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Climate change is one of the most important drivers of ecosystem change, the global‐scale impacts of which will intensify over the next 2 decades. Estimating the timing of unprecedented changes is not only challenging but is of great importance for the development of ecosystem conservation guidelines. Time of emergence (ToE) (point at which climate change can be differentiated from a previous climate), a widely applied concept in climatology studies, provides a robust but unexplored approach for assessing the risk of ecosystem collapse, as described by the C criterion of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). We identified 3 main theoretical considerations of ToE for RLE assessment (degree of stability, multifactorial instead of one‐dimensional analyses, and hallmarks of ecosystem collapse) and 4 sources of uncertainty when applying ToE methodology (intermodel spread, historical reference period, consensus among variables, and consideration of different scenarios), which aims to avoid misuse and errors while promoting a proper application of the framework by scientists and practitioners. The incorporation of ToE for the RLE assessments adds important information for conservation priority setting that allows prediction of changes within and beyond the time frames proposed by the RLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Antropología Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent decades, technological and methodological advances, such as satellite information, computer power, geospatial analysis and algorithm development have facilitated the search for solutions to complex problems like global change. These advances resulted in the development of platforms for ecosystem services (ES) modeling, which quantifies nature's benefits and evaluates the effects of human activity. Currently, various platforms are available, each with different characteristics that make them more suitable depending on the context. Among these platforms, k.LAB stands out for being free, open source and based on collaborative science. It also utilizes artificial intelligence to integrate different modeling approaches. One of its main advantages is its versatility in meeting the needs of different users, from programmers and modelers to decision makers. However, k.LAB is relatively unknown among those who quantify and map ES, especially in Latin America. This limits its potential utilization, similar to what has been observed with other freely accessible and open-source tools like R. The adoption of such tools typically requires time to develop tutorials, reviews and discussions in specialized journals. The objective of this paper is to introduce the capabilities of k.LAB within the context of SE modeling platforms. We first provide an overview of ES modeling platforms, highlighting some of the most widely used ones. Then, we delve into the technical and philosophical aspects that characterize k.LAB. Subsequently, we present a case study focused on the northern region of Argentinean Patagonia, where we utilize modeling applications to map three ES (carbon sequestration, pollination, and outdoor recreation) for users with no programming experience. Finally, we outline desirable features of SE modeling platforms and discuss some of the advantages and limitations of k.LAB compared to other alternatives. We hope that this material offers a useful general framework for SE modeling and expands the range of tools available to address global change issues in Argentina and the rest of the countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Las áreas urbanas experimentan un crecimiento acelerado afectando directamente a los organismos que allí habitan. Dentro de estos, los insectos son uno de los grupos más vulnerables. En esta investigación se utilizaron dos trampas Malaise para colectar insectos durante los meses de mayo de 2020 hasta abril de 2021; para la toma de datos de las variables ambientales se utilizó un data logger colocado cerca de las trampas, con el objetivo de analizar si existe una correlación entre la composición y diversidad de insectos con respecto a los factores ambientales caracterizados por las estacionalidades a través del tiempo. Se identificaron 32 familias de himenópteros, siendo las más abundantes Mymaridae, Pteromalidae, Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, y Figitidae. Dentro del estudio se determinó que existe una relación entre la abundancia y la composición de insectos colectados con las variables temperatura y la interacción entre la temperatura y humedad relativa sugiriendo una posible estacionalidad. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de estos estudios en este tipo de ecosistemas y el potencial de estos a futuro.

Mountains are among the natural systems most affected by climate change, and mountain mammals are considered particularly imperiled, given their high degree of specialization to narrow tolerance bands of environmental conditions. Climate change mitigation policies, such as the Paris Agreement, are essential to stem climate change impacts on natural systems. But how significant is the Paris Agreement to the survival of mountain mammals? We investigated how alternative emission scenarios may determine change in the realized climatic niche of mountain carnivores and ungulates in 2050. We based our predictions of future change in species niches based on how species have responded to past environmental changes, focusing on the probabilities of niche shrink and niche stability. We found that achieving the Paris Agreement's commitments would substantially reduce climate instability for mountain species. Specifically, limiting global warming to below 1.5°C would reduce the probability of niche shrinkage by 4% compared with a high‐emission scenario. Globally, carnivores showed greater niche shrinkage than ungulates, whereas ungulates were more likely to shift their niches (i.e., face a level of climate change that allows adaptation). Twenty‐three species threatened by climate change according to the IUCN Red List had greater niche contraction than other species we analyzed (3% higher on average). We therefore argue that climate mitigation policies must be coupled with rapid species‐specific conservation intervention and sustainable land‐use policies to avoid high risk of loss of already vulnerable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coastal studies have a great relevance historically. This increase in the last with the new technologies and the possible global change impact. In this context, open-source tools represent a key element in these investigations. The present project analyzes the advantages and problems of open-source tools for estimate coastal variations and volumetric changes. For this purpose, a small sector of the Galician coast was used as an example. The open-source approaches have produced similar results to those obtained with proprietary software (ratios ≥ 0.97). In some cases, these methods improve processing times and allowing to users better possibilities for customization and decision-making.

Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Africa's protected areas (PAs) are the last stronghold of the continent's unique biodiversity, but they appear increasingly threatened by climate change, substantial human population growth, and land‐use change. Conservation planning is challenged by uncertainty about how strongly and where these drivers will interact over the next few decades. We investigated the combined future impacts of climate‐driven vegetation changes inside African PAs and human population densities and land use in their surroundings for 2 scenarios until the end of the 21st century. We used the following 2 combinations of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative greenhouse gas concentration pathways (RCPs): the "middle‐of‐the‐road" scenario SSP2–RCP4.5 and the resource‐intensive "fossil‐fueled development" scenario SSP5–RCP8.5. Climate change impacts on tree cover and biome type (i.e., desert, grassland, savanna, and forest) were simulated with the adaptive dynamic global vegetation model (aDGVM). Under both scenarios, most PAs were adversely affected by at least 1 of the drivers, but the co‐occurrence of drivers was largely region and scenario specific. The aDGVM projections suggest considerable climate‐driven tree cover increases in PAs in today's grasslands and savannas. For PAs in West Africa, the analyses revealed climate‐driven vegetation changes combined with hotspots of high future population and land‐use pressure. Except for many PAs in North Africa, future decreases in population and land‐use pressures were rare. At the continental scale, SSP5–RCP8.5 led to higher climate‐driven changes in tree cover and higher land‐use pressure, whereas SSP2–RCP4.5 was characterized by higher future population pressure. Both SSP–RCP scenarios implied increasing challenges for conserving Africa's biodiversity in PAs. Our findings underline the importance of developing and implementing region‐specific conservation responses. Strong mitigation of future climate change and equitable development scenarios would reduce ecosystem impacts and sustain the effectiveness of conservation in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La transformación del secano en regadío en el sector central de la Depresión del Ebro ha representado un cambio espectacular en las condiciones de cultivo de un territorio de características semiáridas y precipitaciones muy irregulares. Sin embargo, los nuevos regadíos se enfrentaron desde un principio a graves problemas estructurales debido al peculiar diseño del sistema de regadío, las limitaciones de sus objetivos, la lentitud con que se fueron construyendo las infraestructuras necesarias (embalses, canales y acequias secundarias) y el acondicionamiento de los campos de cultivo. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de las limitaciones a que se enfrentan los regadíos de Riegos del Alto Aragón (R.A.A.) debido a la tendencia que muestran los recursos hídricos y su distribución estacional como consecuencia de la evolución de temperaturas y precipitaciones, la expansión de la superficie forestal y de matorrales en áreas de montaña y el progresivo aterramiento a que se enfrentan los embalses. Para ello se ha revisado la información disponible sobre el Cambio Global en el Pirineo y se han aplicado diversos modelos climáticos e hidrológicos. La necesaria modernización ha mejorado los sistemas de riego, ha incrementado la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos hídricos, y ha permitido la introducción de nuevos cultivos mucho más productivos y rentables. Paradójicamente, la modernización también ha conllevado un aumento del consumo de agua y ha obligado a incrementar las reservas internas del sistema mediante la construcción de pequeños embalses y balsas. Esta mayor demanda de agua coincide con una progresiva reducción en la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos, debida no solo al incremento de la temperatura media sino también a los cambios en la dinámica de la acumulación y fusión de nieve en alta montaña y a la expansión de bosques y matorrales en antiguos campos de cultivo abandonados en los valles pirenaicos, lo que reduce la capacidad de generación de escorrentía y los caudales fluviales. Se prevé que estas tendencias se acentúen en el medio y largo plazo como consecuencia del cambio climático. Además, el progresivo aterramiento de los embalses reduce año tras año la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua. Estos procesos, que ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las interacciones entre las áreas de montaña y las regiones de piedemonte, obligarán a medio plazo a reorganizar la gestión de los recursos y de los procedimientos de regadío, así como la progresiva incorporación de cultivos de mayor valor añadido que compensen el incremento de los costes de producción ligados a una mayor dependencia de los regadíos respecto de la energía.

