to them. The displacements are described based on a higher-order shear deformation theory which is called hyperbolic theory and the size influence is captured via the modified couple stress formulations. The governing motion equations are then derived using the variational technique and Hamilton’s principle. Then, for simply supported edge conditions, a closed-form solution is provided. Next, it turns to validate the results in simpler states, and after that, the effect of the most prominent parameters on the results is investigated. It is observed that by increasing the external applied voltage to the face sheets, the frequencies are reduced. Also, the natural frequencies have a tendency to decrease as the dimensionless material length scale parameter increases. This study’s outcomes may help design and manufacture micro-/nano-electro systems, sensors and actuators, small-scale devices, and other engineering structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a combination of theoretical analysis and experimental verification was used to investigate the effects of laser parameters and shock wave shape on the location of layer cracks in carbon fiber‐reinforced plastics specimens. Firstly, the propagation coupling process of trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular pulses in the material was investigated based on the one‐dimensional stress wave propagation theory. The study analyzed the effects of shock wave pressure amplitude, pulse width, and other factors on the location of layer cracks in the material. Subsequently, laser impact experiments with varying energies and pulse widths were conducted on specimens of different thicknesses to investigate the impact of shock wave pressure amplitude and laser pulse width on the location of layer cracking. The results show that the theoretical analysis of triangular shock waves has broader applicability and can serve as a representative analytical model to describe single‐layer crack damage. Highlights: Laser impact experiments with various specimen thicknesses.Laser pulse width determines the initial location of inter‐laminar cracking.The applicability of the triangular pulsed layer cracking formula.The effect of laser energy on pulse amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-temperature processes induce creep and corrosion, primarily resulting in failure of thin-walled pressure vessels. Investigating alloy creep behavior in these vessels is crucial due to its often undetected nature, leading to sudden and costly failures, posing irreversible risks to health and the environment. This study investigates the creep behavior of carbon steel A516-Gr70 at different loads at a constant temperature of 600 °C. The specimens were subjected to high-temperature creep tests until failure at the specified temperature and at different loads of 100, 150, and 250 kg. The results indicated a nearly linear correlation between the creep rate in the stable region and the applied load. Additionally, it was observed that utilizing the hardness versus time-to-failure diagram enables the prediction of the remaining creep life of the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiaheqiadong site located in Zhangqiu district, Jinan city, Shandong province, China, was excavated in 2016 by the Jinan Institute of Archaeology, which revealed six single burials dating to the Beixin culture period (ca. 5,300–4,500 BC to ca. 4,100–3,600 BC). This paper used bioarchaeological methods to study the human skeletal remains to reconstruct the life course of the residents of the Beixin culture at the Xiaheqiadong site, focusing on stable isotope analysis, evaluation of stress, tooth ablation, and intentional skull modification. Based on stable isotope analysis of carbon, it is evident that the dietary structure of the ancient residents of Xiaheqiadong was mainly dependent on C4 plants or animals that ate mainly C4 plants. The stable isotope analysis of nitrogen indicated that the ancient residents of the Xiaheqiadong site exhibited a relatively sufficient consumption of animal protein. Furthermore, this result also reveals that a subsistence economic model was established consisting of farming, gathering, and hunting. Observations of the stress indicators (including cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, and linear enamel hypoplasia) revealed that they experienced poor health conditions and were under high levels of stress during infancy and early childhood. However, this situation improved with increasing age, suggesting that residents from the Xiaheqiadong site had the capacity to withstand severe living conditions and adapt after experiencing stress events. The tooth ablation and occipital modification cases from the Xiaheqiadong site are the earliest cases among the individuals with accurate dating results found in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large CO2 emissions constitute a significant problem today due to their effect on climate change, and the need to design appropriate energy policies to mitigate their consequences and reduce emissions requires a detailed analysis of one of the main sources of such emissions: the electricity system. Thus, this paper presents a study on the effects of energy policies on decarbonization by comparing the detailed phase-out of coal-fired power plants across a range of cases with the implementation of a carbon tax to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The case study focuses on the Chilean electricity system, using a long-term generation and transmission expansion planning model (GTEP) that incorporates a wide range of generation technologies. The study examines the long-term effects of these policies, including costs, investments, and CO2 emissions, as well as their impact on consumer prices reflected in the marginal costs of the system. The transmission system modeling covers various regions of Chile and significant projections for renewable energy sources. It evaluates three economic scenarios based on generation technology