Species coexisting in ecological communities interact in multiple ways to form complex networks. We review the growing literature on ecological interaction networks to address several key issues about this conceptual and methodological approach. We start by asking the most basic question: Why study networks and whether a network approach is (or is not) useful to understand the ecology of interacting species, the functioning and stability of the communities they belong to, and their response to global change drivers. We also discuss the multiple meanings of network nodes as individuals, populations and species, the different ways of quantifying node roles, the multiple meanings of links as presence/absence of interactions, per capita interaction strengths and species-level effects, and the available approaches to study networks with different types of interactions. Then, we review the structural patterns emerging in ecological interaction networks and the mechanisms driving network structure and function, identifying both what we already know and the knowledge gaps that we still need to fill in. We also discuss sampling effects and their influence in distorting observed network patterns. Finally, we review how different drivers of global environmental change influence the structure, dynamics and stability of ecological networks. With this review we hope to offer a balanced overview of what we have learned in the study of ecological interaction networks and point to several key avenues of research for the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissent is a source of scientific progress. Confirmatory bias in scientific communities limits their growth and development by making it difficult for dominant ideas to be replaced by those emerging from new research. I present four groups of findings that challenge well established dominant views (consensus) in the community of ecologists: 1) habitat fragmentation does not generally result in biodiversity losses at the landscape scale, 2) non-native species invasions contribute to increases in biodiversity of plant communities and may even contribute to a diversification explosion during the Anthropocene, 3) planetary primary productivity is increasing, the global area of forests is not decreasing, desertification and burnt area are not expanding (there is no generalized 'degradation' of ecosystems), and 4) organic agriculture and landscapes mixing agriculture with (semi) natural ecosystems generally result in decreases in yield, which (in contrast, for example, with GMO-based agriculture) increases the demand for land, further threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services of natural ecosystems. I propose five non-exclusive hypothetical mechanisms to explain the confirmatory bias in ecology: intellectual conservatism, aesthetic and ideological preferences, and the influence of political-institutional and economic power. Challenging established consensus on the basis of new information should imply disruptive changes in the scientific and political agendas which had them as their foundation. The earlier this happens, the faster science will advance and the more effective environmental policies will be. In order to make this happen, I suggest the scientific and educational agenda should be specifically directed to counter the confirmatory bias by promoting critical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use and land cover changes have been studied in different regions of the world and it has been demonstrated that their effects, combined to the current trends in climate change, have negative consequences for human societies and ecosystems. This paper presents the results of a study of changes in land use and land cover that took place over the period 1986-2010 in the drainage basins of Escaba reservoir, Tucumán, Northwest Argentina (NOA, for its acronym in Spanish). To meet the proposed objectives, the techniques employed were preprocessing and supervised classification of Landsat TM images of dates: 08/23/1986, 08/18/1996 y 08/21/2010. A confusion matrix analysis was performed on the land cover maps obtained to determine their adjustment to terrain characteristics. Also, the magnitude of change in the surface was quantified for each land cover type identified in the study area. The detected changes revealed that during the period 1986-1996, the processes of deforestation and forest recovery occurred simultaneously in different places across the study area. In the period 1996-2010, the processes were stabilized; however, the increase of forest surface in the upper areas of the studied basins was evident. The detected changes related to forest recovery would be related to rural-urban migration and the consequent abandonment of agricultural lands, while the advance of forests over areas previously covered by grasslands can be linked to the effects of global warming at a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying sites with refugial capacity can inform conservation efforts to assess the degradation status of global ecosystems (Keith et al., 2013), and it can guide landscape conservation planning (e.g., Moilanen, 2007). Although climate-change impacts are of mounting concern (e.g., Araújo et al., 2006; Scholze et al., 2006; Halsch et al., 2021), climate change is only one of many anthropogenic stressors contributing to biodiversity declines (Morris et al., 2020). Environmental stability is a key concept often applied when describing refugia for species and ecosystem persistence or resistance to change (Keppel et al., 2015, Morelli et al., 2020) under current and future climate change (McCullough et al., 2016). Keywords: amenazas; biodiversidad; cambio climático; cambio global; gestión y planificación estratégica; paisajes; sur de California; biodiversity; climate change; global change; landscapes; Southern California; strategic planning and management; threats; ; ; ; ; ; ; EN amenazas biodiversidad cambio climático cambio global gestión y planificación estratégica paisajes sur de California biodiversity climate change global change landscapes Southern California strategic planning and management threats 1 11 11 03/02/22 20220201 NES 220201 INTRODUCTION The specter of biodiversity loss due to human activities is widely recognized and well described in natural systems (Maxwell et al., 2016). [Extracted from the article]

During the second half of the 20th century, many Spanish Mediterranean areas have undergone important land use changes as a result of socioeconomic development (industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agriculture and livestock, dry crops abandonment). This paper describes, maps and quantifies the main transformations that have occurred in the middle Túria basin, an example of a medium Mediterranean mountain situated in the transition between the inner highlands and the coastal plain affected by the expansion of the Valencia metropolitan area. Photo-interpretation techniques and the analysis of series of the NDVI vegetation index obtained from satellite images have been used. The dynamic cartography of land use changes between 1956 to 2010 has let us identify the type and magnitude of the changes in order to be able to establish in the future the environmental implications in the hydrological response of the basin. Changes have been observed in 60 % of the basin, mainly the expansion in forest cover (scrub and forest) on the mountain areas and changes from dry to irrigated crops (citrus), showing a greening landscape which is in agreement with the process observed in other areas of Spain by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Los avances del conocimiento se nutren fuertemente del disenso. Al dificultar que las ideas que emergen de nuevas investigaciones reemplacen a las dominantes, el sesgo confirmatorio limita el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las comunidades científicas. Presento cuatro grupos de hallazgos que desafían ideas dominantes y resilientes (consensos) en la comunidad de ecólogos: 1) la fragmentación de hábitat generalmente no resulta en pérdidas de biodiversidad a escala de paisaje, 2) las invasiones por especies exóticas contribuyen al aumento de la biodiversidad de las comunidades vegetales y, posiblemente, a una explosión de diversificación a escala global, 3) la productividad primaria del planeta aumenta, la superficie global de bosques no disminuye, la desertificación y las zonas quemadas no se expanden (no hay una ‘degradación’ generalizada de los ecosistemas), y 4) la agricultura orgánica y la mezcla de sistemas productivos con sistemas naturales en general resultan en menores rendimientos agrícolas, lo que (en contraste, por ejemplo, con los cultivos transgénicos) tiende a aumentar la demanda de tierras para agricultura, en desmedro de los ecosistemas naturales, de su biodiversidad y de sus servicios ecosistémicos. Propongo cinco mecanismos hipotéticos no excluyentes para explicar las dificultades de la comunidad científica para aceptar y enriquecerse de las consecuencias teóricas y aplicadas de estos hallazgos: el conservadorismo intelectual, las preferencias estéticas e ideológicas y la influencia de poderes político-institucionales y económicos. El desafío a ideas dominantes en base a nuevos datos debería implicar la readaptación de las agendas científicas y políticas que las tenían como sustento. Cuanto antes eso ocurra, más rápido avanzará la ciencia y más acertadas serán las políticas ambientales. Sugiero que para esto se necesita una agenda científica y educativa orientada a fomentar el espíritu crítico y contrarrestar los efectos del sesgo confirmatorio en la comunidad de ecólogos.

Haití es una nación con grandes retos ambientales y sociales. La alta deforestación, falta de planificación territorial, inestabilidad política y económica, y una población ejerciendo presión sobre recursos naturales son factores característicos de Haití que se manifiestan en su dinámica territorial. En este artículo analizamos los procesos de cambio de cobertura de la tierra en el Departamento Sur de Haití de 1973 al 2017 y la relación de estos procesos con ciertas variables socioeconómicas y biofísicas asociadas al cambio global y sus componentes. Para ello utilizamos imágenes satelitales Landsat, repositorios de datos públicos, metodologías para el análisis de la direccionalidad del cambio, así como análisis estadísticos correlacionales. Los resultados muestran una fluctuación marcada en el cambio de áreas de cultivos, una relación parcial del suelo desnudo con zonas deforestadas, así como una disminución en la cobertura boscosa tras una serie de eventos hidrometeorológicos y sociopolíticos presentados en Haití. Además, encontramos que el cambio de matorral se asoció significativamente con las tasas de cambio de población, de temperatura y del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), mientras que la tasa de cambio de precipitación influyó significativamente en el cambio de la cobertura de cultivos. Por otra parte, los cambios en el suelo desnudo tuvieron relación significativa con la tasa de cambio de población. Finalmente, ninguna de las variables consideradas se asoció significativamente con el cambio espaciotemporal de las coberturas urbano y bosque.