costs, fuel prices, and electricity demand under four different closure schemes and fourteen different carbon tax levels. The results indicate that implementing a carbon tax can be more cost-effective for the system than the implementation of a phase-out schedule for coal plants, taking the form of reduced CO2 emission and overall system costs, with an optimal carbon tax value of 37 USD/tCO2. Additionally, the study reveals significant effects on consumer prices, showing that a carbon tax as an energy policy leads to lower prices compared to a phase-out scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal analysis is widely employed for the characterization of nanomaterials. It encompasses a variety of techniques that allow the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of a material by monitoring its response under controlled temperature. In the case of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is particularly useful to determine the quality and stability of the sample, the presence of impurities and the degree of functionalization or doping after post-synthesis treatments. Furthermore, TGA is widely used to evaluate the thermal stability against oxidation by air, which can be, for instance, enhanced by the purification of the material and by nitrogen doping, finding application in areas where a retarded combustion of the material is required. Herein, we have evaluated key parameters that play a role in the data obtained from TGA, namely, gas flow rate, sample weight and temperature rate, used during the analysis. We found out that the heating rate played the major role in the process of combustion in the presence of air, inducing an increase in the temperature at which the oxidation of CNTs starts to occur, up to ca. 100 °C (from 1 °C min−1 to 50 °C min−1). The same trend was observed for all the evaluated systems, namely N-doped CNTs, graphene produced by mechanical exfoliation and N-doped reduced graphene samples. Other aspects, like the presence of impurities or structural defects in the evaluated samples, were analyzed by TGA, highlighting the versatility and usefulness of the technique to provide information of structural aspects and properties of carbon materials. Finally, a set of TGA parameters are recommended for the analysis of carbon nanomaterials to obtain reliable data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal cities, as centers of economic and industrial activity, accommodate over 40% of the national population and generate more than 70% of the GDP. They are critical centers of carbon emissions, making the accurate and long-term analysis of spatiotemporal carbon emission patterns crucial for developing effective regional carbon reduction strategies. However, there is a scarcity of studies on continuous long-term carbon emissions in coastal cities. This study focuses on Qingdao and explores its carbon emission characteristics at the city, county, and grid scales. Data from multi-source are employed, integrating net primary production (NPP), energy consumption, and nighttime light data to construct a carbon emission estimation model. Additionally, the Tapio model is applied to examine the decoupling of GDP from carbon emissions. The results indicate that the R2 of the carbon emission inversion model is 0.948. The central urban areas of Qingdao's coastal region are identified as hotspots for carbon emissions, exhibiting significantly higher emissions compared to inland areas. There is a notable dependence of economic development on carbon emissions, and the disparities in economic development between coastal and inland areas have resulted in significant geographical differentiation in the decoupling state. Furthermore, optimizing and transitioning the energy structure has primarily contributed to carbon reduction, while exceptional circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to passive fluctuations in emissions. This study provides a scientific reference for coastal cities to formulate targeted carbon reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientifically quantifying the industrial carbon emission efficiency of the Huaihai Economic Zone and analyzing its network structure characteristics are of great significance for promoting its industrial low-carbon development. This paper adopts the unexpected output SBM model, gravity model and social network analysis methods to analyze the spatial network structure characteristics of industrial carbon emission efficiency in the Huaihai Economic Zone from 2010 to 2020. It is found as follows. ➀ The industrial carbon emission efficiency of the Huaihai Economic Zone has improved rapidly, and overall, it presents a "convex" spatial pattern with a high level in the area along Xuzhou-Heze and a low level on its both sides. ➁ During the study period, the network correlation number, network density and network efficiency of the spatial correlation network of industrial carbon emission efficiency in the Huaihai Economic Zone decreased, the network grade increased, and the robustness of the network structure needed to be strengthened. The absolute centrality of Xuzhou in the network has been strengthened, and the coordination of development needs to be improved. ➂ Using the block model, the Huaihai Economic Zone is divided into net beneficial plate and net spillover plate, and there are few internal connections between the plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work presents an examination of the concentrations and modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements within lignite deposits, located in Neyveli, within the Cauvery Basin of India. Coal is one of the most complex geologically formed materials, consisting of organic and inorganic matter. The inorganic mineral matter including the crystalline minerals, non-crystalline mineraloids, and elements with non-mineral associations. These lignite samples underwent complete analysis encompassing macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical assessments. The analysis reveals