Este artículo muestra las traducciones y variaciones del modelo de las smart cities en las ciudades de AméricaLatina. La smart city se ha erigido como un nuevo modelo urbano, basado en el uso de las tecnologías para responder a los variados y complejos desafíos que enfrentan las ciudades contemporáneas, que van desde la seguridad hasta el cambio climático. A partir del enfoque de movilidad de políticas se identifica el entramado de actores comprometidos con la difusión de este modelo urbano y se aborda la inclusión de las narrativas y proyectos de la ciudad inteligente en los debates y agendas del planeamiento y la gobernanza de las ciudades latinoamericanas. Los resultados revelan el carácter prescriptivo del modelo, su estandarización y la conformación de una “comunidad epistémica de élite” que ha sido determinante en la producción narrativa y material de la ciudad inteligente en la región.

This paper evaluates the presence of contents related to the ecological transition and the climate emergency in the Tourism degrees in Andalusia. To this end, the curricula, programs and teaching projects of the subjects were compiled and the competences and contents were analyzed. Finally, global and specific results (by universities or departments) have been obtained. The results show a limited presence of related contents and the absence of emerging concepts about global challenges and new patterns of tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Daena: International Journal of Good Conscience is the property of Spenta University Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tikuna Indians from Yahuarcaca (Leticia, Amazonas) face the social, economic and cultural transformations that are characteristic of globalization, although under their own logic of appropriation and differentiation. Despite the discourses and practices of sustainable development and multicultural recognition, the forms of articulation of the indigenous communities to the state and the market are subject to permanent negotiation through the many projects implemented in these communities. These projects may bring the desired development for these communities, but also they bring about associated problems, such as economic inequalities, institutional dependency, and generally, the loss of autonomy and identity. On the other hand, the discourse of ethnicity becomes a political tool to come to terms with or to negotiate their autonomy and dependency. These negotiations, rather than being discussed in a political way, as understood in Western cultures, are managed as specific practices “to keep our own”. The struggle for autonomy thus swings between the managing of their own practices and the appropriation of foreign ones. The challenge is thus twofold: not only is it necessary that indigenous peoples adapt creatively to the current national and international situation, but also that members of national and international organizations adapt to the needs and characteristics of the indigenous cultural logic.

El aumento de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera es el más comentado —y uno de los más estudiados— de los impactos humanos sobre el planeta por ser motor del cambio climático y de su consecuencia más general y conocida: el calentamiento global. Hay consenso acerca de que estos cambios serán en su mayoría perjudiciales, y por lo tanto también hay muchos análisis sobre cómo evitarlos, o por lo menos atenuarlos. Está claro que las emisiones que resultan en los cambios de composición de GEI provienen de actividades humanas, en parte de la intensificación del uso de la tierra, pero, sobre todo, del uso de combustibles fósiles como carbón, gas y petróleo. Esta conexión entre clima y uso de energía lleva (al igual que la de biodiversidad vs. uso de la tierra) al más general y necesario de los debates ambientales: cómo resolver el aparente conflicto entre desarrollo económico y cuidado del ambiente...

ABSTRACT Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group according to the IUCN. Land-use and land cover change (LULCC) and climate change (CC) are two of the main factors related to declining amphibian populations. Given the vulnerability of threatened and rare species, the study of their response to these impacts is a conservation priority. The aim of this work was to analyze the combined impact of LULCC and CC on the regionally endemic species Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968. This species is currently categorized as near threatened by the IUCN, and previous studies suggest negative effects of projected changes in climate. Using maximum entropy methods we modeled the effects of CC on the current and mid-century distribution of M. sanmartini under two IPCC scenarios - A2 (severe) and B2 (moderate). The effects of LULCC were studied by superimposing the potential distribution with current land use, while future distribution models were evaluated under the scenario of maximum expansion of soybean and afforestation in Uruguay. The results suggest that M. sanmartini is distributed in eastern Uruguay and the south of Brazil, mainly related to hilly and grasslands systems. Currently more than 10% of this species' distribution is superimposed by agricultural crops and exotic forest plantations. Contrasting with a recent modelling study our models suggest an expansion of the distribution of M. sanmartini by mid-century under both climate scenarios. However, despite the rise in climatically suitable areas for the species in the future, LULCC projections indicate that the proportion of modified habitats will occupy up to 25% of the distribution of M. sanmartini. Future change in climate conditions could represent an opportunity for M. sanmartini, but management measures are needed to mitigate the effects of habitat modification in order to ensure its survival and allow the eventual expansion of its distribution.

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)