that the total mineral matter (MM) content, comprising significant proportions of sulphides, carbonate and argillaceous components. Geochemical characterization further elucidates the lignite's properties, with proximate analysis yielding values such as ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon and the Ultimate components analysis reveals the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Inorganic mineral matters play a significant role in coal utilization, and also such modes of occurrence of elements provide useful geochemical information on coal formation and coal-bearing basin evolution. In this paper, we assess the associations of elements and minerals, as well as the associations of selected elements including environmentally-sensitive (e.g., S, As, U, and Hg), and some major elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Ti) that have largely occurred in non-mineral forms in these low-rank coals. And also, comparative analysis is conducted between the concentrations of elements within the lignite samples and the values reported for World Clarke Brown Coals (WCBC). Particularly, some of these elements exhibit significantly high environmental sensitivity, demanding careful consideration in lignite extraction and utilization practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates environmentally friendly high-performance concrete (HPC) by partially replacing cement and silica sand with zeolite powder. The replacement levels included 10%, 20%, and 30% for cement and up to 50% for silica sand. The optimal mix achieved 85 MPa compressive strength, 6 MPa tensile strength, and 7.8 MPa flexural strength with a 30% cement replacement, reducing the carbon footprint to approximately 659.72 kg CO2/m3. These findings demonstrate the potential of zeolite powder to enhance sustainability in HPC without compromising essential mechanical properties, promoting eco-friendly practices in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co‐generation of electricity and chemicals via direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cells (DIR‐SOFCs) offers a promising route to carbon‐neutral energy solutions. However, challenges such as inadequate performance and fast degradation, particularly when using hydrocarbon fuels like CH4, hinder the deployment of DIR‐SOFC technology. This study addresses three critical issues: the effect of fuel composition on electrochemical properties, the mechanisms and microstructural impacts of carbon deposition, and the practical feasibility of DIR‐SOFCs at an industrial scale. First, comprehensive polarization and impedance analyses are conducted to assess the impact of varying fuel compositions—specifically p(CH4) and p(H2O)—on DIR‐SOFC performance. Second, advanced morphological characterization, machine learning‐assisted 3D reconstructions, and numerical simulations are utilized to reveal carbon deposition behavior and its effects on anode microstructures. Quantitative analysis of carbon's impact on pores, Ni, and YSZ phases provides novel insights into carbon‐induced microstructural changes. Finally, the industrial‐scale co‐generation of electricity and chemicals is validated, emphasizing both energy efficiency and operational stability. This study enhances the understanding of electrochemical and microstructural mechanisms, offering crucial insights for optimizing DIR‐SOFC design and operation, and laying the groundwork for their broader adoption in a carbon‐neutral future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canadian remote oil sites, natural gas extracted with the bitumen is flared or vented, impacting on the environment. Providing a pipeline network to recover the gas is unaffordable in most cases. Here we propose the economic framework of an innovative process to recover the gas, based on pyrolysis at T = 1223 K and P = 0.1 MPa, performed in situ. Part of produced hydrogen combusts to sustain the process, while solid carbon is sold. We conceptualised and simulated in Aspen Plus two process alternatives. In configuration 1, the remaining part of hydrogen is sent to a gas turbine, where it burns to produce electricity. In configuration 2, the unburnt hydrogen is purified and sold. Both configurations reduce CO 2 emissions by more than 92 % compared to flaring. Both configurations produce a profit over 10 years, being their IRR above 20 % and payback time below 3.5 y. • Flaring and venting natural gas contribute to 1.7 % of Canada's global emissions. • Methane pyrolysis is a promising technology to abate oil sector's emissions. • We present techno-economics and sensitivity analysis of two process alternatives. • Turquoise H 2 sustains energetically the process that produces carbon, to be sold. • Emissions compared to the flaring scenario are reduced by over 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, the buckling behavior of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) is investigated using the initial value method (IVM) combined with the approximate transfer matrix (ATM) approach within the framework of nonlocal elasticity theory. The aim is to provide a method that best estimates the critical buckling loads with improved accuracy and computational efficiency. To validate the method, the critical buckling loads obtained without considering nonlocal effects were compared with results from the literature, showing a high degree of agreement. Various boundary conditions, including simply supported (S-S), clamped-simply supported (C-S), clamped-free (C-F), and clamped-clamped (C-C), have been considered for investigation. The effects of nonlocal parameters, aspect ratios, and boundary conditions on the critical buckling loads are analyzed. The findings emphasize the importance of accounting for these parameters in mechanical analyses to ensure accurate predictions. The proposed framework provides an efficient alternative to existing numerical methods and offers valuable benchmarks for future research on the mechanical behavior of nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irreversible trend for global warming underscores the necessity for accurate monitoring and analysis of atmospheric carbon dynamics on a global scale. Carbon satellites hold significant potential for atmospheric CO2 monitoring. However, existing studies on global CO2 are constrained by coarse resolution (ranging from 0.25° to 2°) and limited spatial coverage. In this study, we developed a new global dataset of column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) at 0.05° resolution with full coverage using carbon satellite observations, multi-source satellite products, and an improved deep learning model. We then investigated changes in global atmospheric CO2 and anomalies from 2015 to 2021. The reconstructed XCO2 products show a better agreement with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements, with R2 of 0.92 and RSME of 1.54 ppm. The products also provide more accurate information on the global and regional spatial patterns of XCO2 compared to origin carbon satellite monitoring and previous XCO2 products. The global pattern of XCO2 exhibited a distinct increasing trend with a growth rate of 2.32 ppm/year, reaching 414.00 ppm in 2021. Globally, XCO2 showed obvious spatial variability across different latitudes and continents. Higher XCO2 concentrations were primarily observed in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in regions with intensive anthropogenic activity, such as East Asia and North America. We also validated the effectiveness of our XCO2 products in detecting intensive CO2 emission sources. The XCO2 dataset is publicly accessible on the Zenodo platform at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12706142 (Wang et al., 2024). Our findings represent a promising advancement in monitoring carbon emission across various countries and enhancing the understanding of global carbon dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous carbon is a promising candidate as an energy storage material. In this paper, we performed an X-ray total scattering measurement, RMC modeling, and persistent homology analysis for amorphous carbon samples fabricated at two different heat treatment temperatures. According to the analysis of the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms and their angular histogram, the sample treated at higher temperature shows higher connectivity between carbon atoms than that treated at lower temperature. Furthermore, topological data analysis (persistent homology, PH) reveals quantitative results that relate ring structure and the connectivity between carbon atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts the "baseline scenario method" to construct a comprehensive model for calculating and reducing carbon emissions generated by employee travel, including the accounting of carbon emissions from commuting and business travel, as well as the assessment of green travel for carbon reduction. The study employs methods such as questionnaires and on-site interviews to collect travel data from employees of a research institute in Beijing as a case study. The results show that employees' commuting methods are diverse, with the subway being the primary mode of travel; however, business travel generates higher carbon emissions, particularly among employees with higher education levels. The research concludes that the model proposed in this paper provides a framework for preliminary carbon emission estimation, but to improve the accuracy of the estimates, more variables and factors need to be considered, and the limitations of the model are pointed out. The research findings have significant implications for policy and institutional practices, suggesting the adoption of more targeted measures to reduce the use of high-carbon-emission travel methods and to encourage the use of green travel options. With the continuous advancement of data collection technologies in the future, it will be possible to further establish a more refined carbon emission accounting model and obtain more accurate and comprehensive travel data, thereby providing solid data support for the development of more effective carbon reduction strategies and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon ion beam irradiation (CIBI) is a highly efficient mutagenesis for generating mutations that can be used to expand germplasm resources and create superior new germplasm. The study investigated the effects of different doses of CIBI (50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy and 300 Gy) on seed germination and seedling survival, seedling morphological and physiological traits of an elite centipedegrass cultivar Ganbei. The results showed that irradiation greater than 50 Gy cause inhibition of seed germination, and the semi-lethal dose (LD50) is around 90 Gy for CIBI treated seeds of Ganbei. A carbon ion beam-mutagenized centipedegrass population was generated from Ganbei, with irradiation dosages from 50 Gy to 200 Gy. More than ten types of phenotypic variations and novel mutants with heritable tendencies mainly including putative mutants of stolon number, length and diameter, of internode length, of leaf length and width, of leaf chlorophyll content, of stolon growth rate, of aboveground tissue dry weight, of sward height were identified. While the total sugar content of the plants from irradiated seeds showed no obvious change in all treatments as compared to the control, the crude protein content displayed significant reduction at a high-dose treatment of 200 Gy. Genetic polymorphism was detected in mutagenized centipedegrass population using SSR-PCR analysis, suggesting that CIBI caused alteration of larger fragments of the DNA sequence. As a result, a preliminary batch of mutants was screened in this study. In summary, carbon ion beam mutagenesis is an effective way for developing centipedegrass germplasm with wider variation, and treating seeds with CIBI at a dosage of ~100 Gy could be effective in centipedegrass mutation breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]